1851
|
Filifactor alocis infection and inflammatory responses in the mouse subcutaneous chamber model. Infect Immun 2013; 82:1205-12. [PMID: 24379289 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01434-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent microbiome studies have implicated a role for Filifactor alocis in periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the colonization and survival properties of F. alocis in a mouse subcutaneous chamber model of infection and characterized host innate immune responses. An infection of 10(9) F. alocis successfully colonized all chambers; however, the infection was cleared after 72 h. F. alocis elicited a local inflammatory response with neutrophils recruited into the chambers at 2 h postinfection along with an increase in levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). F. alocis also induced apoptosis in chamber epithelial cells and neutrophils. Consistent with resolution of infection, neutrophil numbers and cytokine levels returned to baseline by 72 h. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative PCR demonstrated that F. alocis exited the chambers and spread to the spleen, liver, lung, and kidney. Massive neutrophil infiltration was observed in the spleen and lungs, and the recruited neutrophils were in close proximity to the infecting bacteria. Significant epithelial injury was observed in the kidneys. Infection of all tissues was resolved after 7 days. This first in vivo study of the pathogenicity of F. alocis shows that in the chamber model the organism can establish a proinflammatory, proapoptotic local infection which is rapidly resolved by the host concordant with neutrophil influx. Moreover, F. alocis can spread to, and transiently infect, remote tissues where neutrophils can also be recruited.
Collapse
|
1852
|
Wu J, Liu W, He L, Huang F, Chen J, Cui P, Shen Y, Zhao J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Sputum microbiota associated with new, recurrent and treatment failure tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83445. [PMID: 24349510 PMCID: PMC3862690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota have recently been shown to be associated with many disease conditions. However, the microbiota associated with tuberculosis (TB) infection, recurrence and treatment outcome have not been systematically characterized. Here, we used high throughput 16S RNA sequencing to analyze the sputum microbiota associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and also to identify the microorganisms associated with different outcomes of TB treatment. We recruited 25 new TB patients, 30 recurrent TB patients and 20 TB patients with treatment failure, as well as 20 healthy controls. Streptococcus, Gramulicatella and Pseudomonas were more abundant in TB patients while Prevotella, Leptotrichia, Treponema, Catonella and Coprococcus were less abundant in TB patients than in the healthy controls. We found reduced frequency and abundance of some genera such as Bulleidia and Atopobium in recurrent TB patients compared with those in new TB patients. In addition, the ratio of Pseudomonas / Mycobacterium in recurrent TB was higher than that in new TB while the ratio of Treponema / Mycobacterium in recurrent TB was lower than that in new TB, indicating that disruption of these bacteria may be a risk factor of TB recurrence. Furthermore, Pseudomonas was more abundant and more frequently present in treatment failure patients than in cured new patients, and the ratio of Pseudomonas / Mycobacterium in treatment failure was higher than that in new TB. Our data suggest that the presence of certain bacteria and the disorder of lung microbiota may be associated with not only onset of TB but also its recurrence and treatment failure. These findings indicate that lung microbiota may play a role in pathogenesis and treatment outcome of TB and may need to be taken into consideration for improved treatment and control of TB in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuli Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaojie Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis Branch, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Tuberculosis Branch, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOH and MOE Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * (WHZ); (YZ)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOH and MOE Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * (WHZ); (YZ)
| |
Collapse
|
1853
|
Belstrøm D, Fiehn NE, Nielsen CH, Kirkby N, Twetman S, Klepac-Ceraj V, Paster BJ, Holmstrup P. Differences in bacterial saliva profile between periodontitis patients and a control cohort. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 41:104-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Belstrøm
- Section of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nils-Erik Fiehn
- Department of International Health; Immunology & Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Claus H. Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology; Institute for Inflammation Research; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nikolai Kirkby
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Svante Twetman
- Section of Cariology; School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Bruce J. Paster
- Department of Microbiology; The Forsyth Institute; Cambridge MA USA
- Department of Oral Medicine; Infection & Immunity; Harvard School of Dental Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Section of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
1854
|
Duyck J, Vandamme K, Muller P, Teughels W. Overnight storage of removable dentures in alkaline peroxide-based tablets affects biofilm mass and composition. J Dent 2013; 41:1281-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
1855
|
Michaud DS, Izard J, Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, You DH, Grote VA, Tjønneland A, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Jenab M, Fedirko V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Racine A, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Foerster J, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Sacerdote C, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Panico S, Siersema PD, Peeters PHM, Lund E, Barricarte A, Huerta JM, Molina-Montes E, Dorronsoro M, Quirós JR, Duell EJ, Ye W, Sund M, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Travis RC, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Riboli E. Plasma antibodies to oral bacteria and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large European prospective cohort study. Gut 2013; 62:1764-70. [PMID: 22990306 PMCID: PMC3815505 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the relationship between antibodies to 25 oral bacteria and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. DESIGN We measured antibodies to oral bacteria in prediagnosis blood samples from 405 pancreatic cancer cases and 416 matched controls, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Analyses were conducted using conditional logistic regression and additionally adjusted for smoking status and body mass index. RESULTS Individuals with high levels of antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis ATTC 53978, a pathogenic periodontal bacteria, had a twofold higher risk of pancreatic cancer than individuals with lower levels of these antibodies (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.05 to 4.36; >200 ng/ml vs ≤200 ng/ml). To explore the association with commensal (non-pathogenic) oral bacteria, we performed a cluster analysis and identified two groups of individuals, based on their antibody profiles. A cluster with overall higher levels of antibodies had a 45% lower risk of pancreatic cancer than a cluster with overall lower levels of antibodies (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Periodontal disease might increase the risk for pancreatic cancer. Moreover, increased levels of antibodies against specific commensal oral bacteria, which can inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria, might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. Studies are needed to determine whether oral bacteria have direct effects on pancreatic cancer pathogenesis or serve as markers of the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Michaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1856
|
Ocon S, Murphy C, Dang AT, Sankaran-Walters S, Li CS, Tarara R, Borujerdpur N, Dandekar S, Paster BJ, George MD. Transcription profiling reveals potential mechanisms of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome of rhesus macaques with chronic untreated SIV infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80863. [PMID: 24312248 PMCID: PMC3843670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have inadequate access to antiretroviral therapy and ultimately develop debilitating oral infections that often correlate with disease progression. Due to the impracticalities of conducting host-microbe systems-based studies in HIV infected patients, we have evaluated the potential of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaques to serve as a non-human primate model for oral manifestations of HIV disease. We present the first description of the rhesus macaque oral microbiota and show that a mixture of human commensal bacteria and “macaque versions” of human commensals colonize the tongue dorsum and dental plaque. Our findings indicate that SIV infection results in chronic activation of antiviral and inflammatory responses in the tongue mucosa that may collectively lead to repression of epithelial development and impact the microbiome. In addition, we show that dysbiosis of the lingual microbiome in SIV infection is characterized by outgrowth of Gemella morbillorum that may result from impaired macrophage function. Finally, we provide evidence that the increased capacity of opportunistic pathogens (e.g. E. coli) to colonize the microbiome is associated with reduced production of antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ocon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Murphy
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angeline T. Dang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chin-Shang Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ross Tarara
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Paster
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael D. George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
1857
|
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipid A phosphatase activity is critical for colonization and increasing the commensal load in the rabbit ligature model. Infect Immun 2013; 82:650-9. [PMID: 24478080 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01136-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease of polymicrobial etiology characterized by inflammation, degradation of host tissue, and bone that irreversibly destroys the supporting apparatus of teeth. Porphyromonas gingivalis contains lipid A with structural heterogeneity that has been postulated to contribute to the initiation of dysbiosis in oral communities by modulating the host response, thereby creating a permissive environment for its growth. We examined two P. gingivalis lipid A phosphatase mutants which contain different "locked" lipid A structures that induce different host cellular responses for their ability to induce dysbiosis and periodontitis in rabbits. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations obtained from these strains were also examined. After repeated applications of all strains and their respective LPS preparations, P. gingivalis wild type, but not the lipid A mutants, had a significant impact on both the oral commensal microbial load and composition. In contrast, in rabbits exposed to the mutant strains or the LPS preparations, the microbial load did not increase, and yet significant changes in the oral microbial composition were observed. All strains and their respective LPS preparations induced periodontitis. Therefore, the ability to alter the lipid A composition in response to environmental conditions by lipid A phosphatases is required for both colonization of the rabbit and increases in the microbial load. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that multiple dysbiotic oral microbial communities can elicit periodontitis.
Collapse
|
1858
|
Abstract
The skin, the human body's largest organ, is home to a diverse and complex variety of innate and adaptive immune functions. Despite this potent immune system present at the cutaneous barrier, the skin encourages colonization by microorganisms. Characterization these microbial communities has enhanced our knowledge of the ecology of organisms present in normal skin; furthermore, studies have begun to bring to light the intimate relationships shared between host and resident microbes. In particular, it is apparent that just as host immunological factors and behaviors shape the composition of these communities, microbes present on the skin greatly impact the functions of human immunity. Thus, today the skin immune system should be considered a collective mixture of elements from the host and microbes acting in a mutualistic relationship. In this article we will review recent findings of the interactions of skin microbial communities with host immunity, and discuss the role that dysbiosis of these communities plays in diseases of the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Sanford
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
1859
|
Sands K, Williams DW, Wilson M, Lewis M, Wise MP. The Dynamics of Polymicrobial Biofilms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:1266. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201305-0916le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
1860
|
Xu Y, Teng F, Huang S, Lin Z, Yuan X, Zeng X, Yang F. Changes of saliva microbiota in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients under chemoradiation therapy. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:176-86. [PMID: 24370189 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing body of evidence has implicated human oral microbiota in the aetiology of oral and systemic diseases. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an epithelial-originated malignancy, has a complex aetiology not yet fully understood. Chemoradiation therapy of NPC can affect oral microbiota and is usually accompanied by plaque accumulation. Thus, the study aimed to understand the diversity, divergence and development of the oral microbiota in NPC patients and their associated treatment, which might provide useful insights into disease aetiology and treatment side effects. DESIGN A longitudinal study was designed that included three Chinese adults with NPC. Saliva samples were collected at three time points: prior to the chemoradiation treatment (carcinoma baseline, or CB), 7 months post-treatment (carcinoma-after-therapy phase 1 or CA1) and 12 months post-treatment (carcinoma-after-therapy phase 2 or CA2). Pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) V1-V3 hypervariable region was employed to characterise the microbiota. Saliva samples of three healthy subjects from our former study were employed as healthy controls. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), Metastats and random forest prediction models were used to reveal the key microbial members associated with NPC and its treatment programme. RESULTS (1) In total, 412 bacterial species from at least 107 genera and 13 phyla were found in the saliva samples of the NPC patients. (2) PCoA revealed that not only were the microbiota from NPC patients distinct from those of healthy controls (p<0.001) but also that separation was found on the saliva microbiota between pre- and post-therapy (p<0.001) in the NPC samples. (3) At the genus level and the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, Streptococcus was found with lower abundance in NPC samples. (4) Chemoradiation therapy did not incur similar changes in microbiota structure among the three NPC patients; the microbiota in one of them stayed largely steady, while those in the other two showed significant alteration. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study employing culture-independent techniques to interrogate the phylogenetic diversity, divergence and temporal development of oral microbiota in NPC patients. Our results indicated that certain bacterial taxa might be associated with NPC and that oral microbiota of NPC patients might respond to the chemoradiation therapy in a host-specific manner. Further investigation with larger sample size should help to validate the links between oral microbiota and NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Bioenergy Genome Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengmei Lin
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- Bioenergy Genome Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
1861
|
Hong P, Liu CM, Nordstrom L, Lalwani AK. The role of the human microbiome in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery: a contemporary review. Laryngoscope 2013; 124:1352-7. [PMID: 24178066 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The human microbiome represents the collective genomes and gene products of microbes living within and on humans. The objective of this review is to provide a summary of the current microbiome literature pertaining to otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. DATA SOURCE Ovid MEDLINE. METHODS Scientific publications with clinical correlates. RESULTS Human microbiome studies have been facilitated by culture-independent, high-throughput sequencing methods. Data from the Human Microbiome Project has shown that the composition of the human microbiome is specific to each body site and that each individual has a unique microbiome. Alterations in the human microbiome are associated with some disease states; thus, novel therapeutic strategies are being developed based on concepts and findings stemming from microbiome research. CONCLUSIONS Although a growing body of research shows potential significance of the human microbiome for human health and disease, there is a paucity of microbiome studies in otolaryngology. More studies are required to increase our understanding of the indigenous microbiota and their effects on diseases of the head and neck.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hong
- IWK Health Centre, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1862
|
Heo SM, Ruhl S, Scannapieco FA. Implications of salivary protein binding to commensal and pathogenic bacteria. J Oral Biosci 2013; 55:169-174. [PMID: 24707190 PMCID: PMC3974197 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important function of salivary proteins is to interact with microorganisms that enter the oral cavity. For some microbes, these interactions promote microbial colonization. For others, these interactions are deleterious and result in the elimination of the microbe from the mouth, This paper reviews recent studies of the interaction of salivary proteins with two model bacteria; the commensal species Streptococcus gordonii, and the facultative pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. These organisms selectively interact with a variety of salivary proteins to influence important functions such as bacterial adhesion to surfaces, evasion of host defense, bacterial nutrition and metabolism and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Frank A. Scannapieco
- Corresponding author: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Foster Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214,
| |
Collapse
|
1863
|
Mazumdar V, Amar S, Segrè D. Metabolic proximity in the order of colonization of a microbial community. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77617. [PMID: 24204896 PMCID: PMC3813667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are often composed of multiple bacterial species that accumulate by adhering to a surface and to each other. Biofilms can be resistant to antibiotics and physical stresses, posing unresolved challenges in the fight against infectious diseases. It has been suggested that early colonizers of certain biofilms could cause local environmental changes, favoring the aggregation of subsequent organisms. Here we ask whether the enzyme content of different microbes in a well-characterized dental biofilm can be used to predict their order of colonization. We define a metabolic distance between different species, based on the overlap in their enzyme content. We next use this metric to quantify the average metabolic distance between neighboring organisms in the biofilm. We find that this distance is significantly smaller than the one observed for a random choice of prokaryotes, probably reflecting the environmental constraints on metabolic function of the community. More surprisingly, this metabolic metric is able to discriminate between observed and randomized orders of colonization of the biofilm, with the observed orders displaying smaller metabolic distance than randomized ones. By complementing these results with the analysis of individual vs. joint metabolic networks, we find that the tendency towards minimal metabolic distance may be counter-balanced by a propensity to pair organisms with maximal joint potential for synergistic interactions. The trade-off between these two tendencies may create a "sweet spot" of optimal inter-organism distance, with possible broad implications for our understanding of microbial community organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Mazumdar
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Salomon Amar
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics; Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Segrè
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
1864
|
Hunter S, Corbett M, Denise H, Fraser M, Gonzalez-Beltran A, Hunter C, Jones P, Leinonen R, McAnulla C, Maguire E, Maslen J, Mitchell A, Nuka G, Oisel A, Pesseat S, Radhakrishnan R, Rocca-Serra P, Scheremetjew M, Sterk P, Vaughan D, Cochrane G, Field D, Sansone SA. EBI metagenomics--a new resource for the analysis and archiving of metagenomic data. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:D600-6. [PMID: 24165880 PMCID: PMC3965009 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics is a relatively recently established but rapidly expanding field that uses high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies to characterize the microbial communities inhabiting different ecosystems (including oceans, lakes, soil, tundra, plants and body sites). Metagenomics brings with it a number of challenges, including the management, analysis, storage and sharing of data. In response to these challenges, we have developed a new metagenomics resource (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/metagenomics/) that allows users to easily submit raw nucleotide reads for functional and taxonomic analysis by a state-of-the-art pipeline, and have them automatically stored (together with descriptive, standards-compliant metadata) in the European Nucleotide Archive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hunter
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Oxford e-Research Centre, University of Oxford, 7 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3QG, UK and NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1865
|
Wang J, Qi J, Zhao H, He S, Zhang Y, Wei S, Zhao F. Metagenomic sequencing reveals microbiota and its functional potential associated with periodontal disease. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1843. [PMID: 23673380 PMCID: PMC3654486 DOI: 10.1038/srep01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although attempts have been made to reveal the relationships between bacteria and human health, little is known about the species and function of the microbial community associated with oral diseases. In this study, we report the sequencing of 16 metagenomic samples collected from dental swabs and plaques representing four periodontal states. Insights into the microbial community structure and the metabolic variation associated with periodontal health and disease were obtained. We observed a strong correlation between community structure and disease status, and described a core disease-associated community. A number of functional genes and metabolic pathways including bacterial chemotaxis and glycan biosynthesis were over-represented in the microbiomes of periodontal disease. A significant amount of novel species and genes were identified in the metagenomic assemblies. Our study enriches the understanding of the oral microbiome and sheds light on the contribution of microorganisms to the formation and succession of dental plaques and oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1866
|
Hajishengallis G. Immunomicrobial pathogenesis of periodontitis: keystones, pathobionts, and host response. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:3-11. [PMID: 24269668 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered novel mechanisms underlying the breakdown of periodontal host-microbe homeostasis, which can precipitate dysbiosis and periodontitis in susceptible hosts. Dysbiotic microbial communities of keystone pathogens and pathobionts are thought to exhibit synergistic virulence whereby not only can they endure the host response but can also thrive by exploiting tissue-destructive inflammation, which fuels a self-feeding cycle of escalating dysbiosis and inflammatory bone loss, potentially leading to tooth loss and systemic complications. Here, I discuss new paradigms in our understanding of periodontitis, which may shed light into other polymicrobial inflammatory disorders. In addition, I highlight gaps in knowledge required for an integrated picture of the interplay between microbes and innate and adaptive immune elements that initiate and propagate chronic periodontal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
1867
|
Abstract
Cultivation-independent surveys of microbial diversity have revealed many bacterial phyla that lack cultured representatives. These lineages, referred to as candidate phyla, have been detected across many environments. Here, we deeply sequenced microbial communities from acetate-stimulated aquifer sediment to recover the complete and essentially complete genomes of single representatives of the candidate phyla SR1, WWE3, TM7, and OD1. All four of these genomes are very small, 0.7 to 1.2 Mbp, and have large inventories of novel proteins. Additionally, all lack identifiable biosynthetic pathways for several key metabolites. The SR1 genome uses the UGA codon to encode glycine, and the same codon is very rare in the OD1 genome, suggesting that the OD1 organism could also transition to alternate coding. Interestingly, the relative abundance of the members of SR1 increased with the appearance of sulfide in groundwater, a pattern mirrored by a member of the phylum Tenericutes. All four genomes encode type IV pili, which may be involved in interorganism interaction. On the basis of these results and other recently published research, metabolic dependence on other organisms may be widely distributed across multiple bacterial candidate phyla. Few or no genomic sequences exist for members of the numerous bacterial phyla lacking cultivated representatives, making it difficult to assess their roles in the environment. This paper presents three complete and one essentially complete genomes of members of four candidate phyla, documents consistently small genome size, and predicts metabolic capabilities on the basis of gene content. These metagenomic analyses expand our view of a lifestyle apparently common across these candidate phyla.
Collapse
|
1868
|
Tribble GD, Kerr JE, Wang BY. Genetic diversity in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: molecular mechanisms and biological consequences. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:607-20. [PMID: 23642116 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity. It is implicated in the development of periodontitis, a chronic periodontal disease affecting half of the adult population in the USA. To survive in the oral cavity, these bacteria must colonize dental plaque biofilms in competition with other bacterial species. Long-term survival requires P. gingivalis to evade host immune responses, while simultaneously adapting to the changing physiology of the host and to alterations in the plaque biofilm. In reflection of this highly variable niche, P. gingivalis is a genetically diverse species and in this review the authors summarize genetic diversity as it relates to pathogenicity in P. gingivalis. Recent studies revealing a variety of mechanisms by which adaptive changes in genetic content can occur are also reviewed. Understanding the genetic plasticity of P. gingivalis will provide a better framework for understanding the host-microbe interactions associated with periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gena D Tribble
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
1869
|
Metwalli KH, Khan SA, Krom BP, Jabra-Rizk MA. Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and the human mouth: a sticky situation. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003616. [PMID: 24146611 PMCID: PMC3798555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid H Metwalli
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1870
|
Settem RP, Honma K, Stafford GP, Sharma A. Protein-linked glycans in periodontal bacteria: prevalence and role at the immune interface. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:310. [PMID: 24146665 PMCID: PMC3797959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification with complex glycans is increasingly being recognized in many pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, and is now thought to be central to the successful life-style of those species in their respective hosts. This review aims to convey current knowledge on the extent of protein glycosylation in periodontal pathogenic bacteria and its role in the modulation of the host immune responses. The available data show that surface glycans of periodontal bacteria orchestrate dendritic cell cytokine responses to drive T cell immunity in ways that facilitate bacterial persistence in the host and induce periodontal inflammation. In addition, surface glycans may help certain periodontal bacteria protect against serum complement attack or help them escape immune detection through glycomimicry. In this review we will focus mainly on the generalized surface-layer protein glycosylation system of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia in shaping innate and adaptive host immunity in the context of periodontal disease. In addition, we will also review the current state of knowledge of surface protein glycosylation and its potential for immune modulation in other periodontal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Settem
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1871
|
Xu H, Sobue T, Thompson A, Xie Z, Poon K, Ricker A, Cervantes J, Diaz PI, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Streptococcal co-infection augments Candida pathogenicity by amplifying the mucosal inflammatory response. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:214-31. [PMID: 24079976 PMCID: PMC3956708 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitis-group streptococci are ubiquitous oral commensals that can promote polybacterial biofilm virulence. Using a novel murine oral mucosal co-infection model we sought to determine for the first time whether these organisms promote the virulence of C. albicans mucosal biofilms in oropharyngeal infection and explored mechanisms of pathogenic synergy. We found that Streptococcus oralis colonization of the oral and gastrointestinal tract was augmented in the presence of C. albicans. S. oralis and C. albicans co-infection significantly augmented the frequency and size of oral thrush lesions. Importantly, S. oralis promoted deep organ dissemination of C. albicans. Whole mouse genome tongue microarray analysis showed that when compared with animals infected with one organism, the doubly infected animals had genes in the major categories of neutrophilic response/chemotaxis/inflammation significantly upregulated, indicative of an exaggerated inflammatory response. This response was dependent on TLR2 signalling since oral lesions, transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and neutrophil infiltration, were attenuated in TLR2(-/-) animals. Furthermore, S. oralis activated neutrophils in a TLR2-dependent manner in vitro. In summary, this study identifies a previously unrecognized pathogenic synergy between oral commensal bacteriaand C. albicans. This is the first report of the ability of mucosal commensal bacteria to modify the virulence of an opportunistic fungal pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1872
|
Mugisha L, Köndgen S, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Gaffikin L, Leendertz FH. Nasopharyngeal colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria found in healthy semi-captive wild-born chimpanzees in Uganda. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:103-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mugisha
- EcoHealth Research Group; Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA); Kampala Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Animal Resources and Biosecurity; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | - Sophie Köndgen
- Research Group Emerging Zoonoses; Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Lynne Gaffikin
- Evaluation and Research Technologies for Health (EARTH) Inc.; Woodside California
| | | |
Collapse
|
1873
|
Differential induction of antimicrobial REGIII by the intestinal microbiota and Bifidobacterium breve NCC2950. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7745-54. [PMID: 24096422 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02470-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a key determinant of gut homeostasis, which is achieved, in part, through regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency by which members of the intestinal microbiota induce the antimicrobial peptide REGIII and to elucidate the underlying pathways. We showed that germfree mice have low levels of REGIII-γ in their ileum and colon compared to mice with different intestinal microbiota backgrounds. Colonization with a microbiota of low diversity (altered Schaedler flora) did not induce the expression of REGIII-γ as effectively as a complex community (specific pathogen free). Monocolonization with the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve, but not with the nonprobiotic commensal Escherichia coli JM83, upregulated REGIII-γ expression. Induction of REGIII-γ by B. breve was abrogated in mice lacking MyD88 and Ticam1 signaling. Both live and heat-inactivated B. breve but not spent culture medium from B. breve induced the expression of REGIII-α, the human ortholog and homolog of REGIII-γ, in human colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2). Taken together, the results suggest that REGIII-γ expression in the intestine correlates with the richness of microbiota composition. Also, specific bacteria such as Bifidobacterium breve NCC2950 effectively induce REGIII production in the intestine via the MyD88-Ticam1 pathway. Treatment with this probiotic may enhance the mucosal barrier and protect the host from infection and inflammation.
Collapse
|
1874
|
Wang Q, Wright CJ, Dingming H, Uriarte SM, Lamont RJ. Oral community interactions of Filifactor alocis in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76271. [PMID: 24098460 PMCID: PMC3789735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis is a gram positive anaerobe that is emerging as an important periodontal pathogen. In the oral cavity F. alocis colonizes polymicrobial biofilm communities; however, little is known regarding the nature of the interactions between F. alocis and other oral biofilm bacteria. Here we investigate the community interactions of two strains of F. alocis with Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, organisms with differing pathogenic potential in the oral cavity. In an in vitro community development model, S. gordonii was antagonistic to the accumulation of F. alocis into a dual species community. In contrast, F. nucleatum and the type strain of F. alocis formed a synergistic partnership. Accumulation of a low passage isolate of F. alocis was also enhanced by F. nucleatum. In three species communities of S. gordonii, F. nucleatum and F. alocis, the antagonistic effects of S. gordonii superseded the synergistic effects of F. nucleatum toward F. alocis. The interaction between A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. alocis was strain specific and A. actinomycetemcomitans could either stimulate F. alocis accumulation or have no effect depending on the strain. P. gingivalis and F. alocis formed heterotypic communities with the amount of P. gingivalis greater than in the absence of F. alocis. However, while P. gingivalis benefited from the relationship, levels of F. alocis in the dual species community were lower compared to F. alocis alone. The inhibitory effect of P. gingivalis toward F. alocis was dependent, at least partially, on the presence of the Mfa1 fimbrial subunit. In addition, AI-2 production by P. gingivalis helped maintain levels of F. alocis. Collectively, these results show that the pattern of F. alocis colonization will be dictated by the spatial composition of microbial microenvironments, and that the organism may preferentially accumulate at sites rich in F. nucleatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christopher J. Wright
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Huang Dingming
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
1875
|
Edlund A, Yang Y, Hall AP, Guo L, Lux R, He X, Nelson KE, Nealson KH, Yooseph S, Shi W, McLean JS. An in vitro biofilm model system maintaining a highly reproducible species and metabolic diversity approaching that of the human oral microbiome. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:25. [PMID: 24451062 PMCID: PMC3971625 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our knowledge of microbial diversity in the human oral cavity has vastly expanded during the last two decades of research. However, much of what is known about the behavior of oral species to date derives from pure culture approaches and the studies combining several cultivated species, which likely does not fully reflect their function in complex microbial communities. It has been shown in studies with a limited number of cultivated species that early oral biofilm development occurs in a successional manner and that continuous low pH can lead to an enrichment of aciduric species. Observations that in vitro grown plaque biofilm microcosms can maintain similar pH profiles in response to carbohydrate addition as plaque in vivo suggests a complex microbial community can be established in the laboratory. In light of this, our primary goal was to develop a robust in vitro biofilm-model system from a pooled saliva inoculum in order to study the stability, reproducibility, and development of the oral microbiome, and its dynamic response to environmental changes from the community to the molecular level. RESULTS Comparative metagenomic analyses confirmed a high similarity of metabolic potential in biofilms to recently available oral metagenomes from healthy subjects as part of the Human Microbiome Project. A time-series metagenomic analysis of the taxonomic community composition in biofilms revealed that the proportions of major species at 3 hours of growth are maintained during 48 hours of biofilm development. By employing deep pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to investigate this biofilm model with regards to bacterial taxonomic diversity, we show a high reproducibility of the taxonomic carriage and proportions between: 1) individual biofilm samples; 2) biofilm batches grown at different dates; 3) DNA extraction techniques and 4) research laboratories. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that we now have the capability to grow stable oral microbial in vitro biofilms containing more than one hundred operational taxonomic units (OTU) which represent 60-80% of the original inoculum OTU richness. Previously uncultivated Human Oral Taxa (HOT) were identified in the biofilms and contributed to approximately one-third of the totally captured 16S rRNA gene diversity. To our knowledge, this represents the highest oral bacterial diversity reported for an in vitro model system so far. This robust model will help investigate currently uncultivated species and the known virulence properties for many oral pathogens not solely restricted to pure culture systems, but within multi-species biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Edlund
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, CA 921 21 San Diego, USA
- UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Youngik Yang
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, CA 921 21 San Diego, USA
| | - Adam P Hall
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, CA 921 21 San Diego, USA
| | - Lihong Guo
- UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- Department of Human Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kenneth H Nealson
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, CA 921 21 San Diego, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, USC, ZHS 117, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shibu Yooseph
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, CA 921 21 San Diego, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, CA 921 21 San Diego, USA
| |
Collapse
|
1876
|
Abstract
Acute apical abscess is the most common form of dental abscess and is caused by infection of the root canal of the tooth. It is usually localized intraorally, but in some cases the apical abscess may spread and result in severe complications or even mortality. The reasons why dental root canal infections can become symptomatic and evolve to severe spreading and sometimes life-threatening abscesses remain elusive. Studies using culture and advanced molecular microbiology methods for microbial identification in apical abscesses have demonstrated a multispecies community conspicuously dominated by anaerobic bacteria. Species/phylotypes commonly found in these infections belong to the genera Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Dialister, Streptococcus, and Treponema. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies and computational biology have substantially enhanced the knowledge of the microbiota associated with acute apical abscesses and shed some light on the etiopathogeny of this disease. Species richness and abundance and the resulting network of interactions among community members may affect the collective pathogenicity and contribute to the development of acute infections. Disease modifiers, including transient or permanent host-related factors, may also influence the development and severity of acute abscesses. This review focuses on the current evidence about the etiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses and how the process is influenced by host-related factors and proposes future directions in research, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches to deal with this disease.
Collapse
|
1877
|
Koo H, Falsetta ML, Klein MI. The exopolysaccharide matrix: a virulence determinant of cariogenic biofilm. J Dent Res 2013; 92:1065-73. [PMID: 24045647 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513504218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases in humans are caused or exacerbated by biofilms. Dental caries is a prime example of a biofilm-dependent disease, resulting from interactions of microorganisms, host factors, and diet (sugars), which modulate the dynamic formation of biofilms on tooth surfaces. All biofilms have a microbial-derived extracellular matrix as an essential constituent. The exopolysaccharides formed through interactions between sucrose- (and starch-) and Streptococcus mutans-derived exoenzymes present in the pellicle and on microbial surfaces (including non-mutans) provide binding sites for cariogenic and other organisms. The polymers formed in situ enmesh the microorganisms while forming a matrix facilitating the assembly of three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures that encompass a series of microenvironments and are firmly attached to teeth. The metabolic activity of microbes embedded in this exopolysaccharide-rich and diffusion-limiting matrix leads to acidification of the milieu and, eventually, acid-dissolution of enamel. Here, we discuss recent advances concerning spatio-temporal development of the exopolysaccharide matrix and its essential role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. We focus on how the matrix serves as a 3D scaffold for biofilm assembly while creating spatial heterogeneities and low-pH microenvironments/niches. Further understanding on how the matrix modulates microbial activity and virulence expression could lead to new approaches to control cariogenic biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Koo
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
1878
|
Fortenberry JD. The uses of race and ethnicity in human microbiome research. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:165-6. [PMID: 23566633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Research on the human microbiome is beginning to address factors associated with between-group differences. Recognition of the social and political nature of traditional race and ethnicity categories will allow microbiome research to contribute to reduction of health disparities while avoiding attribution of causal inference to specific race and ethnicity categories.
Collapse
|
1879
|
Li J, Nasidze I, Quinque D, Li M, Horz HP, André C, Garriga RM, Halbwax M, Fischer A, Stoneking M. The saliva microbiome of Pan and Homo. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:204. [PMID: 24025115 PMCID: PMC3848470 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is increasingly recognized that the bacteria that live in and on the human body (the microbiome) can play an important role in health and disease. The composition of the microbiome is potentially influenced by both internal factors (such as phylogeny and host physiology) and external factors (such as diet and local environment), and interspecific comparisons can aid in understanding the importance of these factors. Results To gain insights into the relative importance of these factors on saliva microbiome diversity, we here analyze the saliva microbiomes of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two sanctuaries in Africa, and from human workers at each sanctuary. The saliva microbiomes of the two Pan species are more similar to one another, and the saliva microbiomes of the two human groups are more similar to one another, than are the saliva microbiomes of human workers and apes from the same sanctuary. We also looked for the existence of a core microbiome and find no evidence for a taxon-based core saliva microbiome for Homo or Pan. In addition, we studied the saliva microbiome from apes from the Leipzig Zoo, and found an extraordinary diversity in the zoo ape saliva microbiomes that is not found in the saliva microbiomes of the sanctuary animals. Conclusions The greater similarity of the saliva microbiomes of the two Pan species to one another, and of the two human groups to one another, are in accordance with both the phylogenetic relationships of the hosts as well as with host physiology. Moreover, the results from the zoo animals suggest that novel environments can have a large impact on the microbiome, and that microbiome analyses based on captive animals should be viewed with caution as they may not reflect the microbiome of animals in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1880
|
Liang W, Li X, Li Y, Li C, Gao B, Gan H, Li S, Shen J, Kang J, Ding S, Lin X, Liao L. Tongue coating microbiome regulates the changes in tongue texture and coating in patients with post-menopausal osteoporosis of Gan-shen deficiency syndrome type. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1069-76. [PMID: 24026106 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue inspection is a unique and important method of diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is a diagnostic approach which involves observing the changes in the tongue proper and tongue coating in order to understand the physiological functions and pathological changes of the body. However, the biological basis of TCM tongue diagnosis remains to be poorly understood and lacks systematic investigation at the molecular level. In this study, we evaluated the effects of tongue coating microbiome on changes in the tongue texture and coating in patients with post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO) of Gan‑shen deficiency syndrome type. Our aim was to delineate the mechanisms of tongue coating microbiome-induced changes in the tongue texture and coating by investigating the histomorphological changes and performing a bacterial analysis of the tongue coating. We found that the number of intermediate cells in the red tongue with a thin coating was higher, while the number of superficial cells in the red tongue with a thin coating was lower. The maturation value (MV) of tongue exfoliated cells in the red tongue with a thin coating decreased, compared with that in the pale red tongue with a thin white coating. Furthermore, the total bacterial count, oral streptococcus, Gram‑positive (G+) and Gram‑negative (G-) anaerobic bacteria in the red tongue with a thin coating was significantly decreased compared with the pale red tongue with a thin white coating. The results of ultrastructural examination demonstrated that the number of epithelial cells and bacteria in the red tongue with a thin coating decreased compared with that in the pale red tongue with a thin white coating. These observations indicate that the tongue coating microbiome may be an important factor contributing to changes in the tongue in patients with PMO of Gan‑shen deficiency syndrome type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Liang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1881
|
Said HS, Suda W, Nakagome S, Chinen H, Oshima K, Kim S, Kimura R, Iraha A, Ishida H, Fujita J, Mano S, Morita H, Dohi T, Oota H, Hattori M. Dysbiosis of salivary microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease and its association with oral immunological biomarkers. DNA Res 2013; 21:15-25. [PMID: 24013298 PMCID: PMC3925391 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of microbiota in various biological and environmental samples under a variety of conditions has recently become more practical due to remarkable advances in next-generation sequencing. Changes leading to specific biological states including some of the more complex diseases can now be characterized with relative ease. It is known that gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mainly Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, exhibiting symptoms in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies also showed increased frequency of oral manifestations among IBD patients, indicating aberrations in the oral microbiota. Based on these observations, we analyzed the composition of salivary microbiota of 35 IBD patients by 454 pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and compared it with that of 24 healthy controls (HCs). The results showed that Bacteroidetes was significantly increased with a concurrent decrease in Proteobacteria in the salivary microbiota of IBD patients. The dominant genera, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Veillonella, and Gemella, were found to largely contribute to dysbiosis (dysbacteriosis) observed in the salivary microbiota of IBD patients. Analysis of immunological biomarkers in the saliva of IBD patients showed elevated levels of many inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin A, and a lower lysozyme level. A strong correlation was shown between lysozyme and IL-1β levels and the relative abundance of Streptococcus, Prevotella, Haemophilus and Veillonella. Our data demonstrate that dysbiosis of salivary microbiota is associated with inflammatory responses in IBD patients, suggesting that it is possibly linked to dysbiosis of their gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba S Said
- 1Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1882
|
Rôças IN, Neves MAS, Provenzano JC, Siqueira JF. Susceptibility of as-yet-uncultivated and difficult-to-culture bacteria to chemomechanical procedures. J Endod 2013; 40:33-7. [PMID: 24331987 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A significant portion of the bacteria taking part of the microbiome associated with apical periodontitis still remain to be cultivated and phenotypically characterized. This molecular study evaluated the prevalence of selected as-yet-uncultivated and difficult-to-culture bacterial taxa in infected root canals and their susceptibility to chemomechanical procedures. METHODS Root canals of single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis were prepared using rotary nickel-titanium instruments and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as the irrigant. DNA extracts from samples taken before (S1) and after (S2) chemomechanical preparation were surveyed for the presence of 7 as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes and 1 difficult-to-culture species using end-point polymerase chain reaction. Samples were also subjected to quantitative analysis of total bacteria and levels of the 2 most prevalent taxa. RESULTS Bacteroidaceae sp. HOT-272 (24%) and Fretibacterium fastidiosum (20%) were the most prevalent taxa in S1. Their mean counts in S1 were 8.25 × 10(3) and 2.13 × 10(3) rRNA gene copies, corresponding to 0.18% and 0.55% of the total bacteria. Chemomechanical debridement promoted a highly statistically significant reduction in total bacterial counts (P < .001), but 64% of the canals were still positive for bacterial presence. Of the target taxa, only Bacteroidaceae sp. HOT-272 and F. fastidiosum were detected in S2 (each one in 1 sample). The reduction in counts of both taxa was also highly significant (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Findings confirmed that several as-yet-uncultivated and difficult-to-grow bacterial taxa can participate in the microbiome associated with apical periodontitis. Two of them were found in relatively high prevalence but rarely as a dominant species. Chemomechanical procedures were highly effective in completely eliminating these taxa or at least substantially reducing their numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica A S Neves
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José C Provenzano
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
1883
|
Jost T, Lacroix C, Braegger CP, Rochat F, Chassard C. Vertical mother-neonate transfer of maternal gut bacteria via breastfeeding. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:2891-904. [PMID: 24033881 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk has recently been recognized as source of commensal and potential probiotic bacteria. The present study investigated whether viable strains of gut-associated obligate anaerobes are shared between the maternal and neonatal gut ecosystem via breastfeeding. Maternal faeces, breast milk and corresponding neonatal faeces collected from seven mothers-neonate pairs at three neonatal sampling points were analyzed by culture-independent (pyrosequencing) and culture-dependent methods (16S rRNA gene sequencing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA and repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction. Pyrosequencing allowed identifying gut-associated obligate anaerobic genera, like Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and members of the Clostridia (Blautia, Clostridium, Collinsella and Veillonella) shared between maternal faeces, breast milk and neonatal faeces. Using culture, a viable strain of Bifidobacterium breve was shown to be shared between all three ecosystems within one mother-neonate pair. Furthermore, pyrosequencing revealed that several butyrate-producing members of the Clostridia (Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia and Subdoligranulum) were shared between maternal faeces and breast milk. This study shows that (viable) obligate gut-associated anaerobes may be vertically transferred from mother to neonate via breastfeeding. Thus, our data support the recently suggested hypothesis of a novel way of mother-neonate communication, in which maternal gut bacteria reach breast milk via an entero-mammary pathway to influence neonatal gut colonization and maturation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted Jost
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1884
|
Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides toward the Development of Novel Antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1055-81. [PMID: 24276381 PMCID: PMC3817730 DOI: 10.3390/ph6081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents have eradicated many infectious diseases and significantly improved our living environment. However, abuse of antimicrobial agents has accelerated the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and there is an urgent need for novel antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as a novel class of antimicrobial agents because AMPs efficiently kill a wide range of species, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, via a novel mechanism of action. In addition, they are effective against pathogens that are resistant to almost all conventional antibiotics. AMPs have promising properties; they directly disrupt the functions of cellular membranes and nucleic acids, and the rate of appearance of AMP-resistant strains is very low. However, as pharmaceuticals, AMPs exhibit unfavorable properties, such as instability, hemolytic activity, high cost of production, salt sensitivity, and a broad spectrum of activity. Therefore, it is vital to improve these properties to develop novel AMP treatments. Here, we have reviewed the basic biochemical properties of AMPs and the recent strategies used to modulate these properties of AMPs to enhance their safety.
Collapse
|
1885
|
Goffredi SK, Gregory A, Jones WJ, Morella NM, Sakamoto RI. Ontogenetic variation in epibiont community structure in the deep-sea yeti crab, Kiwa puravida: convergence among crustaceans. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1457-1472. [PMID: 23952239 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated that unusually 'hairy' yeti crabs within the family Kiwaidae associate with two predominant filamentous bacterial families, the Epsilon and Gammaproteobacteria. These analyses, however, were based on samples collected from a single body region, the setae of pereopods. To more thoroughly investigate the microbiome associated with Kiwa puravida, a yeti crab species from Costa Rica, we utilized barcoded 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing, as well as microscopy and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results indicate that, indeed, the bacterial community on the pereopods is far less diverse than on the rest of the body (Shannon indices ranged from 1.30-2.02 and 2.22-2.66, respectively). Similarly, the bacterial communities associated with juveniles and adults were more complex than previously recognized, with as many as 46 bacterial families represented. Ontogenetic differences in the microbial community, from egg to juvenile to adult, included a dramatic under-representation of the Helicobacteraceae and higher abundances of both Thiotrichaceae and Methylococcaceae for the eggs, which paralleled patterns observed in another bacteria-crustacean symbiosis. The degree to which abiotic and biotic feedbacks influence the bacterial community on the crabs is still not known, but predictions suggest that both the local environment and host-derived factors influence the establishment and maintenance of microbes associated with the surfaces of aquatic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shana K Goffredi
- Biology Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1886
|
Nissen L, Sgorbati B, Biavati B, Belibasakis GN. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri down-regulate Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins expression. ANN MICROBIOL 2013; 64:611-617. [PMID: 24860281 PMCID: PMC4028514 DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microbes, such as lactobacilli establish a symbiosis with the host and confer health-associated effects, by limiting the growth of indigenous pathogens and challenging microbes introduced by altered foods. Nevertheless, there is scarce information on the effects of beneficial microbes on the virulence properties of bacterial species associated with oral diseases, such as periodontitis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative species highly implicated in the etiology of localized aggressive periodontitis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactobacilli on the expression of the two major virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri were selected as beneficial species. The gene expressions of leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (CdtB) by A. actinomycetemcomitans were analyzed in response to challenge by lactobacilli cell-free supernatants. Neither lactobacilli affected the growth, but strongly attenuated the expressions of both CdtB and LtxA in the two A. actinomycetemcomitans strains tested. This reduction of the expression of these two exotoxins was time-dependent. These fundamental findings may indicate that lactobacilli can reduce the virulence of putative opportunistic oral pathogens, and may provide insights to future therapeutic approaches for the respective diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nissen
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbati
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Biavati
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- />Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
1887
|
|
1888
|
Michaud DS, Izard J, Rubin Z, Johansson I, Weiderpass E, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dossus L, Kaaks R, Katzke VA, Boeing H, Foerster J, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Ziara G, Vineis P, Grioni S, Palli D, Tumino R, Mattiello A, Peeters PHM, Siersema PD, Barricarte A, Huerta JM, Molina-Montes E, Dorronsoro M, Quirós JR, Duell EJ, Ohlsson B, Jeppsson B, Johansson A, Lif P, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Travis RC, Key TJ, Freisling H, Duarte-Salles T, Stepien M, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. Lifestyle, dietary factors, and antibody levels to oral bacteria in cancer-free participants of a European cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1901-9. [PMID: 23901020 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiota play a pivotal role in chronic diseases, in addition to the well-established role in periodontal disease. Moreover, recent studies suggest that oral bacteria may also be involved in carcinogenesis; periodontal disease has been linked to several cancers. In this study, we examined whether lifestyle factors have an impact on antibody levels to oral bacteria. METHODS Data on demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions were obtained at the time of blood sample collection. For the current analysis, we measured antibody levels to 25 oral bacteria in 395 cancer-free individuals using an immunoblot array. Combined total immunoglobin G (IgG) levels were obtained by summing concentrations for all oral bacteria measured. RESULTS IgG antibody levels were substantially lower among current and former smokers (1,697 and 1,677 ng/mL, respectively) than never smokers (1,960 ng/mL; p trend = 0.01), but did not vary by other factors, including body mass index, diabetes, physical activity, or by dietary factors, after adjusting for age, sex, education, country, and smoking status. The highest levels of total IgG were found among individuals with low education (2,419 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS Our findings on smoking are consistent with previous studies and support the notion that smokers have a compromised humoral immune response. Moreover, other major factors known to be associated with inflammatory markers, including obesity, were not associated with antibody levels to a large number of oral bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Michaud
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Box G-S121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1889
|
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) regulates diverse and coordinated behaviors in bacteria, including the production of virulence factors, biofilm formation, sporulation, and competence development. It is now established that some streptococci utilize Rgg-type proteins in concert with short hydrophobic peptides (SHPs) to mediate QS, and sequence analysis reveals that several streptococcal species contain highly homologous Rgg/SHP pairs. In group A streptococcus (GAS), two SHPs (SHP2 and SHP3 [SHP2/3]) were previously identified to be important in GAS biofilm formation. SHP2/3 are detected by two antagonistic regulators, Rgg2 and Rgg3, which control expression of the shp genes. In group B streptococcus (GBS), RovS is a known virulence gene regulator and ortholog of Rgg2, whereas no apparent Rgg3 homolog exists. Adjacent to rovS is a gene (shp1520) encoding a peptide nearly identical to SHP2. Using isogenic mutant strains and transcriptional reporters, we confirmed that RovS/SHP1520 comprise a QS circuit in GBS. More important, we performed experiments demonstrating that production and secretion of SHP1520 by GBS can modulate Rgg2/3-regulated gene expression in GAS in trans; likewise, SHP2/3 production by GAS can stimulate RovS-mediated gene regulation in GBS. An isolate of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis also produced a secreted factor capable of simulating the QS circuits of both GAS and GBS, and sequencing confirms the presence of an orthologous Rgg2/SHP2 pair in this species as well. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of bidirectional signaling between streptococcal species in coculture and suggests a role for orthologous Rgg/SHP systems in interspecies communication between important human pathogens. Pathogenic streptococci, such as group A (GAS) and group B (GBS) streptococcus, are able to persist in the human body without causing disease but become pathogenic under certain conditions that are not fully characterized. Environmental cues and interspecies signaling between members of the human flora likely play an important role in the transition to a disease state. Since quorum-sensing (QS) peptides have been consistently shown to regulate virulence factor production in pathogenic species, the ability of bacteria to signal via these peptides may prove to be an important link between the carrier and pathogenic states. Here we provide evidence of a bidirectional QS system between GAS, GBS, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, demonstrating the possibility of evolved communication systems between human pathogens.
Collapse
|
1890
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Quorum sensing (QS) regulates diverse and coordinated behaviors in bacteria, including the production of virulence factors, biofilm formation, sporulation, and competence development. It is now established that some streptococci utilize Rgg-type proteins in concert with short hydrophobic peptides (SHPs) to mediate QS, and sequence analysis reveals that several streptococcal species contain highly homologous Rgg/SHP pairs. In group A streptococcus (GAS), two SHPs (SHP2 and SHP3 [SHP2/3]) were previously identified to be important in GAS biofilm formation. SHP2/3 are detected by two antagonistic regulators, Rgg2 and Rgg3, which control expression of the shp genes. In group B streptococcus (GBS), RovS is a known virulence gene regulator and ortholog of Rgg2, whereas no apparent Rgg3 homolog exists. Adjacent to rovS is a gene (shp1520) encoding a peptide nearly identical to SHP2. Using isogenic mutant strains and transcriptional reporters, we confirmed that RovS/SHP1520 comprise a QS circuit in GBS. More important, we performed experiments demonstrating that production and secretion of SHP1520 by GBS can modulate Rgg2/3-regulated gene expression in GAS in trans; likewise, SHP2/3 production by GAS can stimulate RovS-mediated gene regulation in GBS. An isolate of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis also produced a secreted factor capable of simulating the QS circuits of both GAS and GBS, and sequencing confirms the presence of an orthologous Rgg2/SHP2 pair in this species as well. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of bidirectional signaling between streptococcal species in coculture and suggests a role for orthologous Rgg/SHP systems in interspecies communication between important human pathogens. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic streptococci, such as group A (GAS) and group B (GBS) streptococcus, are able to persist in the human body without causing disease but become pathogenic under certain conditions that are not fully characterized. Environmental cues and interspecies signaling between members of the human flora likely play an important role in the transition to a disease state. Since quorum-sensing (QS) peptides have been consistently shown to regulate virulence factor production in pathogenic species, the ability of bacteria to signal via these peptides may prove to be an important link between the carrier and pathogenic states. Here we provide evidence of a bidirectional QS system between GAS, GBS, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, demonstrating the possibility of evolved communication systems between human pathogens.
Collapse
|
1891
|
Twigg HL, Morris A, Ghedin E, Curtis JL, Huffnagle GB, Crothers K, Campbell TB, Flores SC, Fontenot AP, Beck JM, Huang L, Lynch S, Knox KS, Weinstock G. Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to assess the respiratory microbiome: signal in the noise. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:354-6. [PMID: 24429191 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Homer L Twigg
- Indiana University Medical Center, CL 260A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | | | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- University of Michigan, MI, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James M Beck
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lynch
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
1892
|
Gmiterek A, Wójtowicz H, Mackiewicz P, Radwan-Oczko M, Kantorowicz M, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Frąszczak M, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Olczak T. The unique hmuY gene sequence as a specific marker of Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67719. [PMID: 23844074 PMCID: PMC3699645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, acquires heme from host hemoproteins using the HmuY hemophore. The aim of this study was to develop a specific P. gingivalis marker based on a hmuY gene sequence. Subgingival samples were collected from 66 patients with chronic periodontitis and 40 healthy subjects and the entire hmuY gene was analyzed in positive samples. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that both the amino acid sequence of the HmuY protein and the nucleotide sequence of the hmuY gene are unique among P. gingivalis strains/isolates and show low identity to sequences found in other species (below 50 and 56%, respectively). In agreement with these findings, a set of hmuY gene-based primers and standard/real-time PCR with SYBR Green chemistry allowed us to specifically detect P. gingivalis in patients with chronic periodontitis (77.3%) and healthy subjects (20%), the latter possessing lower number of P. gingivalis cells and total bacterial cells. Isolates from healthy subjects possess the hmuY gene-based nucleotide sequence pattern occurring in W83/W50/A7436 (n = 4), 381/ATCC 33277 (n = 3) or TDC60 (n = 1) strains, whereas those from patients typically have TDC60 (n = 21), W83/W50/A7436 (n = 17) and 381/ATCC 33277 (n = 13) strains. We observed a significant correlation between periodontal index of risk of infectiousness (PIRI) and the presence/absence of P. gingivalis (regardless of the hmuY gene-based sequence pattern of the isolate identified [r = 0.43; P = 0.0002] and considering particular isolate pattern [r = 0.38; P = 0.0012]). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the hmuY gene sequence or its fragments may be used as one of the molecular markers of P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gmiterek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Radwan-Oczko
- Department of Periodontology, Unit of Oral Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kantorowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Frąszczak
- Institute of Genetics, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Bielecki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
1893
|
Kim M, Heo E, Kang H, Adams J. Changes in soil bacterial community structure with increasing disturbance frequency. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:171-181. [PMID: 23681490 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known of the responsiveness of soil bacterial community structure to disturbance. In this study, we subjected a soil microcosm to physical disturbance, sterilizing 90 % of the soil volume each time, at a range of frequencies. We analysed the bacterial community structure using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial diversity was found to decline with the increasing disturbance frequencies. Total bacterial abundance was, however, higher at intermediate and high disturbance frequencies, compared to low and no-disturbance treatments. Changing disturbance frequency also led to changes in community composition, with changes in overall species composition and some groups becoming abundant at the expense of others. Some phylogenetic groups were found to be relatively more disturbance-sensitive or tolerant than others. With increasing disturbance frequency, phylogenetic species variability (an index of community composition) itself became more variable from one sample to another, suggesting a greater role of chance in community composition. Compared to the tightly clustered community of the original undisturbed soil, in all the aged disturbed soils the lists of most abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in each replicate were very different, suggesting a possible role of stochasticity in resource colonization and exploitation in the aged and disturbed soils. For example, colonization may be affected by whichever localized concentrations of bacterial populations happen to survive the last disturbance and be reincorporated in abundance into each pot. Overall, it appears that the soil bacterial community is very sensitive to physical disturbance, losing diversity, and that certain groups have identifiable 'high disturbance' vs. 'low disturbance' niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1894
|
Hedberg ME, Israelsson A, Moore ERB, Svensson-Stadler L, Wai SN, Pietz G, Sandström O, Hernell O, Hammarström ML, Hammarström S. Prevotella jejuni sp. nov., isolated from the small intestine of a child with coeliac disease. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:4218-4223. [PMID: 23793857 PMCID: PMC3836492 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.052647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Five obligately anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, saccharolytic and proteolytic, non-spore-forming bacilli (strains CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28(T), CD3 : 33, CD3 : 32 and CD3 : 34) are described. All five strains were isolated from the small intestine of a female child with coeliac disease. Cells of the five strains were short rods or coccoid cells with longer filamentous forms seen sporadically. The organisms produced acetic acid and succinic acid as major metabolic end products. Phylogenetic analysis based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed close relationships between CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28(T) and CD3 : 33, between CD3 : 32 and Prevotella histicola CCUG 55407(T), and between CD3 : 34 and Prevotella melaninogenica CCUG 4944B(T). Strains CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28(T) and CD3 : 33 were clearly different from all recognized species within the genus Prevotella and related most closely to but distinct from P. melaninogenica. Based on 16S rRNA, RNA polymerase β-subunit (rpoB) and 60 kDa chaperonin protein subunit (cpn60) gene sequencing, and phenotypic, chemical and biochemical properties, strains CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28(T) and CD3 : 33 are considered to represent a novel species within the genus Prevotella, for which the name Prevotella jejuni sp. nov. is proposed. Strain CD3 : 28(T) ( = CCUG 60371(T) = DSM 26989(T)) is the type strain of the proposed novel species. All five strains were able to form homologous aggregates, in which tube-like structures were connecting individual bacteria cells. The five strains were able to bind to human intestinal carcinoma cell lines at 37 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Hedberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Israelsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward R B Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden.,CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41345 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liselott Svensson-Stadler
- CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41345 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Pietz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olof Sandström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sten Hammarström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
1895
|
Fleuchot B, Guillot A, Mézange C, Besset C, Chambellon E, Monnet V, Gardan R. Rgg-associated SHP signaling peptides mediate cross-talk in Streptococci. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66042. [PMID: 23776602 PMCID: PMC3679016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We described a quorum-sensing mechanism in the streptococci genus involving a short hydrophobic peptide (SHP), which acts as a pheromone, and a transcriptional regulator belonging to the Rgg family. The shp/rgg genes, found in nearly all streptococcal genomes and in several copies in some, have been classified into three groups. We used a genetic approach to evaluate the functionality of the SHP/Rgg quorum-sensing mechanism, encoded by three selected shp/rgg loci, in pathogenic and non-pathogenic streptococci. We characterized the mature form of each SHP pheromone by mass-spectrometry. We produced synthetic peptides corresponding to these mature forms, and used them to study functional complementation and cross-talk between these different SHP/Rgg systems. We demonstrate that a SHP pheromone of one system can influence the activity of a different system. Interestingly, this does not seem to be dependent on the SHP/Rgg group and cross-talk between pathogenic and non-pathogenic streptococci is observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Fleuchot
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France ; AgroParistech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1896
|
Pechal JL, Crippen TL, Benbow ME, Tarone AM, Dowd S, Tomberlin JK. The potential use of bacterial community succession in forensics as described by high throughput metagenomic sequencing. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:193-205. [PMID: 23749255 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition studies of vertebrate remains primarily focus on data that can be seen with the naked eye, such as arthropod or vertebrate scavenger activity, with little regard for what might be occurring with the microorganism community. Here, we discuss the necrobiome, or community of organisms associated with the decomposition of remains, specifically, the "epinecrotic" bacterial community succession throughout decomposition of vertebrate carrion. Pyrosequencing was used to (1) detect and identify bacterial community abundance patterns that described discrete time points of the decomposition process and (2) identify bacterial taxa important for estimating physiological time, a time-temperature metric that is often commensurate with minimum post-mortem interval estimates, via thermal summation models. There were significant bacterial community structure differences in taxon richness and relative abundance patterns through the decomposition process at both phylum and family taxonomic classification levels. We found a significant negative linear relationship for overall phylum and family taxon richness as decomposition progressed. Additionally, we developed a statistical model using high throughput sequencing data of epinecrotic bacterial communities on vertebrate remains that explained 94.4 % of the time since placement of remains in the field, which was within 2-3 h of death. These bacteria taxa are potentially useful for estimating the minimum post-mortem interval. Lastly, we provide a new framework and standard operating procedure of how this novel approach of using high throughput metagenomic sequencing has remarkable potential as a new forensic tool. Documenting and identifying differences in bacterial communities is key to advancing knowledge of the carrion necrobiome and its applicability in forensic science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Pechal
- Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1897
|
Ge X, Rodriguez R, Trinh M, Gunsolley J, Xu P. Oral microbiome of deep and shallow dental pockets in chronic periodontitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65520. [PMID: 23762384 PMCID: PMC3675156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the subgingival bacterial biodiversity in untreated chronic periodontitis patients by sequencing 16S rRNA genes. The primary purpose of the study was to compare the oral microbiome in deep (diseased) and shallow (healthy) sites. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the influences of smoking, race and dental caries on this relationship. A total of 88 subjects from two clinics were recruited. Paired subgingival plaque samples were taken from each subject, one from a probing site depth >5 mm (deep site) and the other from a probing site depth ≤3mm (shallow site). A universal primer set was designed to amplify the V4-V6 region for oral microbial 16S rRNA sequences. Differences in genera and species attributable to deep and shallow sites were determined by statistical analysis using a two-part model and false discovery rate. Fifty-one of 170 genera and 200 of 746 species were found significantly different in abundances between shallow and deep sites. Besides previously identified periodontal disease-associated bacterial species, additional species were found markedly changed in diseased sites. Cluster analysis revealed that the microbiome difference between deep and shallow sites was influenced by patient-level effects such as clinic location, race and smoking. The differences between clinic locations may be influenced by racial distribution, in that all of the African Americans subjects were seen at the same clinic. Our results suggested that there were influences from the microbiome for caries and periodontal disease and these influences are independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchun Ge
- VCU Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rafael Rodriguez
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - My Trinh
- VCU Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John Gunsolley
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ping Xu
- VCU Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
1898
|
Sedghizadeh PP, Yooseph S, Fadrosh DW, Zeigler-Allen L, Thiagarajan M, Salek H, Farahnik F, Williamson SJ. Metagenomic investigation of microbes and viruses in patients with jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphosphonate therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 114:764-70. [PMID: 23159114 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.08.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this preliminary study was to use metagenomic approaches to investigate the taxonomic diversity of microorganisms in patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). STUDY DESIGN Samples of saliva for planktonic microbial analysis and biofilm cultivation were collected from 10 patients (5 with BRONJ and 5 non-BRONJ control subjects) who met all ascertainment criteria. Prophage induction experiments-16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and 454 pyrosequencing-and epifluorescent microscopy were performed for characterization and enumeration of microbes and viruses. RESULTS Three phyla of microbes-Proteobacteria (70%), Firmicutes (26.9%), and Actinobacteria (1.95%)-dominated all BRONJ samples and accounted for almost 99% of the total data. Viral abundance was ∼1 order of magnitude greater than microbial cell abundance and comprised mainly phage viruses. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with jaw osteonecrosis harbored different microbial assemblages than nonaffected patients, and in general viral abundance and prophage induction increased with biofilm formation, suggesting that biofilm formation encouraged lysogenic interactions between viruses and microbial hosts and may contribute to pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parish P Sedghizadeh
- USC Center for Biofilms, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1899
|
Ebersole JL, Dawson DR, Morford LA, Peyyala R, Miller CS, Gonzaléz OA. Periodontal disease immunology: 'double indemnity' in protecting the host. Periodontol 2000 2013; 62:163-202. [PMID: 23574466 PMCID: PMC4131201 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last two to three decades our understanding of the immunobiology of periodontal disease has increased exponentially, both with respect to the microbial agents triggering the disease process and the molecular mechanisms of the host engagement maintaining homeostasis or leading to collateral tissue damage. These foundational scientific findings have laid the groundwork for translating cell phenotype, receptor engagement, intracellular signaling pathways and effector functions into a 'picture' of the periodontium as the host responds to the 'danger signals' of the microbial ecology to maintain homeostasis or succumb to a disease process. These findings implicate the chronicity of the local response in attempting to manage the microbial challenge, creating a 'Double Indemnity' in some patients that does not 'insure' health for the periodontium. As importantly, in reflecting the title of this volume of Periodontology 2000, this review attempts to inform the community of how the science of periodontal immunology gestated, how continual probing of the biology of the disease has led to an evolution in our knowledge base and how more recent studies in the postgenomic era are revolutionizing our understanding of disease initiation, progression and resolution. Thus, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of host-bacteria interactions that result in the clinical presentation and outcomes of destructive periodontitis. The science has embarked from observations of variations in responses related to disease expression with a focus for utilization of the responses in diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes, to current investigations using cutting-edge fundamental biological processes to attempt to model the initiation and progression of soft- and hard-tissue destruction of the periodontium. As importantly, the next era in the immunobiology of periodontal disease will need to engage more sophisticated experimental designs for clinical studies to enable robust translation of basic biologic processes that are in action early in the transition from health to disease, those which stimulate microenvironmental changes that select for a more pathogenic microbial ecology and those that represent a rebalancing of the complex host responses and a resolution of inflammatory tissue destruction.
Collapse
|
1900
|
Diaz PI, Hong BY, Frias-Lopez J, Dupuy AK, Angeloni M, Abusleme L, Terzi E, Ioannidou E, Strausbaugh LD, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Transplantation-associated long-term immunosuppression promotes oral colonization by potentially opportunistic pathogens without impacting other members of the salivary bacteriome. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:920-30. [PMID: 23616410 PMCID: PMC3675961 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00734-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Solid-organ transplant recipients rely on pharmacological immunosuppression to prevent allograft rejection. The effect of such chronic immunosuppression on the microflora at mucosal surfaces is not known. We evaluated the salivary bacterial microbiome of 20 transplant recipients and 19 nonimmunosuppressed controls via 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Alpha-diversity and global community structure did not differ between transplant and control subjects. However, principal coordinate analysis showed differences in community membership. Taxa more prevalent in transplant subjects included operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of potentially opportunistic Gammaproteobacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter species, Vibrio species, Enterobacteriaceae species, and the genera Acinetobacter and Klebsiella. Transplant subjects also had increased proportions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, Enterobacteriaceae species, and Enterococcus faecalis, among other OTUs, while genera with increased proportions included Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus. Furthermore, in transplant subjects, the dose of the immunosuppressant prednisone positively correlated with bacterial richness, while prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil doses positively correlated with the prevalence and proportions of transplant-associated taxa. Correlation network analysis of OTU relative abundance revealed a cluster containing potentially opportunistic pathogens as transplant associated. This cluster positively correlated with serum levels of C-reactive protein, suggesting a link between the resident flora at mucosal compartments and systemic inflammation. Network connectivity analysis revealed opportunistic pathogens as highly connected to each other and to common oral commensals, pointing to bacterial interactions that may influence colonization. This work demonstrates that immunosuppression aimed at limiting T-cell-mediated responses creates a more permissive oral environment for potentially opportunistic pathogens without affecting other members of the salivary bacteriome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I. Diaz
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bo-Young Hong
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jorge Frias-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda K. Dupuy
- Center for Applied Genetics and Technologies, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Angeloni
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Loreto Abusleme
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evimaria Terzi
- Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Effie Ioannidou
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Linda D. Strausbaugh
- Center for Applied Genetics and Technologies, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|