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Langsdorf M, Ghassempour A, Römpp A, Spengler B. Characterization of a peptide family from the skin secretion of the Middle East tree frog Hyla savignyi by composition-based de novo sequencing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2885-2899. [PMID: 20857449 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new tryptophyllin-like peptide family was found in the skin secretion of the tree frog Hyla savignyi. Peptides were characterized by database-independent sequencing strategies and specific ion fragmentation features were investigated. Skin secretions from specimens of Hyla savignyi were collected by mild electrical stimulation. Peptides were separated by reversed-phase nano-high-performance liquid chromatography (nanoHPLC) and mass spectra were acquired online by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Peptides were characterized by manual de novo sequencing and by composition-based sequencing (CBS), appearing mostly as C-terminal free acids and as their acid amide analogs. Amide peptides yielded lower intensities of y-type ions after collision-induced dissociation (CID) than their acid analogs. A mechanism of internal b-ion formation (positive ion mode) and of CO(2) elimination (negative ion mode) is proposed. We also exemplified phenomena such as the proline effect and formation of non-direct sequence ions after sequence rearrangements. The occurrence of rearrangement products, of internal ions and of the proline effect made the CID spectra highly complex. CBS analysis nevertheless resulted in successful and highly reliable sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langsdorf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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152
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Isolation and sequence analysis of peptides from the skin secretion of the Middle East tree frog Hyla savignyi. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2853-65. [PMID: 20835817 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel peptides were identified in the skin secretion of the tree frog Hyla savignyi. Skin secretions were collected by mild electrical stimulation. Peptides were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectra were acquired by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), and fragment ion spectra were obtained after collision-induced dissociation and electron capture dissociation. Peptides were analyzed by manual de novo sequencing and composition-based sequencing (CBS). Sequence analyses of three so far undescribed, structurally unrelated peptides are presented in this paper, having the sequences DDSEEEEVE-OH, P*EEVEEERJK-OH, and GJJDPJTGJVGGJJ-NH(2). The glutamate-rich sequences are assumed to be acidic spacer peptides of the prepropeptide. One of these peptides contains the modified amino acid hydroxyproline, as identified and localized by high-accuracy FTICR-MS. Combination of CBS and of experience-based manual sequence analysis as complementary and database-independent sequencing strategies resulted in peptide identification with high reliability.
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153
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Jung HH, Yang ST, Sim JY, Lee S, Lee JY, Kim HH, Shin SY, Kim JI. Analysis of the solution structure of the human antibiotic peptide dermcidin and its interaction with phospholipid vesicles. BMB Rep 2010; 43:362-8. [PMID: 20510021 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.5.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermcidin is a human antibiotic peptide that is secreted by the sweat glands and has no homology to other known antimicrobial peptides. As an initial step toward understanding dermcidin's mode of action at bacterial membranes, we used homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR to determine the conformation of the peptide in 50% trifluoroethanol solution. We found that dermcidin adopts a flexible amphipathic alpha-helical structure with a helix-hinge-helix motif, which is a common molecular fold among antimicrobial peptides. Spin-down assays of dermcidin and several related peptides revealed that the affinity with which dermcidin binds to bacterial-mimetic membranes is primarily dependent on its amphipathic alpha-helical structure and its length (>30 residues); its negative net charge and acidic pI have little effect on binding. These findings suggest that the mode of action of dermcidin is similar to that of other membrane-targeting antimicrobial peptides, though the details of its antimicrobial action remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Jung
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
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154
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Zheng R, Yao B, Yu H, Wang H, Bian J, Feng F. Novel family of antimicrobial peptides from the skin of Rana shuchinae. Peptides 2010; 31:1674-7. [PMID: 20553780 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
So far numerous antimicrobial peptides have been characterized from amphibians. In this work, a new family of antimicrobial peptides, named shuchin, was purified and characterized from skin secretions of the frog, Rana shuchinae that lives in freezing mountains. Totally two members of shuchin (shuchin 1 and 2) were identified with the amino acid sequence of NALSMPRNKCNRALMCFG and NALSSPRNKCDRASSCFG, respectively. cDNAs encoding shuchins were cloned from the skin cDNA library of R. shuchinae. The precursors of shuchin are composed of 62 amino acid residues including the conserved signal peptides, acidic propieces, and mature antimicrobial peptides. Synthetic shuchins showed strong and broad antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus; MICs<12.5 microg/ml), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; most MICs from 3.1 to 12.5 microg/ml), and yeast (Candida albicans; MICs of 6.25 microg/ml), but no hemolytic activity under the effective concentration, thereby provide more leading templates for designing novel anti-infection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Zheng
- Intensive Care Unit, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
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155
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Zhang R, Zhou M, Wang L, McGrath S, Chen T, Chen X, Shaw C. Phylloseptin-1 (PSN-1) from Phyllomedusa sauvagei skin secretion: A novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide with antibiofilm activity. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2030-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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156
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Immune defenses against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus linked to global amphibian declines, in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3981-92. [PMID: 20584973 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00402-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a chytrid fungus that causes the lethal skin disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians. It is regarded as an emerging infectious disease affecting diverse amphibian populations in many parts of the world. Because there are few model amphibian species for immunological studies, little is known about immune defenses against B. dendrobatidis. We show here that the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is a suitable model for investigating immunity to this pathogen. After an experimental exposure, a mild infection developed over 20 to 30 days and declined by 45 days postexposure. Either purified antimicrobial peptides or mixtures of peptides in the skin mucus inhibited B. dendrobatidis growth in vitro. Skin peptide secretion was maximally induced by injection of norepinephrine, and this treatment resulted in sustained skin peptide depletion and increased susceptibility to infection. Sublethal X-irradiation of frogs decreased leukocyte numbers in the spleen and resulted in greater susceptibility to infection. Immunization against B. dendrobatidis induced elevated pathogen-specific IgM and IgY serum antibodies. Mucus secretions from X. laevis previously exposed to B. dendrobatidis contained significant amounts of IgM, IgY, and IgX antibodies that bind to B. dendrobatidis. These data strongly suggest that both innate and adaptive immune defenses are involved in the resistance of X. laevis to lethal B. dendrobatidis infections.
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157
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Lu X, Che Q, Lv Y, Wang M, Lu Z, Feng F, Liu J, Yu H. A novel defensin-like peptide from salivary glands of the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Protein Sci 2010; 19:392-7. [PMID: 20027626 DOI: 10.1002/pro.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel defensin-like antimicrobial peptide named longicornsin was isolated from the salivary glands of the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, using a 10-kDa cut-off Centriprep filter and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its amino acid sequence was determined as DFGCGQGMIFMCQRRCMRLYPGSTGFCRGFRCMCDTHIPLRPPFMVG by Edman degradation. The cDNA encoding longicornsin was cloned by cDNA library screening. The predicted protein from the cDNA sequence was composed of 78 amino acids including a mature longicornsin. It showed similarity with defensin-like peptides from other ticks by BLAST search. Different from most other tick defensin-like peptides, longicornsin had a C-terminal extension. Purified longicornsin exerted potent antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Interestingly, it even showed strong antimicrobial ability against drug-resistant microorganisms and Helicobacter pylori. The results of this study indicated that longicornsin is a potential candidate for novel antimicrobial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095 China
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158
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BENKERROUM NOREDDINE. Antimicrobial peptides generated from milk proteins: a survey and prospects for application in the food industry. A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2010.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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159
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Goto A, Yano T, Terashima J, Iwashita S, Oshima Y, Kurata S. Cooperative regulation of the induction of the novel antibacterial Listericin by peptidoglycan recognition protein LE and the JAK-STAT pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15731-8. [PMID: 20348097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.082115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria cause serious infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, shigellosis, and listeriosis. The Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-LE functions as an important host pattern recognition receptor against intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes. One PGRP-LE-mediated intracellular response against L. monocytogenes infection is the induction of autophagy, a conserved intracellular degradation system. Here, to further elucidate PGRP-LE-mediated intracellular innate immune responses, we performed a strategic microarray analysis and identified the Listericin gene, whose expression is induced in response to L. monocytogenes infection in a PGRP-LE-dependent manner. RNA interference and overexpression experiments demonstrated that Listericin gene induction is cooperatively regulated by PGRP-LE and the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription) pathway. An in vitro cell culture assay showed that Listericin is secreted as processed forms and suppresses the growth of L. monocytogenes and Gram-negative bacteria. A colony formation unit assay clearly demonstrated that induction of the Listericin gene suppresses not only the growth of L. monocytogenes but also the growth of Gram-negative bacteria in vivo. Based on these findings, we propose that the Listericin gene encodes a novel antibacterial peptide-like protein whose induction is cooperatively regulated by PGRP-LE and the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Goto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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160
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Juretić D, Vukicević D, Ilić N, Antcheva N, Tossi A. Computational design of highly selective antimicrobial peptides. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 49:2873-82. [PMID: 19947578 DOI: 10.1021/ci900327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have created a structure-selectivity database (AMPad) of frog-derived, helical antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), in which the selectivity was determined as a therapeutic index (TI), and then used the novel concept of sequence moments to study the lengthwise asymmetry of physicochemical peptide properties. We found that the cosine of the angle between two sequence moments obtained with different hydrophobicity scales, defined as the D-descriptor, identifies highly selective peptide antibiotics. We could then use this descriptor to predict TI changes after point mutations in known AMPs, and to aid the prediction of TI for de novo designed AMPs. In combination with an amino acid selectivity index, a motif regularity index and other statistical rules extracted from AMPad, the D-descriptor enabled construction of the AMP-Designer algorithm. A 23 residue, glycine-rich, peptide suggested by the algorithm was synthesized and the activity and selectivity tested. This peptide, adepantin 1, is less than 50% identical to any other AMP, has a potent antibacterial activity against the reference organism, E. coli, and has a significantly greater selectivity (TI > 200) than the best AMP present in the AMPad database (TI = 125).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Juretić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia and Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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161
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Delfino G, Giachi F, Nosi D, Malentacchi C. Serous Cutaneous Glands in Phyllobates bicolor (Anura: Dendrobatidae): An Ontogenetic, Ultrastructural Study on Secretory Product Biosynthesis and Maturation. COPEIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-08-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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162
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Wang L, Evaristo G, Zhou M, Pinkse M, Wang M, Xu Y, Jiang X, Chen T, Rao P, Verhaert P, Shaw C. Nigrocin-2 peptides from Chinese Odorrana frogs - integration of UPLC/MS/MS with molecular cloning in amphibian skin peptidome analysis. FEBS J 2010; 277:1519-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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163
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Cao Y, Yu RQ, Liu Y, Zhou HX, Song LL, Cao Y, Qiao DR. Design, Recombinant Expression, and Antibacterial Activity of the Cecropins–Melittin Hybrid Antimicrobial Peptides. Curr Microbiol 2010; 61:169-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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164
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Wang M, Wang Y, Wang A, Song Y, Ma D, Yang H, Ma Y, Lai R. Five novel antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of the frog, Amolops loloensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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165
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Samgina TY, Kovalev SV, Gorshkov VA, Artemenko KA, Poljakov NB, Lebedev AT. N-terminal tagging strategy for de novo sequencing of short peptides by ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:104-111. [PMID: 19836262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The major portion of skin secretory peptidome of the European Tree frog Hyla arborea consists of short peptides from tryptophyllin family. It is known that b-ions of these peptides undergo head-to-tail cyclization, forming a ring that can open, resulting in several linear forms. As a result, the spectrum contains multiple ion series, thus complicating de novo sequencing. This was observed in the Q-TOF spectrum of one of the tryptophyllins isolated from Hyla arborea; the sequence FLPFFP-NH(2) was established by Edman degradation and counter-synthesis. Though no rearrangements were observed in FTICR-MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF spectra, both of them were not suitable for mass-spectrometry sequencing due to the low sequence coverage. To obtain full amino acid sequence by mass spectrometry, three chemical modifications to N-terminal amino moiety were applied. They include acetylation and sulfobenzoylation of N-amino group and its transformation to 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium by interaction with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrillium tetrafluoroborate. All three reagents block scrambling and provide spectra better than the intact peptide. Unfortunately, all of them also readily react with lysine side chain. Hence, all investigated procedures can be used to improve sequencing of short peptides, while acetylation is the recommended one. It shows excellent results, and it is plain and simple to perform. This is the procedure of choice for MS-sequencing of short peptides by manual or automatic algorithms.
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166
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Kasai K, Ishikawa T, Komata T, Fukuchi K, Chiba M, Nozaka H, Nakamura T, Sato T, Miura T. Novel L-amino acid oxidase with antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from epidermal mucus of the flounder Platichthys stellatus. FEBS J 2009; 277:453-65. [PMID: 20015076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fish produce mucus substances as a defensive outer barrier against environmental xenobiotics and predators. Recently, we found a bioactive protein in the mucus layer of the flounder Platichthys stellatus, which showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In this study, we isolated and identified the antibacterial protein from the mucus components of P. stellatus using a series of column chromatography steps. We then performed gel electrophoresis and cDNA cloning to characterize the protein. The antibacterial protein in the mucus had a molecular mass of approximately 52 kDa with an isoelectric point of 5.3, and cDNA sequencing showed that it corresponded completely with the peptide sequence of antibacterial protein from the gill. A BLAST search suggested that the cDNA encoded an antibacterial protein sharing identity with a number of L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) and possessing several conserved motifs found in flavoproteins. RT-PCR using a specific primer, and immunohistochemical analysis with anti-LAAO IgG, demonstrated tissue-specific expression and localization in the gill. Moreover, the anti-LAAO IgG was able to neutralize the antibacterial activity of the protein against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Thus, we demonstrated that this antibacterial protein, identified from P. stellatus-derived epidermal mucus, is a novel LAAO-like protein with antibacterial activity, similar to snake LAAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kasai
- Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Japan
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167
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Tennessen JA, Woodhams DC, Chaurand P, Reinert LK, Billheimer D, Shyr Y, Caprioli RM, Blouin MS, Rollins-Smith LA. Variations in the expressed antimicrobial peptide repertoire of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) populations suggest intraspecies differences in resistance to pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:1247-57. [PMID: 19622371 PMCID: PMC2927990 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens or Lithobates pipiens) is historically found in most of the provinces of Canada and the northern and southwest states of the United States. In the last 50 years, populations have suffered significant losses, especially in the western regions of the species range. Using a peptidomics approach, we show that the pattern of expressed antimicrobial skin peptides of frogs from three geographically separated populations are distinct, and we report the presence of four peptides (brevinin-1Pg, brevinin-1Pl, ranatuerin-2Pb, and ranatuerin-2Pc) that have not previously been found in skin secretions. The differences in expressed peptides reflect differences in the distribution of alleles for the newly described Brevinin1.1 locus in the three populations. When enriched peptide mixtures were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of the pathogenic amphibian chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), peptides from Minnesota or Vermont frogs were more effective that peptides from Michigan frogs. Four of the purified peptides were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of two bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and B. dendrobatidis. Three of the four were effective inhibitors of B. dendrobatidis and S. epidermidis, but none inhibited A. hydrophila. We interpret these differences in expression and activity of antimicrobial peptides as evidence to suggest that each population may have been selected to express a suite of peptides that reflects current and past encounters with skin microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Tennessen
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Douglas C. Woodhams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, USA
| | - Laura K. Reinert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - Dean Billheimer
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, USA
| | - Michael S. Blouin
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Louise A. Rollins-Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding author at: A-5301 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Tel.: +1 615 343 4119; fax: +1 615 343 8648. (L.A. Rollins-Smith)
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168
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Islas-Rodrìguez AE, Marcellini L, Orioni B, Barra D, Stella L, Mangoni ML. Esculentin 1-21: a linear antimicrobial peptide from frog skin with inhibitory effect on bovine mastitis-causing bacteria. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:607-14. [PMID: 19507197 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common and expensive illness of dairy cows throughout the world. Although stress and physical injuries may give rise to inflammation of the udders, infections by bacteria or other microorganisms remain the major cause, and infusion of antibiotics is the main treatment approach. However, the increased emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the production of milk contaminated with antibiotics has become a serious threat in the livestock. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new therapeutic agents with a new mode of action. Gene-encoded AMPs, which represent the first line of defence in all living organisms, are considered as promising candidates for the development of new anti-infective agents. This paper reports on the antibacterial activities in vitro and in an animal model, of the frog skin AMP esculentin 1-21 [Esc(1-21)], along with a plausible mode of action. Our data revealed that this peptide (i) is highly potent against the most common mastitis-causing microbes (e.g. Streptococcus agalactiae); and (ii) is active in vivo, causing a visible regression of the clinical stage of mastitis in dairy cows, after 1 week of peptide treatment. Biophysical characterisation revealed that the peptide adopts an alpha-helical structure in microbial mimicking membranes and is able to permeate the membrane of S. agalactiae in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these data suggest Esc(1-21) as an attractive AMP for the future design of new antibiotics to cure mastitis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Enrique Islas-Rodrìguez
- Laboratorio de Péptidos Naturales, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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169
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Zairi A, Tangy F, Bouassida K, Hani K. Dermaseptins and magainins: antimicrobial peptides from frogs' skin-new sources for a promising spermicides microbicides-a mini review. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:452567. [PMID: 19893636 PMCID: PMC2773376 DOI: 10.1155/2009/452567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are two great concerns in the reproductive health of women. Thus, the challenge is to find products with a double activity, on the one hand having antimicrobial/antiviral properties with a role in the reduction of STI, and on the other hand having spermicidal action to be used as a contraceptive. In the absence of an effective microbicide along with the disadvantages of the most commonly used spermicidal contraceptive worldwide, nonoxynol-9, new emphasis has been focused on the development of more potential intravaginal microbicidal agents. Topical microbicides spermicides would ideally provide a female-controlled method of self-protection against HIV as well as preventing pregnancies. Nonoxynol-9, the only recommended microbicide spermicide, damages cervicovaginal epithelium because of its membrane-disruptive properties. Clearly, there is an urgent need to identify new compounds with dual potential microbicidal properties; antimicrobial peptides should be candidates for such investigations. Dermaseptins and magainins are two classes of cationic, amphipathic alpha-helical peptides that have been identified in the skin extracts of frogs Phyllomedusa sauvagei and Xenopus laevis. Regarding their contraceptive activities and their effect against various STI-causing pathogens, we believe that these two peptides are appropriate candidates in the evaluation of newer and safer microbicides spermicides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zairi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Khaled Hani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
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170
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Faivovich J, Haddad CFB, Baêta D, Jungfer KH, Álvares GFR, Brandão RA, Sheil C, Barrientos LS, Barrio-Amorós CL, Cruz CAG, Wheeler WC. The phylogenetic relationships of the charismatic poster frogs, Phyllomedusinae (Anura, Hylidae). Cladistics 2009; 26:227-261. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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171
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Characterization of antimicrobial peptides isolated from the skin of the Chinese frog, Rana dybowskii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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172
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Marcellini L, Borro M, Gentile G, Rinaldi AC, Stella L, Aimola P, Barra D, Mangoni ML. Esculentin-1b(1-18)--a membrane-active antimicrobial peptide that synergizes with antibiotics and modifies the expression level of a limited number of proteins in Escherichia coli. FEBS J 2009; 276:5647-64. [PMID: 19725877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides constitute one of the main classes of molecular weapons deployed by the innate immune system of all multicellular organisms to resist microbial invasion. A good proportion of all antimicrobial peptides currently known, numbering hundreds of molecules, have been isolated from frog skin. Nevertheless, very little is known about the effect(s) and the mode(s) of action of amphibian antimicrobial peptides on intact bacteria, especially when they are used at subinhibitory concentrations and under conditions closer to those encountered in vivo. Here we show that esculentin-1b(1-18) [Esc(1-18)] (GIFSKLAGKKLKNLLISG-NH(2)), a linear peptide encompassing the first 18 residues of the full-length esculentin-1b, rapidly kills Escherichia coli at the minimal inhibitory concentration. The lethal event is concomitant with the permeation of the outer and inner bacterial membranes. This is in contrast to what is found for many host defense peptides, which do not destabilize membranes at their minimal inhibitory concentrations. Importantly, proteomic analysis revealed that Esc(1-18) has a limited ability to modify the bacterium's protein expression profile, at either bactericidal or sublethal concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of an antimicrobial peptide from frog skin on the proteome of its bacterial target, and underscores the fact that the bacterial membrane is the major target for the killing mechanism of Esc(1-18), rather than intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Marcellini
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Andrea, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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173
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Simmaco M, Kreil G, Barra D. Bombinins, antimicrobial peptides from Bombina species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1551-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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174
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Wang L, Zhou M, McGrath S, Chen T, Gorman SP, Walker B, Shaw C. A family of kassinatuerin-2 related peptides from the skin secretion of the African hyperoliid frog, Kassina maculata. Peptides 2009; 30:1428-33. [PMID: 19427345 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and structural characterization of a family of antimicrobial peptides related to kassinatuerin-2, from the skin secretion of the African hyperoliid frog, Kassina maculata. All four peptides, designated kassinatuerin-2Ma through Md, are C-terminally-amidated 20-mers with the consensus sequence - FX(1)GAIAAALPHVIX(2)AIKNAL - where X(1)=L/F/V/I and X2=S/N. All four peptides are encoded by precursors of 69 amino acids. Synthetic replicates of all kassinatuerin-2 related peptides displayed a potent inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 16microM, at which concentration, however, they effected 18% haemolysis of horse erythrocytes after 2h. Despite obvious membranolytic properties, all peptides were ineffective at inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli at concentrations up to 200microM and were relatively ineffective against Candida albicans (MIC 120microM). The kassinatuerin-2 related peptides of K. maculata skin secretion thus possess a discrete antimicrobial and weak haemolytic activity in contrast to the prototype kassinatuerin-2 from the skin secretion of Kassina senegalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Molecular Therapeutics Research, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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175
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Temporins and their synergism against Gram-negative bacteria and in lipopolysaccharide detoxification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1610-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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176
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Luo H, Hallen-Adams HE, Walton JD. Processing of the phalloidin proprotein by prolyl oligopeptidase from the mushroom Conocybe albipes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18070-7. [PMID: 19389704 PMCID: PMC2709354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.006460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide toxins of poisonous Amanita mushrooms are bicyclic octapeptides (amatoxins) or heptapeptides (phallotoxins). In Amanita bisporigera, alpha-amanitin and phallacidin are synthesized as 35- and 34-amino acid proproteins, respectively, in which the amino acid sequences found in the mature toxins are flanked by conserved amino acid sequences. The presence of invariant Pro residues immediately upstream of the toxin regions and as the last predicted amino acid in the toxin regions themselves suggests that a Pro-specific peptidase is responsible for the initial post-translational processing of the Amanita toxin proproteins. We purified an enzyme from the phalloidin-producing mushroom Conocybe albipes that cleaves a synthetic 22-mer phalloidin peptide to release the mature toxin peptide (AWLATCP). Mass spectrometric analysis of the purified protein combined with isolation and sequencing of the encoding gene indicates that the responsible processing enzyme is a member of the prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) subfamily of proteases (EC 3.4.21.26). The processing enzyme was able to use the chromogenic POP substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide and was inhibited by the specific POP inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-prolinal. Both Pro bonds in the proprotein are cleaved by the same enzyme, with the C-terminal Pro bond cleaved first or much faster than the N-terminal Pro bond. Transient accumulation of the N-terminal intermediate indicates that cleavage is not strongly processive. A synthetic peptide representing the phallacidin proprotein was also cleaved by the POP of C. albipes, but a precursor of amanitin (which is not made by C. albipes) was cleaved inefficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- From the Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Heather E. Hallen-Adams
- From the Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jonathan D. Walton
- From the Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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177
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Song Y, Lu Y, Wang L, Yang H, Zhang K, Lai R. Purification, characterization and cloning of two novel tigerinin-like peptides from skin secretions of Fejervarya cancrivora. Peptides 2009; 30:1228-32. [PMID: 19540421 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While investigating the innate defense of brackish water-living amphibian and its comparison with freshwater-living amphibians, two novel 12-residue antimicrobial peptides were purified from the skin secretions of the crab-eating frog, Fejervarya cancrivora which typically inhabits brackish water of mangrove forests of Southeast Asia. These two antimicrobial peptides, tigerinin-RC1 and -RC2 share significant structural similarity with tigerinins found in the skin of Indian frog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus. cDNAs encoding tigerinin-RC1 and -RC2 were also cloned from the skin cDNA library of F. cancrivora. Tigerinin-RC precursors are composed of 71 amino acid residues including a signal peptide, acidic spacer peptide, which are very similar to other amphibian antimicrobial peptide precursors and mature tigerinin-RC. The current results confirmed that both amphibians inhabiting freshwater and brackish water share the same antimicrobial peptide family to exert innate defense. Furthermore, the current work was also the first report of precursor and cDNA cloning of the tigerinin antimicrobial peptide family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Song
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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178
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Andreazza HJ, Wang T, Bagley CJ, Hoffmann P, Bowie JH. Negative ion fragmentations of deprotonated peptides. The unusual case of isoAsp: a joint experimental and theoretical study. Comparison with positive ion cleavages. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1993-2002. [PMID: 19489040 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The following peptides have been examined in this study: GLDFG(OH), caeridin 1.1 [GLLDGLLGLGGL(NH(2))], 11 Ala citropin 1.1 [GLFDVIKKVAAVIGGL(NH(2))], Crinia angiotensin [APGDRIYVHPF(OH)] and their isoAsp isomers. It is not possible to differentiate between Asp- and isoAsp-containing peptides (used in this study) using negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. This is because the isoAsp residue cleaves to give the same fragment anions as those formed by delta and gamma backbone cleavage of Asp. The isoAsp fragmentations are as follows: RNHCH(CO(2)H)(-)CHCONHR' --> [RNH(-)(HO(2)CCH=CHCONHR')] --> RNH(-)+HO(2)CCH=CHCONHR' and RNHCH(CO(2)H)(-)CHCONHR' --> [RNH(-)(HO(2)CCH=CHCONHR'] --> (-)O(2)CCH=CHCONHR'+RNH(2). Calculations at the HF/6-31+G(d)//AM1 level of theory indicate that the first of these isoAsp cleavage processes is endothermic (by +115 kJ mol(-1)), while the second is exothermic (-85 kJ mol(-1)). The barrier to the highest transition state is 42 kJ mol(-1). No diagnostic cleavage cations were observed in the electrospray mass spectra of the MH(+) ion of the Asp- and isoAsp-containing peptides (used in this study) to allow differentiation between these two amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J Andreazza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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179
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Abstract
Xenopus laevis is the model of choice for evolutionary, comparative, and developmental studies of immunity, and invaluable research tools including MHC-defined clones, inbred strains, cell lines, and monoclonal antibodies are available for these studies. Recent efforts to use Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis for genetic analyses have led to the sequencing of the whole genome. Ongoing genome mapping and mutagenesis studies will provide a new dimension to the study of immunity. Here we review what is known about the immune system of X. laevis integrated with available genomic information from S. tropicalis. This review provides compelling evidence for the high degree of similarity and evolutionary conservation between Xenopus and mammalian immune systems. We propose to build a powerful and innovative comparative biomedical model based on modern genetic technologies that takes take advantage of X. laevis and S. tropicalis, as well as the whole Xenopus genus. Developmental Dynamics 238:1249-1270, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
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180
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Samgina TY, Artemenko KA, Gorshkov VA, Ogourtsov SV, Zubarev RA, Lebedev AT. Mass spectrometric study of peptides secreted by the skin glands of the brown frog Rana arvalis from the Moscow region. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1241-1248. [PMID: 19308951 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography nano-electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (HPLC/nanoESI-FTMS) approach involving recording of collision-activated dissociation (CAD) and electron-capture dissociation (ECD) spectra of an intact sample and two its modifications after performic oxidation and reduction followed by carboxamidomethylation helps to establish peptide profiles in the crude secretion of frog species at mid-throughput level, including de novo sequencing. The proposed derivatization procedures allow increasing of the general sequence coverage in the backbone, providing complementary information and, what is more important, reveal the amino acid sequence in the cystine ring ('rana box'). Thus purely mass spectrometric efficient sequencing becomes possible for longer than usual proteolytic peptides. Seventeen peptides belonging to four known families were identified in the secretion of the European brown frog Rana arvalis inhabiting the Moscow region in Russia. Ranatuerins, considered previously a unique feature of the North American species, as well as a new melittin-related peptide, are worth special mention. The developed approach was previously successfully used for the identification of peptides in the skin secretion of the Caucasian green frog Rana ridibunda.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yu Samgina
- Organic Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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181
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Artemenko KA, Zubarev AR, Samgina TY, Lebedev AT, Savitski MM, Zubarev RA. Two Dimensional Mass Mapping as a General Method of Data Representation in Comprehensive Analysis of Complex Molecular Mixtures. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3738-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Artemenko
- Division of Molecular Biometry, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Organic Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander R. Zubarev
- Division of Molecular Biometry, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Organic Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Yu Samgina
- Division of Molecular Biometry, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Organic Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert T. Lebedev
- Division of Molecular Biometry, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Organic Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikhail M. Savitski
- Division of Molecular Biometry, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Organic Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Division of Molecular Biometry, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Organic Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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182
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Rollins-Smith LA. The role of amphibian antimicrobial peptides in protection of amphibians from pathogens linked to global amphibian declines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1593-9. [PMID: 19327341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian species have experienced population declines and extinctions worldwide that are unprecedented in recent history. Many of these recent declines have been linked to a pathogenic skin fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or to iridoviruses of the genus Ranavirus. One of the first lines of defense against pathogens that enter by way of the skin are antimicrobial peptides synthesized and stored in dermal granular glands and secreted into the mucus following alarm or injury. Here, I review what is known about the capacity of amphibian antimicrobial peptides from diverse amphibians to inhibit B. dendrobatidis or ranavirus infections. When multiple species were compared for the effectiveness of their in vitro antimicrobial peptides defenses against B. dendrobatidis, non-declining species of rainforest amphibians had more effective antimicrobial peptides than species in the same habitat that had recently experienced population declines. Further, there was a significant correlation between the effectiveness of the antimicrobial peptides and resistance of the species to experimental infection. These studies support the hypothesis that antimicrobial peptides are an important component of innate defenses against B. dendrobatidis. Some amphibian antimicrobial peptides inhibit ranavirus infections and infection of human T lymphocytes by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An effective antimicrobial peptide defense against skin pathogens appears to depend on a diverse array of genes expressing antimicrobial peptides. The production of antimicrobial peptides may be regulated by signals from the pathogens. However, this defense must also accommodate potentially beneficial microbes on the skin that compete or inhibit growth of the pathogens. How this delicate balancing act is accomplished is an important area of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Rollins-Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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183
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Samgina TY, Artemenko KA, Gorshkov VA, Lebedev AT. Bioactive peptides from the skin of ranid frogs: modern approaches to the mass spectrometric de novo sequencing. Russ Chem Bull 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-008-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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184
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Fjell CD, Jenssen H, Fries P, Aich P, Griebel P, Hilpert K, Hancock REW, Cherkasov A. Identification of novel host defense peptides and the absence of alpha-defensins in the bovine genome. Proteins 2009; 73:420-30. [PMID: 18442133 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (historically called antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) are key components in the mammalian innate immune system, and are responsible for both direct killing and immunomodulatory effects in host defense against pathogenic organisms. In order to identify novel host defense peptides by sequence analysis, we constructed the AMPer resource (http://www.cnbi2.com/cgi-bin/amp.pl) that utilizes hidden Markov models to recognize sequences of antimicrobial peptides. In the current work, we utilized the AMPer resource to search bovine expressed sequence tags from the NCBI dbEST project and the bovine genome sequence for novel host defense peptides. Of the 34 known bovine AMPs, 27 were identified with high confidence in the AMPs predicted from ESTs. A further potential 68 AMPs predicted from the EST data were found that appear to be novel giving a total estimate of 102 AMPs present in the genome. Two of these were cathelicidins and selected for experimental verification in RNA derived from bovine tissue. One predicted AMP, most similar to rabbit '15 kDa protein' AMP, was confirmed to be present in infected bovine intestinal tissue using PCR. These findings demonstrated the practical applicability of the developed bioinformatics approach and laid a foundation for future discoveries of gene-coded AMPs. No members of the alpha-defensin family were found in the bovine sequences. Since we could find no technical reasons these would be missed and no references to bovine alpha-defensins in the literature, this suggests that cattle lack this important family of host defense peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Fjell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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185
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Castro MS, Ferreira TCG, Cilli EM, Crusca E, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Sebben A, Ricart CAO, Sousa MV, Fontes W. Hylin a1, the first cytolytic peptide isolated from the arboreal South American frog Hypsiboas albopunctatus ("spotted treefrog"). Peptides 2009; 30:291-6. [PMID: 19056441 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RP-HPLC fractionation of the electrically stimulated skin secretion of the arboreal South American frog Hypsiboas albopunctatus ("spotted treefrog") led to the isolation of a cytolytic C-terminally amidated peptide. This novel peptide, named hylin a1 (Hy-a1), consists of 18 amino acid residues (IFGAILPLALGALKNLIK-NH(2)). The alpha-helical structure of the synthetic hylin a1 peptide was confirmed by CD spectroscopy in the presence of 60% (v/v) TFE. The synthetic peptide displayed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also against fungi (Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and Cryptococcus neoformans). Hylin a1 was also able to disrupt human erytrocytes (HC(50)=18 microM). Similarity analysis using PSI-BLAST revealed 50-44% of identity to maximins Hv, H16, H15 and H10 from Bombina maxima and also to hylins b1 and b2 (Hy-b1 and Hy-b2) from Hypsiboas lundii (synonym: Hyla biobeba).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Castro
- Brazilian Center for Protein Research, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, CEP 70.910-900, Brasilia/DF, Brazil.
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186
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Zhang Z, Zhang B, Nie X, Liu Q, Xie F, Shang D. Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Related to Immune Function in Skin of the Chinese Brown Frog. Zoolog Sci 2009; 26:80-6. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.26.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhewen Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaona Nie
- College of Computer and Information Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Qingkun Liu
- College of Computer and Information Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Fuding Xie
- College of Computer and Information Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Dejing Shang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
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187
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Won HS, Kang SJ, Lee BJ. Action mechanism and structural requirements of the antimicrobial peptides, gaegurins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:1620-9. [PMID: 19059199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gaegurins (GGNs) are a family of cationic, alpha-helical, antimicrobial peptides that were isolated from a Korean frog, Glandirana emeljanovi (formerly classified as Rana rugosa) and represent one of the structurally well-characterized groups. Among six gaegurins, gaegurin 4 (renamed herein esculentin-2EM), gaegurin 5 (brevinin-1EMa), and gaegurin 6 (brevinin-1EMb) have been investigated comprehensively in terms of structure-activity relationships. In this paper, we first suggest renaming of gaegurins according to a recently raised rule of systematic nomenclature. Then, the current understanding of gaegurins is reviewed by summarizing their structure-activity relationships. In particular competing arguments on gaegurins are synthetically inspected. Finally their action mechanism and structural requirements will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, South Korea.
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188
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Chen W, Yang X, Yang X, Zhai L, Lu Z, Liu J, Yu H. Antimicrobial peptides from the venoms of Vespa bicolor Fabricius. Peptides 2008; 29:1887-92. [PMID: 18723059 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hornets possess highly toxic venoms, which are rich in toxins, enzymes and biologically active peptides. Many bioactive substances have been identified from wasp venoms. Vespa mastoparan (MP-VBs) and Vespa chemotatic peptide presenting antimicrobial action (VESP-VBs) were purified and characterized from the venom of the wasp, Vespa bicolor Fabricius. The precursors encoding VESP-VBs and MP-VBs were cloned from the cDNA library of the venomous glands. Analyzed by FAB-MS, the amino acid sequence and molecular mass for VESP-VB1 were FMPIIGRLMSGSL and 1420.6, for MP-VB1 were INMKASAAVAKKLL and 1456.5, respectively. The primary structures of these peptides are homologous to those of chemotactic peptides and mastoparans isolated from other vespid venoms. These peptides showed strong antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi and induced mast cell degranulation, but displayed almost no hemolytic activity towards human blood red cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei, China; Zhejiang Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
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189
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Samgina TY, Artemenko KA, Gorshkov VA, Ogourtsov SV, Zubarev RA, Lebedev AT. De novo sequencing of peptides secreted by the skin glands of the Caucasian Green Frog Rana ridibunda. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3517-3525. [PMID: 18855342 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian skin glands are known to secrete various types of bioactive peptides. The array of these peptides is specific for every frog species. The present research deals with the identification of peptides isolated from the skin secretion of the Marsh frog R. ridibunda inhabiting the Kolkhida Canyon of the Caucasian region. The research is based on comprehensive high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) analysis of intact and chemically modified peptides. In particular, an oxidation procedure was applied directly to the crude skin secretion to open S--S loops whereas N-terminal acetylation was additionally carried out for one individual peptide. Sequences were determined by manual interpretation of electron capture dissociation (ECD) and collisionally induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectra. A total of 29 peptides were identified in the skin secretion of the Caucasian Marsh frog. The peptide profile is represented with disulfide-containing peptides belonging to the brevinin, esculentin and ranatuerin families, neuropeptides of the bradykinin and bombesin families. Two identified peptides belonging to the ranatuerins are the first peptides of this family discovered in the skin secretions of European frogs. Ten of the identified peptides coincide with those reported earlier for the European Edible frog. Another ten are identical to those found in R. ridubunda from the Moscow region. This fact verifies the described method as being an efficient analytical tool to compare intra- and interspecific variabilities.
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190
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Fernandez DI, Gehman JD, Separovic F. Membrane interactions of antimicrobial peptides from Australian frogs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:1630-8. [PMID: 19013126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The membrane interactions of four antimicrobial peptides, aurein 1.2, citropin 1.1, maculatin 1.1 and caerin 1.1, isolated from Australian tree frogs, are reviewed. All four peptides are amphipathic alpha-helices with a net positive charge and range in length from 13 to 25 residues. Despite several similar sequence characteristics, these peptides compromise the integrity of model membrane bilayers via different mechanisms; the shorter peptides exhibit a surface interaction mechanism while the longer peptides may form pores in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Fernandez
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
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191
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Brucker RM, Harris RN, Schwantes CR, Gallaher TN, Flaherty DC, Lam BA, Minbiole KPC. Amphibian chemical defense: antifungal metabolites of the microsymbiont Janthinobacterium lividum on the salamander Plethodon cinereus. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1422-9. [PMID: 18949519 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Disease has spurred declines in global amphibian populations. In particular, the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has decimated amphibian diversity in some areas unaffected by habitat loss. However, there is little evidence to explain how some amphibian species persist despite infection or even clear the pathogen beyond detection. One hypothesis is that certain bacterial symbionts on the skin of amphibians inhibit the growth of the pathogen. An antifungal strain of Janthinobacterium lividum, isolated from the skin of the red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus, produces antifungal metabolites at concentrations lethal to B. dendrobatidis. Antifungal metabolites were identified by using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, high resolution mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and tested for efficacy of inhibiting the pathogen. Two metabolites, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and violacein, inhibited the pathogen's growth at relatively low concentrations (68.9 and 1.82 microM, respectively). Analysis of fresh salamander skin confirmed the presence of J. lividum and its metabolites on the skin of host salamanders in concentrations high enough to hinder or kill the pathogen (51 and 207 microM, respectively). These results support the hypothesis that cutaneous, mutualistic bacteria play a role in amphibian resistance to fungal disease. Exploitation of this biological process may provide long-term resistance to B. dendrobatidis for vulnerable amphibians and serve as a model for managing future emerging diseases in wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Brucker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
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192
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Resende JM, Moraes CM, Prates MV, Cesar A, Almeida FCL, Mundim NCCR, Valente AP, Bemquerer MP, Piló-Veloso D, Bechinger B. Solution NMR structures of the antimicrobial peptides phylloseptin-1, -2, and -3 and biological activity: the role of charges and hydrogen bonding interactions in stabilizing helix conformations. Peptides 2008; 29:1633-44. [PMID: 18656510 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phylloseptins are antimicrobial peptides of 19-20 residues which are found in the skin secretions of the Phyllomedusa frogs that inhabit the tropical forests of South and Central Americas. The peptide sequences of PS-1, -2, and -3 carry an amidated C-terminus and they exhibit 74% sequence homology with major variations of only four residues close to the C-terminus. Here we investigated and compared the structures of the three phylloseptins in detail by CD- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopies in the presence of phospholipid vesicles or in membrane-mimetic environments. Both CD and NMR spectroscopies reveal a high degree of helicity in the order PS-2> or =PS-1>PS-3, where the differences accumulate at the C-terminus. The conformational variations can be explained by taking into consideration electrostatic interactions of the negative ends of the helix dipoles with potentially cationic residues at positions 17 and 18. Whereas two are present in the sequence of PS-1 and -2 only one is present in PS-3. In conclusion, the antimicrobial phylloseptin peptides adopt alpha-helical conformations in membrane environments which are stabilized by electrostatic interactions of the helix dipole as well as other contributions such hydrophobic and capping interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarbas M Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Avenida Presidente Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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193
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Gibble RE, Rollins-Smith L, Baer KN. Development of an assay for testing the antimicrobial activity of skin peptides against the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) using Xenopus laevis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:506-513. [PMID: 18067960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the preliminary characterization of a bioassay for testing the antimicrobial activity of amphibian skin peptides against the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Peptide secretions from Xenopus laevis were induced by subcutaneous injections of norepinephrine. Partially purified secretions were quantified and incubated at various dilutions with 10(7) cells/mL of freshly isolated zoospores for 7 days. Peptide bioactivity was measured as cell growth inhibition over the incubation period. The concentration that inhibited growth by 80% or greater (IC(80)), based on the linear portion of the growth curve, averaged 457+/-158 microg/mL. Growth curve slopes of best-fit line equations for individual samples were less variable within control groups than the average IC(80) value, and are viewed as a more reliable indicator of peptide mixture bioactivity. This assay may be useful for evaluating the impact of environmental chemicals on amphibian host resistance to potentially lethal skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Gibble
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Sugar Hall, Room 258, Monroe, LA 71209-0470, USA
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194
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Bozzi A, Mangoni ML, Rinaldi AC, Mignogna G, Aschi M. Folding propensity and biological activity of peptides: the effect of a single stereochemical isomerization on the conformational properties of bombinins in aqueous solution. Biopolymers 2008; 89:769-78. [PMID: 18459169 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Folding propensities of bombinins H2 and H4, two members of amphibian bombinins H, a family of 17-20 residue alpha-helical peptides, have been investigated by means of circular dichroism (CD) measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The two peptides, with primary structure IIGPVLGLVGSALGGLLKKI-NH2 and differing only for the configuration of the second aminoacid (an L-isoleucine in H2 and a D-alloisoleucine in H4) behave rather differently in solution. In particular both CD measurements and MD simulations indicate that bombinin H2 shows a markedly higher tendency to fold. From a careful inspection of MD trajectories it emerges that the stereochemical isomerization mutation of residue 2 to D-alloisoleucine in H4 peptide, drastically decreases its ability to form intrapeptide contacts. MD simulations also indicate that the conformational sampling in both systems derives from a subtle combination of energetic and entropic effects both involving the peptide itself and the solvent. The present results have been finally paralleled with preliminary information on bombinins H2 and H4 biological activity, i.e. interaction with membrane, supporting the hypothesis of an "already folded" conformation in water rather than interfacial folding tenet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argante Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università L'Aquila e Consorzlo INBB, Italy
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195
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Abstract
Cationic peptides, known to disrupt bacterial membranes, are being developed as promising agents for therapeutic intervention against infectious disease. In the present study, we investigate structure-activity relationships in the bacterial membrane disruptor betapep-25, a peptide 33-mer. For insight into which amino acid residues are functionally important, we synthesized alanine-scanning variants of betapep-25 and assessed their ability to kill bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and to neutralize LPS (lipopolysaccharide). Activity profiles were found to vary with the bacterial strain examined. Specific cationic and smaller hydrophobic alkyl residues were crucial to optimal bactericidal activity against the Gram-negative bacteria, whereas larger hydrophobic and cationic residues mediated optimal activity against Gram-positive Staph. aureus. Lysine-substituted norleucine (n-butyl group) variants demonstrated that both charge and alkyl chain length mediate optimal activity. In terms of LPS neutralization, activity profiles were essentially the same against four species of LPS (E. coli 055 and 0111, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae), and different for two others (Ps. aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens), with specific hydrophobic, cationic and, surprisingly, anionic residues being functionally important. Furthermore, disulfide-bridged analogues demonstrated that an anti parallel beta-sheet structure is the bioactive conformation of betapep-25 in terms of its bactericidal, but not LPS endotoxin neutralizing, activity. Moreover, betapep-25 variants, like the parent peptide, do not lyse eukaryotic cells. This research contributes to the development and design of novel antibiotics.
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196
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A novel family of antimicrobial peptides from the skin of Amolops loloensis. Biochimie 2008; 90:863-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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197
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Blanchemain N, Chai F, Haulon S, Krump-Konvalinkova V, Traisnel M, Morcellet M, Martel B, Kirkpatrick CJ, Hildebrand HF. Biological behaviour of an endothelial cell line (HPMEC) on vascular prostheses grafted with hydroxypropylgamma-cyclodextrine (HPgamma-CD) and hydroxypropylbeta-cyclodextrine (HPbeta-CD). JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:2515-2523. [PMID: 18266086 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The cytocompatibility of cyclodextrins (CDs) grafting on vascular polyester (PET) prostheses for further loading with biomolecules was investigated in this study. Viability tests demonstrated no toxicity of HP-CDs and PolyHP-CDs at 4,000 mg/l with survival rates of 80 to 96%. Proliferation tests using the human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell line (HPMEC-ST1) revealed an excellent biocompatibility for Melinex (Film form of PET). For Polythese and Polymaille, a good proliferation rate was observed at 3 days (60-80%) but decreased at 6 days (56-73%). For all CD-grafted samples, low proliferation rates were observed after 6 days (35-38%). Vitality tests revealed excellent functional capacities of HPMEC cells after 3 and 6 days for all samples. Adhesion kinetics tests showed a similar adhesion of HPMEC cells on control and Melinex. A low adhesion was observed on Polythese and especially on Polymaille compared to control. After CD grafting, the cell adhesion was decreased. The woven or knitted architecture and CD grafting were the most likely causes of this weak adhesion. The adhesion kinetic test was confirmed by SEM observations and immunocytochemistry. The low proliferation of HPMEC on virgin prostheses and especially on grafted prostheses was not due to a cytotoxic effect, but to the physical surface characteristics of the prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Blanchemain
- Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de Biophysique EA 1049, Groupe de Recherche sur les Biomatériaux, University Lille-2, 59045 Cedex, Lille, France
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198
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Cerovský V, Slaninová J, Fucík V, Hulacová H, Borovicková L, Jezek R, Bednárová L. New potent antimicrobial peptides from the venom of Polistinae wasps and their analogs. Peptides 2008; 29:992-1003. [PMID: 18375018 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new peptides of the mastoparan family, characterized recently in the venom of three neotropical social wasps collected in the Dominican Republic, Polistes major major, Polistes dorsalis dorsalis and Mischocyttarus phthisicus were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial potency against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli (E.c.) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and for hemolytic and mast cells degranulation activities. As these peptides possess strong antimicrobial activity (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Bacillus subtillis and E.c. in the range of 5-40 microM), we prepared 40 of their analogs to correlate biological activities, especially antimicrobial, with the net positive charge, hydrophobicity, amphipathicity, peptide length, amino acid substitutions at different positions of the peptide chain, N-terminal acylation and C-terminal deamidation. Circular dichroism spectra of the peptides measured in the presence of trifluoroethanol or SDS showed that the peptides might adopt alpha-helical conformation in such anisotropic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Cerovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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199
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Song G, Zhou M, Chen W, Chen T, Walker B, Shaw C. HV-BBI--a novel amphibian skin Bowman-Birk-like trypsin inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:191-6. [PMID: 18486596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the isolation of a novel C-terminally amidated octadecapeptide--SVIGCWTKSIPPRPCFVK-amide--that contains a disulphide loop between Cys(5) and Cys(15) that is consistent with a Bowman-Birk type protease inhibitor, from the skin secretion of the Chinese Bamboo odorous frog, Huia versabilis. Named HV-BBI, the peptide is encoded by a single precursor of 62 amino acid residues whose primary structure was deduced from cloned skin cDNA. The precursor exhibits the typical organization of that encoding an amphibian skin peptide with a highly-conserved signal peptide, an intervening acidic amino acid residue-rich domain and a single HV-BBI-encoding domain located towards the C-terminus. A synthetic replicate of HV-BBI, with the wild-type K (Lys-8) residue in the presumed P1 position, was found to be a potent inhibitor of trypsin with a K(i) just slightly less than 19 nM. Substitution at this site with R (Arg) resulted in a significant reduction in potency (K(i) 57 nM), whereas replacement of K with F (Phe) resulted in the complete abolition of trypsin inhibitory activity. Thus, HV-BBI is a potent inhibitor of trypsin and the lysyl (K) residue that occupies the P1 position appears to be optimal for potency of action against this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganhong Song
- Molecular Therapeutics Research, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, McClay Research Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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200
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Conlon JM, Power GJ, Abdel-Wahab YHA, Flatt PR, Jiansheng H, Coquet L, Leprince J, Jouenne T, Vaudry H. A potent, non-toxic insulin-releasing peptide isolated from an extract of the skin of the Asian frog, Hylarana guntheri (Anura:Ranidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 151:153-9. [PMID: 18501981 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peptides in extract of the skin of the Asian frog Hylarana guntheri Boulenger,1882 were purified by reversed-phase HPLC and individual components analysed for their ability to release insulin from the rat BRIN-BD11 clonal beta cell line. The most potent peptide identified in the extract belonged to the brevinin-2 family (brevinin-2GUb; GVIIDTLKGAAKTVAAELLRKAHCKLTNSC). Other peptides with weaker insulin-releasing activity belonged to the brevinin-1 (2 peptides), brevinin-2 (2 peptides) and temporin (3 peptides) families. Only the brevinin-1 peptides showed cytolytic activity against the BRIN-BD11 cells, as demonstrated by an increased rate of release of the cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase. A synthetic replicate of brevinin-2GUb produced a significant stimulation of insulin release (139% of basal rate; P<0.05) at a concentration of 100 nM with a maximum response of 373% of basal rate at a concentration of 3 microM) by a mechanism that did not involve mobilization of intracellular calcium. Brevinin-2GUb also inhibited the growth of microorganisms (MIC against Escherichia coli=32 microM, Staphylococcus aureus=64 microM, and Candida albicans=64 microM) but had only weak hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes (LC(50)=700 microM). Administration of brevinin-2GUb (75 nmol/kg body weight) into mice significantly (P<0.05) improved glucose tolerance following a intraperitoneal injection of glucose, thereby demonstrating that the peptide shows potential for development into a therapeutically valuable agent for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 17666 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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