1451
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Maximizing Algal Growth in Batch Reactors Using Sequential Change in Light Intensity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 161:511-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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1452
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Vibrational structure of the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid studied by infrared spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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1453
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Visualizing "green oil" in live algal cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:198-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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1454
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Wawrik B, Harriman BH. Rapid, colorimetric quantification of lipid from algal cultures. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 80:262-6. [PMID: 20093146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Algae have significant potential as a source of biomass for the production of biofuels, due to their high growth rates and high cellular lipid content. Studies that address the use of algae as biofuels often require the frequent measurement of algal lipid content. Traditional methods for the quantification of lipid are, however, costly if sub-contracted, or involve the use of expensive analytical equipment that is not available in many labs. This study describes a simple, colorimetric method for the quantification of algal lipid from small amounts of culture. The technique is derived from a method for the quantification of fatty acids dissolved in chloroform. Algal lipids are saponified to fatty acids and then mixed with a copper reagent. Chloroform-extractable copper soaps of long-chain fatty acids are then colorimetrically measured by the addition of diethyldithiocarbamate to develop a yellow colored product. Linear responses for fatty acids in the range of C10:0 to C16:0 were observed for a concentration range between 0.025 and 1 micromol of fatty acid per 200 microL of sample. Fatty acids with chain lengths of less than twelve carbons produced significantly reduced signal. Decenoic acid yielded a slightly, but significantly lower signal than decanoic acid indicating that the assay underestimates the presence of unsaturated fatty acids. Lipid contents of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris CM2 were monitored for eight days during exponential growth to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique as a monitoring methodology. Overall, the method allowed reliable detection and quantification of fatty acid content from 1 to 2 mL of algal culture. Adaptation of the technique to micro-centrifuge format allows assaying 30 samples in less than 2h. Considering reagents and time, the total cost per assay was estimated at less than $5, representing a significant cost savings over traditional lipid quantification procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Wawrik
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma 73019-4110, USA.
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1455
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Meadus WJ, Duff P, Uttaro B, Aalhus JL, Rolland DC, Gibson LL, Dugan MER. Production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enriched bacon. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:465-472. [PMID: 19924860 DOI: 10.1021/jf9028078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
North American consumers interested in improving their health through diet perceive red meat as a source of too much saturated and unhealthy fat in the diet. The purpose of this trial was to produce bacon enriched with the long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this 25 day study, pigs were fed a standard finisher diet of canola, pea, corn, and barley, mixed with DHA, added in the form of alga biomass. Bacon content of DHA was increased to 97 mg/100 g when 1 g of DHA was added to a kilogram of feed. The pigs fed the highest diet level of alga biomass, containing 0.29% DHA, produced bacon with approximately 3.4 mg of DHA/g and 1.2% of the fat as omega-3 fatty acids. Feed to gain was significantly improved, and carcass quality was unaffected. However, problems of off-odors and off-flavors were reported in the bacon from the taste panel survey. Polyunsaturated fat and potential unsaturated fat oxidation as indicated by malonaldehyde levels were significantly higher in the pigs fed the higher concentrations of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Jon Meadus
- Lacombe Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
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1456
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Johanningmeier U, Fischer D. Perspective for the Use of Genetic Transformants in Order to Enhance the Synthesis of the Desired Metabolites: Engineering Chloroplasts of Microalgae for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:144-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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1457
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Rea G, Antonacci A, Lambreva M, Margonelli A, Ambrosi C, Giardi MT. The NUTRA-SNACKS project: basic research and biotechnological programs on nutraceutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:1-16. [PMID: 21520699 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The Nutra-Snacks project aims at creating novel high quality ready-to-eat foods with functional activity, useful for promoting public health. The team is composed of seven research institutes and three SMEs from different countries whose activities span from basic to applied research providing the right technological transfer to small and medium industries involved in the novel food production chain. Strategic objectives include the application of plant cell and in vitro culture systems to create very large amounts of high-value plant secondary metabolites with recognized anticancer, antilipidemic, anticholesterol, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties and to include them in specific food products. To this end, the screening of a vast number of working organisms capable of accumulating the desired compounds and the characterization of their expression profiles represent fundamental steps in the research program. The information allows the identification of plant species hyper-producing metabolites and selection of those metabolites capable of specifically counteracting the oxidative stress that underlies the development of important pathologies and diseases. In addition, devising safe metabolite extraction procedures is also crucial in order to provide nutraceutical-enriched extracts compatible with human health. New biotechnological approaches are also undertaken including the exploitation of photosynthetic algal strains in bio-farms to enhance the synthesis ofantioxidant compounds and the design of novel bioreactors for small and large scale biomass production. Further outstanding objectives include the development of (i) safety and quality control protocols (ii) biosensor techniques for the analysis of the emerging ready-to-eat food and (iii) a contribution to define a standard for new regulations on nutraceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rea
- Institute of Crystallography, Department of Agrofood, National Council of Research, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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1458
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Masci P, Grognard F, Bernard O. Microalgal biomass surface productivity optimization based on a photobioreactor model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3182/20100707-3-be-2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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1459
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Rubio-Rodríguez N, Beltrán S, Jaime I, de Diego SM, Sanz MT, Carballido JR. Production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates: A review. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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1460
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VanderGheynst J, Dooley T, Guo HY, Scher H, Cheng YS. Storage and release of solutes and microalgae from water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by silica nanoparticles. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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1461
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1462
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Chlorophyll Extraction from Microalgae: A Review on the Process Engineering Aspects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2010. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/391632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is an essential compound in many everyday products. It is used not only as an additive in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products but also as a natural food colouring agent. Additionally, it has antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. This review discusses the process engineering of chlorophyll extraction from microalgae. Different chlorophyll extraction methods and chlorophyll purification techniques are evaluated. Our preliminary analysis suggests supercritical fluid extraction to be superior to organic solvent extraction. When compared to spectroscopic technique, high performance liquid chromatography was shown to be more accurate and sensitive for chlorophyll analysis. Finally, throughCO2capture and wastewater treatment, microalgae cultivation process was shown to have strong potential for mitigation of environmental impacts.
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1463
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Greenwell HC, Laurens LML, Shields RJ, Lovitt RW, Flynn KJ. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7:703-26. [PMID: 20031983 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae provide various potential advantages for biofuel production when compared with 'traditional' crops. Specifically, large-scale microalgal culture need not compete for arable land, while in theory their productivity is greater. In consequence, there has been resurgence in interest and a proliferation of algae fuel projects. However, while on a theoretical basis, microalgae may produce between 10- and 100-fold more oil per acre, such capacities have not been validated on a commercial scale. We critically review current designs of algal culture facilities, including photobioreactors and open ponds, with regards to photosynthetic productivity and associated biomass and oil production and include an analysis of alternative approaches using models, balancing space needs, productivity and biomass concentrations, together with nutrient requirements. In the light of the current interest in synthetic genomics and genetic modifications, we also evaluate the options for potential metabolic engineering of the lipid biosynthesis pathways of microalgae. We conclude that although significant literature exists on microalgal growth and biochemistry, significantly more work needs to be undertaken to understand and potentially manipulate algal lipid metabolism. Furthermore, with regards to chemical upgrading of algal lipids and biomass, we describe alternative fuel synthesis routes, and discuss and evaluate the application of catalysts traditionally used for plant oils. Simulations that incorporate financial elements, along with fluid dynamics and algae growth models, are likely to be increasingly useful for predicting reactor design efficiency and life cycle analysis to determine the viability of the various options for large-scale culture. The greatest potential for cost reduction and increased yields most probably lies within closed or hybrid closed-open production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Greenwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, UK.
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1464
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Pruvost J, Van Vooren G, Cogne G, Legrand J. Investigation of biomass and lipids production with Neochloris oleoabundans in photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:5988-95. [PMID: 19560349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The fresh water microalga Neochloris oleoabundans was investigated for its ability to accumulate lipids and especially triacylglycerols (TAG). A systematic study was conducted, from the determination of the growth medium to its characterization in an airlift photobioreactor. Without nutrient limitation, a maximal biomass areal productivity of 16.5 g m(-2) day(-1) was found. Effects of nitrogen starvation to induce lipids accumulation was next investigated. Due to initial N. oleoabundans total lipids high content (23% of dry weight), highest productivity was obtained without mineral limitation with a maximal total lipids productivity of 3.8 g m(-2) day(-1). Regarding TAG, an almost similar productivity was found whatever the protocol was: continuous production without mineral limitation (0.5 g m(-2) day(-1)) or batch production with either sudden or progressive nitrogen deprivation (0.7 g m(-2) day(-1)). The decrease in growth rate reduces the benefit of the important lipids and TAG accumulation as obtained in nitrogen starvation (37% and 18% of dry weight, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pruvost
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR6144, Bd de l'Université, CRTT-BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France.
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1465
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Schmid-Staiger U, Preisner R, Trösch W, Marek P. Kultivierung von Mikroalgen im Photobioreaktor zur stofflichen und energetischen Nutzung. CHEM-ING-TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200900079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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1466
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A novel photobioreactor with transparent rectangular chambers for cultivation of microalgae. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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1467
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Fatma T. Screening of cyanobacteria for phycobiliproteins and effect of different environmental stress on its yield. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 83:509-515. [PMID: 19629363 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Among 18 strains, cyanobacterium Anabaena NCCU-9 contained the highest amount of phycobiliprotein (91 mg/g dry cell weights). Therefore, the effects of various environmental stresses were investigated on its phycobiliprotein production potential. The ideal conditions observed were 30 degrees C, 25 micromol photons/m2/s, white light, pH-8, 16:8 light and dark regimes, nitrogen free medium and 10 mM sodium chloride. Among three pesticides studied malathion showed highest toxicity. Under heavy metal stress the order of toxicity was chromium > cadmium > lead > nickel > copper > zinc.
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1468
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Shimada M, Hasegawa T, Nishimura C, Kan H, Kanno T, Nakamura T, Matsubayashi T. Anti-Hypertensive Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-RichChlorellaon High-Normal Blood Pressure and Borderline Hypertension in Placebo-Controlled Double Blind Study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:342-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960902977908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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1469
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Powell E, Hill G. Economic assessment of an integrated bioethanol–biodiesel–microbial fuel cell facility utilizing yeast and photosynthetic algae. Chem Eng Res Des 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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1470
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Lu S, Eiteman MA, Altman E. Effect of CO2 on succinate production in dual-phase Escherichia coli fermentations. J Biotechnol 2009; 143:213-23. [PMID: 19631242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Succinate production under different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) was studied in Escherichia coli AFP111, which contains mutations in pyruvate formate lyase (pfl), lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) and the phosphotransferase system glucosephosphotransferase enzyme II (ptsG). A series of two-phase fermentations were conducted in which an aerobic cell growth phase was followed by an anaerobic succinate production phase using several constant concentrations of CO(2). As the concentration of CO(2) in the gas phase increased from 0% to 50%, the succinate specific productivity increased from 1.9 mg/gh to 225 mg/gh, and the succinate yield increased from 0.04 g/g to 0.75 g/g. Above 50% CO(2), succinate production did not increase further. Intracellular fluxes were determined at three different CO(2) concentrations (3%, 10%, and 50%) using (13)C-label tracing coupled with LC-MS analysis. The fraction of carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway increased from 0.04 at 3% CO(2) to 0.17 at 50% CO(2). Also, the fractional flux through anaplerotic carboxylation at the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) node increased slightly from 0.53 at 3% CO(2) to 0.63 at 50% CO(2). The increased flux into the pentose phosphate pathway is attributed to an increased demand for reduced cofactors with elevated CO(2). A four-process explicit model to describe the CO(2) transfer and utilization was proposed. The model predicted that at CO(2) concentrations below about 30-40% the system becomes limited by gas phase CO(2), while at higher CO(2) concentrations the system is limited by PEP carboxylase enzyme kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Lu
- Center for Molecular BioEngineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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1471
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Administration of Chlorella sp. microalgae reduces endotoxemia, intestinal oxidative stress and bacterial translocation in experimental biliary obstruction. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:674-8. [PMID: 19589628 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endotoxemia has long been documented in obstructive jaundice, and altered intestinal barrier function is considered to be one of the important mechanisms for this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of different microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp.) extracts in intestinal barrier function and oxidative stress in experimentally jaundiced rats. METHODS A total of 60 male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of 15 each: I, sham operated; II, bile duct ligation (BDL); III, BDL+Chlorella sp.; IV, BDL+Spirulina sp. Rats were fed rat chow or microalgae extracts supplemented enteral diet ten days after sham operation or BDL. Main outcome measures were endotoxin concentrations in plasma, evidence of bacterial translocation (BT) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and liver, oxidative stress, and histology. RESULTS Compared to the group I, a significant increase in contamined MLNs, liver, and spleen samples and increased endotoxemia were noted in group II (P<0.01) but were significant reduced in group III (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in BT rate between the group II and group IV (P>0.05). Moreover, Chlorella sp. administration protected in jaundiced rats against oxidative stress, as demonstrated by reduction of intestinal lipid peroxidation, increase of the antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH), and decrease of the oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The intestinal mucosa in control rats was atrophic with significantly decreased villous density and total mucosal thickness. Chlorella sp. caused a significant reduction in villous atrophy compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Chlorella sp. microalgae supplemented enteral diet has significant protective effects on intestinal mucosa barrier in obstructive jaundice, and reduces intestinal translocation of bacteria and endotoxin.
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1472
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Kathiravan A, Renganathan R. Photosensitization of colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles with phycocyanin pigment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 335:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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1473
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Rastogi RP, Sinha RP. Biotechnological and industrial significance of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:521-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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1474
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Sheih IC, Wu TK, Fang TJ. Antioxidant properties of a new antioxidative peptide from algae protein waste hydrolysate in different oxidation systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:3419-3425. [PMID: 19299123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have been a popular edible food, but there are no known reports on the antioxidative peptides derived from microalgae. The algae protein waste, which is normally discarded as animal feed, is a by-product during production of algae essence from microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. Algae protein waste was hydrolyzed using pepsin, and a potent antioxidative peptide of VECYGPNRPQF was separated and isolated. The peptide could efficiently quench a variety of free radicals, including hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, peroxyl radical, DPPH radical and ABTS radicals, and performed more efficiently than that observed for BHT, Trolox and peptides from marine protein sources in most cases. The purified peptide also has significant protective effects on DNA and prevents cellular damage caused by hydroxyl radicals. In addition, the peptide has gastrointestinal enzyme-resistance and no cytotoxicity observed in human lung fibroblasts cell lines (WI-38) in vitro. These results demonstrate that inexpensive algae protein waste could be a new alternative to produce antioxidative peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chuan Sheih
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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1475
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Paik MJ, Kim H, Lee J, Brand J, Kim KR. Separation of triacylglycerols and free fatty acids in microalgal lipids by solid-phase extraction for separate fatty acid profiling analysis by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5917-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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1476
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Schörken U, Kempers P. Lipid biotechnology: Industrially relevant production processes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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1477
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Sakuradani E, Ando A, Ogawa J, Shimizu S. Improved production of various polyunsaturated fatty acids through filamentous fungus Mortierella alpina breeding. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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1478
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First detection of anatoxin-a in human and animal dietary supplements containing cyanobacteria. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2189-95. [PMID: 19520132 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a is a potent neurotoxin produced by several species of cyanobacteria. This alkaloid may cause fatal intoxication to exposed organisms and this has raised concerns over the increasing popularity of food supplements containing cyanobacteria. These are being marketed with alleged health properties for animal and human consumption. These supplements most commonly contain the genera Spirulina (Arthrospira) and Aphanizomenon and their consumption represent a potential route for anatoxin-a exposure in cases where adequate quality control is not undertaken. In this work, several dietary supplements containing cyanobacteria from different commercial suppliers were evaluated for the presence of anatoxin-a by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Additionally, the presence of the previously derivatized anatoxin-a was confirmed by using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 39 samples were analysed in the study. Results showed that three of the samples (7.7%) contained anatoxin-a, at concentrations ranging from 2.50 to 33 microg g(-1). Quality control of cyanobacterial food supplements is required to avoid potential health effects in humans and animals.
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1479
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Cornet JF, Dussap CG. A simple and reliable formula for assessment of maximum volumetric productivities in photobioreactors. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:424-35. [PMID: 19340890 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article establishes and discusses the consistency and the range of applicability of a simple but general and predictive analytical formula, enabling to easily assess the maximum volumetric biomass growth rates (the productivities) in several kinds of photobioreactors with more or less 15% of deviation. Experimental validations are performed on photobioreactors of very different conceptions and designs, cultivating the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, on a wide range of volumes and hemispherical incident light fluxes. The practical usefulness of the proposed formula is demonstrated by the fact that it appears completely independent of the characteristics of the material phase (as the type of reactor, the kind of mixing, the biomass concentration...), according to the first principle of thermodynamics and to the Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem. Its ability to give the maximum (only) kinetic performance of photobioreactors cultivating many different photoautotrophic strains (cyanobacteria, green algae, eukaryotic microalgae) is theoretically discussed but experimental results are reported to a future work of the authors or to any other contribution arising from the scientific community working in the field of photobioreactor engineering and potentially interested by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Cornet
- Clermont Université, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique et Biochimique, Bât. Polytech. 24, avenue des Landais, BP 206, 63174 AUBIERE Cedex, France.
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1480
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Xu L, Weathers PJ, Xiong XR, Liu CZ. Microalgal bioreactors: Challenges and opportunities. Eng Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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1481
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Harwood JL, Guschina IA. The versatility of algae and their lipid metabolism. Biochimie 2009; 91:679-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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1482
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Carlsson AS. Plant oils as feedstock alternatives to petroleum - A short survey of potential oil crop platforms. Biochimie 2009; 91:665-70. [PMID: 19375482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our society is highly depending on petroleum for its activities. About 90% is used as an energy source for transportation and for generation of heat and electricity and the remaining as feedstocks in the chemical industry. However, petroleum is a finite source as well as causing several environmental problems such as rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Petroleum therefore needs to be replaced by alternative and sustainable sources. Plant oils and oleochemicals derived from them represent such alternative sources, which can deliver a substantial part of what is needed to replace the petroleum used as feedstocks. Plant derived feedstock oils can be provided by two types of oil qualities, multi-purpose and technical oils. Multi-purpose oils represent oil qualities that contain common fatty acids and that can be used for both food and feedstock applications. Technical oil qualities contain unusual fatty acids with special properties gained from their unique molecular structure and these types of oils should only be used for feedstock applications. As a risk mitigation strategy in the selection of crops, technical oil qualities should therefore preferably be produced by oil crop platforms dedicated for industrial usage. This review presents a short survey of oil crop platforms to be considered for either multi-purpose or technical oils production. Included among the former platforms are some of the major oil crops in cultivation such as oil palm, soybean and rapeseed. Among the later are those that could be developed into dedicated industrial platforms such as crambe, flax, cotton and Brassica carinata. The survey finishes off by highlighting the potential of substantial increase in plant oil production by developing metabolic flux platforms, which are starch crops converted into oil crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Carlsson
- Department of Plant breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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1483
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From systems biology to fuel—Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model for a systems biology approach to improve biohydrogen production. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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1484
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Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:409-16. [PMID: 19289163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential of microalgae as a source of biofuels and as a technological solution for CO2 fixation is subject to intense academic and industrial research. In the perspective of setting up massive cultures, the management of large quantities of residual biomass and the high amounts of fertilizers must be considered. Anaerobic digestion is a key process that can solve this waste issue as well as the economical and energetic balance of such a promising technology. Indeed, the conversion of algal biomass after lipid extraction into methane is a process that can recover more energy than the energy from the cell lipids. Three main bottlenecks are identified to digest microalgae. First, the biodegradability of microalgae can be low depending on both the biochemical composition and the nature of the cell wall. Then, the high cellular protein content results in ammonia release which can lead to potential toxicity. Finally, the presence of sodium for marine species can also affect the digester performance. Physico-chemical pretreatment, co-digestion, or control of gross composition are strategies that can significantly and efficiently increase the conversion yield of the algal organic matter into methane. When the cell lipid content does not exceed 40%, anaerobic digestion of the whole biomass appears to be the optimal strategy on an energy balance basis, for the energetic recovery of cell biomass. Lastly, the ability of these CO2 consuming microalgae to purify biogas and concentrate methane is discussed.
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1485
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Ota M, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Watanabe M, Sato Y, Smith RL, Inomata H. Effect of inorganic carbon on photoautotrophic growth of microalgaChlorococcum littorale. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:492-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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1486
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Simultaneous flue gas bioremediation and reduction of microalgal biomass production costs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:179-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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1487
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A quick isolation method for mutants with high lipid yield in oleaginous yeast. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-9960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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1488
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Araújo OQF, Gobbi CN, Chaloub RM, Coelho MAZ. Assessment of the impact of salinity and irradiance on the combined carbon dioxide sequestration and carotenoids production by Dunaliella salina: A mathematical model. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:425-35. [PMID: 18767189 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Current anthropogenic activities have been causing a significant increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 over the past 60 years. To mitigate the consequent global warming problem, efficient technological solutions, based on economical and technical grounds, are required. In this work, microalgae are studied as important biological systems of CO2 fixation into organic compounds through photosynthesis. These microorganisms are potential sources of a wide variety of interesting chemical compounds, which can be used for commercial purposes, reducing the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration. Specifically, Dunaliella salina culture was studied aiming at the impact evaluation of operational conditions over cellular growth and carotenoid production associated with the CO2 sequestration on focus. The main experimental parameters investigated were salinity and irradiance conditions. The experimental results supported the development of a descriptive mathematical model of the process. Based on the proposed model, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate the operational conditions that maximize CO2 consumption and carotenoid production, in order to guide further development of technological routes for CO2 capture through microalgae. A preliminary cost estimation of CO2 sequestration combined to carotenoids production for a 200 MW power plant is presented, based on the growth rates achieved in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Q F Araújo
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 2030, Edifício do Centro de Tecnologia Bloco E sala/209, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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1489
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Loubière K, Olivo E, Bougaran G, Pruvost J, Robert R, Legrand J. A new photobioreactor for continuous microalgal production in hatcheries based on external-loop airlift and swirling flow. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:132-47. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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1490
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Moellering ER, Miller R, Benning C. Molecular Genetics of Lipid Metabolism in the Model Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2863-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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1491
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Hadi MR, Shariati M, Afsharzadeh S. Microalgal biotechnology: Carotenoid and glycerol production by the green algae Dunaliella isolated from the Gave-Khooni salt marsh, Iran. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-007-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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1492
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Kim SK, Ravichandran YD, Khan SB, Kim YT. Prospective of the cosmeceuticals derived from marine organisms. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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1493
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Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 36:269-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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1494
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Cadoret JP, Bernard O. La production de biocarburant lipidique avec des microalgues : promesses et défis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 202:201-11. [DOI: 10.1051/jbio:2008022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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1495
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Egorova-Zachernyuk T, van Rossum B, Erkelens C, de Groot H. Characterisation of uniformly 13C, 15N labelled bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriopheophytin a in solution and in solid state: complete assignment of the 13C, 1H and 15N chemical shifts. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:1074-1083. [PMID: 18802970 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation we report a complete assignment of (13)C, (1)H and (15)N solution and solid state chemical shifts of two bacterial photosynthetic pigments, bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and bacteriopheophytin (BPheo) a. Uniform stable-isotope labelling strategies were developed and applied to biosynthetic preparation of photosynthetic pigments, namely uniformly (13)C, (15)N labelled BChl a and BPheo a. Uniform stable-isotope labelling with (13)C, (15)N allowed performing the assignment of the (13)C, (15)N and (1)H resonances. The photosynthetic pigments were isolated from the biomass of photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris 17001 grown in uniformly (13)C (99%) and (15)N (98%) enriched medium. Both pigments were characterised by NMR in solution (acetone-d(6)) and by MAS NMR in solid state and their NMR resonances were recorded and assigned through standard liquid 2D (13)C-(13)C COSY, (1)H-(13)C HMQC, (1)H-(15)N HMBC and solid 2D (13)C-(13)C RFDR, (1)H-(13)C FSLG HETCOR and (1)H-(15)N HETCOR correlation techniques at 600 MHz and 750 MHz. The characterisation of pigments is of interest from biochemical to pharmaceutical industries, photosynthesis and food research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Egorova-Zachernyuk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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1496
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Raja R, Hemaiswarya S, Kumar NA, Sridhar S, Rengasamy R. A Perspective on the Biotechnological Potential of Microalgae. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 34:77-88. [DOI: 10.1080/10408410802086783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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1497
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Garbayo I, Cuaresma M, Vílchez C, Vega JM. Effect of abiotic stress on the production of lutein and β-carotene by Chlamydomonas acidophila. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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1498
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Rosenberg JN, Oyler GA, Wilkinson L, Betenbaugh MJ. A green light for engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008; 19:430-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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1499
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Production of phycocyanin—a pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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1500
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Liu ZY, Wang GC, Zhou BC. Effect of iron on growth and lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:4717-22. [PMID: 17993270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The economic feasibility of algal mass culture for biodiesel production is enhanced by the increase in biomass productivity and storage lipids. Effect of iron on growth and lipid accumulation in marine microalgae Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. In experiment I, supplementing the growth media with chelated FeCl3 in the late growth phase increased the final cell density but did not induce lipid accumulation in cells. In experiment II, cells in the late-exponential growth phase were collected by centrifugation and re-inoculated into new media supplemented with five levels of Fe3+ concentration. Total lipid content in cultures supplemented with 1.2 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) FeCl3 was up to 56.6% biomass by dry weight and was 3-7-fold that in other media supplemented with lower iron concentration. Moreover, a simple and rapid method determining the lipid accumulation in C. vulgaris with spectrofluorimetry was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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