1601
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Apidianakis Y, Eliopoulos AG. A holo'ome approach in colon cancer: we change as we age. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1239-40. [PMID: 26358955 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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1602
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Xiao Y, Freeman GJ. The microsatellite instable subset of colorectal cancer is a particularly good candidate for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:16-8. [PMID: 25583798 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microsatellite instable (MSI) subset of colorectal cancer exhibits an active Th1/CTL immune microenvironment, probably due to recognition of a high number of tumor neoantigens. However, the high expression of checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and IDO in MSI colorectal cancer distinguishes MSI from microsatellite stable colorectal cancer and creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that may help MSI tumors evade immune destruction by the infiltrating immune cells. Though colorectal cancer does not have a good response rate to PD-1 pathway immunotherapy, these results suggest that the MSI subset of colorectal cancer is a particularly good candidate for checkpoint immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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1603
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Hourigan SK, Chen LA, Grigoryan Z, Laroche G, Weidner M, Sears CL, Oliva-Hemker M. Microbiome changes associated with sustained eradication of Clostridium difficile after single faecal microbiota transplantation in children with and without inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015. [PMID: 26198180 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little data are available regarding the effectiveness and associated microbiome changes of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in children, especially in those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with presumed underlying dysbiosis. AIM To investigate C. difficile eradication and microbiome changes with FMT in children with and without IBD. METHODS Children with a history of recurrent CDI (≥3 recurrences) underwent FMT via colonoscopy. Stool samples were collected pre-FMT and post-FMT at 2-10 weeks, 10-20 weeks and 6 months. The v4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. C. difficile toxin B gene polymerase chain reaction was performed. RESULTS Eight children underwent FMT for CDI; five had IBD. All had resolution of CDI symptoms. All tested had eradication of C. difficile at 10-20 weeks and 6 months post-FMT. Pre-FMT patient samples had significantly decreased bacterial richness compared with donors (P = 0.01), in those with IBD (P = 0.02) and without IBD (P = 0.01). Post-FMT, bacterial diversity in patients increased. Six months post-FMT, there was no significant difference between bacterial diversity of donors and patients without IBD; however, bacterial diversity in those with IBD returned to pre-FMT baseline. Microbiome composition at 6 months in IBD-negative patients more closely approximated donor composition compared to IBD-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS FMT gives sustained C. difficile eradication in children with and without IBD. FMT-restored diversity is sustained in children without IBD. In those with IBD, bacterial diversity returns to pre-FMT baseline by 6 months, suggesting IBD host-related mechanisms modify faecal microbiome diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hourigan
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pediatric Specialists of Virginia, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - L A Chen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - G Laroche
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Weidner
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C L Sears
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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1604
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Chen ZF, Ai LY, Wang JL, Ren LL, Yu YN, Xu J, Chen HY, Yu J, Li M, Qin WX, Ma X, Shen N, Chen YX, Hong J, Fang JY. Probiotics Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis ameliorate intestinal tumorigenesis. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1433-45. [PMID: 26346930 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the antitumor effects of probiotics Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis on colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Materials & methods: The effects of C. butyricum and B. subtilis on CRC cells were studied. Male C57BL/6 mice with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH)-induced CRC were intervened by these two probiotics and the antitumor effects were examined by comparing the tumor incidence and detecting the inflammatory and immune-related markers. Results & conclusions: C. butyricum and B. subtilis inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells, caused cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis. In vivo, these two probiotics inhibited the development of DMH-induced CRC. The molecular mechanism involved reduced inflammation and improved immune homeostasis. This work establishes a basis for the protective role of probiotics B. subtilis and C. butyricum in intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Fei Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Luo-Yan Ai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Ji-Lin Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Lin-Lin Ren
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Hao-Yan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease & LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Min Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Wen-Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ying-Xuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
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1605
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Reshef L, Kovacs A, Ofer A, Yahav L, Maharshak N, Keren N, Konikoff FM, Tulchinsky H, Gophna U, Dotan I. Pouch Inflammation Is Associated With a Decrease in Specific Bacterial Taxa. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:718-27. [PMID: 26026389 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pouchitis is a common long-term complication in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) undergoing proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Because the inflammation occurs in a previously normal small bowel, studies of this process might provide information about the development of Crohn's disease. Little is known about the intestinal microbiome of patients with pouchitis. We investigated whether specific bacterial populations correlate with the pouch disease phenotype and inflammatory activity. METHODS We performed a prospective study of patients with UC who underwent pouch surgery (N = 131) from 1981 through 2012 and were followed at Tel Aviv Medical Center. Patients were assigned to groups based on their degree and type of pouch inflammation. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis after pouch surgery (n = 9), individuals with intact colons undergoing surveillance colonoscopy (n = 10), and patients with UC who did not undergo surgery (n = 9) served as controls. We collected demographic and disease activity data (based on the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index) and measured levels of C-reactive protein. Fecal samples were collected, levels of calprotectin were measured, and microbiota were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing. RESULTS Increased proportions of the Fusobacteriaceae family correlated with increased disease activity and levels of C-reactive protein in patients with UC who underwent pouch surgery. In contrast, proportions of Faecalibacterium were reduced in patients with pouchitis vs controls; there was a negative correlation between proportion of Faecalibacterium and level of C-reactive protein. There was an association between antibiotic treatment, but not biologic or immunomodulatory therapy, with reduced proportions of 11 genera and with increased proportions of Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in protective bacteria and increases in inflammatory bacteria are associated with pouch inflammation in patients with UC who underwent pouch surgery. The finding that antibiotics exacerbate dysbiosis indicates that these drugs might not provide long-term benefit for patients with pouchitis. Additional studies of this form of dysbiosis could provide information about the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Reshef
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Kovacs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos Ofer
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Yahav
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitsan Maharshak
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nirit Keren
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Fred M Konikoff
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Hagit Tulchinsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Gophna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Iris Dotan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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1606
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Abstract
Investigations focused on the interplay between the human microbiome and cancer development, herein termed the 'oncobiome', have been growing at a rapid rate. However, these studies to date have primarily demonstrated associative relationships rather than causative ones. We pose the question of whether this emerging field of research is a 'mirage' without a clear picture, or truly represents a paradigm shift for cancer research. We propose the necessary steps needed to answer crucial questions and push the field forward to bring the mirage into a tangible reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Thomas
- Department of Surgery, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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1607
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Liu S, Zhao L, Zhai Z, Zhao W, Ding J, Dai R, Sun T, Meng H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induced the Unbalance of Gut Microbiota in Piglets. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:643-9. [PMID: 26319658 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a devastating disease in livestock industry. Most of the previous studies related to the PED were focused on the pathology and etiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). A little was known regarding the status of gut microbiota after piglets infected by PEDV. In this study, aided by metagenome sequencing technology, gut microbiota profiles in feces of viral diarrhea (VD) and viral control (VC) piglets were investigated. The results showed that the abundance of four dominant phyla (Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria) in feces was affected greatly by porcine epidemic diarrhea. Especially, the abundance of Fusobacteria was higher in VD piglets (36%) than in VC piglets (5%). On the contrary, the Verrucomicrobia was detected in lower distribution proportion in VD piglets (around 0%) than in VC piglets (20%). Furthermore, 25 genera were significantly different between VC and VD piglets at the genus level. Among the 25 genera, Leptotrichia belonging to Fusobacteria was remarkably lower in VC piglets than in VD piglets. Akkermansia belonging to Verrucomicrobia was higher in VC piglets than in VD piglets. Our findings implicated that the gut microbiota associated with PED significantly provided an insight into the pathology and physiology of PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Zhao
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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1608
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Dingemanse C, Belzer C, van Hijum SAFT, Günthel M, Salvatori D, den Dunnen JT, Kuijper EJ, Devilee P, de Vos WM, van Ommen GB, Robanus-Maandag EC. Akkermansia muciniphila and Helicobacter typhlonius modulate intestinal tumor development in mice. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1388-96. [PMID: 26320104 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumor growth is thought to be promoted by gastrointestinal bacteria and their inflammatory products. We observed that intestine-specific conditional Apc mutant mice (FabplCre;Apc (15lox/+)) developed many more colorectal tumors under conventional than under pathogen-low housing conditions. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing plus quantitative PCR analysis of feces DNA revealed the presence of two bacterial species in conventional mice, absent from pathogen-low mice. One, Helicobacter typhlonius, has not been associated with cancer in man, nor in immune-competent mice. The other species, mucin-degrading Akkermansia muciniphila, is abundantly present in healthy humans, but reduced in patients with inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases and in obese and type 2 diabetic mice. Eradication of H.typhlonius in young conventional mice by antibiotics decreased the number of intestinal tumors. Additional presence of A.muciniphila prior to the antibiotic treatment reduced the tumor number even further. Colonization of pathogen-low FabplCre;Apc (15lox/+) mice with H.typhlonius or A.muciniphila increased the number of intestinal tumors, the thickness of the intestinal mucus layer and A.muciniphila colonization without H.typhlonius increased the density of mucin-producing goblet cells. However, dual colonization with H.typhlonius and A.muciniphila significantly reduced the number of intestinal tumors, the mucus layer thickness and goblet cell density to that of control mice. By global microbiota composition analysis, we found a positive association of A.muciniphila, and of H.typhlonius, and a negative association of unclassified Clostridiales with increased tumor burden. We conclude that A.muciniphila and H.typhlonius can modulate gut microbiota composition and intestinal tumor development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha A F T van Hijum
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics Bacterial Genomics, Radboud University Medical Centre 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, NIZO Food Research BV 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ed J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands and
| | | | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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1609
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Testerman TL. Fulfilling the Promise of Microbiomics to Revolutionize Medicine. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & EXPERIMENTATION 2015; 2:00050. [PMID: 27030825 PMCID: PMC4809425 DOI: 10.15406/jmen.2015.02.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Testerman
- Corresponding author: Traci L Testerman, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA,
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1610
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Amiot A, Dona AC, Wijeyesekera A, Tournigand C, Baumgaertner I, Lebaleur Y, Sobhani I, Holmes E. (1)H NMR Spectroscopy of Fecal Extracts Enables Detection of Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia. J Proteome Res 2015. [PMID: 26211820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a growing cause of mortality in developing countries, warranting investigation into its etiopathogenesis and earlier diagnosis. Here, we investigated the fecal metabolic phenotype of patients with advanced colorectal neoplasia and controls using (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate modeling. The fecal microbiota composition was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR as well as Wif-1 methylation levels in stools, serum, and urine and correlated to the metabolic profile of each patient. The predictivity of the model was 0.507 (Q(2)Y), and the explained variance was 0.755 (R(2)Y). Patients with advanced colorectal neoplasia demonstrated increased fecal concentrations of four short-chain fatty acids (valerate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate) and decreased signals relating to β-glucose, glutamine, and glutamate. The predictive accuracy of the multivariate (1)H NMR model was higher than that of the guaiac-fecal occult blood test and the Wif-1 methylation test for predicting advanced colorectal neoplasia. Correlation analysis between fecal metabolites and bacterial profiles revealed strong associations between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Clostridium leptum species with short-chain fatty acids concentration and inverse correlation between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and glucose. These preliminary results suggest that fecal metabonomics may potentially have a future role in a noninvasive colorectal screening program and may contribute to our understanding of the role of these dysregulated molecules in the cross-talk between the host and its bacterial microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Amiot
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K.,Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, APHP, EC2M3-Equipe Universitaire Paris Est-Créteil (UPRC)-Val de Marne , F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Anthony C Dona
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Anisha Wijeyesekera
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- Department of Oncology, APHP, Henri-Mondor Hospital , F-94010 Creteil, France Creteil, AP-HP
| | - Isabelle Baumgaertner
- Department of Oncology, APHP, Henri-Mondor Hospital , F-94010 Creteil, France Creteil, AP-HP
| | - Yann Lebaleur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, APHP, EC2M3-Equipe Universitaire Paris Est-Créteil (UPRC)-Val de Marne , F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Iradj Sobhani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, APHP, EC2M3-Equipe Universitaire Paris Est-Créteil (UPRC)-Val de Marne , F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
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1611
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Cervicovaginal bacteria are a major modulator of host inflammatory responses in the female genital tract. Immunity 2015; 42:965-76. [PMID: 25992865 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colonization by Lactobacillus in the female genital tract is thought to be critical for maintaining genital health. However, little is known about how genital microbiota influence host immune function and modulate disease susceptibility. We studied a cohort of asymptomatic young South African women and found that the majority of participants had genital communities with low Lactobacillus abundance and high ecological diversity. High-diversity communities strongly correlated with genital pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Transcriptional profiling suggested that genital antigen-presenting cells sense gram-negative bacterial products in situ via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, contributing to genital inflammation through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and recruitment of lymphocytes by chemokine production. Our study proposes a mechanism by which cervicovaginal microbiota impact genital inflammation and thereby might affect a woman's reproductive health, including her risk of acquiring HIV.
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1612
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Kostic AD, Chun E, Meyerson M, Garrett WS. Microbes and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:150-7. [PMID: 24777677 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a renaissance in research on physiologic interactions between humans and their resident microbiota, the vast numbers of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live within and on the body. The burgeoning interest in what constitutes the human microbiome has also focused on the contribution of microbes to carcinogenesis. Given the microbiomes of malignancies arising at mucosal sites, the microbiota may prove as influential as stromal cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we focus on the interconnections of microbes and inflammation in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D Kostic
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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1613
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Affiliation(s)
- G Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - G C Spagnoli
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management (ICFS) and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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1614
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Reck M, Tomasch J, Deng Z, Jarek M, Husemann P, Wagner-Döbler I. Stool metatranscriptomics: A technical guideline for mRNA stabilisation and isolation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:494. [PMID: 26140923 PMCID: PMC4490624 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complex microbiome of the gut has an enormous impact on human health. Analysis of the transcriptional activity of microorganisms through mRNA sequencing (metatranscriptomics) opens a completely new window into their activity in vivo, but it is highly challenging due to numerous technical and bioinformatical obstacles. Here we present an optimized pipeline for extraction of high quality mRNA from stool samples. Results Comparison of three commercially available RNA extraction kits with the method of Zoetendal revealed that the Powermicrobiome Kit (MoBio) performed best with respect to RNA yield and purity. Next, the influence of the stabilization reagent during sample storage for up to 15 days was studied. RIN analysis and qRT-PCR of spiked-in and indigenous genes revealed that RNA Later preserved mRNA integrity most efficiently, while samples conserved in RNA Protect showed substantial mRNA decay. Using the optimized pipeline developed here, recovery rates for spiked-in E.coli cells expressing fluorescing proteins were 8.7-9.7 % for SuperfolderGFP and 14.7-17.8 % for mCherry. The mRNA of stabilized stool samples as well as of snap-frozen controls was sequenced with Illumina Hiseq, yielding on average 74 million reads per sample. PCoA analysis, taxonomic classification using Kraken and functional classification using bwa showed that the transcriptomes of samples conserved in RNA Later were unchanged for up to 6 days even at room temperature, while RNA Protect was inefficient for storage durations exceeding 24 h. However, our data indicate that RNA Later introduces a bias which is then maintained throughout storage, while RNA Protect conserved samples are initially more similar to the snap frozen controls. RNA Later conserved samples had a reduced abundance of e.g. Prevotellaceae transcripts and were depleted for e.g. COG category “Carbohydrate transport and metabolism”. Conclusion Since the overall similarity between all stool transcriptional profiles studied here was >0.92, these differences are unlikely to affect global comparisons, but should be taken into account when rare but critically important members of the stool microbiome are being studied. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1694-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reck
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Zhiluo Deng
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Michael Jarek
- Research Group Genome Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Peter Husemann
- Research Group Genome Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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1615
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CCL2 Promotes Colorectal Carcinogenesis by Enhancing Polymorphonuclear Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Population and Function. Cell Rep 2015; 12:244-57. [PMID: 26146082 PMCID: PMC4620029 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study reveals a non-canonical role for CCL2 in modulating non-macrophage, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and shaping a tumor-permissive microenvironment during colon cancer development. We found that intratumoral CCL2 levels increased in patients with colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC), adenocarcinomas, and adenomas. Deletion of CCL2 blocked progression from dysplasia to adenocarcinoma and reduced the number of colonic MDSCs in a spontaneous mouse model of colitis-associated CRC. In a transplantable mouse model of adenocarcinoma and an APC-driven adenoma model, CCL2 fostered MDSC accumulation in evolving colonic tumors and enhanced polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC immunosuppressive features. Mechanistically, CCL2 regulated T cell suppression of PMN-MDSCs in a STAT3-mediated manner. Furthermore, CCL2 neutralization decreased tumor numbers and MDSC accumulation and function. Collectively, our experiments support that perturbing CCL2 and targeting MDSCs may afford therapeutic opportunities for colon cancer interception and prevention.
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1616
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Jain S, Suklabaidya S, Das B, Raghav SK, Batra SK, Senapati S. TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide confers survival advantage to growth factor deprived prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2015; 75:1020-33. [PMID: 25833062 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) cells express Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), a known pro-tumorigenic molecule for different cancer cells. The cancer cells residing in the avascular region of the tumor confront various metabolic stresses and continuously adapt mechanisms to overcome them. We hypothesized that TLR4 activation might provide direct survival advantage to metabolically stressed PCa cells. METHODS We first investigated the effect of LPS on survival of serum deprived PCa cells. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in TLR4 mediated PCa survival, we next investigated change in expression of markers for apoptosis, senescence and autophagy. Ultimately, the effect of LPS on established prostate tumors was confirmed in vivo using a syngeneic rat model for PCa. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated TLR4 activation significantly enhanced survival of serum deprived (SD) PC3, DU145 and MAT-LyLu PCa cells. TLR4 inhibition by a specific inhibitor resulted in rapid death of SD-PC3 cells, which was significantly suppressed by LPS. Interestingly, LPS treatment suppressed macroautophagy in SD-PC3 cells and increased expression of CCL2 (C-C motif ligand-2), a known autophagy inhibitor and pro-survival factor. Intra-tumor LPS injection resulted in increased tumor mass, induced TLR4 activation, suppressed autophagy, and increased the macrophage population in MAT-LyLu-tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that bacterial LPS enhance survival of PCa cells under conditions of nutrient stress through TLR4 activation. Moreover, LPS induces overexpression of CCL2 involved in the suppression of starvation-induced macroautophagy in PCa cells, and enhanced macrophage population in prostate tumors in vivo. Taken together, the current study suggests the importance of bacterial infection or TLR4-activation in prostate cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Jain
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sujit Suklabaidya
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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1617
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Burns MB, Lynch J, Starr TK, Knights D, Blekhman R. Virulence genes are a signature of the microbiome in the colorectal tumor microenvironment. Genome Med 2015; 7:55. [PMID: 26170900 PMCID: PMC4499914 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human gut microbiome is associated with the development of colon cancer, and recent studies have found changes in the microbiome in cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Studying the microbial communities in the tumor microenvironment may shed light on the role of host–bacteria interactions in colorectal cancer. Here, we highlight the major shifts in the colorectal tumor microbiome relative to that of matched normal colon tissue from the same individual, allowing us to survey the microbial communities in the tumor microenvironment and providing intrinsic control for environmental and host genetic effects on the microbiome. Methods We sequenced the microbiome in 44 primary tumor and 44 patient-matched normal colon tissue samples to determine differentially abundant microbial taxa These data were also used to functionally characterize the microbiome of the cancer and normal sample pairs and identify functional pathways enriched in the tumor-associated microbiota. Results We find that tumors harbor distinct microbial communities compared to nearby healthy tissue. Our results show increased microbial diversity in the tumor microenvironment, with changes in the abundances of commensal and pathogenic bacterial taxa, including Fusobacterium and Providencia. While Fusobacterium has previously been implicated in colorectal cancer, Providencia is a novel tumor-associated agent which has not been identified in previous studies. Additionally, we identified a clear, significant enrichment of predicted virulence-associated genes in the colorectal cancer microenvironment, likely dependent upon the genomes of Fusobacterium and Providencia. Conclusions This work identifies bacterial taxa significantly correlated with colorectal cancer, including a novel finding of an elevated abundance of Providencia in the tumor microenvironment. We also describe the predicted metabolic pathways and enzymes differentially present in the tumor-associated microbiome, and show an enrichment of virulence-associated bacterial genes in the tumor microenvironment. This predicted virulence enrichment supports the hypothesis that the microbiome plays an active role in colorectal cancer development and/or progression. Our results provide a starting point for future prognostic and therapeutic research with the potential to improve patient outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0177-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Burns
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Joshua Lynch
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Timothy K Starr
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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1618
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Velsko IM, Chukkapalli SS, Rivera-Kweh MF, Chen H, Zheng D, Bhattacharyya I, Gangula PR, Lucas AR, Kesavalu L. Fusobacterium nucleatum Alters Atherosclerosis Risk Factors and Enhances Inflammatory Markers with an Atheroprotective Immune Response in ApoE(null) Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129795. [PMID: 26079509 PMCID: PMC4469693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Heart Association supports an association between periodontal disease (PD) and atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) but does not as of yet support a causal relationship. Recently, we have shown that major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola are causally associated with acceleration of aortic atherosclerosis in ApoEnull hyperlipidemic mice. The aim of this study was to determine if oral infection with another significant periodontal pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum can accelerate aortic inflammation and atherosclerosis in the aortic artery of ApoEnull mice. ApoEnull mice (n = 23) were orally infected with F. nucleatum ATCC 49256 and euthanized at 12 and 24 weeks. Periodontal disease assessments including F. nucleatum oral colonization, gingival inflammation, immune response, intrabony defects, and alveolar bone resorption were evaluated. Systemic organs were evaluated for infection, aortic sections were examined for atherosclerosis, and inflammatory markers were measured. Chronic oral infection established F. nucleatum colonization in the oral cavity, induced significant humoral IgG (P=0.0001) and IgM (P=0.001) antibody response (12 and 24 weeks), and resulted in significant (P=0.0001) alveolar bone resorption and intrabony defects. F. nucleatum genomic DNA was detected in systemic organs (heart, aorta, liver, kidney, lung) indicating bacteremia. Aortic atherosclerotic plaque area was measured and showed a local inflammatory infiltrate revealed the presence of F4/80+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells. Vascular inflammation was detected by enhanced systemic cytokines (CD30L, IL-4, IL-12), oxidized LDL and serum amyloid A, as well as altered serum lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL), in infected mice and altered aortic gene expression in infected mice. Despite evidence for systemic infection in several organs and modulation of known atherosclerosis risk factors, aortic atherosclerotic lesions were significantly reduced after F. nucleatum infection suggesting a potential protective function for this member of the oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M. Velsko
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sasanka S. Chukkapalli
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mercedes. F. Rivera-Kweh
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hao Chen
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pandu R. Gangula
- Department of Oral Biology and Research, CWHR Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, CWHR Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lakshmyya Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1619
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Manzat-Saplacan RM, Mircea PA, Balacescu L, Chira RI, Berindan-Neagoe I, Balacescu O. Can we change our microbiome to prevent colorectal cancer development? Acta Oncol 2015; 54:1085-95. [PMID: 26073561 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2015.1054949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer represents an important disease as one of the major causes of death worldwide. Although a lot of genetic and epigenetic research has been conducted, all the pieces of the puzzle of colorectal cancer carcinogenesis have not yet been identified. New recent data has highlighted that gut microbiota could have an influence on colorectal carcinogenesis. Gut microbiota represents the microbe population living in the human intestine and contains tens of trillions of microorganisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic search in Medline and PubMed for studies reporting the influence of gut microbiota and inflammation on patients with colorectal cancer was made. RESULTS In this review we discuss many of the specific bacteria, as well as their metabolites which may have an important role in development of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, we emphasize the molecular mechanisms modulated by gut microbiota, which promote inflammation, toxic metabolites, DNA damaging and pro-carcinogenic compounds, as support for colorectal carcinogenesis. The interrelation between microbiota and inflammation is complex because bacteria and inflammation could mutually impact upon each other. In this context, both endogenous and exogenous miRNAs may have an important role to modulate tumor-related inflammation in colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Better understanding of the role of gut microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis could provide promising new directions to improve both prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Moreover, the discovery of novel biomarkers in the gut microbiome in order to detect colorectal cancer in an early stage or even in a precancerous stage is of outmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta M Manzat-Saplacan
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj-Napoca, 1st Medical Clinic , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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1620
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Gur C, Mandelboim O, Bachrach G. "Messieurs, c'est les microbes qui auront le dernier mot": Gentlemen, it is the microbes who have the last word (Louis Pasteur)- Fusobacterium nucleatum protect tumors from killing by immune cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1038690. [PMID: 26405611 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1038690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is present in colon cancers where it was shown to generate a proinflammatory microenvironment that supports colorectal neoplasia progression. Remarkably, alongside with proinflammatory stimulation, fusobacteria also inhibit cytotoxicity of immune cells. Thus, it appears as if tumors exploit fusobacteria to generate a favorable proinflammatory and anti-cytotoxic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamutal Gur
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology; IMRIC; The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School ; Jerusalem, Israel ; The Rheumatology Research Center; Hadassah-Hebrew University ; Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology; IMRIC; The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School ; Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- The Institute of Dental Sciences; The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine ; Jerusalem, Israel
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1621
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Wlodarska M, Kostic AD, Xavier RJ. An integrative view of microbiome-host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:577-91. [PMID: 25974300 PMCID: PMC4498258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota, which is composed of bacteria, viruses, and micro-eukaryotes, acts as an accessory organ system with distinct functions along the intestinal tract that are critical for health. This review focuses on how the microbiota drives intestinal disease through alterations in microbial community architecture, disruption of the mucosal barrier, modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system. Inflammatory bowel disease is used as a model system to understand these microbial-driven pathologies, but the knowledge gained in this space is extended to less-well-studied intestinal diseases that may also have an important microbial component, including environmental enteropathy and chronic colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wlodarska
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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1622
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Abstract
Humans depend on our commensal bacteria for nutritive, immune-modulating, and metabolic contributions to maintenance of health. However, this commensal community exists in careful balance that, if disrupted, enters dysbiosis; this has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of colon, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, laryngeal, breast, and gallbladder carcinomas. This development is closely tied to host inflammation, which causes and is aggravated by microbial dysbiosis and increases vulnerability to pathogens. Advances in sequencing technology have increased our ability to catalog microbial species associated with various cancer types across the body. However, defining microbial biomarkers as cancer predictors presents multiple challenges, and existing studies identifying cancer-associated bacteria have reported inconsistent outcomes. Combining metabolites and microbiome analyses can help elucidate interactions between gut microbiota, metabolism, and the host. Ultimately, understanding how gut dysbiosis impacts host response and inflammation will be critical to creating an accurate picture of the role of the microbiome in cancer.
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1623
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Ogino S, Campbell PT, Nishihara R, Phipps AI, Beck AH, Sherman ME, Chan AT, Troester MA, Bass AJ, Fitzgerald KC, Irizarry RA, Kelsey KT, Nan H, Peters U, Poole EM, Qian ZR, Tamimi RM, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Tworoger SS, Zhang X, Giovannucci EL, van den Brandt PA, Rosner BA, Wang M, Chatterjee N, Begg CB. Proceedings of the second international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:959-72. [PMID: 25956270 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease classification system increasingly incorporates information on pathogenic mechanisms to predict clinical outcomes and response to therapy and intervention. Technological advancements to interrogate omics (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, interactomics, etc.) provide widely open opportunities in population-based research. Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) represents integrative science of molecular pathology and epidemiology. This unified paradigm requires multidisciplinary collaboration between pathology, epidemiology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, and computational biology. Integration of these fields enables better understanding of etiologic heterogeneity, disease continuum, causal inference, and the impact of environment, diet, lifestyle, host factors (including genetics and immunity), and their interactions on disease evolution. Hence, the Second International MPE Meeting was held in Boston in December 2014, with aims to: (1) develop conceptual and practical frameworks; (2) cultivate and expand opportunities; (3) address challenges; and (4) initiate the effort of specifying guidelines for MPE. The meeting mainly consisted of presentations of method developments and recent data in various malignant neoplasms and tumors (breast, prostate, ovarian and colorectal cancers, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia), followed by open discussion sessions on challenges and future plans. In particular, we recognized need for efforts to further develop statistical methodologies. This meeting provided an unprecedented opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration, consistent with the purposes of the Big Data to Knowledge, Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology, and Precision Medicine Initiative of the US National Institute of Health. The MPE meeting series can help advance transdisciplinary population science and optimize training and education systems for twenty-first century medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Room M422, Boston, MA, 02215, USA,
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1624
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Song M, Garrett WS, Chan AT. Nutrients, foods, and colorectal cancer prevention. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1244-60.e16. [PMID: 25575572 PMCID: PMC4409470 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet has an important role in the development of colorectal cancer. In the past few decades, findings from extensive epidemiologic and experimental investigations have linked consumption of several foods and nutrients to the risk of colorectal neoplasia. Calcium, fiber, milk, and whole grains have been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, and red meat and processed meat have been associated with an increased risk. There is substantial evidence for the potential chemopreventive effects of vitamin D, folate, fruits, and vegetables. Nutrients and foods also may interact, as a dietary pattern, to influence colorectal cancer risk. Diet likely influences colorectal carcinogenesis through several interacting mechanisms. These include the direct effects on immune responsiveness and inflammation, and the indirect effects of overnutrition and obesity-risk factors for colorectal cancer. Emerging evidence also implicates the gut microbiota as an important effector in the relationship between diet and cancer. Dietary modification therefore has the promise of reducing colorectal cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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1625
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Leung A, Tsoi H, Yu J. Fusobacterium and Escherichia: models of colorectal cancer driven by microbiota and the utility of microbiota in colorectal cancer screening. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9:651-7. [PMID: 25582922 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1001745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota has emerging roles in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Intestinal dysbiosis, with altered levels of specific bacteria, is consistently seen in CRC. The heart of the debate lies in whether these bacteria are a cause or consequence of CRC. Two bacteria in particular, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Escherichia coli, have consistently been associated with CRC. This review will examine evidence supporting oncogenic roles of F. nucleatum and E. coli. The proposed mechanisms of tumor formation follow two models: bacterial induced chronic inflammation leads to cell proliferation and tumor formation and virulence factors directly induce tumor formation. This review will further examine the potential for microbiota as biomarkers in CRC, with a focus on F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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1626
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Wang Y, Shou JW, Jiang JD. Metabolism of Chinese Materia Medica in Gut Microbiota and Its Biological Effects. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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1627
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Vozza I, Caldarazzo V, Ottolenghi L. Changes in microflora in dental plaque from cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and the relationship of these changes with mucositis: A pilot study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e259-66. [PMID: 25662538 PMCID: PMC4464911 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess changes in oral microflora in dental plaque from cancer patients within 7 days of the first course of chemotherapy, and the relationship of the changes with mucositis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty cancer patients, divided into a test group undergoing chemotherapy and a control group no undergoing chemotherapy, were enrolled in this pilot study. Oral microflora were cultured from three samples of dental plaque at t0 (before chemotherapy), t1 (1 day after chemotherapy) and t2 (7 days after chemotherapy). Single and crossed descriptive analyses were used to establish prevalence, and the χ² test was used to establish the statistical significance of the differences observed in distributions (significance level: P<0.05). RESULTS In most patients (57%), oral microflora consisted mainly of Gram-positive cocci, while the remaining 43% of the bacterial flora also had periodontal-pathogenic species. No Porphyromonas gingivalis appeared in the test group. Actinobacillus was the least frequently found bacterium among periodontal pathogens in the test group, while Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most frequently found. No significant differences were found in quantitative bacterial changes between t0, t1 and t2 in either the test or control groups, or between the two groups. According to World Health Organization scores, oral mucositis developed in 10 patients (66.6%) in the test group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this pilot study indicate that there were no changes in microflora in dental plaque in cancer patients within 7 days of the first course of chemotherapy. No correlations between oral mucositis and specific microorganisms were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Vozza
- Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta 6 - 00161 Rome, Italy,
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1628
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide whose incidence has increased rapidly in recent years. There is growing evidence that the complex gut microbiota community plays an important role in the development of intestinal tumorigenesis. SUMMARY This review aimed to explore the correlation between gut microbiota and CRC as well as to identify the pathogens and their metabolites that affect CRC and the potential models of gut microbiota action. It promotes our understanding of the correlation between gut microbiota and CRC. KEY MESSAGE Our knowledge of the risk factors associated with gut microbiota for CRC development, as well as of the mechanism how intestinal bacteria act on colorectal tumorigenesis, has improved, leading to a better understanding of the correlation between gut microbiota and CRC. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The intestinal microbiota community has a close relationship with CRC by influencing the mechanism of the body and by regulating the physiological function of the colorectum and even the entire digestive system. Gut microbiota have been linked to CRC based upon their toxic and genotoxic metabolites production by fermentation of dietary ingredients. These metabolites could bind specific intestinal cell surface receptors and subsequently affect intracellular signal transduction. The mechanisms by which gut microbiota affect CRC development include the 'Alpha-bug' model, the 'driver-passenger' model and the 'intestinal microbiota adaptions' model. This review promotes our understanding of the correlation between gut microbiota and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Na Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Yua Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China ; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
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1629
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Allali I, Delgado S, Marron PI, Astudillo A, Yeh JJ, Ghazal H, Amzazi S, Keku T, Azcarate-Peril MA. Gut microbiome compositional and functional differences between tumor and non-tumor adjacent tissues from cohorts from the US and Spain. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:161-72. [PMID: 25875428 PMCID: PMC4615176 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1039223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US and Spain. The molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology of CRC are not yet elucidated due in part to the complexity of the human gut microbiota. In this study, we compared the microbiome composition of 90 tumor and matching adjacent tissue (adjacent) from cohorts from the US and Spain by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in order to determine the impact of the geographic origin on the CRC microbiome. Data showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) for the US (PD Adjacent = 26.3 ± 5.3, PD Tumor = 23.3 ± 6.2) compared to the Spanish cohort (PD Adjacent = 18.9 ± 5.9, PD Tumor = 18.7 ± 6.6) while no significant differences in bacterial diversity were observed between tumor and adjacent tissues for individuals from the same country. Adjacent tissues from the Spanish cohort were enriched in Firmicutes (SP = 43.9% and US = 22.2%, P = 0.0001) and Actinobacteria (SP = 1.6% and US = 0.5%, P = 0.0018) compared to US adjacent tissues, while adjacent tissues from the US had significantly higher abundances of Fusobacteria (US = 8.1% and SP = 1.5%, P = 0.0023) and Sinergistetes (US = 0.3% and SP = 0.1%, P = 0.0097). Comparisons between tumor and adjacent tissues in each cohort identified the genus Eikenella significantly over represented in US tumors (T = 0.024% and A = 0%, P = 0.03), and the genera Fusobacterium (T = 10.4% and A = 1.5%, P = <0.0001), Bulleida (T = 0.36% and A = 0.09%, P = 0.02), Gemella (T = 1.46% and A = 0.19%, P = 0.03), Parvimonas (T = 3.14% and A = 0.86%, P = 0.03), Campylobacter (T = 0.15% and A = 0.008%, P = 0.047), and Streptococcus (T = 2.84% and A = 2.19%, P = 0.05) significantly over represented in Spanish tumors. Predicted metagenome functional content from 16S rRNA surveys showed that bacterial motility proteins and proteins involved in flagellar assembly were over represented in adjacent tissues of both cohorts, while pathways involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, the MAPK signaling pathway, and bacterial toxins were over represented in tumors. Our study suggests that microbiome compositional and functional dissimilarities by geographic location should be taken in consideration when approaching CRC therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Allali
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Microbiome Core Facility; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology; Faculty of Sciences; University Mohammed V; Rabat, Morocco,Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology; Faculty of Sciences of Oujda; University Mohammed Premier; Oujda, Morocco
| | - Susana Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC); Villaviciosa-Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Isidro Marron
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; Asturias, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; Asturias, Spain
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology; Faculty of Sciences of Oujda; University Mohammed Premier; Oujda, Morocco,Polydisciplinary Faculty of Nador; University Mohammed Premier; Nador, Morocco
| | - Saaïd Amzazi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology; Faculty of Sciences; University Mohammed V; Rabat, Morocco
| | - Temitope Keku
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Department of Medicine; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Microbiome Core Facility; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Correspondence to: M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
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1630
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Zapata HJ, Quagliarello VJ. The microbiota and microbiome in aging: potential implications in health and age-related diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:776-81. [PMID: 25851728 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing allow for characterization of the human commensal bacterial community (microbiota) and its corresponding genome (microbiome). Surveys of healthy adults reveal that a signature composite of bacteria characterizes each unique body habitat (e.g., gut, skin, oral cavity, vagina). A myriad of clinical changes, including a basal proinflammatory state (inflamm-aging), that directly interface with the microbiota of older adults and enhance susceptibility to disease accompany aging. Studies in older adults demonstrate that the gut microbiota correlates with diet, location of residence (e.g., community dwelling, long-term care settings), and basal level of inflammation. Links exist between the microbiota and a variety of clinical problems plaguing older adults, including physical frailty, Clostridium difficile colitis, vulvovaginal atrophy, colorectal carcinoma, and atherosclerotic disease. Manipulation of the microbiota and microbiome of older adults holds promise as an innovative strategy to influence the development of comorbidities associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Zapata
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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1631
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Abstract
A host's microbiota may increase, diminish, or have no effect at all on cancer susceptibility. Assigning causal roles in cancer to specific microbes and microbiotas, unraveling host-microbiota interactions with environmental factors in carcinogenesis, and exploiting such knowledge for cancer diagnosis and treatment are areas of intensive interest. This Review considers how microbes and the microbiota may amplify or mitigate carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics, and cancer-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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1632
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Abstract
The trillions of bacteria that naturally reside in the human gut collectively constitute the complex system known the gut microbiome, a vital player for the host's homeostasis and health. However, there is mounting evidence that dysbiosis, a state of pathological imbalance in the gut microbiome is present in many disease states. In this review, we present recent insights concerning the gut microbiome's contribution to the development of colorectal adenomas and the subsequent progression to colorectal cancer (CRC). In the United States alone, CRC is the second leading cause of cancer deaths. As a result, there is a high interest in identifying risk factors for adenomas, which are intermediate precursors to CRC. Recent research on CRC and the microbiome suggest that modulation of the gut bacterial composition and structure may be useful in preventing adenomas and CRC. We highlight the known risk factors for colorectal adenomas and the potential mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis may contribute to the etiology of CRC. We also underscore novel findings from recent studies on the gut microbiota and colorectal adenomas along with current knowledge gaps. Understanding the microbiome may provide promising new directions towards novel diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions for CRC.
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1633
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Ito M, Kanno S, Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Igarashi H, Takahashi T, Tachibana M, Takahashi H, Yoshii S, Takenouchi T, Hasegawa T, Okita K, Hirata K, Maruyama R, Suzuki H, Imai K, Yamamoto H, Shinomura Y. Association ofFusobacterium nucleatumwith clinical and molecular features in colorectal serrated pathway. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1258-68. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shinichi Kanno
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA
| | - Kei Mitsuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Igarashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Taiga Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Mami Tachibana
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Keiyukai Sapporo Hospital; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshii
- Department of Gastroenterology; NTT East Sapporo Hospital; Sapporo Japan
| | | | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenji Okita
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Biology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; St. Marianna University School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Shinomura
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
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1634
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Ruff WE, Kriegel MA. Autoimmune host-microbiota interactions at barrier sites and beyond. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:233-44. [PMID: 25771098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is considered to be an important factor influencing the pathogenesis of autoimmunity at both barrier sites and internal organs. Impinging on innate and adaptive immunity, commensals exert protective or detrimental effects on various autoimmune animal models. Human microbiome studies of autoimmunity remain largely descriptive, but suggest a role for dysbiosis in autoimmune disease. Humanized gnotobiotic approaches have advanced our understanding of immune-commensal interactions, but little is known about the mechanisms in autoimmunity. We propose that, similarly to infectious agents, the microbiota mediates autoimmunity via bystander activation, epitope spread, and, particularly under homeostatic conditions, via crossreactivity. This review presents an overview of the current literature concluding with outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Ruff
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martin A Kriegel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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1635
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Feng Q, Liang S, Jia H, Stadlmayr A, Tang L, Lan Z, Zhang D, Xia H, Xu X, Jie Z, Su L, Li X, Li X, Li J, Xiao L, Huber-Schönauer U, Niederseer D, Xu X, Al-Aama JY, Yang H, Wang J, Kristiansen K, Arumugam M, Tilg H, Datz C, Wang J. Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma–carcinoma sequence. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6528. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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1636
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Viljoen KS, Dakshinamurthy A, Goldberg P, Blackburn JM. Quantitative profiling of colorectal cancer-associated bacteria reveals associations between fusobacterium spp., enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119462. [PMID: 25751261 PMCID: PMC4353626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have presented clinical or in vitro evidence linking bacteria to colorectal cancer, but these bacteria have not previously been concurrently quantified by qPCR in a single cohort. We quantify these bacteria (Fusobacterium spp., Streptococcus gallolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), and afaC- or pks-positive E. coli) in paired tumour and normal tissue samples from 55 colorectal cancer patients. We further investigate the relationship between a) the presence and b) the level of colonisation of each bacterial species with site and stage of disease, age, gender, ethnicity and MSI-status. With the exception of S. gallolyticus, we detected all bacteria profiled here in both tumour and normal samples at varying frequencies. ETBF (FDR = 0.001 and 0.002 for normal and tumour samples) and afaC-positive E. coli (FDR = 0.03, normal samples) were significantly enriched in the colon compared to the rectum. ETBF (FDR = 0.04 and 0.002 for normal and tumour samples, respectively) and Fusobacterium spp. (FDR = 0.03 tumour samples) levels were significantly higher in late stage (III/IV) colorectal cancers. Fusobacterium was by far the most common bacteria detected, occurring in 82% and 81% of paired tumour and normal samples. Fusobacterium was also the only bacterium that was significantly higher in tumour compared to normal samples (p = 6e-5). We also identified significant associations between high-level colonisation by Fusobacterium and MSI-H (FDR = 0.05), age (FDR = 0.03) or pks-positive E. coli (FDR = 0.01). Furthermore, we exclusively identified atypical EPEC in our cohort, which has not been previously reported in association with colorectal cancer. By quantifying colorectal cancer-associated bacteria across a single cohort, we uncovered inter- and intra-individual patterns of colonization not previously recognized, as well as important associations with clinicopathological features, especially in the case of Fusobacterium and ETBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Viljoen
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amirtha Dakshinamurthy
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Goldberg
- Surgical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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1637
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McDonald D, Hornig M, Lozupone C, Debelius J, Gilbert JA, Knight R. Towards large-cohort comparative studies to define the factors influencing the gut microbial community structure of ASD patients. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:26555. [PMID: 25758371 PMCID: PMC4355505 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.26555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the gut microbiota have been reported between individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurotypical controls, although direct evidence that changes in the microbiome contribute to causing ASD has been scarce to date. Here we summarize some considerations of experimental design that can help untangle causality in this complex system. In particular, large cross-sectional studies that can factor out important variables such as diet, prospective longitudinal studies that remove some of the influence of interpersonal variation in the microbiome (which is generally high, especially in children), and studies transferring microbial communities into germ-free mice may be especially useful. Controlling for the effects of technical variables, which have complicated efforts to combine existing studies, is critical when biological effect sizes are small. Large citizen-science studies with thousands of participants such as the American Gut Project have been effective at uncovering subtle microbiome effects in self-collected samples and with self-reported diet and behavior data, and may provide a useful complement to other types of traditionally funded and conducted studies in the case of ASD, especially in the hypothesis generation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McDonald
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.,College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
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1638
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Keku TO, Dulal S, Deveaux A, Jovov B, Han X. The gastrointestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G351-63. [PMID: 25540232 PMCID: PMC4346754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is home to a complex and diverse microbiota that contributes to the overall homeostasis of the host. Increasingly, the intestinal microbiota is recognized as an important player in human illness such as colorectal cancer (CRC), inflammatory bowel diseases, and obesity. CRC in itself is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in the Western world. The mechanisms by which bacteria contribute to CRC are complex and not fully understood, but increasing evidence suggests a link between the intestinal microbiota and CRC as well as diet and inflammation, which are believed to play a role in carcinogenesis. It is thought that the gut microbiota interact with dietary factors to promote chronic inflammation and CRC through direct influence on host cell physiology, cellular homeostasis, energy regulation, and/or metabolism of xenobiotics. This review provides an overview on the role of commensal gut microbiota in the development of human CRC and explores its association with diet and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O. Keku
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Santosh Dulal
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - April Deveaux
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Biljana Jovov
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Xuesong Han
- 3Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
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1639
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Intracellular colon cancer-associated Escherichia coli promote protumoral activities of human macrophages by inducing sustained COX-2 expression. J Transl Med 2015; 95:296-307. [PMID: 25545478 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis has been reported in patients with colorectal cancer, and there is a high prevalence of Escherichia coli belonging to B2 phylogroup and producing a genotoxin, termed colibactin. Macrophages are one of the predominant tumor-infiltrating immune cells supporting key processes in tumor progression by producing protumoral factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Here, we investigated whether B2 E. coli colonizing colon tumors could influence protumoral activities of macrophages. In contrast to commensal or nonpathogenic E. coli strains that were efficiently and rapidly degraded by macrophages at 24 h after infection, colon cancer-associated E. coli were able to resist killing by human THP-1 macrophages, to replicate intracellularly, and to persist inside host cells until at least 72 h after infection. Significant increases in COX-2 expression were observed in macrophages infected with colon cancer E. coli compared with macrophages infected with commensal and nonpathogenic E. coli strains or uninfected cells at 72 h after infection. Induction of COX-2 expression required live bacteria and was not due to colibactin production, as similar COX-2 levels were observed in macrophages infected with the wild-type colon cancer-associated E. coli 11G5 strain or a clbQ mutant unable to produce colibactin. Treatment of macrophages with ofloxacin, an antibiotic with intracellular tropism, efficiently decreased the number of intracellular bacteria and suppressed bacteria-induced COX-2 expression. This study provides new insights into the understanding of how tumor- infiltrating bacteria could influence cancer progression through their interaction with immune cells. Manipulation of microbes associated with tumors could have a deep influence on the secretion of protumoral molecules by infiltrating macrophages.
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1640
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Yasuda K, Oh K, Ren B, Tickle TL, Franzosa EA, Wachtman LM, Miller AD, Westmoreland SV, Mansfield KG, Vallender EJ, Miller GM, Rowlett JK, Gevers D, Huttenhower C, Morgan XC. Biogeography of the intestinal mucosal and lumenal microbiome in the rhesus macaque. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:385-391. [PMID: 25732063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is widely studied by fecal sampling, but the extent to which stool reflects the commensal composition at intestinal sites is poorly understood. We investigated this relationship in rhesus macaques by 16S sequencing feces and paired lumenal and mucosal samples from ten sites distal to the jejunum. Stool composition correlated highly with the colonic lumen and mucosa and moderately with the distal small intestine. The mucosal microbiota varied most based on location and was enriched in oxygen-tolerant taxa (e.g., Helicobacter and Treponema), while the lumenal microbiota showed inter-individual variation and obligate anaerobe enrichment (e.g., Firmicutes). This mucosal and lumenal community variability corresponded to functional differences, such as nutrient availability. Additionally, Helicobacter, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus levels in stool were highly predictive of their abundance at most other gut sites. These results quantify the composition and biogeographic relationships between gut microbial communities in macaques and support fecal sampling for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yasuda
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Keunyoung Oh
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boyu Ren
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy L Tickle
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lynn M Wachtman
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Susan V Westmoreland
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Keith G Mansfield
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric J Vallender
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Gregory M Miller
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James K Rowlett
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | | | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xochitl C Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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1641
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Aykan NF. Red Meat and Colorectal Cancer. Oncol Rev 2015; 9:288. [PMID: 26779313 PMCID: PMC4698595 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2015.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide. More than half of cases occur in more developed countries. The consumption of red meat (beef, pork, lamb, veal, mutton) is high in developed countries and accumulated evidence until today demonstrated a convincing association between the intake of red meat and especially processed meat and CRC risk. In this review, meta-analyses of prospective epidemiological studies addressed to this association, observed link of some subtypes of red meat with CRC risk, potential carcinogenic compounds, their mechanisms and actual recommendations of international guidelines are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Faruk Aykan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
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1642
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Gur C, Ibrahim Y, Isaacson B, Yamin R, Abed J, Gamliel M, Enk J, Bar-On Y, Stanietsky-Kaynan N, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Shussman N, Almogy G, Cuapio A, Hofer E, Mevorach D, Tabib A, Ortenberg R, Markel G, Miklić K, Jonjic S, Brennan CA, Garrett WS, Bachrach G, Mandelboim O. Binding of the Fap2 protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack. Immunity 2015; 42:344-355. [PMID: 25680274 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, are present in the tumor microenvironment. However, the immunological consequences of intra-tumoral bacteria remain unclear. Here, we have shown that natural killer (NK) cell killing of various tumors is inhibited in the presence of various F. nucleatum strains. Our data support that this F. nucleatum-mediated inhibition is mediated by human, but not by mouse TIGIT, an inhibitory receptor present on all human NK cells and on various T cells. Using a library of F. nucleatum mutants, we found that the Fap2 protein of F. nucleatum directly interacted with TIGIT, leading to the inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity. We have further demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressed TIGIT and that T cell activities were also inhibited by F. nucleatum via Fap2. Our results identify a bacterium-dependent, tumor-immune evasion mechanism in which tumors exploit the Fap2 protein of F. nucleatum to inhibit immune cell activity via TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamutal Gur
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel; The Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yara Ibrahim
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Batya Isaacson
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Jawad Abed
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moriya Gamliel
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Jonatan Enk
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Noah Stanietsky-Kaynan
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Noam Shussman
- Department of General Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Gideon Almogy
- Department of General Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Erhard Hofer
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Dror Mevorach
- The Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Tabib
- The Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Rona Ortenberg
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 526260, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 526260, Israel
| | - Karmela Miklić
- Department of Histology and Embryology Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
| | | | - Wendy S Garrett
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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1643
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Mira-Pascual L, Cabrera-Rubio R, Ocon S, Costales P, Parra A, Suarez A, Moris F, Rodrigo L, Mira A, Collado MC. Microbial mucosal colonic shifts associated with the development of colorectal cancer reveal the presence of different bacterial and archaeal biomarkers. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:167-79. [PMID: 24811328 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies demonstrate a link between gastrointestinal cancers and environmental factors such as diet. It has been suggested that environmental cancer risk is determined by the interaction between diet and microbes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that microbiota composition during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression might differ depending on the stage of the disease. METHODS A total of 28 age-matched and sex-matched subjects, seven with CRC adenocarcinoma, 11 with tubular adenomas and ten healthy subjects with intact colon, were included into the study. Microbiomes from mucosal and fecal samples were analyzed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing, together with quantitative PCR of specific bacteria and archaea. RESULTS The principal coordinates analysis clearly separated healthy tissue samples from polyps and tumors, supporting the presence of specific bacterial consortia that are associated with affected sites and that can serve as potential biomarkers of CRC progression. A higher presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Enterobacteriaceae was found by qPCR in samples from CRC compared to healthy controls. We observed a correlation between CRC process development and levels of Methanobacteriales (R = 0.537, P = 0.007) and Methanobrevibacterium (R = 0.574, P = 0.03) in fecal samples. CONCLUSION Differences in microbial and archaeal composition between mucosal samples from healthy and disease tissues were observed in tubular adenoma and adenocarcinoma. In addition, microbiota from mucosal samples represented the underlying dysbiosis, whereas fecal samples seem not to be appropriate to detect shifts in microbial composition. CRC risk is influenced by microbial composition, showing differences according to disease progression step and tumor severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mira-Pascual
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 49860, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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1644
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Fung TC, Artis D, Sonnenberg GF. Anatomical localization of commensal bacteria in immune cell homeostasis and disease. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:35-49. [PMID: 24942680 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are essential for promoting normal intestinal physiology. While the majority of commensal bacteria are found in the intestinal lumen, many species have also adapted to colonize different anatomical locations in the intestine, including the surface of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the interior of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These distinct tissue localization patterns permit unique interactions with the mammalian immune system and collectively influence intestinal immune cell homeostasis. Conversely, dysregulated localization of commensal bacteria can lead to inappropriate activation of the immune system and is associated with numerous chronic infectious, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, regulatory mechanisms that control proper anatomical containment of commensal bacteria are essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and limit pathology. In this review, we propose that commensal bacteria associated with the mammalian GI tract can be anatomically defined as (i) luminal, (ii) epithelial-associated, or (iii) lymphoid tissue-resident, and we discuss the role and regulation of these microbial populations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Fung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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1645
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Xiao Y, Freeman GJ. The microsatellite instable subset of colorectal cancer is a particularly good candidate for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2015. [PMID: 25583798 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1397.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The microsatellite instable (MSI) subset of colorectal cancer exhibits an active Th1/CTL immune microenvironment, probably due to recognition of a high number of tumor neoantigens. However, the high expression of checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and IDO in MSI colorectal cancer distinguishes MSI from microsatellite stable colorectal cancer and creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that may help MSI tumors evade immune destruction by the infiltrating immune cells. Though colorectal cancer does not have a good response rate to PD-1 pathway immunotherapy, these results suggest that the MSI subset of colorectal cancer is a particularly good candidate for checkpoint immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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1646
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Oshima S, Watanabe M. [Gut Microbiota and Internal Diseases: Update Information. Topics: V. Gut Microbiota: Topics in Various Medical Fields; 4. Interactions between the host immune system and microbes]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:81-5. [PMID: 26571779 DOI: 10.2169/naika.104.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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1647
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Han YW. Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 23:141-7. [PMID: 25576662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic oral commensal and a periodontal pathogen associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases. This article reviews its implication in adverse pregnancy outcomes (chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, stillbirth, neonatal sepsis, preeclampsia), GI disorders (colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis), cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory tract infections, Lemierre's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. The virulence mechanisms involved in the diseases are discussed, with emphasis on its colonization, systemic dissemination, and induction of host inflammatory and tumorigenic responses. The FadA adhesin/invasin conserved in F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor and a potential diagnostic marker for F. nucleatum-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping W Han
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral Diagnostics & Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, United States.
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1648
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Xu MQ, Cao HL, Wang WQ, Wang S, Cao XC, Yan F, Wang BM. Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:102-111. [PMID: 25574083 PMCID: PMC4284325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis is now known to be a complication in a myriad of diseases. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as a microbiota-target therapy, is arguably very effective for curing Clostridium difficile infection and has good outcomes in other intestinal diseases. New insights have raised an interest in FMT for the management of extra-intestinal disorders associated with gut microbiota. This review shows that it is an exciting time in the burgeoning science of FMT application in previously unexpected areas, including metabolic diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, autoimmune diseases, allergic disorders, and tumors. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on FMT in metabolic syndrome by infusing microbiota from lean donors or from self-collected feces, with the resultant findings showing that the lean donor feces group displayed increased insulin sensitivity, along with increased levels of butyrate-producing intestinal microbiota. Case reports of FMT have also shown favorable outcomes in Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, myoclonus dystonia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. FMT is a promising approach in the manipulation of the intestinal microbiota and has potential applications in a variety of extra-intestinal conditions associated with intestinal dysbiosis.
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1649
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Fap2 of Fusobacterium nucleatum is a galactose-inhibitable adhesin involved in coaggregation, cell adhesion, and preterm birth. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1104-13. [PMID: 25561710 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02838-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common oral anaerobe involved in periodontitis that is known to translocate and cause intrauterine infections. In the oral environment, F. nucleatum adheres to a large diversity of species, facilitating their colonization and creating biological bridges that stabilize the multispecies dental biofilm. Many of these interactions (called coadherences or coaggregations) are galactose sensitive. Galactose-sensitive interactions are also involved in the binding of F. nucleatum to host cells. Hemagglutination of some F. nucleatum strains is also galactose sensitive, suggesting that a single galactose-sensitive adhesin might mediate the interaction of fusobacteria with many partners and targets. In order to identify the fusobacterial galactose-sensitive adhesin, a system for transposon mutagenesis in fusobacteria was created. The mutant library was screened for hemagglutination deficiency, and three clones were isolated. All three clones were found to harbor the transposon in the gene coding for the Fap2 outer membrane autotransporter. The three fap2 mutants failed to show galactose-inhibitable coaggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis and were defective in cell binding. A fap2 mutant also showed a 2-log reduction in murine placental colonization compared to that of the wild type. Our results suggest that Fap2 is a galactose-sensitive hemagglutinin and adhesin that is likely to play a role in the virulence of fusobacteria.
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1650
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Caballero S, Pamer EG. Microbiota-mediated inflammation and antimicrobial defense in the intestine. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:227-56. [PMID: 25581310 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diverse microbial populations constituting the intestinal microbiota promote immune development and differentiation, but because of their complex metabolic requirements and the consequent difficulty culturing them, they remained, until recently, largely uncharacterized and mysterious. In the last decade, deep nucleic acid sequencing platforms, new computational and bioinformatics tools, and full-genome characterization of several hundred commensal bacterial species facilitated studies of the microbiota and revealed that differences in microbiota composition can be associated with inflammatory, metabolic, and infectious diseases, that each human is colonized by a distinct bacterial flora, and that the microbiota can be manipulated to reduce and even cure some diseases. Different bacterial species induce distinct immune cell populations that can play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, and thus the composition of the microbiota determines, in part, the level of resistance to infection and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent work characterizing commensal microbes that contribute to the antimicrobial defense/inflammation axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caballero
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
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