151
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Liu YY, Wang ZS, Liao PQ, Chen XM. A stable metal-azolate framework with cyclic tetracopper(I) clusters for highly selective electroreduction of CO2 to C2 products. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200764. [PMID: 36066571 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is of great significance for constructing electrocatalysts with accurate structures and compositions to pinpoint the active sites, thereby improving the C 2 products (C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 5 OH and CH 3 COOH) selectivity during electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction raction. Here, we report a tetracopper(I) cluster-based metal-organic framework that exhibits long-term stability and remarkable performance for electroreduction CO 2 towards C 2 products in an H-type cell with a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 72%, and delivers a current density of 350 mA cm -2 with a FE(C 2 ) up to 46% in a flow cell device, outperforming most of the Cu-based electrocatalysts such as Cu derivatives and Cu nanostructured materials. Importantly, no obvious degradation was observed at 350 mA cm -2 over 20 hours of continuous operation, strengthening the practicability. In-situ infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the cooperative effect of adjacent Cu(I) ions in tetracopper(I) cluster may promote the C-C coupling to generate C 2 products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Chemistry, Guang Zhou, CHINA
| | | | - Pei-Qin Liao
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Chemistry, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, 510275, Guangzhou, CHINA
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152
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Sheng X, Ge W, Jiang H, Li C. Engineering the NiNC Catalyst Microenvironment Enabling CO 2 Electroreduction with Nearly 100% CO Selectivity in Acid. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201295. [PMID: 35901104 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CO2 electrolysis in acid has emerged as a promising route to achieve high CO2 utilization due to the inhibition of undesired carbonate formation that generally occurs in alkaline or neutral conditions. However, the efficiency and stability of this system need to be further improved through tailoring of the electrocatalyst and its working environment. Here, a working microenvironment of structurally engineered NiNC catalyst for acidic CO2 electrolysis is probed and optimized by adding hydrophobic poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) nanoparticles in the catalytic layer of gas-diffusion electrodes. The PTFE-modified electrode delivers nearly 100% CO Faradaic efficiency at an industry-relevant current density of 250 mA cm-2 , and a high single-pass CO2 utilization of 75.7% at a current density of 200 mA cm-2 under 20 sccm CO2 gas flow rate. Moreover, compared to a conventional electrode without added PTFE, the PTFE-modified electrode exhibits a substantially enhanced water-flooding-resistant ability. Mechanistic investigations reveal that a moderate PTFE modification can optimize the local CO2 /H2 O ratio in the catalytic layer, favoring the reduction of the diffusion layer thickness and the formation of a highly active and stable solid-liquid-gas interfacial microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedi Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wangxing Ge
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hongliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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153
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Liu Y, Wang F, Jiao Z, Bai S, Qiu H, Guo L. Photochemical Systems for Solar-to-Fuel Production. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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154
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He T, Yang C, Chen Y, Huang N, Duan S, Zhang Z, Hu W, Jiang D. Bottom-Up Interfacial Design of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient and Selective Electrocatalysis of CO 2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205186. [PMID: 35934874 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Assembling molecular catalytic centers into crosslinked networks is widely used to fabricate heterogeneous catalysts but they often suffer loss in activity and selectivity accompanied by unclear causes. Here, a strategy for the construction of heterogeneous catalysts to induce activity and selectivity by bottom-up introduction of segregated electron-conduction and mass-transport interfaces into the catalytic materials is reported. The catalytic skeletons are designed to possess different π orderings for electron motion and the open channels are tailored to install finely engineered walls for mass transport, so that origins of activity and selectivity are correlated. The resultant covalent organic framework catalysts with ordered π skeletons and solvophobic pores increase activity by two orders of magnitude, enhance selectivity and energy efficiency by 70-fold, and broaden the voltage range, to promote CO2 transformation under ambient conditions. The results open a way to precise interfacial design of actionable heterogeneous catalysts for producing feedstocks from CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chenhuai Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ning Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalisation, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shuming Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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155
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Feng J, Zhou K, Liu C, Hu Q, Fang H, Yang H, He C. Superbase and Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Confined within Ni Foams as a Free-Standing Catalyst for CO 2 Electroreduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38717-38726. [PMID: 35983881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Access to high-performance and cost-effective catalyst materials is one of the crucial preconditions for the industrial application of electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR). In this work, a facile and simple strategy is proposed for the construction of a free-standing electrocatalyst via confining a superbase and hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL, [P66614][triz]) into Ni foam pores, denoted as [P66614][triz]@Ni foam. These ILs can modulate the surface of Ni foam and create a microenvironment with high CO2 concentration around the electrode/electrolyte interface, which successfully suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of Ni foam. Consequently, the synthesized [P66614][triz]@Ni foam sample can obtain a CO product with 63% Faradaic efficiency from the ECR procedure, while no detectable CO can be found on pristine Ni foam. Owing to the superbase IL, the valency of Ni species retains Ni(I)/Ni(0) during electrolysis. Furthermore, the strikingly high CO2 capacity by [P66614][Triz] (0.91 mol CO2 per mole of IL) offers a high CO2 local concentration in the reaction region. Theoretical calculations indicated that the neutral CO2 molecule turned to be negatively charged with -0.546 e and changed into a bent geometry, thus rendering CO2 activation and reduction in a low-energy pathway. This study provides a new method of electrode interface modification for the design of efficient ECR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Feng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Kangjie Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Changsha Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hengpan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
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156
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Yang B, Chen L, Xue S, Sun H, Feng K, Chen Y, Zhang X, Xiao L, Qin Y, Zhong J, Deng Z, Jiao Y, Peng Y. Electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction to alcohols by modulating the molecular geometry and Cu coordination in bicentric copper complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5122. [PMID: 36045126 PMCID: PMC9433389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 into alcohols of high economic value offers a promising route to realize resourceful CO2 utilization. In this study, we choose three model bicentric copper complexes based on the expanded and fluorinated porphyrin structure, but different spatial and coordination geometry, to unravel their structure-property-performance correlation in catalyzing electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions. We show that the complexes with higher intramolecular tension and coordination asymmetry manifests a lower electrochemical stability and thus more active Cu centers, which can be reduced during electrolysis to form Cu clusters accompanied by partially-reduced or fragmented ligands. We demonstrate the hybrid structure of Cu cluster and partially reduced O-containing hexaphyrin ligand is highly potent in converting CO2 into alcohols, up to 32.5% ethanol and 18.3% n-propanol in Faradaic efficiencies that have been rarely reported. More importantly, we uncover an interplay between the inorganic and organic phases to synergistically produce alcohols, of which the intermediates are stabilized by a confined space to afford extra O-Cu bonding. This study underlines the exploitation of structure-dependent electrochemical property to steer the CO2 reduction pathway, as well as a potential generic tactic to target alcohol synthesis by constructing organic/inorganic Cu hybrids. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 into multi-carbon alcohols of high economic merit offers an effective means to close the carbon cycle. Here the authors show the synergy between inorganic and organic phases derived from rationally designed molecular precursors to produce alcohols in high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyu Yang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow Municipal Laboratory for Low Carbon Technologies and Industries, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Songlin Xue
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow Municipal Laboratory for Low Carbon Technologies and Industries, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Kun Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow Municipal Laboratory for Low Carbon Technologies and Industries, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Long Xiao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow Municipal Laboratory for Low Carbon Technologies and Industries, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yongze Qin
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow Municipal Laboratory for Low Carbon Technologies and Industries, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhao Deng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow Municipal Laboratory for Low Carbon Technologies and Industries, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Yang Peng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow Municipal Laboratory for Low Carbon Technologies and Industries, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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157
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Wei Z, Sautet P. Improving the Accuracy of Modelling CO
2
Electroreduction on Copper Using Many‐Body Perturbation Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210060. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA, 90095 USA
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA, 90095 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Los Angeles CA, 90095 USA
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158
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Poon KC, Wan WY, Su H, Sato H. A review on recent advances in the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO with nano-electrocatalysts. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22703-22721. [PMID: 36105973 PMCID: PMC9376860 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03341k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction (ECR) of CO2 is a powerful strategy to reduce the world's carbon footprint by converting CO2 to useful products such as CH3OH and CO. Recent techno-economic analysis has found that for the electro-conversion of CO2 to be adapted for practical use, the main products formed from this reaction need to be low-order, such as CO. This review summarizes recent progress in the ECR of CO2 to CO on nano-electrocatalysts (noble, non-noble metals and carbon nanomaterials) and provides the limitations and challenges that each electrocatalyst faces. It discusses the mechanism behind the performance of the electrocatalysts and offers the potential future prospects of the ECR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Chun Poon
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798
| | - Wei Yang Wan
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798
| | - Haibin Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong China
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798
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159
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Wei Z, Sautet P. Improving the Accuracy of Modelling CO2 Electroreduction on Copper Using Many‐Body Perturbation Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Wei
- UCLA: University of California Los Angeles Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Philippe Sautet
- University of California Los Angeles Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 5531 Boelter HallBox 951592 90095-1592 Los Angeles UNITED STATES
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160
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Abstract
Facing greenhouse effects and the rapid exhaustion of fossil fuel, CO2 electrochemical reduction presents a promising method of environmental protection and energy transformation. Low onset potential, large current density, high faradaic efficiency (FE), and long-time stability are required for industrial production, due to economic costs and energy consumption. This minireview showcases the recent progress in catalyst design and engineering technology in CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) on copper based-catalysts. We focus on strategies optimizing the performance of copper-based catalysts, such as single-atom catalysts, doping, surface modification, crystal facet engineering, etc., and reactor design including gas diffusion layer, membrane electrode assembly, etc., in enhancing target electroreduction products including methane, methanol, ethylene, and C2+ oxygenates. The determination of the correlation and the developed technology might be helpful for future applications in the industry.
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161
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Zheng M, Wang P, Zhi X, Yang K, Jiao Y, Duan J, Zheng Y, Qiao SZ. Electrocatalytic CO 2-to-C 2+ with Ampere-Level Current on Heteroatom-Engineered Copper via Tuning *CO Intermediate Coverage. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14936-14944. [PMID: 35926980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An ampere-level current density of CO2 electrolysis is critical to realize the industrial production of multicarbon (C2+) fuels. However, under such a large current density, the poor CO intermediate (*CO) coverage on the catalyst surface induces the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, which hinders CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Herein, we report reliable ampere-level CO2-to-C2+ electrolysis by heteroatom engineering on Cu catalysts. The Cu-based compounds with heteroatom (N, P, S, O) are electrochemically reduced to heteroatom-derived Cu with significant structural reconstruction under CO2RR conditions. It is found that N-engineered Cu (N-Cu) catalyst exhibits the best CO2-to-C2+ productivity with a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 73.7% under -1100 mA cm-2 and an energy efficiency of 37.2% under -900 mA cm-2. Particularly, it achieves a C2+ partial current density of -909 mA cm-2 at -1.15 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which outperforms most reported Cu-based catalysts. In situ spectroscopy indicates that heteroatom engineering adjusts *CO adsorption on Cu surface and alters the local H proton consumption in solution. Density functional theory studies confirm that the high adsorption strength of *CO on N-Cu results from the depressed HER and promoted *CO adsorption on both bridge and atop sites of Cu, which greatly reduces the energy barrier for C-C coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Pengtang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Xing Zhi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kang Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jingjing Duan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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162
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Nguyen DLT, Nguyen TM, Lee SY, Kim J, Kim SY, Le QV, Varma RS, Hwang YJ. Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to value-added chemicals over bimetallic Pd-based nanostructures: Recent progress and emerging trends. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113116. [PMID: 35304112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to fuels and chemicals as a sustainable solution for waste transformation has garnered tremendous interest to combat the fervent issue of the prevailing high atmospheric CO2 concentration while contributing to the generation of sustainable energy. Monometallic palladium (Pd) has been shown promising in electrochemical CO2 reduction, producing formate or CO depending on applied potentials. Recently, bimetallic Pd-based materials strived to fine-tune the binding affinity of key intermediates is a prominent strategy for the desired product formation from CO2 reduction. Herein, the recent emerging trends on bimetallic Pd-based electrocatalysts are reviewed, including fundamentals of CO2 electroreduction and material engineering of bimetallic Pd-electrocatalysts categorized by primary products. Modern analytical techniques on these novel electrocatalysts are also thoroughly studied to get insights into reaction mechanisms. Lastly, we deliberate over the challenges and prospects for Pd-based catalysts for electrochemical CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Le Tri Nguyen
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Tung M Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Si Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Yun Jeong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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163
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Hou M, Shi Y, Li J, Gao Z, Zhang Z. Cu-based Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200624. [PMID: 35859530 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is an attractive pathway to convert CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels. Copper (Cu) is the most effective monometallic catalyst for converting CO2 into multi-carbon products, but suffers from high overpotentials and poor selectivity. Therefore, it is essential to design efficient Cu-based catalyst to improve the selectivity of specific products. Due to the combination of advantages of organic and inorganic composite materials, organic-inorganic composites exhibit high catalytic performance towards CO2RR, and have been extensively studied. In this review, the research advances of various Cu-based organic-inorganic composite materials in CO2RR, i.e., organic molecular modified-metal Cu composites, Cu-based molecular catalyst/carbon carrier composites, Cu-based metal organic framework (MOF) composites, and Cu-based covalent organic framework (COF) composites are systematically summarized. Particularly, the synthesis strategies of Cu-based composites, structure-performance relationship, and catalytic mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of Cu-based organic-inorganic composite materials in CO2RR are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hou
- Tianjin University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, CHINA
| | - YongXia Shi
- Tianjin University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, CHINA
| | - JunJun Li
- Tianjin University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, CHINA
| | - ZengQiang Gao
- Tianjin University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, CHINA
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin University, Department of Chemistry, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA
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164
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Li S, Duan H, Yu J, Qiu C, Yu R, Chen Y, Fang Y, Cai X, Yang S. Cu Vacancy Induced Product Switching from Formate to CO for CO 2 Reduction on Copper Sulfide. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Li
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Huan Duan
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Rongxing Yu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yanpeng Chen
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yueping Fang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
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165
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Nguyen TN, Chen Z, Zeraati AS, Shiran HS, Sadaf SM, Kibria MG, Sargent EH, Dinh CT. Catalyst Regeneration via Chemical Oxidation Enables Long-Term Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13254-13265. [PMID: 35796714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) with industrially relevant current densities, high product selectivity, and long-term stability has been a long-sought goal. Unfortunately, copper (Cu) catalysts for producing valuable multicarbon (C2+) products undergo structural and morphological changes under ECR conditions, especially at high current densities, resulting in a rapid decrease in product selectivity. Herein, we report a catalyst regeneration strategy, one that employs an electrolysis method comprising alternating "on" and "off" operating regimes, to increase the operating stability of a Cu catalyst. We find that it increases operating lifetime many times, maintaining ethylene selectivity ≥40% for at least 200 h of electrolysis in neutral pH media at a current density of 150 mA cm-2 using a flow cell. We also demonstrate ECR to ethylene at a current density of 1 A cm-2 with ethylene selectivity ≥40% using a three-dimensional Cu gas diffusion electrode, finding that this system under these conditions is rendered stable for greater than 36 h. This work illustrates that Cu-based catalysts, once they have entered into the state conventionally considered to possess degraded catalytic activity, may be recovered to deliver high C2+ selectivity. We present evidence that the combination of short periods of electrolysis, which minimizes the morphological changes during "on" segments, with the progressive chemical oxidation of Cu atoms on the catalyst surface during "off" segments, united with the added effects of washing the accumulated salt and decreasing the catholyte temperature prolong together the catalyst's operating lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu N Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, ON, Canada.,Helen Scientific Research and Technological Development Co., Ltd, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Shayesteh Zeraati
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Hadi Shaker Shiran
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Sharif Md Sadaf
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Université Du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cao-Thang Dinh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, ON, Canada
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166
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An Q, Jiang J, Cheng W, Su H, Jiang Y, Liu Q. Recent Advances in Dual-Atom Site Catalysts for Efficient Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Electrocatalysis. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200408. [PMID: 35607754 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomically dispersed metal catalysts have been widely used in electrocatalysis because of their outstanding catalytic activity and high atomic utilization efficiency. As an extension of single-atom catalysts (SACs), dual-atom catalysts (DACs) provide new insights for the development of atomic-scale catalysts. Higher metal loading and more flexible active sites endow DACs with improved catalytic performance as well as optimized reaction mechanism model. In this review, DACs are firstly classified according to their configurations and metal sites. Subsequently, the synthetic strategies and characterization techniques of DACs are introduced. Furthermore, the applications of DACs are exemplified in various electrocatalytic reactions, including oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. Finally, the prospects to be expected and challenges to be faced with are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng An
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Hui Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang National Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
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167
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Zhang Y, Li P, Zhao C, Zhou F, Zhang Q, Su C, Wu Y. Multicarbons generation factory: CuO/Ni single atoms tandem catalyst for boosting the productivity of CO2 electrocatalysis. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1679-1687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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168
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Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Qian L, Luo D, Dou H, Wen G, Yu A, Chen Z. Emerging Trends in Sustainable CO 2 -Management Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201547. [PMID: 35307897 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rising level of atmospheric CO2 worsening climate change, a promising global movement toward carbon neutrality is forming. Sustainable CO2 management based on carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has garnered considerable interest due to its critical role in resolving emission-control and energy-supply challenges. Here, a comprehensive review is presented that summarizes the state-of-the-art progress in developing promising materials for sustainable CO2 management in terms of not only capture, catalytic conversion (thermochemistry, electrochemistry, photochemistry, and possible combinations), and direct utilization, but also emerging integrated capture and in situ conversion as well as artificial-intelligence-driven smart material study. In particular, insights that span multiple scopes of material research are offered, ranging from mechanistic comprehension of reactions, rational design and precise manipulation of key materials (e.g., carbon nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, zeolites, ionic liquids), to industrial implementation. This review concludes with a summary and new perspectives, especially from multiple aspects of society, which summarizes major difficulties and future potential for implementing advanced materials and technologies in sustainable CO2 management. This work may serve as a guideline and road map for developing CCU material systems, benefiting both scientists and engineers working in this growing and potentially game-changing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lanting Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Guobin Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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169
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Liu Z, Zhang J, Yu L, Wang H, Huang X. Thermal derived bismuth nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel enable selective electrochemical production of formate from CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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170
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Ren W, Tan X, Jia C, Krammer A, Sun Q, Qu J, Smith SC, Schueler A, Hu X, Zhao C. Electronic Regulation of Nickel Single Atoms by Confined Nickel Nanoparticles for Energy-Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203335. [PMID: 35315559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the electronic structure of atomically dispersed active sites is promising to boost catalytic activity but is challenging to achieve. Here we show a cooperative Ni single-atom-on-nanoparticle catalyst (NiSA/NP) prepared via direct solid-state pyrolysis, where Ni nanoparticles donate electrons to Ni(i)-N-C sites via a network of carbon nanotubes, achieving a high CO current density of 346 mA cm-2 at -0.5 V vs RHE in an alkaline flow cell. When coupled with a NiFe-based anode in a zero-gap membrane electrolyzer, the catalyst delivers an industrially relevant CO current density of 310 mA cm-2 at a low cell voltage of -2.3 V, corresponding to an overall energy efficiency of 57 %. The superior CO2 electroreduction performance is attributed to the enhanced adsorption of key intermediate COOH* on the electron-rich Ni single atoms, as well as a high density of active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Ren
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chen Jia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anna Krammer
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL LESO-PB, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Qu
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sean C Smith
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andreas Schueler
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL LESO-PB, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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171
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Liu J, You F, He B, Wu Y, Wang D, Zhou W, Qian C, Yang G, Liu G, Wang H, Guo Y, Gu L, Feng L, Li S, Zhao Y. Directing the Architecture of Surface-Clean Cu 2O for CO Electroreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12410-12420. [PMID: 35758858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring the morphology of nanocrystals is a promising way to enhance their catalytic performance. In most previous shape-controlled synthesis strategies, surfactants are inevitable due to their capability to stabilize different facets. However, the adsorbed surfactants block the intrinsic active sites of the nanocrystals, reducing their catalytic performance. For now, strategies to control the morphology without surfactants are still limited but necessary. Herein, a facile surfactant-free synthesis method is developed to regulate the morphology of Cu2O nanocrystals (e.g., solid nanocube, concave nanocube, cubic framework, branching nanocube, branching concave nanocube, and branching cubic framework) to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for the conversion of CO to n-propanol. Specifically, the Cu2O branching cubic framework (BCF-Cu2O), which is difficult to fabricate using previous surfactant-free methods, is fabricated by combining the concentration depletion effect and the oxidation etching process. More significantly, the BCF-Cu2O-derived catalyst (BCF) presents the highest n-propanol current density (-0.85 mA cm-2) at -0.45 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE), which is fivefold higher than that of the surfactant-coated Cu2O nanocube-derived catalyst (SFC, -0.17 mA cm-2). In terms of the n-propanol Faradaic efficiency in CO electroreduction, that of the BCF exhibits a 41% increase at -0.45 VRHE as compared with SFC. The high catalytic activity of the BCF that results from the clean surface and the coexistence of Cu(100) and Cu(110) in the lattice is well-supported by density functional theory calculations. Thus, this work presents an important paradigm for the facile fabrication of surface-clean nanocrystals with an enhanced application performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Futian You
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Bowen He
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yinglong Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Cheng Qian
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Guangbao Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Hou Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yi Guo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Long Gu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Lili Feng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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172
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Bipolar membrane electrolyzers enable high single-pass CO 2 electroreduction to multicarbon products. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3609. [PMID: 35750665 PMCID: PMC9232613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In alkaline and neutral MEA CO2 electrolyzers, CO2 rapidly converts to (bi)carbonate, imposing a significant energy penalty arising from separating CO2 from the anode gas outlets. Here we report a CO2 electrolyzer uses a bipolar membrane (BPM) to convert (bi)carbonate back to CO2, preventing crossover; and that surpasses the single-pass utilization (SPU) limit (25% for multi-carbon products, C2+) suffered by previous neutral-media electrolyzers. We employ a stationary unbuffered catholyte layer between BPM and cathode to promote C2+ products while ensuring that (bi)carbonate is converted back, in situ, to CO2 near the cathode. We develop a model that enables the design of the catholyte layer, finding that limiting the diffusion path length of reverted CO2 to ~10 μm balances the CO2 diffusion flux with the regeneration rate. We report a single-pass CO2 utilization of 78%, which lowers the energy associated with downstream separation of CO2 by 10× compared with past systems.
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173
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Cheng B, Du J, Yuan H, Tao Y, Chen Y, Lei J, Han Z. Selective CO 2 Reduction to Ethylene Using Imidazolium-Functionalized Copper. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27823-27832. [PMID: 35675583 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising approach to obtain sustainable chemicals in energy conversion. Improving the selectivity of CO2 reduction toward a particular C2 product such as ethylene remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a series of imidazolium hexafluorophosphate compounds as surface modifiers for planar Cu foils to boost the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of ethylene from 5 to 73%, which is among the highest reported using polycrystalline Cu. The modified electrodes are convenient to prepare. The structure-function study demonstrates that varying the alkyl or aromatic substituents on the imidazolium nitrogen atoms has significant effects on the morphology of the deposited films and the product selectivity of CO2 reduction. Experimental FEC≥2, FEC2H4, ln(FEC≥2/FECH4), and ln(FEC2H4/FEC2H5OH) values show generally linear relationships with FEH2 while using different imidazolium modifiers, suggesting that factors governing proton reduction may also be directly related to both overall C≥2 generation and ethylene selectivity. This work presents an effective and practical way in tailoring the active sites of metallic surface for selective CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banggui Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiehao Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ya Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingxiang Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiji Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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174
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Eliminating the need for anodic gas separation in CO 2 electroreduction systems via liquid-to-liquid anodic upgrading. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3070. [PMID: 35654799 PMCID: PMC9163163 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to multi-carbon products (C2+), when powered using renewable electricity, offers a route to valuable chemicals and fuels. In conventional neutral-media CO2-to-C2+ devices, as much as 70% of input CO2 crosses the cell and mixes with oxygen produced at the anode. Recovering CO2 from this stream adds a significant energy penalty. Here we demonstrate that using a liquid-to-liquid anodic process enables the recovery of crossed-over CO2 via facile gas-liquid separation without additional energy input: the anode tail gas is directly fed into the cathodic input, along with fresh CO2 feedstock. We report a system exhibiting a low full-cell voltage of 1.9 V and total carbon efficiency of 48%, enabling 262 GJ/ton ethylene, a 46% reduction in energy intensity compared to state-of-art single-stage CO2-to-C2+ devices. The strategy is compatible with today’s highest-efficiency electrolyzers and CO2 catalysts that function optimally in neutral and alkaline electrolytes. In the electrified conversion of CO2 to multicarbon products, CO2 crossover to the O2-rich anodic stream adds a further, energy-intensive, chemical separation step. Here, the authors demonstrate a strategy that eliminates the separation requirement.
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175
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Chen J, Wang L. Effects of the Catalyst Dynamic Changes and Influence of the Reaction Environment on the Performance of Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103900. [PMID: 34595773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is substantially researched due to its potential for storing intermittent renewable electricity and simultaneously helping mitigating the pressing CO2 emission concerns. The major challenge of electrochemical CO2 reduction lies on having good controls of this reaction due to its complicated reaction networks and its unusual sensitivity to the dynamic changes of the catalyst structure (chemical states, compositions, facets and morphology, etc.), and to the non-catalyst components at the electrode/electrolyte interface, in another word the reaction environments. To date, a comprehensive analysis on the interplays between the above catalyst-dynamic-changes/reaction environments and the CO2 reduction performance is rare, if not none. In this review, the catalyst dynamic changes observed during the catalysis are discussed based on the recent reports of electrochemical CO2 reduction. Then, the above dynamic changes are correlated to their effects on the catalytic performance. The influences of the reaction environments on the performance of CO2 reduction are also discussed. Finally, some perspectives on future investigations are offered with the aim of understanding the origins of the effects from the catalyst dynamic changes and the reaction environments, which will allow one to better control the CO2 reduction toward the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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176
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Wang F, Meng Y, Chen X, Zhang L, Li G, Shen Z, Wang Y, Cao Y. Effect of nickel-based electrocatalyst size on electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction: A density functional theory study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:587-596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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177
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Li C, Liu X, Xu F, Wu D, Xu H, Fan G. High-throughput screening of dual-atom doped PC6 electrocatalysts for efficient CO2 electrochemical reduction to CH4 by breaking scaling relations. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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178
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Wang Y, Liu T, Li Y. Why heterogeneous single-atom catalysts preferentially produce CO in the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6366-6372. [PMID: 35733893 PMCID: PMC9159077 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formate and CO are competing products in the two-electron CO2 reduction reaction (2e CO2RR), and they are produced via *OCHO and *COOH intermediates, respectively. However, the factors governing CO/formate selectivity remain elusive, especially for metal-carbon-nitrogen (M-N-C) single-atom catalysts (SACs), most of which produce CO as their main product. Herein, we show computationally that the selectivity of M-N-C SACs is intrinsically associated with the CO2 adsorption mode by using bismuth (Bi) nanosheets and the Bi-N-C SAC as model catalysts. According to our results, the Bi-N-C SAC exhibits a strong thermodynamic preference toward *OCHO, but under working potentials, CO2 is preferentially chemisorbed first due to a charge accumulation effect, and subsequent protonation of chemisorbed CO2 to *COOH is kinetically much more favorable than formation of *OCHO. Consequently, the Bi-N-C SAC preferentially produces CO rather than formate. In contrast, the physisorption preference of CO2 on Bi nanosheets contributes to high formate selectivity. Remarkably, this CO2 adsorption-based mechanism also applies to other typical M-N-C SACs. This work not only resolves a long-standing puzzle in M-N-C SACs, but also presents simple, solid criteria (i.e., CO2 adsorption modes) for indicating CO/formate selectivity, which help strategic development of high-performance CO2RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex Systems, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Tianyang Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex Systems, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yafei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex Systems, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
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179
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Zhu J, Xiao M, Ren D, Gao R, Liu X, Zhang Z, Luo D, Xing W, Su D, Yu A, Chen Z. Quasi-Covalently Coupled Ni-Cu Atomic Pair for Synergistic Electroreduction of CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9661-9671. [PMID: 35622935 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing highly active, selective, and stable electrocatalysts for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is crucial to establish a CO2 conversion system for industrial implementation and, therefore, to realize an artificially closed carbon loop. This can only be achieved through the rational material design based upon the knowledge of the operational active site at the molecular scale. Enlightened by theoretical screening, herein, we for the first time manipulate a novel Ni-Cu atomic pair configuration toward improved CO2RR performance. Systematic characterizations and theoretical modeling reveal that the secondary Cu metal incorporation positively shifts the Ni 3d orbital energy to the Fermi level and thus accelerates the rate-determining step, *COOH formation. In addition, the intrinsic inactivity of Cu toward the competing hydrogen evolution reaction causes a considerable reaction barrier for water dissociation on the Ni-Cu moiety. Due to these attributes, the as-developed Ni/Cu-N-C catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, with a record-high turnover frequency of 20,695 h-1 at -0.6 V (vs RHE) and a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 97.7% for CO production. Furthermore, the dynamic structure evolution monitored by operando X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy unveils the interaction between the Ni center and CO2 molecules and the synergistic effect of the Ni-Cu atomic pair on CO2RR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Meiling Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dezhang Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dong Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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180
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Wang J, Li X, Wang M, Zhang T, Chai X, Lu J, Wang T, Zhao Y, Ma D. Electrocatalytic Valorization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Plastic and CO 2 for Simultaneous Production of Formic Acid. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Maolin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Junlin Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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181
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Zhu Z, Yu ZL, Gao WY, Su X, Chen LW, Hao YC, Wu SQ, Liu D, Jing XT, Huang HZ, Yin AX. Controlled Synthesis of Intermetallic Au 2 Bi Nanocrystals and Au 2 Bi/Bi Hetero-Nanocrystals with Promoted Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Properties. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200211. [PMID: 35266642 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic properties of metal nanoparticles (NPs) strongly depend on their compositions and structures. Rational design of alloys and/or heterostructures provides additional approaches to modifying their surface geometric and electronic structures for optimized electrocatalytic performance. Here, a solution synthesis of freestanding intermetallic Au2 Bi NPs, the heterostructures of Au2 Bi/Bi hetero-NPs, and their promoted electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) performances were reported. It was revealed that the formation and in-situ conversion of heterogeneous seeds (e. g., Au) were of vital importance for the formation of intermetallic Au2 Bi and Au2 Bi/Bi hetero-NPs. It was also found that the Au components would act as the structure promoter moderating the binding strength for key intermediates on Bi surfaces. The alloying of Bi with Au and the formation of heterogeneous Au2 Bi/Bi interfaces would create more surface active sites with modulated electronic structures and stronger adsorption strengths for key intermediates, promoting the CO2 -to-HCOOH conversion with high activity and selectivity. This work presents a novel route for preparing intermetallic nanomaterials with modulated surface geometric/electric structures and promoting their electrocatalytic activities with alloying effects and interfacial effects. Such strategy may find wide application in catalyst design and synthesis for more electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejiaji Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Long Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xin Su
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Chen Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Si-Qian Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Di Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Jing
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Zi Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - An-Xiang Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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182
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Mo3+ hydride as the common origin of H2 evolution and selective NADH regeneration in molybdenum sulfide electrocatalysts. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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183
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Li X, Qian N, Ji L, Wu X, Li J, Huang J, Yan Y, Yang D, Zhang H. Enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to formate via doping Ce in Bi 2O 3 nanosheets. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2288-2293. [PMID: 36133699 PMCID: PMC9417881 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Formate is considered as the most economically viable product of the prevalent electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) products. However, most of the catalysts for ECR to formate in aqueous solution often suffer from low activity and limited selectivity. Herein, we report a novel Ce-doped Bi2O3 nanosheet (NS) electrocatalyst by a facile solvothermal method for highly efficient ECR to formate. The 5.04% Ce-doped Bi2O3 NSs exhibited a current density of 37.4 mA cm-2 for the production of formate with a high formate faradaic efficiency (FE) of 95.8% at -1.12 V. The formate FE was stably maintained at about 90% in a wide potential range from -0.82 to -1.22 V. More importantly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that Ce doping can lead to a significant synergistic effect, which promotes the formation and the adsorption of the OCHO* intermediate for ECR, while significantly inhibiting the hydrogen evolution reaction via depressing the formation of *H, thus helping achieve high current density and FE. This work provides an effective and promising strategy to develop efficient electrocatalysts with heteroatom doping and new insights for boosting ECR into formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Ningkang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Yucong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
- BTR New Material Group CO., LTD GuangMing District Shenzhen 518106 People's Republic of China
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductors, Hangzhou Innovation Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
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184
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Wang Z, Zhou Y, Liu D, Qi R, Xia C, Li M, You B, Xia BY. Carbon-Confined Indium Oxides for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Reduction in a Solid-State Electrolyte Flow Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200552. [PMID: 35257453 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing robust electrocatalysts and advanced devices is important for electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction toward the generation of valuable chemicals. We present herein a carbon-confined indium oxide electrocatalyst for stable and efficient CO2 reduction. The reductive corrosion of oxidative indium to the metallic state during electrolysis could be prevented by carbon protection, and the applied carbon layer also optimizes the reaction intermediate adsorption, which enables both high selectivity and activity for CO2 reduction. In a liquid-phase flow cell, the formate selectivity exceeds 90 % in a wide potential window from -0.8 V to -1.3 V vs. RHE. The continuous production of ca. 0.12 M pure formic acid solution is further demonstrated at a current density of 30 mA cm-2 in a solid-state electrolyte mediated reactor. This work provides significant concepts in the parallel development of electrocatalysts and devices for carbon-neutral technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yansong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE), State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China.,HSE University, 101000, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chenfeng Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE), State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bo You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
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185
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Yang R, Duan J, Dong P, Wen Q, Wu M, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li H, Zhai T. In Situ Halogen-Ion Leaching Regulates Multiple Sites on Tandem Catalysts for Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction to C 2+ Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116706. [PMID: 35212096 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tandem catalysts can divide the reaction into distinct steps by local multiple sites and thus are attractive to trigger CO2 RR to C2+ products. However, the evolution of catalysts generally exists during CO2 RR, thus a closer investigation of the reconstitution, interplay, and active origin of dual components in tandem catalysts is warranted. Here, taking AgI-CuO as a conceptual tandem catalyst, we uncovered the interaction of two phases during the electrochemical reconstruction. Multiple operando techniques unraveled that in situ iodine ions leaching from AgI restrained the entire reduction of CuO to acquire stable active Cu0 /Cu+ species during the CO2 RR. This way, the residual iodine species of the Ag matrix accelerated CO generation and iodine-induced Cu0 /Cu+ promotes C-C coupling. This self-adaptive dual-optimization endowed our catalysts with an excellent C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 68.9 %. Material operando changes in this work offer a new approach for manipulating active species towards enhancing C2+ products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Junyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Dong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Qunlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Mao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Youwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
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186
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Chauhan P, Hiekel K, Diercks JS, Herranz J, Saveleva VA, Khavlyuk P, Eychmüller A, Schmidt TJ. Electrochemical Surface Area Quantification, CO 2 Reduction Performance, and Stability Studies of Unsupported Three-Dimensional Au Aerogels versus Carbon-Supported Au Nanoparticles. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:278-292. [PMID: 35578702 PMCID: PMC9101071 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient scale-up of CO2-reduction technologies is a pivotal step to facilitate intermittent energy storage and for closing the carbon cycle. However, there is a need to minimize the occurrence of undesirable side reactions like H2 evolution and achieve selective production of value-added CO2-reduction products (CO and HCOO-) at as-high-as-possible current densities. Employing novel electrocatalysts such as unsupported metal aerogels, which possess a highly porous three-dimensional nanostructure, offers a plausible approach to realize this. In this study, we first quantify the electrochemical surface area of an Au aerogel (≈5 nm in web thickness) using the surface oxide-reduction and copper underpotential deposition methods. Subsequently, the aerogel is tested for its CO2-reduction performance in an in-house developed, two-compartment electrochemical cell. For comparison purposes, similar measurements are also performed on polycrystalline Au and a commercial catalyst consisting of Au nanoparticles supported on carbon black (Au/C). The Au aerogel exhibits a faradaic efficiency of ≈97% for CO production at ≈-0.48 VRHE, with a suppression of H2 production compared to Au/C that we ascribe to its larger Au-particle size. Finally, identical-location transmission electron microscopy of both nanomaterials before and after CO2-reduction reveals that, unlike Au/C, the aerogel network retains its nanoarchitecture at the potential of peak CO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Chauhan
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Karl Hiekel
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Justus S Diercks
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Juan Herranz
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Viktoriia A Saveleva
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Khavlyuk
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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187
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Bui JC, Lees EW, Pant LM, Zenyuk IV, Bell AT, Weber AZ. Continuum Modeling of Porous Electrodes for Electrochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11022-11084. [PMID: 35507321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis possesses substantial promise to utilize renewable energy sources to power the conversion of abundant feedstocks to value-added commodity chemicals and fuels. Of the potential system architectures for these processes, only systems employing 3-D structured porous electrodes have the capacity to achieve the high rates of conversion necessary for industrial scale. However, the phenomena and environments in these systems are not well understood and are challenging to probe experimentally. Fortunately, continuum modeling is well-suited to rationalize the observed behavior in electrochemical synthesis, as well as to ultimately provide recommendations for guiding the design of next-generation devices and components. In this review, we begin by presenting an historical review of modeling of porous electrode systems, with the aim of showing how past knowledge of macroscale modeling can contribute to the rising challenge of electrochemical synthesis. We then present a detailed overview of the governing physics and assumptions required to simulate porous electrode systems for electrochemical synthesis. Leveraging the developed understanding of porous-electrode theory, we survey and discuss the present literature reports on simulating multiscale phenomena in porous electrodes in order to demonstrate their relevance to understanding and improving the performance of devices for electrochemical synthesis. Lastly, we provide our perspectives regarding future directions in the development of models that can most accurately describe and predict the performance of such devices and discuss the best potential applications of future models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Bui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Liquid Sunlight Alliance, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric W Lees
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lalit M Pant
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Iryna V Zenyuk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Liquid Sunlight Alliance, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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188
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Deng X, Alfonso D, Nguyen-Phan TD, Kauffman DR. Resolving the Size-Dependent Transition between CO 2 Reduction Reaction and H 2 Evolution Reaction Selectivity in Sub-5 nm Silver Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Deng
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box
10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236-0940, United States
- NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236-0940, United States
| | - Dominic Alfonso
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box
10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236-0940, United States
| | - Thuy-Duong Nguyen-Phan
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box
10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236-0940, United States
- NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236-0940, United States
| | - Douglas R. Kauffman
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box
10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236-0940, United States
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189
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Liang H, Beweries T, Francke R, Beller M. Molecular Catalysts for the Reductive Homocoupling of CO 2 towards C 2+ Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200723. [PMID: 35187799 PMCID: PMC9311439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of CO2 into multicarbon (C2+ ) compounds by reductive homocoupling offers the possibility to transform renewable energy into chemical energy carriers and thereby create "carbon-neutral" fuels or other valuable products. Most available studies have employed heterogeneous metallic catalysts, but the use of molecular catalysts is still underexplored. However, several studies have already demonstrated the great potential of the molecular approach, namely, the possibility to gain a deep mechanistic understanding and a more precise control of the product selectivity. This Minireview summarizes recent progress in both the thermo- and electrochemical reductive homocoupling of CO2 toward C2+ products mediated by molecular catalysts. In addition, reductive CO homocoupling is discussed as a model for the further conversion of intermediates obtained from CO2 reduction, which may serve as a source of inspiration for developing novel molecular catalysts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Qing Liang
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
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190
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Dattila F, Seemakurthi RR, Zhou Y, López N. Modeling Operando Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11085-11130. [PMID: 35476402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the seminal works on the application of density functional theory and the computational hydrogen electrode to electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO2R) and hydrogen evolution (HER), the modeling of both reactions has quickly evolved for the last two decades. Formulation of thermodynamic and kinetic linear scaling relationships for key intermediates on crystalline materials have led to the definition of activity volcano plots, overpotential diagrams, and full exploitation of these theoretical outcomes at laboratory scale. However, recent studies hint at the role of morphological changes and short-lived intermediates in ruling the catalytic performance under operating conditions, further raising the bar for the modeling of electrocatalytic systems. Here, we highlight some novel methodological approaches employed to address eCO2R and HER reactions. Moving from the atomic scale to the bulk electrolyte, we first show how ab initio and machine learning methodologies can partially reproduce surface reconstruction under operation, thus identifying active sites and reaction mechanisms if coupled with microkinetic modeling. Later, we introduce the potential of density functional theory and machine learning to interpret data from Operando spectroelectrochemical techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure characterization. Next, we review the role of electrolyte and mass transport effects. Finally, we suggest further challenges for computational modeling in the near future as well as our perspective on the directions to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Dattila
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ranga Rohit Seemakurthi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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191
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Ren W, Tan X, Jia C, Krammer A, Sun Q, Qu J, Smith SC, Schueler A, Hu X, Zhao C. Electronic Regulation of Nickel Single Atoms by Confined Nickel Nanoparticles for Energy‐Efficient CO
2
Electroreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Ren
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISIC-LSCI 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Materials Physics Research School of Physics Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Chen Jia
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Anna Krammer
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL LESO-PB 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Qian Sun
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Jiangtao Qu
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis University of Sydney 2006 NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Sean C. Smith
- Department of Materials Physics Research School of Physics Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Andreas Schueler
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL LESO-PB 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISIC-LSCI 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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192
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Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ECO2R) is gaining attention as a promising approach to store excess or intermittent electricity generated from renewable energies in the form of valuable chemicals such as CO, HCOOH, CH4, and so on. Selective ECO2R to CH4 is a challenging target because the rate-determining step of CH4 formation, namely CO* protonation, competes with hydrogen evolution reaction and the C–C coupling toward the production of longer-chain chemicals. Herein, a Cu-TiO2 composite catalyst consisting of CuOx clusters or Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs), which are isolated on the TiO2 grain surface, was synthesized using a one-pot solvothermal method and subsequent thermal treatment. The Cu-TiO2 catalyst exhibited high selectivity for CH4, and the ratio of FE for CH4 to total FE for all products in ECO2R reached 70%.
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193
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction offers an attractive pathway for converting CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals. Despite the existence of some excellent electrocatalysts with superior selectivity for specific products, these reactions are conducted at low current densities ranging from several mA cm−2 to tens of mA cm−2, which are far from commercially desirable values. To extend the applications of CO2 electroreduction technology to an industrial scale, long-term operations under high current densities (over 200 mA cm−2) are desirable. In this paper, we review recent major advances toward higher current density in CO2 reduction, including: (1) innovations in electrocatalysts (engineering the morphology, modulating the electronic structure, increasing the active sites, etc.); (2) the design of electrolyzers (membrane electrode assemblies, flow cells, microchannel reactors, high-pressure cells, etc.); and (3) the influence of electrolytes (concentration, pH, anion and cation effects). Finally, we discuss the current challenges and perspectives for future development toward high current densities.
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194
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Siritanaratkul B, Forster M, Greenwell F, Sharma PK, Yu EH, Cowan AJ. Zero-Gap Bipolar Membrane Electrolyzer for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Acid-Tolerant Molecular Electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7551-7556. [PMID: 35451834 PMCID: PMC9074102 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The scaling-up of electrochemical CO2 reduction requires circumventing the CO2 loss as carbonates under alkaline conditions. Zero-gap cell configurations with a reverse-bias bipolar membrane (BPM) represent a possible solution, but the catalyst layer in direct contact with the acidic environment of a BPM usually leads to H2 evolution dominating. Here we show that using acid-tolerant Ni molecular electrocatalysts selective (>60%) CO2 reduction can be achieved in a zero-gap BPM device using a pure water and CO2 feed. At a higher current density (100 mA cm-2), CO selectivity decreases, but was still >30%, due to reversible product inhibition. This study demonstrates the importance of developing acid-tolerant catalysts for use in large-scale CO2 reduction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Forster
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Greenwell
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Preetam K Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen H Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
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195
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Gawel A, Jaster T, Siegmund D, Holzmann J, Lohmann H, Klemm E, Apfel UP. Electrochemical CO 2 reduction - The macroscopic world of electrode design, reactor concepts & economic aspects. iScience 2022; 25:104011. [PMID: 35340428 PMCID: PMC8943412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the efficient electrochemical conversion of CO2 into valuable chemical feedstocks, a well-coordinated interaction of all electrolyzer compartments is required. In addition to the catalyst, whose role is described in detail in the part "Electrochemical CO2 Reduction toward Multicarbon Alcohols - The Microscopic World of Catalysts & Process Conditions" of this divided review, the general cell setups, design and manufacture of the electrodes, membranes used, and process parameters must be optimally matched. The authors' goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on how these aspects affect the overall performance of CO2 electrolysis. To be economically competitive as an overall process, the framework conditions, i.e., CO2 supply and reaction product treatment must also be considered. If the key indicators for current density, selectivity, cell voltage, and lifetime of a CO2 electrolyzer mentioned in the techno-economic consideration of this review are met, electrochemical CO2 reduction can make a valuable contribution to the creation of closed carbon cycles and to a sustainable energy economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Gawel
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Theresa Jaster
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Holzmann
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Lohmann
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Elias Klemm
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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196
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Jaster T, Gawel A, Siegmund D, Holzmann J, Lohmann H, Klemm E, Apfel UP. Electrochemical CO 2 reduction toward multicarbon alcohols - The microscopic world of catalysts & process conditions. iScience 2022; 25:104010. [PMID: 35345454 PMCID: PMC8956800 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tackling climate change is one of the undoubtedly most important challenges at the present time. This review deals mainly with the chemical aspects of the current status for converting the greenhouse gas CO2 via electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to multicarbon alcohols as valuable products. Feasible reaction routes are presented, as well as catalyst synthesis methods such as electrodeposition, precipitation, or sputtering. In addition, a comprehensive overview of the currently achievable selectivities for multicarbon alcohols in CO2RR is given. It is also outlined to what extent, for example, modifications of the catalyst surfaces or the use of bifunctional compounds the product distribution is shifted. In addition, the influence of varying electrolyte, temperature, and pressure is described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Jaster
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, D46047 Oberhausen, Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alina Gawel
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, D46047 Oberhausen, Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, D46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Johannes Holzmann
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Lohmann
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, D46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Elias Klemm
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, D46047 Oberhausen, Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D44801 Bochum, Germany
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197
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Ling P, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li L, Hu J, Zhu J, Yan W, Jiang H, Hou Z, Sun Y, Xie Y. Surface Engineering on Commercial Cu Foil for Steering C 2H 4/CH 4 Ratio in CO 2 Electroreduction. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2988-2994. [PMID: 35324202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Designing catalysts with high selectivity toward C2 products in CO2 electroreduction is crucial to energy storage and sustainable development. Here, we propose a Cu foil kinetic model with abundant nanocavities possessing higher reaction rate constant k to steer the ratio of C2H4 to the competing CH4 during CO2 electroreduction. Chemical kinetic simulation demonstrates that the nanocavities could enrich the adsorbed CO surface concentration (θCOad), while the higher k helps to lower the C-C coupling barrier for CO intermediates, thus favoring the formation of C2H4. The commercial Cu foil treated with cyclic voltammetry is used to match this model, displaying a remarkable C2H4/CH4 ratio of 4.11, which is 18 times larger than that on the pristine Cu foil. This work offers a handy strategy for surface modification and provides new insights into the C-C coupling and the C2H4 selectivity in terms of mass transfer flux and energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiquan Ling
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yinghuan Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huijun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhonghuai Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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198
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Baumgartner L, Koopman CI, Forner-Cuenca A, Vermaas DA. Narrow Pressure Stability Window of Gas Diffusion Electrodes Limits the Scale-Up of CO 2 Electrolyzers. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:4683-4693. [PMID: 35433135 PMCID: PMC9006256 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising process to store intermittent renewable energy in the form of chemical bonds and to meet the demand for hydrocarbon chemicals without relying on fossil fuels. Researchers in the field have used gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) to supply CO2 to the catalyst layer from the gas phase. This approach allows us to bypass mass transfer limitations imposed by the limited solubility and diffusion of CO2 in the liquid phase at a laboratory scale. However, at a larger scale, pressure differences across the porous gas diffusion layer can occur. This can lead to flooding and electrolyte breakthrough, which can decrease performance. The aim of this study is to understand the effects of the GDE structure on flooding behavior and CO2 reduction performance. We approach the problem by preparing GDEs from commercial substrates with a range of structural parameters (carbon fiber structure, thickness, and cracks). We then determined the liquid breakthrough pressure and measured the Faradaic efficiency for CO at an industrially relevant current density. We found that there is a trade-off between flooding resistance and mass transfer capabilities that limits the maximum GDE height of a flow-by electrolyzer. This trade-off depends strongly on the thickness and the structure of the carbon fiber substrate. We propose a design strategy for a hierarchically structured GDE, which might offer a pathway to an industrial scale by avoiding the trade-off between flooding resistance and CO2 reduction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz
M. Baumgartner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Christel I. Koopman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Antoni Forner-Cuenca
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
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199
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Ma Z, Tsounis C, Toe CY, Kumar PV, Subhash B, Xi S, Yang HY, Zhou S, Lin Z, Wu KH, Wong RJ, Thomsen L, Bedford NM, Lu X, Ng YH, Han Z, Amal R. Reconstructing Cu Nanoparticle Supported on Vertical Graphene Surfaces via Electrochemical Treatment to Tune the Selectivity of CO 2 Reduction toward Valuable Products. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Constantine Tsounis
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Cui Ying Toe
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Priyank V. Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bijil Subhash
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682, Singapore
| | - Shujie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zeheng Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kuang-Hsu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Roong Jien Wong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602 Singapore
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nicholas M. Bedford
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Xunyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yun Hau Ng
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhaojun Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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200
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Siritanaratkul B, Eagle C, Cowan AJ. Manganese Carbonyl Complexes as Selective Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Reduction in Water and Organic Solvents. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:955-965. [PMID: 35285618 PMCID: PMC9007415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The electrochemical
reduction
of CO2 provides a way
to sustainably generate carbon-based fuels and feedstocks. Molecular
CO2 reduction electrocatalysts provide tunable reaction
centers offering an approach to control the selectivity of catalysis.
Manganese carbonyl complexes, based on [Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br]
and its derivatives (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), are particularly
interesting due to their ease of synthesis and the use of a first-row
earth-abundant transition metal. [Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br] was first
shown to be an active and selective catalyst for reducing CO2 to CO in organic solvents in 2011. Since then, manganese carbonyl
catalysts have been widely studied with numerous reports of their
use as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts and studies of their mechanism. This class of Mn catalysts only shows CO2 reduction
activity with the addition of weak Brønsted acids. Perhaps surprisingly,
early reports showed increased turnover frequencies as the acid strength
is increased without a loss in selectivity toward CO evolution. It
may have been expected that the competing hydrogen evolution
reaction could have led to lower selectivity. Inspired by these works
we began to explore if the catalyst would work in protic solvents,
namely, water, and to explore the pH range over which it can operate.
Here we describe the early studies from our laboratory that first
demonstrated the use of manganese carbonyl complexes in water and
then go on to discuss wider developments on the use of these catalysts
in water, highlighting their potential as catalysts for use in aqueous
CO2 electrolyzers. Key to the excellent selectivity
of these catalysts in the presence
of Brønsted acids is a proton-assisted CO2 binding
mechanism, where for the acids widely studied, lower pKa values actually favor CO2 binding over Mn–H
formation, a precursor to H2 evolution. Here we discuss
the wider literature before focusing on our own contributions in validating
this previously proposed mechanism through the use of vibrational
sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroelectrochemistry. This allowed
us to study [Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br] while it is at, or near, the
electrode surface, which provided a way to identify new catalytic
intermediates and also confirm that proton-assisted CO2 binding operates in both the “dimer” and primary (via
[Mn(bpy)(CO)3]−) pathways. Understanding
the mechanism of how these highly selective catalysts operate is important
as we propose that the Mn complexes will be valuable models to guide
the development of new proton/acid tolerant CO2 reduction
catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Catherine Eagle
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
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