151
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Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of micro- and nanoelectrodes for neural recording. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 54:23-44. [PMID: 26753777 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrodes serve as the first critical interface to the biological organ system. In neuroprosthetic applications, for example, electrodes interface to the tissue for either signal recording or tissue stimulation. In this review, we consider electrodes for recording neural activity. Recording electrodes serve as wiretaps into the neural tissues, providing readouts of electrical activity. These signals give us valuable insights into the organization and functioning of the nervous system. The recording interfaces have also shown promise in aiding treatment of motor and sensory disabilities caused by neurological disorders. Recent advances in fabrication technology have generated wide interest in creating tiny, high-density electrode interfaces for neural tissues. An ideal electrode should be small enough and be able to achieve reliable and conformal integration with the structures of the nervous system. As a result, the existing electrode designs are being shrunk and packed to form small form factor interfaces to tissue. Here, an overview of the historic and state-of-the-art electrode technologies for recording neural activity is presented first with a focus on their development road map. The fact that the dimensions of recording electrode sites are being scaled down from micron to submicron scale to enable dense interfaces is appreciated. The current trends in recording electrode technologies are then reviewed. Current and future considerations in electrode design, including the use of inorganic nanostructures and biologically inspired or biocomapatible materials are discussed, along with an overview of the applications of flexible materials and transistor transduction schemes. Finally, we detail the major technical challenges facing chronic use of reliable recording electrode technology.
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152
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Gandla S, Gupta H, Pininti AR, Tewari A, Gupta D. Highly elastic polymer substrates with tunable mechanical properties for stretchable electronic applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20428g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretchable electronic devices have recently gained a lot of attention because of their applications in healthcare and wearable electronics and their other innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Gandla
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Lab (PEEL)
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
| | - Harshad Gupta
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Lab (PEEL)
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
| | - Anil Reddy Pininti
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Lab (PEEL)
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
| | - Amit Tewari
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Lab (PEEL)
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- IITB-Monash Academy
- Mumbai-400076
- India
| | - Dipti Gupta
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Lab (PEEL)
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
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153
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Kim J, Lee J, Son D, Choi MK, Kim DH. Deformable devices with integrated functional nanomaterials for wearable electronics. NANO CONVERGENCE 2016; 3:4. [PMID: 28191414 PMCID: PMC5271140 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the market and related industry for wearable electronics dramatically expands, there are continuous and strong demands for flexible and stretchable devices to be seamlessly integrated with soft and curvilinear human skin or clothes. However, the mechanical mismatch between the rigid conventional electronics and the soft human body causes many problems. Therefore, various prospective nanomaterials that possess a much lower flexural rigidity than their bulk counterparts have rapidly established themselves as promising electronic materials replacing rigid silicon and/or compound semiconductors in next-generation wearable devices. Many hybrid structures of multiple nanomaterials have been also developed to pursue both high performance and multifunctionality. Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art wearable devices based on one- or two-dimensional nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, single-crystal silicon and oxide nanomembranes, organic nanomaterials and their hybrids) in combination with zero-dimensional functional nanomaterials (e.g., metal/oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots). Starting from an introduction of materials strategies, we describe device designs and the roles of individual ones in integrated systems. Detailed application examples of wearable sensors/actuators, memories, energy devices, and displays are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsu Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
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154
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155
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Lee Y, Shin M, Thiyagarajan K, Jeong U. Approaches to Stretchable Polymer Active Channels for Deformable Transistors. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Lee
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea 120-749
| | - Minkwan Shin
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea 120-749
| | - Kaliannan Thiyagarajan
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH),
77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea 790-784
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH),
77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea 790-784
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156
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Lee YH, Kim Y, Lee TI, Lee I, Shin J, Lee HS, Kim TS, Choi JW. Anomalous Stretchable Conductivity Using an Engineered Tricot Weave. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12214-23. [PMID: 26493327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Robust electric conduction under stretching motions is a key element in upcoming wearable electronic devices but is fundamentally very difficult to achieve because percolation pathways in conductive media are subject to collapse upon stretching. Here, we report that this fundamental challenge can be overcome by using a parameter uniquely available in textiles, namely a weaving structure. A textile structure alternately interwoven with inelastic and elastic yarns, achieved via a tricot weave, possesses excellent elasticity (strain up to 200%) in diagonal directions. When this textile is coated with conductive nanomaterials, proper textile engineering allows the textile to obtain an unprecedented 7-fold conductivity increase, with conductivity reaching 33,000 S cm(-1), even at 130% strain, due to enhanced interyarn contacts. The observed stretching conductivity can be described well using a modified 3D percolation theory that reflects the weaving effect and is also utilized for stretchable electronic interconnects and supercapacitors with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoonseob Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | | | | | | | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Kolon Corporation , Kolon-ro 11, Gwacheon, Kyeonggi 427-709, Republic of Korea
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157
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Lin Y, Cooper C, Wang M, Adams JJ, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Handwritten, Soft Circuit Boards and Antennas Using Liquid Metal Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6397-6403. [PMID: 26568095 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft conductors are created by embedding liquid metal nanoparticles between two elastomeric sheets. Initially, the particles form an electrically insulating composite. Soft circuit boards can be handwritten by a stylus, which sinters the particles into conductive traces by applying localized mechanical pressure to the elastomeric sheets. Antennas with tunable frequencies are formed by sintering nanoparticles in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Christopher Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7911, USA
| | - Jacob J Adams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7911, USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
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158
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Cai L, Wang C. Carbon Nanotube Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:1013. [PMID: 26264684 PMCID: PMC4531887 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The low-cost and large-area manufacturing of flexible and stretchable electronics using printing processes could radically change people's perspectives on electronics and substantially expand the spectrum of potential applications. Examples range from personalized wearable electronics to large-area smart wallpapers and from interactive bio-inspired robots to implantable health/medical apparatus. Owing to its one-dimensional structure and superior electrical property, carbon nanotube is one of the most promising material platforms for flexible and stretchable electronics. Here in this paper, we review the recent progress in this field. Applications of single-wall carbon nanotube networks as channel semiconductor in flexible thin-film transistors and integrated circuits, as stretchable conductors in various sensors, and as channel material in stretchable transistors will be discussed. Lastly, state-of-the-art advancement on printing process, which is ideal for large-scale fabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics, will also be reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Cai
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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159
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Aly AH, El-Gawaad NSA. Thermal Conductance and Seebeck Effect in Mesoscopic Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS 2015; 36:2845-2853. [DOI: 10.1007/s10765-015-1974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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160
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Filiatrault HL, Carmichael RS, Boutette RA, Carmichael TB. A Self-Assembled, Low-Cost, Microstructured Layer for Extremely Stretchable Gold Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20745-20752. [PMID: 26302030 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple, low-cost, and green approach to deposit a microstructured coating on the silicone elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that can be coated with gold to produce highly stretchable and conductive films. The microstructured coating is fabricated using an aqueous emulsion of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc): common, commercially available white glue. The aqueous glue emulsion self-assembles on the PDMS surface to generate clustered PVAc globules, which can be conformally coated with gold. The microstructured surface provides numerous defect sites that localize strain when the structure is stretched, resulting in the initiation of numerous microcracks. As the structure is further elongated, the microcracks interact with one another, preventing long-range crack propagation and thus preserving the conduction pathway. The resistance of PDMS/glue/gold structures remains remarkably low (23 times the initial resistance) up to 65% elongation, making these structure useful as stretchable interconnects. Decreasing the concentration of the PVAc aqueous emulsion reduces the density of defect sites of the microstructure, which increases the change in resistance of the gold films with stretching. In this way, we can tune the resistance changes of the PDMS/glue/gold structures and increase their sensitivity to strain. We demonstrate the use of these structures as wearable, soft strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Filiatrault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B3P4
| | - R Stephen Carmichael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B3P4
| | - Rachel A Boutette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B3P4
| | - Tricia Breen Carmichael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B3P4
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161
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Kim K, Kim J, Hyun BG, Ji S, Kim SY, Kim S, An BW, Park JU. Stretchable and transparent electrodes based on in-plane structures. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14577-14594. [PMID: 26287668 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics has attracted great interest with compelling potential applications that require reliable operation under mechanical deformation. Achieving stretchability in devices, however, requires a deeper understanding of nanoscale materials and mechanics beyond the success of flexible electronics. In this regard, tremendous research efforts have been dedicated toward developing stretchable electrodes, which are one of the most important building blocks for stretchable electronics. Stretchable transparent thin-film electrodes, which retain their electrical conductivity and optical transparency under mechanical deformation, are particularly important for the favourable application of stretchable devices. This minireview summarizes recent advances in stretchable transparent thin-film electrodes, especially employing strategies based on in-plane structures. Various approaches using metal nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials, and their hybrids are described in terms of preparation processes and their optoelectronic/mechanical properties. Some challenges and perspectives for further advances in stretchable transparent electrodes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukjoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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162
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Intrinsically stretchable and transparent thin-film transistors based on printable silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes and an elastomeric dielectric. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7647. [PMID: 26173436 PMCID: PMC4518309 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin-film field-effect transistor is a fundamental component behind various mordern electronics. The development of stretchable electronics poses fundamental challenges in developing new electronic materials for stretchable thin-film transistors that are mechanically compliant and solution processable. Here we report the fabrication of transparent thin-film transistors that behave like an elastomer film. The entire fabrication is carried out by solution-based techniques, and the resulting devices exhibit a mobility of ∼30 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), on/off ratio of 10(3)-10(4), switching current >100 μA, transconductance >50 μS and relative low operating voltages. The devices can be stretched by up to 50% strain and subjected to 500 cycles of repeated stretching to 20% strain without significant loss in electrical property. The thin-film transistors are also used to drive organic light-emitting diodes. The approach and results represent an important progress toward the development of stretchable active-matrix displays.
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163
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Cheng T, Zhang Y, Lai WY, Huang W. Stretchable Thin-Film Electrodes for Flexible Electronics with High Deformability and Stretchability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3349-3376. [PMID: 25920067 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable electronics represent today's cutting-edge electronic technologies. As the most-fundamental component of electronics, the thin-film electrode remains the research frontier due to its key role in the successful development of flexible and stretchable electronic devices. Stretchability, however, is generally more challenging to achieve than flexibility. Stretchable electronic devices demand, above all else, that the thin-film electrodes have the capacity to absorb a large level of strain (>>1%) without obvious changes in their electrical performance. This article reviews the progress in strategies for obtaining highly stretchable thin-film electrodes. Applications of stretchable thin-film electrodes fabricated via these strategies are described. Some perspectives and challenges in this field are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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164
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Qi D, Liu Z, Yu M, Liu Y, Tang Y, Lv J, Li Y, Wei J, Liedberg B, Yu Z, Chen X. Highly stretchable gold nanobelts with sinusoidal structures for recording electrocorticograms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3145-3151. [PMID: 25865755 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rationally designed sinusoidal gold nanobelts are fabricated as stretchable electrodes, and they do not show obvious change of resistance under large deformation after 10,000 cyclic stretching/relaxing processes. As a proof of concept, they are successfully used to record intracranial electroencephalogram or electrocorticogram signals from rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianpeng Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mei Yu
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuxin Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Junhui Lv
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wei
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 71 Nanyang Drive, 638075, Singapore
| | - Bo Liedberg
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhe Yu
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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165
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Chen SP, Liao YC. Highly stretchable and conductive silver nanowire thin films formed by soldering nanomesh junctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:19856-60. [PMID: 25139194 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02808b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been widely used for stretchable and foldable conductors due to their percolating network nanostructure. To enhance the mechanical strength of AgNW thin films under extreme stretching conditions, in this study, we utilize a simple chemical reaction to join AgNW network connections. Upon applying a reactive ink over AgNW thin films, silver nanoparticles are preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions and solder the nanomesh structures. The soldered nanostructure reinforces the conducting network and exhibits no obvious change in electrical conductivity in the stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%. Several examples are also demonstrated to show potential applications of this material in stretchable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan.
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166
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Zucca A, Cipriani C, Sudha, Tarantino S, Ricci D, Mattoli V, Greco F. Tattoo conductive polymer nanosheets for skin-contact applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:983-90. [PMID: 25702914 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conductive tattoo nanosheets are fabricated on top of decal transfer paper and transferred on target surfaces as temporary transfer tattoos. Circuits are patterned with ink-jet printing. Tattoo nanosheets are envisioned as unperceivable human-device interfaces because of conformal adhesion to complex surfaces including skin. They are tested as dry electrodes for surface electromyography (sEMG), which permits the control of a robotic hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zucca
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Viale R. Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
- The Biorobotics Institute; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna; Viale R. Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
| | - Christian Cipriani
- The Biorobotics Institute; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna; Viale R. Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
| | - Sudha
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Viale R. Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
- Department of Robotics; Brain and Cognitive Science; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Sergio Tarantino
- The Biorobotics Institute; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna; Viale R. Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
| | - Davide Ricci
- Department of Robotics; Brain and Cognitive Science; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Viale R. Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
| | - Francesco Greco
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Viale R. Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
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167
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Cheng Y, Wang R, Sun J, Gao L. Highly conductive and ultrastretchable electric circuits from covered yarns and silver nanowires. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3887-3895. [PMID: 25808756 DOI: 10.1021/nn5070937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics, as a promising research frontier, has achieved progress in a variety of sophisticated applications. The realization of stretchable electronics frequently involves the demand for a stretchable conductor as an electrical circuit. However, it still remains a challenge to fabricate high-performance (working strain exceeding 200%) stretchable conductors. Here, we present for the first time a facile, cost-effective, and scalable method for manufacturing ultrastretchable composite fibers with a "twining spring" configuration: cotton fibers twining spirally around a polyurethane fiber. The composite fiber possesses a high conductivity up to 4018 S/cm, which remains as high as 688 S/cm at 500% tensile strain. In addition, the conductivity of the composite fiber (initial conductivity of 4018 S/cm) remains perfectly stable after 1000 bending events and levels off at 183 S/cm after 1000 cyclic stretching events of 200% strain. Stretchable LED arrays are integrated efficiently utilizing the composite fibers as a stretchable electric wiring system, demonstrating the potential applications in large-area stretchable electronics. The biocompatibility of the composite fiber is verified, opening up its prospects in the field of implantable devices. Our fabrication strategy is also versatile for the preparation of other specially functionalized composite fibers with superb stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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168
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Frutiger A, Muth JT, Vogt DM, Mengüç Y, Campo A, Valentine AD, Walsh CJ, Lewis JA. Capacitive soft strain sensors via multicore-shell fiber printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2440-6. [PMID: 25754237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new method for fabricating textile integrable capacitive soft strain sensors is reported, based on multicore-shell fiber printing. The fiber sensors consist of four concentric, alternating layers of conductor and dielectric, respectively. These wearable sensors provide accurate and hysteresis-free strain measurements under both static and dynamic conditions.
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169
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Yao S, Zhu Y. Nanomaterial-enabled stretchable conductors: strategies, materials and devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1480-511. [PMID: 25619358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are attracting intensive attention due to their promising applications in many areas where electronic devices undergo large deformation and/or form intimate contact with curvilinear surfaces. On the other hand, a plethora of nanomaterials with outstanding properties have emerged over the past decades. The understanding of nanoscale phenomena, materials, and devices has progressed to a point where substantial strides in nanomaterial-enabled applications become realistic. This review summarizes recent advances in one such application, nanomaterial-enabled stretchable conductors (one of the most important components for stretchable electronics) and related stretchable devices (e.g., capacitive sensors, supercapacitors and electroactive polymer actuators), over the past five years. Focusing on bottom-up synthesized carbon nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene) and metal nanomaterials (e.g., metal nanowires and nanoparticles), this review provides fundamental insights into the strategies for developing nanomaterial-enabled highly conductive and stretchable conductors. Finally, some of the challenges and important directions in the area of nanomaterial-enabled stretchable conductors and devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7910, USA
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170
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Vural M, Behrens AM, Ayyub OB, Ayoub JJ, Kofinas P. Sprayable elastic conductors based on block copolymer silver nanoparticle composites. ACS NANO 2015; 9:336-44. [PMID: 25491507 PMCID: PMC4310637 DOI: 10.1021/nn505306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer silver nanoparticle composite elastic conductors were fabricated through solution blow spinning and subsequent nanoparticle nucleation. The reported technique allows for conformal deposition onto nonplanar substrates. We additionally demonstrated the ability to tune the strain dependence of the electrical properties by adjusting nanoparticle precursor concentration or localized nanoparticle nucleation. The stretchable fiber mats were able to display electrical conductivity values as high as 2000 ± 200 S/cm with only a 12% increase in resistance after 400 cycles of 150% strain. Stretchable elastic conductors with similar and higher bulk conductivity have not achieved comparable stability of electrical properties. These unique electromechanical characteristics are primarily the result of structural changes during mechanical deformation. The versatility of this approach was demonstrated by constructing a stretchable light emitting diode circuit and a strain sensor on planar and nonplanar substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Vural
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Adam M. Behrens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Omar B. Ayyub
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Joseph J. Ayoub
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter Kofinas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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171
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Effect of nano-fillers on conductivity of polyethylene/low melting point metal alloy composites. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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172
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Park J, You I, Shin S, Jeong U. Material Approaches to Stretchable Strain Sensors. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1155-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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173
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Muth JT, Vogt DM, Truby RL, Mengüç Y, Kolesky DB, Wood RJ, Lewis JA. Embedded 3D printing of strain sensors within highly stretchable elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6307-12. [PMID: 24934143 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A new method, embedded-3D printing (e-3DP), is reported for fabricating strain sensors within highly conformal and extensible elastomeric matrices. e-3DP allows soft sensors to be created in nearly arbitrary planar and 3D motifs in a highly programmable and seamless manner. Several embodiments are demonstrated and sensor performance is characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Muth
- Pierce Hall Rm 221, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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174
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Liu Z, Yu M, Lv J, Li Y, Yu Z. Dispersed, porous nanoislands landing on stretchable nanocrack gold films: maintenance of stretchability and controllable impedance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13487-13495. [PMID: 25090109 DOI: 10.1021/am502454t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronic devices have great potential for serving as bioelectrical interfaces due to their better deformability and modulus match with biological organs. However, surface modification, which is usually applied to enhance the capability of sensing and stimulating, as well as biocompatibility, may cause problems since their stretchability highly depends on the surface structure. In this work, stretchable nanocrack gold (SNCG) electrodes were fabricated, which can be stretched by a maximum 120% uniaxial strain while maintaining their electrical conductivity. We found that the electrodes lost their stretchability after surface modification of an additional continuous platinum layer, which was found to selectively weld or fully cover the nanocracks, consequently eliminating its crack structure. To address this issue, we designed a complex structure of dispersed, porous nanoislands landing on the SNCG film, which was further demonstrated as capable of maintaining the stretchability of electrodes while allowing the reshaping of cracks. Moreover, stretchable microelectrode arrays were then developed with this complex structure. Animal experiments demonstrated their capability of conformally wrapping on a rat brain cortex and effectively monitoring an intracranial electroencephalogram under deformation. In addition, their impedance can be precisely controlled by modulating the dispersity, diameter, and aspect ratio of individual nanoislands. This complex structure has great potential for developing highly stretchable, multiplexing sensors, allowing stiff materials to land on a stretchable conducting surface with maintenance of stretchability and controllable functional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liu
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
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175
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Yu Y, Yan C, Zheng Z. Polymer-assisted metal deposition (PAMD): a full-solution strategy for flexible, stretchable, compressible, and wearable metal conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5508-16. [PMID: 24458846 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metal interconnects, contacts, and electrodes are indispensable elements for most applications of flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronics. Current fabrication methods for these metal conductors are mainly based on conventional microfabrication procedures that have been migrated from Si semiconductor industries, which face significant challenges for organic-based compliant substrates. This Research News highlights a recently developed full-solution processing strategy, polymer-assisted metal deposition (PAMD), which is particularly suitable for the roll-to-roll, low-cost fabrication of high-performance compliant metal conductors (Cu, Ni, Ag, and Au) on a wide variety of organic substrates including plastics, elastomers, papers, and textiles. This paper presents i) the principles of PAMD, and how to use it for making ii) flexible, stretchable, and wearable conductive metal electrodes, iii) patterned metal interconnects, and d) 3D stretchable and compressible metal sponges. A critical perspective on this emerging strategy is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yu
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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176
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Xie K, Wei B. Materials and structures for stretchable energy storage and conversion devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3592-3617. [PMID: 24643976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable energy storage and conversion devices (ESCDs) are attracting intensive attention due to their promising and potential applications in realistic consumer products, ranging from portable electronics, bio-integrated devices, space satellites, and electric vehicles to buildings with arbitrarily shaped surfaces. Material synthesis and structural design are core in the development of highly stretchable supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells for practical applications. This review provides a brief summary of research development on the stretchable ESCDs in the past decade, from structural design strategies to novel materials synthesis. The focuses are on the fundamental insights of mechanical characteristics of materials and structures on the performance of the stretchable ESCDs, as well as challenges for their practical applications. Finally, some of the important directions in the areas of material synthesis and structural design facing the stretchable ESCDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P.R. China
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177
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Duan Y, Huang Y, Yin Z, Bu N, Dong W. Non-wrinkled, highly stretchable piezoelectric devices by electrohydrodynamic direct-writing. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3289-3295. [PMID: 24509570 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric structures, in forms that allow mere in-surface deformations under large strains, are attractive for bio-integrated systems. Here, mechano-electrospinning (MES) is presented to direct-write straight nanofibers of polyvinylidene fluoride onto a prestrained poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate, to position and polarize a piezoelectric nanofiber array in one-step. Wrinkled/non-wrinkled buckling modes are found when the substrates are released, and the morphology of the direct-written fiber proved the key to determine the buckling modes, which can be tuned precisely by MES parameters. The non-wrinkled, stretchable piezoelectric devices with a highly synchronized serpentine fiber array exhibit their in-surface deformation and stable piezoelectric performance up the failure strain of PDMS (∼110% in our study), which may be used as stretchable sensors and energy converters/providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongQing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
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178
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Ruh D, Reith P, Sherman S, Theodor M, Ruhhammer J, Seifert A, Zappe H. Stretchable optoelectronic circuits embedded in a polymer network. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1706-10. [PMID: 24282161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable optoelectronic circuits, incorporating chip-level LEDs and photodiodes in a silicone membrane, are demonstrated. Due to its highly miniaturized design and tissue-like mechanical properties, such an optical circuit can be conformally applied to the epidermis and be used for measurement of photoplethysmograms. This level of optical functionality in a stretchable substrate is potentially of great interest for personal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Ruh
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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179
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Zhou Z, Wang D, Jiang Q. Piezoelectric Effect on the Buckling of Piezoelectric Thin Film with Viscoelastic Substrate. JOURNAL OF NANOMECHANICS AND MICROMECHANICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhou
- Associate Professor, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen Univ., Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Xiamen Univ., Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China (corresponding author)
| | - Quan Jiang
- Associate Professor, College of Civil Engineering, Nantong Univ., Nantong, Jiangxi 226019, China
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy H. Ewoldt
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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181
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Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3266. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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182
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Bae WG, Kim HN, Kim D, Park SH, Jeong HE, Suh KY. 25th anniversary article: scalable multiscale patterned structures inspired by nature: the role of hierarchy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:675-700. [PMID: 24353032 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiscale, hierarchically patterned surfaces, such as lotus leaves, butterfly wings, adhesion pads of gecko lizards are abundantly found in nature, where microstructures are usually used to strengthen the mechanical stability while nanostructures offer the main functionality, i.e., wettability, structural color, or dry adhesion. To emulate such hierarchical structures in nature, multiscale, multilevel patterning has been extensively utilized for the last few decades towards various applications ranging from wetting control, structural colors, to tissue scaffolds. In this review, we highlight recent advances in scalable multiscale patterning to bring about improved functions that can even surpass those found in nature, with particular focus on the analogy between natural and synthetic architectures in terms of the role of different length scales. This review is organized into four sections. First, the role and importance of multiscale, hierarchical structures is described with four representative examples. Second, recent achievements in multiscale patterning are introduced with their strengths and weaknesses. Third, four application areas of wetting control, dry adhesives, selectively filtrating membranes, and multiscale tissue scaffolds are overviewed by stressing out how and why multiscale structures need to be incorporated to carry out their performances. Finally, we present future directions and challenges for scalable, multiscale patterned surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gyu Bae
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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183
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Streubel R, Lee J, Makarov D, Im MY, Karnaushenko D, Han L, Schäfer R, Fischer P, Kim SK, Schmidt OG. Magnetic microstructure of rolled-up single-layer ferromagnetic nanomembranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:316-323. [PMID: 24136680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic microstructure of rolled-up magnetic nanomembranes is revealed both theoretically and experimentally. Two types of nanomembranes are considered, one with a non-magnetic spacer layer and the other without. Experimentally, by using different materials and tuning the dimensions of the rolled-up nanomembranes, domain patterns consisting of spiral-like and azimuthally magnetized domains are observed, which are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Streubel
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany; Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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184
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Zhang S, Lu Z, Gu L, Cai L, Cao X. Deterministic growth of AgTCNQ and CuTCNQ nanowires on large-area reduced graphene oxide films for flexible optoelectronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:465202. [PMID: 24158776 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/46/465202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a synchronous reduction and assembly procedure to directly produce large-area reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films sandwiched by a high density of metal nanoparticles (silver and copper). Further, by using the sandwiched metal NPs as sources, networks consisting of AgTCNQ and CuTCNQ nanowires were deterministically grown from the rGO films, forming structurally and functionally integrated rGO/metal-TCNQ hybrid films with outstanding flexibility, bending endurance, and electrical stability. Interestingly, due to the p-type nature of the rGO film and the n-type nature of the metal-TCNQ NWs, the hybrid films are essentially thin-film p-n junctions which are useful in ubiquitous electronics and optoelectronics. Measurements of the optoelectronic properties demonstrate that the rGO/metal-TCNQ hybrid films exhibit substantial photoconductivity and highly reproducible photoswitching behaviours. The present approach may open the door to the versatile and deterministic integration of functional nanostructures into flexible conducting substrates and provide an important step towards producing low-cost and high-performance soft electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, People's Republic of China. College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
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185
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 891] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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186
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Super-stretchable, transparent carbon nanotube-based capacitive strain sensors for human motion detection. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3048. [PMID: 24157842 PMCID: PMC6505716 DOI: 10.1038/srep03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Realization of advanced bio-interactive electronic devices requires mechanically compliant sensors with the ability to detect extremely large strain. Here, we design a new multifunctional carbon nanotube (CNT) based capacitive strain sensors which can detect strains up to 300% with excellent durability even after thousands of cycles. The CNT-based strain gauge devices exhibit deterministic and linear capacitive response throughout the whole strain range with a gauge factor very close to the predicted value (strictly 1), representing the highest sensitivity value. The strain tests reveal the presented strain gauge with excellent dynamic sensing ability without overshoot or relaxation, and ultrafast response at sub-second scale. Coupling these superior sensing capabilities to the high transparency, physical robustness and flexibility, we believe the designed stretchable multifunctional CNT-based strain gauge may have various potential applications in human friendly and wearable smart electronics, subsequently demonstrated by our prototypical data glove and respiration monitor.
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187
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Wang C, Hwang D, Yu Z, Takei K, Park J, Chen T, Ma B, Javey A. User-interactive electronic skin for instantaneous pressure visualization. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:899-904. [PMID: 23872732 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) presents a network of mechanically flexible sensors that can conformally wrap irregular surfaces and spatially map and quantify various stimuli. Previous works on e-skin have focused on the optimization of pressure sensors interfaced with an electronic readout, whereas user interfaces based on a human-readable output were not explored. Here, we report the first user-interactive e-skin that not only spatially maps the applied pressure but also provides an instantaneous visual response through a built-in active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display with red, green and blue pixels. In this system, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are turned on locally where the surface is touched, and the intensity of the emitted light quantifies the magnitude of the applied pressure. This work represents a system-on-plastic demonstration where three distinct electronic components--thin-film transistor, pressure sensor and OLED arrays--are monolithically integrated over large areas on a single plastic substrate. The reported e-skin may find a wide range of applications in interactive input/control devices, smart wallpapers, robotics and medical/health monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- 1] Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [3] Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [4]
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188
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Kim D, Shin G, Kang YJ, Kim W, Ha JS. Fabrication of a stretchable solid-state micro-supercapacitor array. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7975-82. [PMID: 23952841 DOI: 10.1021/nn403068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a stretchable micro-supercapacitor array with planar SWCNT electrodes and an ionic liquid-based triblock copolymer electrolyte. The mechanical stability of the entire supercapacitor array upon stretching was obtained by adopting strategic design concepts. First, the narrow and long serpentine metallic interconnections were encapsulated with polyimide thin film to ensure that they were within the mechanical neutral plane. Second, an array of two-dimensional planar micro-supercapacitor with SWCNT electrodes and an ion-gel-type electrolyte was made to achieve all-solid-state energy storage devices. The formed micro-supercapacitor array showed excellent performances which were stable over stretching up to 30% without any noticeable degradation. This work shows the strong potential of a stretchable micro-supercapacitor array in applications such as wearable computers, power dressing, electronic newspapers, paper-like mobile phones, and other easily collapsible gadgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeil Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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189
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.
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190
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Sun B, Long YZ, Liu SL, Huang YY, Ma J, Zhang HD, Shen G, Xu S. Fabrication of curled conducting polymer microfibrous arrays via a novel electrospinning method for stretchable strain sensors. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7041-5. [PMID: 23807533 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01832f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors based on aligned microfibrous arrays of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PEDOT:PSS-PVP) with curled architectures have been fabricated by a novel reciprocating-type electrospinning setup with a spinneret in straightforward simple harmonic motion. The incorporation of PEDOT:PSS into PVP is confirmed by Raman spectra, which improves the room-temperature conductivity of the composite fibers (1.6 × 10(-5) S cm(-1)). Owing to the curled architectures of the as-spun fibrous polymer arrays, the sensors can be stretched reversibly with a linear elastic response to strain up to 4%, which is three times higher than that from electrospun nonwoven mats. In addition, the stretchable strain sensor with a high repeatability and durability has a gauge factor of about 360. These results may be helpful for the fabrication of stretchable devices which have potential applications in some fields such as soft robotics, elastic semiconductors, and elastic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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191
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Guo R, Yu Y, Xie Z, Liu X, Zhou X, Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhou F, Yang Y, Zheng Z. Matrix-assisted catalytic printing for the fabrication of multiscale, flexible, foldable, and stretchable metal conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3343-3350. [PMID: 23670964 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted catalytic printing (MACP) is developed as a low-cost and versatile printing method for the fabrication of multiscale metal conductors on a wide variety of plastic, elastomeric, and textile substrates. Highly conductive Cu interconnects (2.0 × 10⁸ S/m) fabricated by MACP at room temperature display excellent flexibility, foldability, and stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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192
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Chatterjee P, Pan Y, Stevens EC, Ma T, Jiang H, Dai LL. Controlled morphology of thin film silicon integrated with environmentally responsive hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6495-6501. [PMID: 23617458 DOI: 10.1021/la401267u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally responsive hydrogels hold multiple important applications. However, the functionality of these materials alone is often limited in comparison to other materials like silicon; thus, there is a need to integrate soft and hard materials for the advancement of environmentally sensitive materials. Here we demonstrate the capability of integrating a thermoresponsive hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), with thin film silicon ribbons, enabling the stiff silicon ribbons to become adaptive and drivable by the soft environmentally sensitive substrate. This integration provides a means of mechanical buckling of the thin silicon film due to changes in environmental stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). We also investigate how advanced lithographic techniques can be used to generate patterned deformation on the aforementioned integrated structures. Furthermore, we explore multilayer hybrid hydrogel structures formed by the integration of different types of hydrogels that have tunable curvatures under the influence of different stimuli. Silicon thin film integration on such tunable curvature substrates reveal characteristic reversible buckling of the thin film in the presence of multiple stimuli. These results open new opportunities for developing stretchable and intelligent devices for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithwish Chatterjee
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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193
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Palleau E, Reece S, Desai SC, Smith ME, Dickey MD. Self-healing stretchable wires for reconfigurable circuit wiring and 3D microfluidics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1589-1592. [PMID: 23334983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the fabrication of self-healing stretchable wires formed by embedding liquid metal wires in microchannels composed of self-healing polymer. These stretchable wires can be completely severed with scissors and rapidly self-heal both mechanically and electrically at ambient conditions. By cutting the channels strategically, the pieces can be re-assembled in a different order to form complex microfluidic networks in 2D or 3D space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Palleau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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194
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He R, Day TD, Krishnamurthi M, Sparks JR, Sazio PJA, Gopalan V, Badding JV. Silicon p-i-n junction fibers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1461-1467. [PMID: 23212830 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flexible Si p-i-n junction fibers made by high pressure chemical vapor deposition offer new opportunities in textile photovoltaics and optoelectronics, as exemplified by their photovoltaic properties, gigahertz bandwidth for photodetection, and ability to waveguide light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrui He
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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195
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Jiang RH, Lin CF, Huang YC, Fan FH, Wu KC, Wang JH, Cheng PF, Yang CC. Separating InGaN membranes from GaN/sapphire templates through a crystallographic-etch-limited process. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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196
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Melzer M, Lin G, Makarov D, Schmidt OG. Stretchable spin valves on elastomer membranes by predetermined periodic fracture and random wrinkling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:6468-72. [PMID: 23038060 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The first highly stretchable and sensitive spin valve sensor on elastomeric membranes are demonstrated. The sensor elements exhibit stable GMR behavior up to tensile strains of 29% in in situ stretching experiments and show no fatigue over 500 loading cycles. This remarkable stretchability is achieved by a predetermined periodic fracture mechanism that creates a meander-like pattern upon stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melzer
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden 01069, Germany.
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197
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Libanori R, Erb RM, Reiser A, Le Ferrand H, Süess MJ, Spolenak R, Studart AR. Stretchable heterogeneous composites with extreme mechanical gradients. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1265. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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198
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Kim BJ, Cho Y, Jung MS, Shin HAS, Moon MW, Han HN, Nam KT, Joo YC, Choi IS. Fatigue-free, electrically reliable copper electrode with nanohole array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3300-3306. [PMID: 22821891 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Design and fabrication of reliable electrodes is one of the most important challenges in flexible devices, which undergo repeated deformation. In conventional approaches, mechanical and electrical properties of continuous metal films degrade gradually because of the fatigue damage. The designed incorporation of nanoholes into Cu electrodes can enhance the reliability. In this study, the electrode shows extremely low electrical resistance change during bending fatigue because the nanoholes suppress crack initiation by preventing protrusion formation and damage propagation by crack tip blunting. This concept provides a key guideline for developing fatigue-free flexible electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151744, Republic of Korea
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199
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Moonen PF, Yakimets I, Huskens J. Fabrication of transistors on flexible substrates: from mass-printing to high-resolution alternative lithography strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:5526-5541. [PMID: 22887056 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the development of conventional, mass-printing strategies into high-resolution, alternative patterning techniques is reviewed with the focus on large-area patterning of flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) for display applications. In the first part, conventional and digital printing techniques are introduced and categorized as far as their development is relevant for this application area. The limitations of conventional printing guides the reader to the second part of the progress report: alternative-lithographic patterning on low-cost flexible foils for the fabrication of flexible TFTs. Soft and nanoimprint lithography-based patterning techniques and their limitations are surveyed with respect to patterning on low-cost flexible foils. These show a shift from fabricating simple microlense structures to more complicated, high-resolution electronic devices. The development of alternative, low-temperature processable materials and the introduction of high-resolution patterning strategies will lead to the low-cost, self-aligned fabrication of flexible displays and solar cells from cheaper but better performing organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter F Moonen
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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200
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Kim RH, Kim S, Song YM, Jeong H, Kim TI, Lee J, Li X, Choquette KD, Rogers JA. Flexible vertical light emitting diodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3123-3128. [PMID: 22887845 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rak-Hwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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