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Long L, Liu J, Gao Y, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Li B, Gao W. Flavonoid accumulation in spontaneous cotton mutant results in red coloration and enhanced disease resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:40-49. [PMID: 31479881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton, the leading natural fiber, is cultivated worldwide, but its production is seriously threatened by pathogens. Accordingly, the selection of resistant cultivars has become a key priority of cotton breeding programs. In this study, a spontaneous mutant with red coloration (S156) and a control cultivar (S78) were used as experimental materials for a comparative analysis. Metabolomic analysis revealed the enrichment of flavonoids in S156 leaves compared with S78 leaves, and transcriptomic analysis revealed the upregulated expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in S156 leaves relative to S78 leaves. In addition, the red mutant showed a significantly increase in resistance to Verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen that poses a major threat to cotton production. The pathogen invasion process was suppressed in the red cotton cultivar. This study reveals the mechanism underlying the red coloration of S156 cotton and indicates the great potential of red cotton in pathogen- and insect-resistant breeding of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China.
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
| | - Ya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China.
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102
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Zuo W, Ökmen B, Depotter JRL, Ebert MK, Redkar A, Misas Villamil J, Doehlemann G. Molecular Interactions Between Smut Fungi and Their Host Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:411-430. [PMID: 31337276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Smut fungi are a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that infect mostly monocot species, including economically relevant cereal crops. For years, Ustilago maydis has stood out as the model system to study the genetics and cell biology of smut fungi as well as the pathogenic development of biotrophic plant pathogens. The identification and functional characterization of secreted effectors and their role in virulence have particularly been driven forward using the U. maydis-maize pathosystem. Today, advancing tools for additional smut fungi such as Ustilago hordei and Sporisorium reilianum, as well as an increasing number of available genome sequences, provide excellent opportunities to investigate in parallel the effector function and evolution associated with different lifestyles and host specificities. In addition, genome analyses revealed similarities in the genomic signature between pathogenic smuts and epiphytic Pseudozyma species. This review elaborates on how knowledge about fungal lifestyles, genome biology, and functional effector biology has helped in understanding the biology of this important group of fungal pathogens. We highlight the contribution of the U. maydis model system but also discuss the differences from other smut fungi, which raises the importance of comparative genomic and genetic analyses in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zuo
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Jasper R L Depotter
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Malaika K Ebert
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Amey Redkar
- Current affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Johana Misas Villamil
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
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103
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Wang A, Pan L, Niu X, Shu X, Yi X, Yamamoto N, Li S, Deng Q, Zhu J, Liang Y, Wang L, Li P, Zheng A. Comparative secretome analysis of different smut fungi and identification of plant cell death-inducing secreted proteins from Tilletia horrida. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:360. [PMID: 31419944 PMCID: PMC6697988 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tilletia horrida is a basidiomycete fungus that causes rice kernel smut, one of the most important rice diseases in hybrid rice growing areas worldwide. However, little is known about its mechanisms of pathogenicity. We previously reported the genome of T. horrida, and 597 genes that encoded secreted proteins were annotated. Among these were some important effector genes related to pathogenicity. RESULTS A secretome analysis suggested that five Tilletia fungi shared more gene families than were found in other smuts, and there was high conservation between them. Furthermore, we screened 597 secreted proteins from the T. horrida genome, some of which induced expression in host-pathogen interaction processes. Through transient expression, we demonstrated that two putative effectors could induce necrosis phenotypes in Nicotiana benthamiana. These two encoded genes were up-regulated during early infection, and the encoded proteins were confirmed to be secreted using a yeast secretion system. For the putative effector gene smut_5844, a signal peptide was required to induce non-host cell death, whereas ribonuclease catalytic active sites were required for smut_2965. Moreover, both putative effectors could induce an immune response in N. benthamiana leaves. Interestingly, one of the identified potential host interactors of smut_5844 was laccase-10 protein (OsLAC10), which has been predicted to be involved in plant lignification and iron metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study identified two secreted proteins in T. horrida that induce cell death or are involved in defense machinery in non-host plants. This research provides a useful foundation for understanding the interaction between rice and T. horrida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Linxiu Pan
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyu Niu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Xinyue Shu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Xiaoqun Yi
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
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104
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Ranjan A, Westrick NM, Jain S, Piotrowski JS, Ranjan M, Kessens R, Stiegman L, Grau CR, Conley SP, Smith DL, Kabbage M. Resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean involves a reprogramming of the phenylpropanoid pathway and up-regulation of antifungal activity targeting ergosterol biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1567-1581. [PMID: 30672092 PMCID: PMC6662107 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a predominately necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a broad host range, causes a significant yield-limiting disease of soybean called Sclerotinia stem rot. Resistance mechanisms against this pathogen in soybean are poorly understood, thus hindering the commercial deployment of resistant varieties. We used a multiomic approach utilizing RNA-sequencing, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and chemical genomics in yeast to decipher the molecular mechanisms governing resistance to S. sclerotiorum in soybean. Transcripts and metabolites of two soybean recombinant inbred lines, one resistant and one susceptible to S. sclerotiorum were analysed in a time course experiment. The combined results show that resistance to S. sclerotiorum in soybean is associated in part with an early accumulation of JA-Ile ((+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine), a bioactive jasmonate, increased ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species, and importantly, a reprogramming of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to increased antifungal activities. Indeed, we noted that phenylpropanoid pathway intermediates, such as 4-hydroxybenzoate, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid, were highly accumulated in the resistant line. In vitro assays show that these metabolites and total stem extracts from the resistant line clearly affect S. sclerotiorum growth and development. Using chemical genomics in yeast, we further show that this antifungal activity targets ergosterol biosynthesis in the fungus, by disrupting enzymes involved in lipid and sterol biosynthesis. Overall, our results are consistent with a model where resistance to S. sclerotiorum in soybean coincides with an early recognition of the pathogen, leading to the modulation of the redox capacity of the host and the production of antifungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | | | - Sachin Jain
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Jeff S. Piotrowski
- The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Yumanity TherapeuticsCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Manish Ranjan
- School of Computational and Integrative SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ryan Kessens
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Logan Stiegman
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Craig R. Grau
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Shawn P. Conley
- Department of AgronomyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Damon L. Smith
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
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105
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Villajuana-Bonequi M, Matei A, Ernst C, Hallab A, Usadel B, Doehlemann G. Cell type specific transcriptional reprogramming of maize leaves during Ustilago maydis induced tumor formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10227. [PMID: 31308451 PMCID: PMC6629649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen and well-established genetic model to understand the molecular basis of biotrophic interactions. U. maydis suppresses plant defense and induces tumors on all aerial parts of its host plant maize. In a previous study we found that U. maydis induced leaf tumor formation builds on two major processes: the induction of hypertrophy in the mesophyll and the induction of cell division (hyperplasia) in the bundle sheath. In this study we analyzed the cell-type specific transcriptome of maize leaves 4 days post infection. This analysis allowed identification of key features underlying the hypertrophic and hyperplasic cell identities derived from mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, respectively. We examined the differentially expressed (DE) genes with particular focus on maize cell cycle genes and found that three A-type cyclins, one B-, D- and T-type are upregulated in the hyperplasic tumorous cells, in which the U. maydis effector protein See1 promotes cell division. Additionally, most of the proteins involved in the formation of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC, that assure that each daughter cell receives identic DNA copies), the transcription factors E2F and DPa as well as several D-type cyclins are deregulated in the hypertrophic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi Villajuana-Bonequi
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Alexandra Matei
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Corinna Ernst
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Asis Hallab
- BioSC, IBG-2, Institute of Botany, RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 3, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- BioSC, IBG-2, Institute of Botany, RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 3, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
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106
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Low Lignin Mutants and Reduction of Lignin Content in Grasses for Increased Utilisation of Lignocellulose. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomass rich in lignocellulose from grasses is a major source for biofuel production and animal feed. However, the presence of lignin in cell walls limits its efficient utilisation such as in its bioconversion to biofuel. Reduction of the lignin content or alteration of its structure in crop plants have been pursued, either by regulating genes encoding enzymes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway using biotechnological techniques or by breeding naturally-occurring low lignin mutant lines. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of these studies, focusing on lignin (monolignol) biosynthesis and composition in grasses and, where possible, the impact on recalcitrance to bioconversion. An overview of transgenic crops of the grass family with regulated gene expression in lignin biosynthesis is presented, including the effect on lignin content and changes in the ratio of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units. Furthermore, a survey is provided of low-lignin mutants in grasses, including cereals in particular, summarising their origin and phenotypic traits together with genetics and the molecular function of the various genes identified.
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107
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Zess
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Białas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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108
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Zúñiga E, Luque J, Martos S. Lignin biosynthesis as a key mechanism to repress Polystigma amygdalinum, the causal agent of the red leaf blotch disease in almond. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:96-104. [PMID: 30939334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The red leaf blotch (RLB) of almond, caused by the fungus Polystigma amygdalinum, is considered as one of the most important leaf diseases of this fruit tree. Differential cultivar susceptibility to the RLB has been described based on field observations, while its molecular and biochemical bases remain unknown to date. We aimed to explore the plant defence mechanisms related to the cultivar susceptibility by identifying some relevant physical and chemical strategies for the pathogen control. Thus, we studied the regulation of seven defence-related genes as well as the lignin deposition in two almond cultivars with highly differential response to RLB: the highly tolerant 'Mardía' and the susceptible 'Tarraco' cultivars. 'Mardía' displayed an up-regulation of the CAD and DFN1 genes at early stages of RLB symptom expression, with further lignin deposition in the fungal-colonized area that was visualized by microscopy. Thus, 'Mardía' uses both physical and chemical responses to effectively repress the pathogen. In contrast, 'Tarraco' triggered the up-regulation of HQT and LDOX genes, related to chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways, respectively, while lignin deposition was not clearly noticed. This strategy recorded in 'Tarraco' at later stages of RLB symptoms failed to control the fungal infection and colonization. Our results suggested a major role of the phenylpropanoids pathway in the defence response against RLB, by showing that an early production of lignin might be a major mechanism to control the spread of P. amygdalinum within the host leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Zúñiga
- Plant Pathology, IRTA Cabrils. Carretera de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain; Plant Physiology Laboratory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jordi Luque
- Plant Pathology, IRTA Cabrils. Carretera de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain.
| | - Soledad Martos
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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109
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Pinter N, Hach CA, Hampel M, Rekhter D, Zienkiewicz K, Feussner I, Poehlein A, Daniel R, Finkernagel F, Heimel K. Signal peptide peptidase activity connects the unfolded protein response to plant defense suppression by Ustilago maydis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007734. [PMID: 30998787 PMCID: PMC6490947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis requires the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during the biotrophic interaction with its host plant Zea mays (maize). Crosstalk between the UPR and pathways controlling pathogenic development is mediated by protein-protein interactions between the UPR regulator Cib1 and the developmental regulator Clp1. Cib1/Clp1 complex formation results in mutual modification of the connected regulatory networks thereby aligning fungal proliferation in planta, efficient effector secretion with increased ER stress tolerance and long-term UPR activation in planta. Here we address UPR-dependent gene expression and its modulation by Clp1 using combinatorial RNAseq/ChIPseq analyses. We show that increased ER stress resistance is connected to Clp1-dependent alterations of Cib1 phosphorylation, protein stability and UPR gene expression. Importantly, we identify by deletion screening of UPR core genes the signal peptide peptidase Spp1 as a novel key factor that is required for establishing a compatible biotrophic interaction between U. maydis and its host plant maize. Spp1 is dispensable for ER stress resistance and vegetative growth but requires catalytic activity to interfere with the plant defense, revealing a novel virulence specific function for signal peptide peptidases in a biotrophic fungal/plant interaction. Biotrophic pathogens establish compatible interactions with their host to cause disease. A critical step in this process is the suppression of plant defense responses by secreted effector proteins. In the maize infecting fungus Ustilago maydis expression of effector encoding genes is coordinately upregulated at defined stages of pathogenic development in so-called effector waves. Efficient secretion of the multitude of effectors relies on the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum. Activation of the UPR is connected to the control of fungal proliferation through direct protein-protein interactions between the UPR regulator Cib1 and the developmental regulator Clp1. Here, we show that this interaction leads to functional modification of Cib1 and modulation of UPR gene expression to adapt the UPR for long-term activity in the plant. Within a core set of UPR regulated genes we identify the signal peptide peptidase Spp1 as a key factor for fungal virulence. We show that Spp1 requires its conserved catalytic activity to suppress the plant defense and cause disease. The virulence specific function of Spp1 does not involve pathways previously known to be associated with Spp1-like proteins or plant defense suppression, suggesting a novel role for Spp1 substrates in biotrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Pinter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Andrea Hach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hampel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Rekhter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Kai Heimel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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110
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Sharma R, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Thines M. Saprotrophic yeasts formerly classified as Pseudozyma have retained a large effector arsenal, including functional Pep1 orthologs. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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111
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A fungal substrate mimicking molecule suppresses plant immunity via an inter-kingdom conserved motif. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1576. [PMID: 30952847 PMCID: PMC6450895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungus causing corn smut disease in maize. The secreted effector protein Pit2 is an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) essential for virulence. Pit2 inhibitory function relies on a conserved 14 amino acids motif (PID14). Here we show that synthetic PID14 peptides act more efficiently as PLCP inhibitors than the full-length Pit2 effector. Mass spectrometry shows processing of Pit2 by maize PLCPs, which releases an inhibitory core motif from the PID14 sequence. Mutational analysis demonstrates that two conserved residues are essential for Pit2 function. We propose that the Pit2 effector functions as a substrate mimicking molecule: Pit2 is a suitable substrate for apoplastic PLCPs and its processing releases the embedded inhibitor peptide, which in turn blocks PLCPs to modulate host immunity. Remarkably, the PID14 core motif is present in several plant associated fungi and bacteria, indicating the existence of a conserved microbial inhibitor of proteases (cMIP).
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112
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Haueisen J, Möller M, Eschenbrenner CJ, Grandaubert J, Seybold H, Adamiak H, Stukenbrock EH. Highly flexible infection programs in a specialized wheat pathogen. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:275-294. [PMID: 30680113 PMCID: PMC6342133 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many filamentous plant pathogens exhibit high levels of genomic variability, yet the impact of this variation on host-pathogen interactions is largely unknown. We have addressed host specialization in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Our study builds on comparative analyses of infection and gene expression phenotypes of three isolates and reveals the extent to which genomic variation translates into phenotypic variation. The isolates exhibit genetic and genomic variation but are similarly virulent. By combining confocal microscopy, disease monitoring, staining of ROS, and comparative transcriptome analyses, we conducted a detailed comparison of the infection processes of these isolates in a susceptible wheat cultivar. We characterized four core infection stages: establishment, biotrophic growth, lifestyle transition, and necrotrophic growth and asexual reproduction that are shared by the three isolates. However, we demonstrate differentiated temporal and spatial infection development and significant differences in the expression profiles of the three isolates during the infection stages. More than 20% of the genes were differentially expressed and these genes were located significantly closer to transposable elements, suggesting an impact of epigenetic regulation. Further, differentially expressed genes were enriched in effector candidates suggesting that isolate-specific strategies for manipulating host defenses are present in Z. tritici. We demonstrate that individuals of a host-specialized pathogen have highly differentiated infection programs characterized by flexible infection development and functional redundancy. This illustrates how high genetic diversity in pathogen populations results in highly differentiated infection phenotypes, which fact needs to be acknowledged to understand host-pathogen interactions and pathogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Haueisen
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Environmental Genomics GroupChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Mareike Möller
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Environmental Genomics GroupChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Christoph J. Eschenbrenner
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Environmental Genomics GroupChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Jonathan Grandaubert
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Fungal Biology and PathogenicityInstitute PasteurParisFrance
| | - Heike Seybold
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Environmental Genomics GroupChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Holger Adamiak
- Environmental Genomics GroupChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Environmental Genomics GroupChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
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113
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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114
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Feussner K, Feussner I. Comprehensive LC-MS-Based Metabolite Fingerprinting Approach for Plant and Fungal-Derived Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1978:167-185. [PMID: 31119663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9236-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based nontargeted metabolome approaches aim to detect chemotypes as markers for stress, disease, developmental, or genetic perturbation. Herein, we present a metabolite fingerprinting workflow, which is applicable for the analysis of tissues and fluids derived from plants and fungi. This is based on a broad metabolite coverage by a two-phase extraction and the separate analysis of polar, and nonpolar compounds by positive as well as negative electrospray ionization. For analysis of the resulting comprehensive data sets, the interactive and user-friendly data mining software MarVis-Suite is used. It supports statistical analysis, adduct correction, data merging, as well as visualization of multivariate data. Finally, MarVis shapes marker identification to the organism of interest. Therefore, it provides access to the species-specific databases KEGG and BioCyc and to custom databases tailored by the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. .,Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. .,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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115
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Schenke D, Utami HP, Zhou Z, Gallegos MT, Cai D. Suppression of UV-B stress induced flavonoids by biotic stress: Is there reciprocal crosstalk? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 134:53-63. [PMID: 30558728 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to abiotic UV-B stress with enhanced expression of genes for flavonoid production, especially the key-enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS). Some flavonoids are antioxidative, antimicrobial and/or UV-B protective secondary metabolites. However, when plants are challenged with concomitant biotic stress (simulated e.g. by the bacterial peptide flg22, which induces MAMP triggered immunity, MTI), the production of flavonoids is strongly suppressed in both Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures and plants. On the other hand, flg22 induces the production of defense related compounds, such as the phytoalexin scopoletin, as well as lignin, a structural barrier thought to restrict pathogen spread within the host tissue. Since all these metabolites require the precursor phenylalanine for their production, suppression of the flavonoid production appears to allow the plant to focus its secondary metabolism on the production of pathogen defense related compounds during MTI. Interestingly, several flavonoids have been reported to display anti-microbial activities. For example, the plant flavonoid phloretin targets the Pseudomonas syringae virulence factors flagella and type 3 secretion system. That is, suppression of flavonoid synthesis during MTI might have also negative side-effects on the pathogen defense. To clarify this issue, we deployed an Arabidopsis flavonoid mutant and obtained genetic evidence that flavonoids indeed contribute to ward off the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. Finally, we show that UV-B attenuates expression of the flg22 receptor FLS2, indicating that there is negative and reciprocal interaction between this abiotic stress and the plant-pathogen defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Hashlin Pascananda Utami
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - María-Trinidad Gallegos
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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116
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Tanaka S, Schweizer G, Rössel N, Fukada F, Thines M, Kahmann R. Neofunctionalization of the secreted Tin2 effector in the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:251-257. [PMID: 30510169 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi hijack their hosts by secreting effector proteins. Effectors serve to suppress plant immune responses and modulate the host metabolism to benefit the pathogen. Smut fungi are biotrophic pathogens that also parasitize important cereals, including maize1. Symptom development is usually restricted to the plant inflorescences. Ustilago maydis is an exception in its ability to cause tumours in both inflorescences and leaves of maize, and in inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis through the secreted Tin2 effector2,3. How the unique lifestyle of U. maydis has evolved remains to be elucidated. Here we show that Tin2 in U. maydis has been neofunctionalized. We functionally compared Tin2 effectors of U. maydis and the related smut Sporisorium reilianum, which results in symptoms only in the inflorescences of maize and fails to induce anthocyanin. We show that Tin2 effectors from both fungi target distinct paralogues of a maize protein kinase, leading to stabilization and inhibition, respectively. An ancestral Tin2 effector functionally replaced the virulence function of S. reilianum Tin2 but failed to induce anthocyanin, and was unable to substitute for Tin2 in U. maydis. This shows that Tin2 in U. maydis has acquired a specialized function, probably connected to the distinct pathogenic lifestyle of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schweizer
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.,University of Zurich, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Rössel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fumi Fukada
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
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117
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Brassica yellows virus' movement protein upregulates anthocyanin accumulation, leading to the development of purple leaf symptoms on Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16273. [PMID: 30389981 PMCID: PMC6215002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Poleroviruses are widely distributed and often of great economic importance because they cause a variety of symptoms, such as the rolling of young leaves, leaf color changes, and plant decline, in infected plants. However, the molecular mechanism behind these viral-induced symptoms is still unknown. Here, we verified the pathogenicity of the polerovirus Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) by transforming its full-length amplicon into Arabidopsis thaliana, which resulted in many abnormal phenotypes. To better understand the interactions between BrYV and its host, global transcriptome profiles of the transgenic plants were compared with that of non-transgenic Arabidopsis plants. An association between the BrYV- induced purple leaf symptoms and the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis was noted. Using the transgenic approach, we found that movement protein of BrYV was responsible for the induction of these coloration symptoms. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the BrYV’ pathogenicity and show that the BrYV-induced purple leaf symptom resulted from its movement protein stimulating anthocyanin accumulation.
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118
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Seitner D, Uhse S, Gallei M, Djamei A. The core effector Cce1 is required for early infection of maize by Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2277-2287. [PMID: 29745456 PMCID: PMC6638113 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis, the causative agent of corn smut disease, infects one of the most important crops worldwide - Zea mays. To successfully colonize its host, U. maydis secretes proteins, known as effectors, that suppress plant defense responses and facilitate the establishment of biotrophy. In this work, we describe the U. maydis effector protein Cce1. Cce1 is essential for virulence and is upregulated during infection. Through microscopic analysis and in vitro assays, we show that Cce1 is secreted from hyphae during filamentous growth of the fungus. Strikingly, Δcce1 mutants are blocked at early stages of infection and induce callose deposition as a plant defense response. Cce1 is highly conserved among smut fungi and the Ustilago bromivora ortholog complemented the virulence defect of the SG200Δcce1 deletion strain. These data indicate that Cce1 is a core effector with apoplastic localization that is essential for U. maydis to infect its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Seitner
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - Michelle Gallei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
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119
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Ye Z, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Cui H, Jin G, McHardy AC, Fan L, Yu X. Comparative whole-genome analysis reveals artificial selection effects on Ustilago esculenta genome. DNA Res 2018; 24:635-648. [PMID: 28992048 PMCID: PMC5726479 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago esculenta, infects Zizania latifolia, and induced host stem swollen to be a popular vegetable called Jiaobai in China. It is the long-standing artificial selection that maximizes the occurrence of favourable Jiaobai, and thus maintaining the plant-fungi interaction and modulating the fungus evolving from plant pathogen to entophyte. In this study, whole genome of U. esculenta was sequenced and transcriptomes of the fungi and its host were analysed. The 20.2 Mb U. esculenta draft genome of 6,654 predicted genes including mating, primary metabolism, secreted proteins, shared a high similarity to related Smut fungi. But U. esculenta prefers RNA silencing not repeat-induced point in defence and has more introns per gene, indicating relatively slow evolution rate. The fungus also lacks some genes in amino acid biosynthesis pathway which were filled by up-regulated host genes and developed distinct amino acid response mechanism to balance the infection-resistance interaction. Besides, U. esculenta lost some surface sensors, important virulence factors and host range-related effectors to maintain the economic endophytic life. The elucidation of the U. esculenta genomic information as well as expression profiles can not only contribute to more comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanism underlying artificial selection but also into smut fungi-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Ye
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yafen Zhang
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gulei Jin
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alice C McHardy
- Department of Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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120
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Czedik‐Eysenberg A, Seitner S, Güldener U, Koemeda S, Jez J, Colombini M, Djamei A. The 'PhenoBox', a flexible, automated, open-source plant phenotyping solution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:808-823. [PMID: 29621393 PMCID: PMC6485332 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for flexible and affordable plant phenotyping solutions for basic research and plant breeding. We demonstrate our open source plant imaging and processing solution ('PhenoBox'/'PhenoPipe') and provide construction plans, source code and documentation to rebuild the system. Use of the PhenoBox is exemplified by studying infection of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon by the head smut fungus Ustilago bromivora, comparing phenotypic responses of maize to infection with a solopathogenic Ustilago maydis (corn smut) strain and effector deletion strains, and studying salt stress response in Nicotiana benthamiana. In U. bromivora-infected grass, phenotypic differences between infected and uninfected plants were detectable weeks before qualitative head smut symptoms. Based on this, we could predict the infection outcome for individual plants with high accuracy. Using a PhenoPipe module for calculation of multi-dimensional distances from phenotyping data, we observe a time after infection-dependent impact of U. maydis effector deletion strains on phenotypic response in maize. The PhenoBox/PhenoPipe system is able to detect established salt stress responses in N. benthamiana. We have developed an affordable, automated, open source imaging and data processing solution that can be adapted to various phenotyping applications in plant biology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Czedik‐Eysenberg
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna BioCenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Sebastian Seitner
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna BioCenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Genome‐oriented BioinformaticsTechnische Universität MünchenWissenschaftszentrum WeihenstephanFreisingGermany
| | - Stefanie Koemeda
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Jakub Jez
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Martin Colombini
- Workshop, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Campus‐Vienna‐Biocenter 11030ViennaAustria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna BioCenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
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121
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Rahnama M, Johnson RD, Voisey CR, Simpson WR, Fleetwood DJ. The Global Regulatory Protein VelA Is Required for Symbiosis Between the Endophytic Fungus Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:591-604. [PMID: 29315021 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0286-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë species fungi form bioprotective endophytic symbioses with many cool-season grasses, including agriculturally important forage grasses. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the molecular details of the interaction and the regulatory genes involved. The conserved velvet-domain protein VelA (or VeA) is a global regulator of a number of cellular and developmental functions in fungi. In this study, the E. festucae velA gene was functionally characterized in vitro and during interaction with perennial ryegrass. The velA gene is required in E. festucae for resistance to osmotic and cell wall-damaging stresses, repression of conidiation, and normal hyphal morphology during nutrient-limited in-vitro conditions. Expression of velA in E. festucae is light- and nitrogen-dependent and is tissue-specific in mature infected plants. In-planta studies showed that velA is required in E. festucae for a compatible interaction. Inoculating seedlings with mutant ΔvelA induced callose deposition and H2O2 production, and a high level of seedling death was observed. In surviving plants infected with ΔvelA mutant fungi, plants were stunted and we observed increased biomass and invasion of vascular bundles. Overall, this work characterizes a key fungal regulatory factor in this increasingly important model symbiotic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rahnama
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
- 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R D Johnson
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - C R Voisey
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - W R Simpson
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - D J Fleetwood
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
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122
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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123
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Du J, Pan X, Ma L, Shao M, Guo X. Combined analysis of genome-wide expression profiling of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves infected with Ustilago maydis. Genome 2018; 61:505-513. [PMID: 29800531 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2017-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although many gene expression profiling studies of maize leaves infected with Ustilago maydis have been published, heterogeneity of the results, caused by various data processing methods and pathogenic strains in different data sets, remains strong. Hence, we conducted a combined analysis of six genome-wide expression data sets of maize leaves infected with five different U. maydis strains by using the same pre-processing and quality control procedures. Six data sets were regrouped into five groups according to pathogenic strain used. Subsequently, each group of data set was processed by Multi-array Average for pre-processing and by pair-wise Pearson correlation for quality control. The differentially expressed genes were calculated by a standard linear mixed-effect model and then validated by various sensitivity analysis and multiple evidences. Finally, 44 unique differentially expressed genes were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes related to response to fungus, oxidation-reduction, transferase activity, and several carbohydrate metabolic and catabolic processes. In addition, the hub genes within protein-protein interaction networks showed high relevance with the basic pathogenesis. We report a highly credible differentially expressed list, and the genes with multiple validations may denote a common signature of U. maydis in maize, which provides a new window for disease-resistant protection of maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglu Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097.,Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097.,Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097
| | - Jianjun Du
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097.,Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097
| | - Xiaodi Pan
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097.,Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097
| | - Liming Ma
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097.,Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097
| | - Meng Shao
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097.,Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097.,Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100097
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Ma LS, Wang L, Trippel C, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Ullmann S, Moretti M, Carsten A, Kahnt J, Reissmann S, Zechmann B, Bange G, Kahmann R. The Ustilago maydis repetitive effector Rsp3 blocks the antifungal activity of mannose-binding maize proteins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1711. [PMID: 29703884 PMCID: PMC5923269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To cause disease in maize, the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis secretes a large arsenal of effector proteins. Here, we functionally characterize the repetitive effector Rsp3 (repetitive secreted protein 3), which shows length polymorphisms in field isolates and is highly expressed during biotrophic stages. Rsp3 is required for virulence and anthocyanin accumulation. During biotrophic growth, Rsp3 decorates the hyphal surface and interacts with at least two secreted maize DUF26-domain family proteins (designated AFP1 and AFP2). AFP1 binds mannose and displays antifungal activity against the rsp3 mutant but not against a strain constitutively expressing rsp3. Maize plants silenced for AFP1 and AFP2 partially rescue the virulence defect of rsp3 mutants, suggesting that blocking the antifungal activity of AFP1 and AFP2 by the Rsp3 effector is an important virulence function. Rsp3 orthologs are present in all sequenced smut fungi, and the ortholog from Sporisorium reilianum can complement the rsp3 mutant of U. maydis, suggesting a novel widespread fungal protection mechanism. The fungus Ustilago maydis secretes many effector proteins to cause disease in maize. Here, Ma et al. show that the repetitive effector Rsp3 is required for virulence by inhibiting the antifungal activity of two mannose-binding proteins that are secreted by the plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay-Sun Ma
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christine Trippel
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University-Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 64, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Steffen Ullmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,, Düsseldorfer Straße 177, 45481, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Marino Moretti
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Carsten
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kahnt
- Mass Spectroscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reissmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging (CMI), Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 76798-7046, USA
| | - Gert Bange
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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125
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Benevenuto J, Teixeira-Silva NS, Kuramae EE, Croll D, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. Comparative Genomics of Smut Pathogens: Insights From Orphans and Positively Selected Genes Into Host Specialization. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:660. [PMID: 29681893 PMCID: PMC5897528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host specialization is a key evolutionary process for the diversification and emergence of new pathogens. However, the molecular determinants of host range are poorly understood. Smut fungi are biotrophic pathogens that have distinct and narrow host ranges based on largely unknown genetic determinants. Hence, we aimed to expand comparative genomics analyses of smut fungi by including more species infecting different hosts and to define orphans and positively selected genes to gain further insights into the genetics basis of host specialization. We analyzed nine lineages of smut fungi isolated from eight crop and non-crop hosts: maize, barley, sugarcane, wheat, oats, Zizania latifolia (Manchurian rice), Echinochloa colona (a wild grass), and Persicaria sp. (a wild dicot plant). We assembled two new genomes: Ustilago hordei (strain Uhor01) isolated from oats and U. tritici (strain CBS 119.19) isolated from wheat. The smut genomes were of small sizes, ranging from 18.38 to 24.63 Mb. U. hordei species experienced genome expansions due to the proliferation of transposable elements and the amount of these elements varied among the two strains. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Ustilago is not a monophyletic genus and, furthermore, detected misclassification of the U. tritici specimen. The comparison between smut pathogens of crop and non-crop hosts did not reveal distinct signatures, suggesting that host domestication did not play a dominant role in shaping the evolution of smuts. We found that host specialization in smut fungi likely has a complex genetic basis: different functional categories were enriched in orphans and lineage-specific selected genes. The diversification and gain/loss of effector genes are probably the most important determinants of host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Benevenuto
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Natalia S. Teixeira-Silva
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Eiko E. Kuramae
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel (UNINE), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia B. Monteiro-Vitorello
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
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126
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Chagas FO, Pessotti RDC, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Pupo MT. Chemical signaling involved in plant-microbe interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1652-1704. [PMID: 29218336 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms are found everywhere, and they are closely associated with plants. Because the establishment of any plant-microbe association involves chemical communication, understanding crosstalk processes is fundamental to defining the type of relationship. Although several metabolites from plants and microbes have been fully characterized, their roles in the chemical interplay between these partners are not well understood in most cases, and they require further investigation. In this review, we describe different plant-microbe associations from colonization to microbial establishment processes in plants along with future prospects, including agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Oliveira Chagas
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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127
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Effect of Puccinia silphii on Yield Components and Leaf Physiology in Silphium integrifolium: Lessons for the Domestication of a Perennial Oilseed Crop. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10030696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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128
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Matei A, Ernst C, Günl M, Thiele B, Altmüller J, Walbot V, Usadel B, Doehlemann G. How to make a tumour: cell type specific dissection of Ustilago maydis-induced tumour development in maize leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1681-1695. [PMID: 29314018 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize (Zea mays), which is characterized by immense plant tumours. To establish disease and reprogram organ primordia to tumours, U. maydis deploys effector proteins in an organ-specific manner. However, the cellular contribution to leaf tumours remains unknown. We investigated leaf tumour formation at the tissue- and cell type-specific levels. Cytology and metabolite analysis were deployed to understand the cellular basis for tumourigenesis. Laser-capture microdissection was performed to gain a cell type-specific transcriptome of U. maydis during tumour formation. In vivo visualization of plant DNA synthesis identified bundle sheath cells as the origin of hyperplasic tumour cells, while mesophyll cells become hypertrophic tumour cells. Cell type-specific transcriptome profiling of U. maydis revealed tailored expression of fungal effector genes. Moreover, U. maydis See1 was identified as the first cell type-specific fungal effector, being required for induction of cell cycle reactivation in bundle sheath cells. Identification of distinct cellular mechanisms in two different leaf cell types and of See1 as an effector for induction of proliferation of bundle sheath cells are major steps in understanding U. maydis-induced tumour formation. Moreover, the cell type-specific U. maydis transcriptome data are a valuable resource to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Matei
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Corinna Ernst
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, NRW, 50931, Germany
| | - Markus Günl
- Plant Sciences, IBG-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Str, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- Plant Sciences, IBG-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Str, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50674, Germany
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Department of Biology MC5020, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Björn Usadel
- BioSC, IBG-2, Institute for Botany, RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 3, Aachen, 52078, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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129
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130
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Plett JM, Martin FM. Know your enemy, embrace your friend: using omics to understand how plants respond differently to pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:729-746. [PMID: 29265527 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms, or 'microbes', have formed intimate associations with plants throughout the length of their evolutionary history. In extant plant systems microbes still remain an integral part of the ecological landscape, impacting plant health, productivity and long-term fitness. Therefore, to properly understand the genetic wiring of plants, we must first determine what perception systems plants have evolved to parse beneficial from commensal from pathogenic microbes. In this review, we consider some of the most recent advances in how plants respond at the molecular level to different microbial lifestyles. Further, we cover some of the means by which microbes are able to manipulate plant signaling pathways through altered destructiveness and nutrient sinks, as well as the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). We conclude by highlighting some of the major questions still to be answered in the field of plant-microbe research, and suggest some of the key areas that are in greatest need of further research investment. The results of these proposed studies will have impacts in a wide range of plant research disciplines and will, ultimately, translate into stronger agronomic crops and forestry stock, with immune perception and response systems bred to foster beneficial microbial symbioses while repudiating pathogenic symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Francis M Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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131
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Lanver D, Müller AN, Happel P, Schweizer G, Haas FB, Franitza M, Pellegrin C, Reissmann S, Altmüller J, Rensing SA, Kahmann R. The Biotrophic Development of Ustilago maydis Studied by RNA-Seq Analysis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:300-323. [PMID: 29371439 PMCID: PMC5868686 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The maize smut fungus Ustilago maydis is a model organism for elucidating host colonization strategies of biotrophic fungi. Here, we performed an in depth transcriptional profiling of the entire plant-associated development of U. maydis wild-type strains. In our analysis, we focused on fungal metabolism, nutritional strategies, secreted effectors, and regulatory networks. Secreted proteins were enriched in three distinct expression modules corresponding to stages on the plant surface, establishment of biotrophy, and induction of tumors. These modules are likely the key determinants for U. maydis virulence. With respect to nutrient utilization, we observed that expression of several nutrient transporters was tied to these virulence modules rather than being controlled by nutrient availability. We show that oligopeptide transporters likely involved in nitrogen assimilation are important virulence factors. By measuring the intramodular connectivity of transcription factors, we identified the potential drivers for the virulence modules. While known components of the b-mating type cascade emerged as inducers for the plant surface and biotrophy module, we identified a set of yet uncharacterized transcription factors as likely responsible for expression of the tumor module. We demonstrate a crucial role for leaf tumor formation and effector gene expression for one of these transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lanver
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - André N Müller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Happel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schweizer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Philipps Universität Marburg, Fb17 Biologie, AG Zellbiologie der Pflanzen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marek Franitza
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Clément Pellegrin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reissmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Philipps Universität Marburg, Fb17 Biologie, AG Zellbiologie der Pflanzen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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132
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Hawkins LK, Warburton ML, Tang J, Tomashek J, Alves Oliveira D, Ogunola OF, Smith JS, Williams WP. Survey of Candidate Genes for Maize Resistance to Infection by Aspergillus flavus and/or Aflatoxin Contamination. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E61. [PMID: 29385107 PMCID: PMC5848162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many projects have identified candidate genes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation or Aspergillus flavus infection and growth in maize using genetic mapping, genomics, transcriptomics and/or proteomics studies. However, only a small percentage of these candidates have been validated in field conditions, and their relative contribution to resistance, if any, is unknown. This study presents a consolidated list of candidate genes identified in past studies or in-house studies, with descriptive data including genetic location, gene annotation, known protein identifiers, and associated pathway information, if known. A candidate gene pipeline to test the phenotypic effect of any maize DNA sequence on aflatoxin accumulation resistance was used in this study to determine any measurable effect on polymorphisms within or linked to the candidate gene sequences, and the results are published here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh K Hawkins
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Marilyn L Warburton
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Juliet Tang
- USDA FS Durability and Wood Protection Research Unit, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - John Tomashek
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems LLC, Irmo, SC 29063, USA.
| | - Dafne Alves Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762 USA.
| | - Oluwaseun F Ogunola
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - J Spencer Smith
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - W Paul Williams
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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133
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Kretschmer M, Lambie S, Croll D, Kronstad JW. Acetate provokes mitochondrial stress and cell death in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:488-507. [PMID: 29235175 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes disease on maize by mating to establish an infectious filamentous cell type that invades the host and induces tumours. We previously found that β-oxidation mutants were defective in virulence and did not grow on acetate. Here, we demonstrate that acetate inhibits filamentation during mating and in response to oleic acid. We therefore examined the influence of different carbon sources by comparing the transcriptomes of cells grown on acetate, oleic acid or glucose, with expression changes for the fungus during tumour formation in planta. Guided by the transcriptional profiling, we found that acetate negatively influenced resistance to stress, promoted the formation of reactive oxygen species, triggered cell death in stationary phase and impaired virulence on maize. We also found that acetate induced mitochondrial stress by interfering with mitochondrial functions. Notably, the disruption of oxygen perception or inhibition of the electron transport chain also influenced filamentation and mating. Finally, we made use of the connections between acetate and β-oxidation to test metabolic inhibitors for an influence on growth and virulence. These experiments identified diclofenac as a potential inhibitor of virulence. Overall, these findings support the possibility of targeting mitochondrial metabolic functions to control fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott Lambie
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James W Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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134
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Kretschmer M, Croll D, Kronstad JW. Maize susceptibility to Ustilago maydis is influenced by genetic and chemical perturbation of carbohydrate allocation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1222-1237. [PMID: 27564861 PMCID: PMC6638311 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of biotrophic fungi to metabolically adapt to the host environment is a critical factor in fungal diseases of crop plants. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of maize tumours induced by Ustilago maydis to identify key features underlying metabolic shifts during disease. Among other metabolic changes, this analysis highlighted modifications during infection in the transcriptional regulation of carbohydrate allocation and starch metabolism. We confirmed the relevance of these changes by establishing that symptom development was altered in an id1 (indeterminate1) mutant that showed increased accumulation of sucrose as well as being defective in the vegetative to reproductive transition. We further established the relevance of specific metabolic functions related to carbohydrate allocation by assaying disease in su1 (sugary1) mutant plants with altered starch metabolism and in plants treated with glucose, sucrose and silver nitrate during infection. We propose that specific regulatory and metabolic changes influence the balance between susceptibility and resistance by altering carbon allocation to promote fungal growth or to influence plant defence. Taken together, these studies reveal key aspects of metabolism that are critical for biotrophic adaptation during the maize-U. maydis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Present address:
Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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135
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Wang ZD, Yan N, Wang ZH, Zhang XH, Zhang JZ, Xue HM, Wang LX, Zhan Q, Xu YP, Guo DP. RNA-seq analysis provides insight into reprogramming of culm development in Zizania latifolia induced by Ustilago esculenta. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:533-547. [PMID: 29076026 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a transcriptome assembly and expression profiles from RNA-Seq data and identify genes responsible for culm gall formation in Zizania latifolia induced by Ustilago esculenta. The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta can induce culm gall in Zizania latifolia, which is used as a vegetable in Asian countries. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of culm gall formation is still unclear. To characterize the processes underlying this host-fungus association, we performed transcriptomic and expression profiling analyses of culms from Z. latifolia infected by the fungus U. esculenta. Transcriptomic analysis detected U. esculenta induced differential expression of 19,033 and 17,669 genes in Jiaobai (JB) and Huijiao (HJ) type of gall, respectively. Additionally, to detect the potential gall inducing genes, expression profiles of infected culms collected at -7, 1 and 10 DAS of culm gall development were analyzed. Compared to control, we detected 8089 genes (4389 up-regulated, 3700 down-regulated) and 5251 genes (3121 up-regulated, 2130 down-regulated) were differentially expressed in JB and HJ, respectively. And we identified 376 host and 187 fungal candidate genes that showed stage-specific expression pattern, which are possibly responsible for gall formation at the initial and later phases, respectively. Our results indicated that cytokinins play more prominent roles in regulating gall formation than do auxins. Together, our work provides general implications for the understanding of gene regulatory networks for culm gall development in Z. latifolia, and potential targets for genetic manipulation to improve the future yield of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dan Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing-Ze Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui-Min Xue
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li-Xia Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi Zhan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying-Ping Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - De-Ping Guo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Kretschmer M, Croll D, Kronstad JW. Chloroplast-associated metabolic functions influence the susceptibility of maize to Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1210-1221. [PMID: 27564650 PMCID: PMC6638283 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic fungal pathogens must evade or suppress plant defence responses to establish a compatible interaction in living host tissue. In addition, metabolic changes during disease reflect both the impact of nutrient acquisition by the fungus to support proliferation and the integration of metabolism with the plant defence response. In this study, we used transcriptome analyses to predict that the chloroplast and associated functions are important for symptom formation by the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis on maize. We tested our prediction by examining the impact on disease of a genetic defect (whirly1) in chloroplast function. In addition, we examined whether disease was influenced by inhibition of glutamine synthetase by glufosinate (impacting amino acid biosynthesis) or inhibition of 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase by glyphosate (influencing secondary metabolism). All of these perturbations increased the severity of disease, thus suggesting a contribution to resistance. Overall, these findings provide a framework for understanding the components of host metabolism that benefit the plant versus the pathogen during a biotrophic interaction. They also reinforce the emerging importance of the chloroplast as a mediator of plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Present address:
Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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137
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Wang S, Boevink PC, Welsh L, Zhang R, Whisson SC, Birch PRJ. Delivery of cytoplasmic and apoplastic effectors from Phytophthora infestans haustoria by distinct secretion pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:205-215. [PMID: 28758684 PMCID: PMC5601276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans secretes effector proteins that are delivered inside (cytoplasmic) or can act outside (apoplastic) plant cells to neutralize host immunity. Little is known about how and where effectors are secreted during infection, yet such knowledge is essential to understand and combat crop disease. We used transient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated in planta expression, transformation of P. infestans with fluorescent protein fusions and confocal microscopy to investigate delivery of effectors to plant cells during infection. The cytoplasmic effector Pi04314, expressed as a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) fusion protein with a signal peptide to secrete it from plant cells, did not passively re-enter the cells upon secretion. However, Pi04314-mRFP expressed in P. infestans was translocated from haustoria, which form intimate interactions with plant cells, to accumulate at its sites of action in the host nucleus. The well-characterized apoplastic effector EPIC1, a cysteine protease inhibitor, was also secreted from haustoria. EPIC1 secretion was inhibited by brefeldin A (BFA), demonstrating that it is delivered by conventional Golgi-mediated secretion. By contrast, Pi04314 secretion was insensitive to BFA treatment, indicating that the cytoplasmic effector follows an alternative route for delivery into plant cells. Phytophthora infestans haustoria are thus sites for delivery of both apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors during infection, following distinct secretion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at JHI)Errol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Lydia Welsh
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Ruofang Zhang
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Inner Mongolia UniversityWest College Road 235Hohhot010021China
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at JHI)Errol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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138
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Abstract
Fungi are among the dominant causal agents of plant diseases. To colonize plants and cause disease, pathogenic fungi use diverse strategies. Some fungi kill their hosts and feed on dead material (necrotrophs), while others colonize the living tissue (biotrophs). For successful invasion of plant organs, pathogenic development is tightly regulated and specialized infection structures are formed. To further colonize hosts and establish disease, fungal pathogens deploy a plethora of virulence factors. Depending on the infection strategy, virulence factors perform different functions. While basically all pathogens interfere with primary plant defense, necrotrophs secrete toxins to kill plant tissue. In contrast, biotrophs utilize effector molecules to suppress plant cell death and manipulate plant metabolism in favor of the pathogen. This article provides an overview of plant pathogenic fungal species and the strategies they use to cause disease.
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139
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Abstract
Biotrophic fungal plant pathogens establish an intimate relationship with their host to support the infection process. Central to this strategy is the secretion of a range of protein effectors that enable the pathogen to evade plant immune defences and modulate host metabolism to meet its needs. In this Review, using the smut fungus Ustilago maydis as an example, we discuss new insights into the effector repertoire of smut fungi that have been gained from comparative genomics and discuss the molecular mechanisms by which U. maydis effectors change processes in the plant host. Finally, we examine how the expression of effector genes and effector secretion are coordinated with fungal development in the host.
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140
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Donaldson ME, Ostrowski LA, Goulet KM, Saville BJ. Transcriptome analysis of smut fungi reveals widespread intergenic transcription and conserved antisense transcript expression. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:340. [PMID: 28464849 PMCID: PMC5414199 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biotrophic fungal plant pathogens cause billions of dollars in losses to North American crops annually. The model for functional investigation of these fungi is Ustilago maydis. Its 20.5 Mb annotated genome sequence has been an excellent resource for investigating biotrophic plant pathogenesis. Expressed-sequence tag libraries and microarray hybridizations have provided insight regarding the type of transcripts produced by U. maydis but these analyses were not comprehensive and there were insufficient data for transcriptome comparison to other smut fungi. To improve transcriptome annotation and enable comparative analyses, comprehensive strand-specific RNA-seq was performed on cell-types of three related smut species: U. maydis (common smut of corn), Ustilago hordei (covered smut of barley), and Sporisorium reilianum (head smut of corn). Results In total, >1 billion paired-end sequence reads were obtained from haploid cell, dikaryon and teliospore RNA of U. maydis, haploid cell RNA of U. hordei, and haploid and dikaryon cell RNA of S. reilianum. The sequences were assembled into transfrags using Trinity, and updated gene models were created using PASA and categorized with Cufflinks Cuffcompare. Representative genes that were predicted for the first time with these RNA-seq analyses and genes with novel annotation features were independently assessed by reverse transcriptase PCR. The analyses indicate hundreds more predicted proteins, relative to the previous genome annotation, could be produced by U. maydis from altered transcript forms, and that the number of non-coding RNAs produced, including transcribed intergenic sequences and natural antisense transcripts, approximately equals the number of mRNAs. This high representation of non-coding RNAs appears to be a conserved feature of the smut fungi regardless of whether they have RNA interference machinery. Approximately 50% of the identified NATs were conserved among the smut fungi. Conclusions Overall, these analyses revealed: 1) smut genomes encode a number of transcriptional units that is twice the number of annotated protein-coding genes, 2) a small number of intergenic transcripts may encode proteins with characteristics of fungal effectors, 3) the vast majority of intergenic and antisense transcripts do not contain ORFs, 4) a large proportion of the identified antisense transcripts were detected at orthologous loci among the smut fungi, and 5) there is an enrichment of functional categories among orthologous loci that suggests antisense RNAs could have a genome-wide, non-RNAi-mediated, influence on gene expression in smut fungi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3720-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Donaldson
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren A Ostrowski
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, ON, Canada.,Present Address: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Kristi M Goulet
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, ON, Canada
| | - Barry J Saville
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, ON, Canada. .,Forensic Science Program, Trent University, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, ON, Canada.
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141
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Plett JM, Yin H, Mewalal R, Hu R, Li T, Ranjan P, Jawdy S, De Paoli HC, Butler G, Burch-Smith TM, Guo HB, Ju Chen C, Kohler A, Anderson IC, Labbé JL, Martin F, Tuskan GA, Yang X. Populus trichocarpa encodes small, effector-like secreted proteins that are highly induced during mutualistic symbiosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:382. [PMID: 28336910 PMCID: PMC5428498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During symbiosis, organisms use a range of metabolic and protein-based signals to communicate. Of these protein signals, one class is defined as ‘effectors’, i.e., small secreted proteins (SSPs) that cause phenotypical and physiological changes in another organism. To date, protein-based effectors have been described in aphids, nematodes, fungi and bacteria. Using RNA sequencing of Populus trichocarpa roots in mutualistic symbiosis with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor, we sought to determine if host plants also contain genes encoding effector-like proteins. We identified 417 plant-encoded putative SSPs that were significantly regulated during this interaction, including 161 SSPs specific to P. trichocarpa and 15 SSPs exhibiting expansion in Populus and closely related lineages. We demonstrate that a subset of these SSPs can enter L. bicolor hyphae, localize to the nucleus and affect hyphal growth and morphology. We conclude that plants encode proteins that appear to function as effector proteins that may regulate symbiotic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-University of Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, 2753, NSW, Australia
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Ritesh Mewalal
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Rongbin Hu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Ting Li
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sara Jawdy
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Henrique C De Paoli
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - George Butler
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tessa Maureen Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Hao-Bo Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chun Ju Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-University of Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, 2753, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessy L Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-University of Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
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142
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Prince DC, Rallapalli G, Xu D, Schoonbeek HJ, Çevik V, Asai S, Kemen E, Cruz-Mireles N, Kemen A, Belhaj K, Schornack S, Kamoun S, Holub EB, Halkier BA, Jones JDG. Albugo-imposed changes to tryptophan-derived antimicrobial metabolite biosynthesis may contribute to suppression of non-host resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Biol 2017; 15:20. [PMID: 28320402 PMCID: PMC5358052 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plants are exposed to diverse pathogens and pests, yet most plants are resistant to most plant pathogens. Non-host resistance describes the ability of all members of a plant species to successfully prevent colonization by any given member of a pathogen species. White blister rust caused by Albugo species can overcome non-host resistance and enable secondary infection and reproduction of usually non-virulent pathogens, including the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans on Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the molecular basis of host defense suppression in this complex plant–microbe interaction is unclear. Here, we investigate specific defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis that are suppressed by Albugo infection. Results Gene expression profiling revealed that two species of Albugo upregulate genes associated with tryptophan-derived antimicrobial metabolites in Arabidopsis. Albugo laibachii-infected tissue has altered levels of these metabolites, with lower indol-3-yl methylglucosinolate and higher camalexin accumulation than uninfected tissue. We investigated the contribution of these Albugo-imposed phenotypes to suppression of non-host resistance to P. infestans. Absence of tryptophan-derived antimicrobial compounds enables P. infestans colonization of Arabidopsis, although to a lesser extent than Albugo-infected tissue. A. laibachii also suppresses a subset of genes regulated by salicylic acid; however, salicylic acid plays only a minor role in non-host resistance to P. infestans. Conclusions Albugo sp. alter tryptophan-derived metabolites and suppress elements of the responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis. Albugo sp. imposed alterations in tryptophan-derived metabolites may play a role in Arabidopsis non-host resistance to P. infestans. Understanding the basis of non-host resistance to pathogens such as P. infestans could assist in development of strategies to elevate food security. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0360-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Prince
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ghanasyam Rallapalli
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Deyang Xu
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Volkan Çevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Shuta Asai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Plant Immunity Research Group, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eric Kemen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ariane Kemen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Eric B Holub
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick Crop Centre, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, UK
| | - Barbara A Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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143
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Schuster M, Schweizer G, Kahmann R. Comparative analyses of secreted proteins in plant pathogenic smut fungi and related basidiomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 112:21-30. [PMID: 28089076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the ten years since the genome sequence of the basidiomycete corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis was published, additional genomes of smut species infecting different hosts became available. In addition, the genomes of related Malassezia species causing skin diseases and of Pseudozyma species not known to infect plants were determined. As secreted proteins are critical virulence determinants in U. maydis we compare here the secretomes of 12 basidiomycete species to gain information about their composition and conservation. For this we classify secreted proteins into those with and without domains using InterPro scans. Homology among proteins is inferred by building clusters based on pairwise similarities and cluster presence is then assessed in the different species. We detect in particular a strong correspondence between the secretomes of Pseudozyma species and plant infecting smuts. Furthermore, we identify a high proportion of secreted proteins to be part of gene families and present an advancement of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology for simultaneous disruption of multiple genes in U. maydis using five genes of the eff1 family as example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schuster
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schweizer
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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144
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Lo Presti L, Zechmann B, Kumlehn J, Liang L, Lanver D, Tanaka S, Bock R, Kahmann R. An assay for entry of secreted fungal effectors into plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:956-964. [PMID: 27716942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Successful colonization of plants by prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens requires active effector-mediated suppression of defense responses and host tissue reprogramming. Secreted effector proteins can either display their activity in the apoplast or translocate into host cells and function therein. Although characterized in bacteria, the molecular mechanisms of effector delivery by fungal phytopathogens remain elusive. Here we report the establishment of an assay that is based on biotinylation of effectors in the host cytoplasm as hallmark of uptake. The assay exploits the ability of the bacterial biotin ligase BirA to biotinylate any protein that carries a short peptide (Avitag). It is based on the stable expression of BirA in the cytoplasm of maize plants and on engineering of Ustilago maydis strains to secrete Avitagged effectors. We demonstrate translocation of a number of effectors in the U. maydis-maize system and show data that suggest that the uptake mechanism could be rather nonspecific The assay promises to be a powerful tool for the classification of effectors as well as for the functional study of effector uptake mechanism not only in the chosen system but more generally for systems where biotrophic interactions are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Lo Presti
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX, 76798-7046, USA
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lanver
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Department of Organelle Biology, Biotechnology and Molecular Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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145
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Redkar A, Matei A, Doehlemann G. Insights into Host Cell Modulation and Induction of New Cells by the Corn Smut Ustilago maydis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:899. [PMID: 28611813 PMCID: PMC5447062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungal pathogens induce drastic modulation of host cells causing abnormal infectious structures such as galls, or tumors that arise as a result of re-programming in the original developmental cell fate of a colonized host cell. Developmental consequences occur predominantly with biotrophic phytopathogens. This suggests that these host structures result as an outcome of efficient defense suppression and intimate fungal-host interaction to suit the pathogen's needs for completion of its infection cycle. This mini-review mainly summarizes host cell re-programming that occurs in the Ustilago maydis - maize interaction, in which the pathogen deploys cell-type specific effector proteins with varying activities. The fungus senses the physiological status and identity of colonized host cells and re-directs the endogenous developmental program of its host. The disturbance of host cell physiology and cell fate leads to novel cell shapes, increased cell size, and/or the number of host cells. We particularly highlight the strategies of U. maydis to induce physiologically varied host organs to form the characteristic tumors in both vegetative and floral parts of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Redkar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Amey Redkar,
| | - Alexandra Matei
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, BiocenterCologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, BiocenterCologne, Germany
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146
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Stirnberg A, Djamei A. Characterization of ApB73, a virulence factor important for colonization of Zea mays by the smut Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1467-1479. [PMID: 27279632 PMCID: PMC5132131 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, uses numerous small secreted effector proteins to suppress plant defence responses and reshape the host metabolism. However, the role of specific effectors remains poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of ApB73 (Apathogenic in B73), an as yet uncharacterized protein essential for the successful colonization of maize by U. maydis. We show that apB73 is transcriptionally induced during the biotrophic stages of the fungal life cycle. The deletion of the apB73 gene results in cultivar-specific loss of gall formation in the host. The ApB73 protein is conserved among closely related smut fungi. However, using virulence assays, we show that only the orthologue of the maize-infecting head smut Sporisorium reilianum can complement the mutant phenotype of U. maydis. Although microscopy shows that ApB73 is secreted into the biotrophic interface, it seems to remain associated with fungal cell wall components or the fungal plasma membrane. Taken together, the results show that ApB73 is a conserved and important virulence factor of U. maydis that localizes to the interface between the pathogen and its host Zea mays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stirnberg
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
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147
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Matei A, Doehlemann G. Cell biology of corn smut disease —Ustilago maydis as a model for biotrophic interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 34:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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148
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Rabe F, Bosch J, Stirnberg A, Guse T, Bauer L, Seitner D, Rabanal FA, Czedik-Eysenberg A, Uhse S, Bindics J, Genenncher B, Navarrete F, Kellner R, Ekker H, Kumlehn J, Vogel JP, Gordon SP, Marcel TC, Münsterkötter M, Walter MC, Sieber CMK, Mannhaupt G, Güldener U, Kahmann R, Djamei A. A complete toolset for the study of Ustilago bromivora and Brachypodium sp. as a fungal-temperate grass pathosystem. eLife 2016; 5:e20522. [PMID: 27835569 PMCID: PMC5106213 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their economic relevance, the study of plant pathogen interactions is of importance. However, elucidating these interactions and their underlying molecular mechanisms remains challenging since both host and pathogen need to be fully genetically accessible organisms. Here we present milestones in the establishment of a new biotrophic model pathosystem: Ustilago bromivora and Brachypodium sp. We provide a complete toolset, including an annotated fungal genome and methods for genetic manipulation of the fungus and its host plant. This toolset will enable researchers to easily study biotrophic interactions at the molecular level on both the pathogen and the host side. Moreover, our research on the fungal life cycle revealed a mating type bias phenomenon. U. bromivora harbors a haplo-lethal allele that is linked to one mating type region. As a result, the identified mating type bias strongly promotes inbreeding, which we consider to be a potential speciation driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rabe
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jason Bosch
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Stirnberg
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tilo Guse
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Seitner
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando A Rabanal
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janos Bindics
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bianca Genenncher
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando Navarrete
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronny Kellner
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heinz Ekker
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - John P Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, California, United States
| | - Sean P Gordon
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, California, United States
| | - Thierry C Marcel
- INRA UMR BIOGER, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mathias C Walter
- Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian MK Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Mannhaupt
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
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149
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Patel S. Nutrition, safety, market status quo appraisal of emerging functional food corn smut (huitlacoche). Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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150
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Toruño TY, Stergiopoulos I, Coaker G. Plant-Pathogen Effectors: Cellular Probes Interfering with Plant Defenses in Spatial and Temporal Manners. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:419-41. [PMID: 27359369 PMCID: PMC5283857 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess large arsenals of immune receptors capable of recognizing all pathogen classes. To cause disease, pathogenic organisms must be able to overcome physical barriers, suppress or evade immune perception, and derive nutrients from host tissues. Consequently, to facilitate some of these processes, pathogens secrete effector proteins that promote colonization. This review covers recent advances in the field of effector biology, focusing on conserved cellular processes targeted by effectors from diverse pathogens. The ability of effectors to facilitate pathogen entry into the host interior, suppress plant immune perception, and alter host physiology for pathogen benefit is discussed. Pathogens also deploy effectors in a spatial and temporal manner, depending on infection stage. Recent advances have also enhanced our understanding of effectors acting in specific plant organs and tissues. Effectors are excellent cellular probes that facilitate insight into biological processes as well as key points of vulnerability in plant immune signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Y Toruño
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California; , ,
| | | | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California; , ,
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