151
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Yamamoto T. Marine bacterial sialyltransferases. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2781-94. [PMID: 21139844 PMCID: PMC2996176 DOI: 10.3390/md8112781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialyltransferases transfer N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from the common donor substrate of these enzymes, cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), to acceptor substrates. The enzymatic reaction products including sialyl-glycoproteins, sialyl-glycolipids and sialyl-oligosaccharides are important molecules in various biological and physiological processes, such as cell-cell recognition, cancer metastasis, and virus infection. Thus, sialyltransferases are thought to be important enzymes in the field of glycobiology. To date, many sialyltransferases and the genes encoding them have been obtained from various sources including mammalian, bacterial and viral sources. During the course of our research, we have detected over 20 bacteria that produce sialyltransferases. Many of the bacteria we isolated from marine environments are classified in the genus Photobacterium or the closely related genus Vibrio. The paper reviews the sialyltransferases obtained mainly from marine bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamamoto
- Glycotechnology Business Unit, Japan Tobacco Inc., 700 Higashibara, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0802, Japan.
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152
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Morley TJ, Withers SG. Chemoenzymatic synthesis and enzymatic analysis of 8-modified cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid and sialyl lactose derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9430-7. [PMID: 20557044 DOI: 10.1021/ja102644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sialic acids found on eukaryotic glycans have remarkably diverse core structures, with a range of modifications at C5, C7, C8 and C9. These carbohydrates have been found to play key roles in cell-cell interactions within eukaryotes and often serve as the initial site of attachment for viruses and bacteria. Consequently simple changes to the structures of the sialic acids can result in profoundly different and often opposing biological effects. Of particular importance are modifications at the 8-position. These include O-acetylation, carried out by an acetyl transferase, and particularly polysialylation, catalyzed by a polysialyltransferase. As part of a structural and mechanistic study of sialyltransferases and polysialyltransferases, access was needed to sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides that are modified at the 8-position of the sialic acid to render this center non-nucleophilic. The free 8-modified sialic acid analogues were synthesized using a concise, divergent chemical synthetic approach, and each was converted to its cytidine monophosphate (CMP) sugar donor form using a bacterial CMP-sialic acid synthetase. The transfer of each of the modified donors to lactose by each of two sialyltransferases was investigated, and kinetic parameters were determined. These yielded insights into the roles of interactions occurring at that position during enzymatic sialyl transfer. A transferase from Campylobacter jejuni was identified as the most suitable for the enzymatic coupling and utilized to synthesize the 8''-modified sialyl lactose trisaccharides in multimilligram amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Morley
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
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153
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Zou Y, Albohy A, Sandbhor M, Cairo CW. Inhibition of human neuraminidase 3 (NEU3) by C9-triazole derivatives of 2,3-didehydro-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7529-33. [PMID: 21036040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of C9 and N5Ac modified analogs of 2,3-didehydro-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (DANA) and their inhibitory potency for the human neuraminidase 3 (NEU3) enzyme. We were able to generate a small library of compounds through the synthesis of azide derivatives of DANA, followed by Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) to generate triazole-containing inhibitors. Our results suggest that NEU3 can tolerate large hydrophobic groups at the C9 position; however, none of the derivatives made at the N5Ac side-chain were active. We identify three new inhibitors that have comparable potency to the best reported inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zou
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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154
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De Pourcq K, De Schutter K, Callewaert N. Engineering of glycosylation in yeast and other fungi: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1617-31. [PMID: 20585772 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for recombinant proteins and glycoproteins, research on hosts for producing these proteins is focusing increasingly on more cost-effective expression systems. Yeasts and other fungi are promising alternatives because they provide easy and cheap systems that can perform eukaryotic post-translational modifications. Unfortunately, yeasts and other fungi modify their glycoproteins with heterogeneous high-mannose glycan structures, which is often detrimental to a therapeutic protein's pharmacokinetic behavior and can reduce the efficiency of downstream processing. This problem can be solved by engineering the glycosylation pathways to produce homogeneous and, if so desired, human-like glycan structures. In this review, we provide an overview of the most significant recently reported approaches for engineering the glycosylation pathways in yeasts and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen De Pourcq
- Unit for Molecular Glycobiology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB-Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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155
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Abstract
Sialic acids are a subset of nonulosonic acids, which are nine-carbon alpha-keto aldonic acids. Natural existing sialic acid-containing structures are presented in different sialic acid forms, various sialyl linkages, and on diverse underlying glycans. They play important roles in biological, pathological, and immunological processes. Sialobiology has been a challenging and yet attractive research area. Recent advances in chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis, as well as large-scale E. coli cell-based production, have provided a large library of sialoside standards and derivatives in amounts sufficient for structure-activity relationship studies. Sialoglycan microarrays provide an efficient platform for quick identification of preferred ligands for sialic acid-binding proteins. Future research on sialic acid will continue to be at the interface of chemistry and biology. Research efforts not only will lead to a better understanding of the biological and pathological importance of sialic acids and their diversity but also could lead to the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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156
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157
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Yu H, Cheng J, Ding L, Khedri Z, Chen Y, Chin S, Lau K, Tiwari VK, Chen X. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of GD3 oligosaccharides and other disialyl glycans containing natural and non-natural sialic acids. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18467-77. [PMID: 19947630 PMCID: PMC2811049 DOI: 10.1021/ja907750r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the biological importance of naturally occurring sialic acid variations on disialyl structures in nature, we developed an efficient two-step multienzyme approach for the synthesis of a series of GD3 ganglioside oligosaccharides and other disialyl glycans containing a terminal Siaalpha2-8Sia component with different natural and non-natural sialic acids. In the first step, alpha2-3- or alpha2-6-linked monosialylated oligosaccharides were obtained using a one-pot three-enzyme approach. These compounds were then used as acceptors for the alpha2-8-sialyltransferase activity of a recombinant truncated multifunctional Campylobacter jejuni sialyltransferase CstII mutant, CstIIDelta32(I53S), to produce disialyl oligosaccharides. The alpha2-8-sialyltransferase activity of CstIIDelta32(I53S) has promiscuous donor substrate specificity and can tolerate various substitutions at C-5 or C-9 of the sialic acid in CMP-sialic acid, while its acceptor substrate specificity is relatively restricted. The terminal sialic acid residues in the acceptable monosialylated oligosaccharide acceptors are restricted to Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, KDN, and some of their C-9-modified forms but not their C-5 derivatives. The disialyl oligosaccharides obtained are valuable probes for their biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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158
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Cheng J, Huang S, Yu H, Li Y, Lau K, Chen X. Trans-sialidase activity of Photobacterium damsela alpha2,6-sialyltransferase and its application in the synthesis of sialosides. Glycobiology 2009; 20:260-8. [PMID: 19880425 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-sialidases catalyze the transfer of a sialic acid from one sialoside to an acceptor to form a new sialoside. alpha2,3-Trans-sialidase activity was initially discovered in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and more recently was found in a multifunctional Pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase PmST1. alpha2,8-Trans-sialidase activity was also described for a multifunctional Campylobacter jejuni sialyltransferase CstII. We report here the discovery of the alpha2,6-trans-sialidase activity of a previously reported recombinant truncated bacterial alpha2,6-sialyltransferase from Photobacterium damsela (Delta15Pd2,6ST). This is the first time that the alpha2,6-trans-sialidase activity has ever been identified. Kinetic studies indicate that Delta15Pd2,6ST-catalyzed trans-sialidase reaction follows a ping-pong bi-bi reaction mechanism. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate, the product of sialyltransferase reactions, is not required by the trans-sialidase activity of the enzyme but enhances the trans-sialidase activity modestly as a non-essential activator. Using chemically synthesized Neu5AcalphapNP and LacbetaMU, alpha2,6-linked sialoside Neu5Acalpha2,6LacbetaMU has been obtained in one-step in high yield using the trans-sialidase activity of Delta15Pd2,6ST. In addition to the alpha2,6-trans-sialidase activity, Delta15Pd2,6ST also has alpha2,6-sialidase activity. The multifunctionality is thus a common feature of many bacterial sialyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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159
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Cao H, Li Y, Lau K, Muthana S, Yu H, Cheng J, Chokhawala HA, Sugiarto G, Zhang L, Chen X. Sialidase substrate specificity studies using chemoenzymatically synthesized sialosides containing C5-modified sialic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:5137-45. [PMID: 20024109 DOI: 10.1039/b916305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
para-Nitrophenol-tagged sialyl galactosides containing sialic acid derivatives in which the C5 hydroxyl group of sialic acids was systematically substituted with a hydrogen, a fluorine, a methoxyl or an azido group were successfully synthesized using an efficient chemoenzymatic approach. These compounds were used as valuable probes in high-throughput screening assays to study the importance of the C5 hydroxyl group of sialic acid in the recognition and the cleavage of sialoside substrates by bacterial sialidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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160
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Cao H, Muthana S, Li Y, Cheng J, Chen X. Parallel chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialosides containing a C5-diversified sialic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5869-71. [PMID: 19740656 PMCID: PMC2753693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A convenient chemoenzymatic strategy for synthesizing sialosides containing a C5-diversified sialic acid was developed. The alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialosides containing a 5-azido neuraminic acid synthesized by a highly efficient one-pot three-enzyme approach were converted to C5''-amino sialosides, which were used as common intermediates for chemical parallel synthesis to quickly generate a series of sialosides containing various sialic acid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Saddam Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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161
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Bernardes GJL, Castagner B, Seeberger PH. Combined approaches to the synthesis and study of glycoproteins. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:703-13. [PMID: 19271728 DOI: 10.1021/cb900014n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the basis for many therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, yet the full potential of glycans in medicine has not been realized. The study of the precise role of different carbohydrates, bound to either proteins or lipids, is hampered by difficulties in accessing pure, well-defined glycoconjugates. This Review highlights recent advances in glycobiology with a particular emphasis on oligosaccharide synthesis and conjugation techniques for the construction of homogeneous glycoconjugates. New methods for the study of protein-glycan interactions such as carbohydrate arrays and in vivo visualization of glycosylation pattern changes will also be addressed. The development of glycotherapeutics is just beginning, and much remains to be understood about the relationship between glycoconjugate structure and function. The emergence of novel tools will certainly facilitate and expand the use of carbohydrates in therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany,
| | - Bastien Castagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany,
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162
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Muthana S, Yu H, Cao H, Cheng J, Chen X. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a New Class of Macrocyclic Oligosaccharides. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2928-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8027856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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163
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Chokhawala HA, Huang S, Lau K, Yu H, Cheng J, Thon V, Hurtado-Ziola N, Guerrero JA, Varki A, Chen X. Combinatorial chemoenzymatic synthesis and high-throughput screening of sialosides. ACS Chem Biol 2008; 3:567-76. [PMID: 18729452 DOI: 10.1021/cb800127n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the vital roles of structures containing sialic acid in biomolecular recognition are well documented, limited information is available on how sialic acid structural modifications, sialyl linkages, and the underlying glycan structures affect the binding or the activity of sialic acid-recognizing proteins and related downstream biological processes. A novel combinatorial chemoenzymatic method has been developed for the highly efficient synthesis of biotinylated sialosides containing different sialic acid structures and different underlying glycans in 96-well plates from biotinylated sialyltransferase acceptors and sialic acid precursors. By transferring the reaction mixtures to NeutrAvidin-coated plates and assaying for the yields of enzymatic reactions using lectins recognizing sialyltransferase acceptors but not the sialylated products, the biotinylated sialoside products can be directly used, without purification, for high-throughput screening to quickly identify the ligand specificity of sialic acid-binding proteins. For a proof-of-principle experiment, 72 biotinylated alpha2,6-linked sialosides were synthesized in 96-well plates from 4 biotinylated sialyltransferase acceptors and 18 sialic acid precursors using a one-pot three-enzyme system. High-throughput screening assays performed in NeutrAvidin-coated microtiter plates show that whereas Sambucus nigra Lectin binds to alpha2,6-linked sialosides with high promiscuity, human Siglec-2 (CD22) is highly selective for a number of sialic acid structures and the underlying glycans in its sialoside ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshal A. Chokhawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Shengshu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kam Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Vireak Thon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Nancy Hurtado-Ziola
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
| | - Juan A. Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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164
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Mizanur RM, Pohl NL. Bacterial CMP-sialic acid synthetases: production, properties, and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:757-65. [PMID: 18716769 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are abundant nine-carbon sugars expressed terminally on glycoconjugates of eukaryotic cells and are crucial for a variety of cell biological functions such as cell-cell adhesion, intracellular signaling, and in regulation of glycoproteins stability. In bacteria, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) polymers are important virulence factors. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CSS; EC 2.7.7.43), the key enzyme that synthesizes CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid, the donor molecule for numerous sialyltransferase reactions, is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic systems. Herein, we emphasize the source, function, and biotechnological applications of CSS enzymes from bacterial sources. To date, only a few CSS from pathogenic bacterial species such as Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, group B streptococci, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Pasteurella hemolytica and an enzyme from nonpathogenic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum, have been described. Overall, the enzymes from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria share common catalytic properties such as their dependency on divalent cation, temperature and pH profiles, and catalytic mechanisms. The enzymes, however, can be categorized as smaller and larger enzymes depending on their molecular weight. The larger enzymes in some cases are bifunctional; they have exhibited acetylhydrolase activity in addition to their sugar nucleotidyltransferase activity. The CSSs are important enzymes for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of various sialooligosaccharides of significance in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman M Mizanur
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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165
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Wang Z, Gilbert M, Eguchi H, Yu H, Cheng J, Muthana S, Zhou L, Wang PG, Chen X, Huang X. Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen Globo-H and Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen 4. Adv Synth Catal 2008; 350:1717-1728. [PMID: 20305750 PMCID: PMC2842016 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides have attracted much attention due to their important biological properties. Herein, we report the first chemoenzymatic syntheses of two globo series of ganglioside oligosaccharides, Globo-H 1 and stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) 2. The common precursor SSEA-3 pentasaccharide for these two compounds was assembled rapidly using the pre-activation based one-pot glycosylation method. The stereoselectivity in forming the 1,2-cis linkage in SSEA-3 was attributed to a steric buttressing effect of the donor rather than electronic properties of the glycosyl donors. SSEA-3 was then successfully fucosylated by the fucosyltransferase WbsJ and sialylated by sialyltransferases CST-I and PmST1 producing Globo-H and SSEA-4 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606 USA
| | - Michel Gilbert
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, Glycobiology Program, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Hironobu Eguchi
- The Ohio State University, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Saddam Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Luyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606 USA
| | - Peng George Wang
- The Ohio State University, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606 USA
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166
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Padler-Karavani V, Yu H, Cao H, Chokhawala H, Karp F, Varki N, Chen X, Varki A. Diversity in specificity, abundance, and composition of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in normal humans: potential implications for disease. Glycobiology 2008; 18:818-30. [PMID: 18669916 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human heterophile antibodies that agglutinate animal erythrocytes are known to detect the nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). This monosaccharide cannot by itself fill the binding site (paratope) of an antibody and can also be modified and presented in various linkages, on diverse underlying glycans. Thus, we hypothesized that the human anti-Neu5Gc antibody response is diverse and polyclonal. Here, we use a novel set of natural and chemoenzymatically synthesized glycans to show that normal humans have an abundant and diverse spectrum of such anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, directed against a variety of Neu5Gc-containing epitopes. High sensitivity and specificity assays were achieved by using N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)-containing probes (differing from Neu5Gc by one less oxygen atom) as optimal background controls. The commonest anti-Neu5Gc antibodies are of the IgG class. Moreover, the range of reactivity and Ig classes of antibodies vary greatly amongst normal humans, with some individuals having remarkably large amounts, even surpassing levels of some well-known natural blood group and xenoreactive antibodies. We purified these anti-Neu5Gc antibodies from individual human sera using a newly developed affinity method and showed that they bind to wild-type but not Neu5Gc-deficient mouse tissues. Moreover, they bind back to human carcinomas that have accumulated Neu5Gc in vivo. As dietary Neu5Gc is primarily found in red meat and milk products, we suggest that this ongoing antigen-antibody reaction may generate chronic inflammation, possibly contributing to the high frequency of diet-related carcinomas and other diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Padler-Karavani
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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167
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Cao H, Huang S, Cheng J, Li Y, Muthana S, Son B, Chen X. Chemical preparation of sialyl Lewis x using an enzymatically synthesized sialoside building block. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2863-9. [PMID: 18639240 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide with a propylamine aglycon was assembled by chemoselective glycosylation from a p-tolyl thioglycosyl donor obtained from an enzymatically synthesized sialodisaccharide. Combining the advantages of highly efficient enzymatic synthesis of sialoside building blocks, and diverse chemical glycosylation, this chemoenzymatic approach is practical for obtaining complex sialosides and their analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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168
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Pasteurella multocida sialic acid aldolase: a promising biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:963-70. [PMID: 18521592 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid aldolases or N-acetylneuraminate lyases (NanAs) catalyze the reversible aldol cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to form pyruvate and N-acetyl-D: -mannosamine (ManNAc). A capillary electrophoresis assay was developed to directly characterize the activities of NanAs in both Neu5Ac cleavage and Neu5Ac synthesis directions. The assay was used to obtain the pH profile and the kinetic data of a NanA cloned from Pasteurella multocida P-1059 (PmNanA) and a previously reported recombinant Escherichia coli K12 NanA (EcNanA). Both enzymes are active in a broad pH range of 6.0-9.0 in both reaction directions and have similar kinetic parameters. Substrates specificity studies showed that 5-O-methyl-ManNAc, a ManNAc derivative, can be used efficiently as a substrate by PmNanA, but not efficiently by EcNanA, for the synthesis of 8-O-methyl Neu5Ac. In addition, PmNanA (250 mg l(-1) culture) has a higher expression level (2.5-fold) than EcNanA (94 mg l(-1) culture). The higher expression level and a broader substrate tolerance make PmNanA a better catalyst than EcNanA for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialic acids and their derivatives.
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169
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Cheng J, Yu H, Lau K, Huang S, Chokhawala HA, Li Y, Tiwari VK, Chen X. Multifunctionality of Campylobacter jejuni sialyltransferase CstII: characterization of GD3/GT3 oligosaccharide synthase, GD3 oligosaccharide sialidase, and trans-sialidase activities. Glycobiology 2008; 18:686-97. [PMID: 18509108 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CstII from bacterium Campylobacter jejuni strain OH4384 has been previously characterized as a bifunctional sialyltransferase having both alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (GM3 oligosaccharide synthase) and alpha2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3 oligosaccharide synthase) activities which catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)-Neu5Ac to C-3' of the galactose in lactose and to C-8 of the Neu5Ac in 3'-sialyllactose, respectively (Gilbert M, Karwaski MF, Bernatchez S, Young NM, Taboada E, Michniewicz J, Cunningham AM, Wakarchuk WW. 2002. The genetic bases for the variation in the lipo-oligosaccharide of the mucosal pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni. Biosynthesis of sialylated ganglioside mimics in the core oligosaccharide. J Biol Chem. 277:327-337). We report here the characterization of a truncated CstII mutant (CstIIDelta32(I53S)) cloned from a synthetic gene whose codons are optimized for an Escherichia coli expression system. In addition to the alpha2,3- and alpha2,8-sialyltransferase activities reported before for the synthesis of GM3- and GD3-type oligosaccharides, respectively, the CstIIDelta32(I53S) has alpha2,8-sialyltransferase (GT3 oligosaccharide synthase) activity for the synthesis of GT3 oligosaccharide. It also has alpha2,8-sialidase (GD3 oligosaccharide sialidase) activity that catalyzes the specific cleavage of the alpha2,8-sialyl linkage of GD3-type oligosaccharides and alpha2,8-trans-sialidase (GD3 oligosaccharide trans-sialidase) activity that catalyzes the transfer of a sialic acid from a GD3 oligosaccharide to a different GM3 oligosaccharide (3'-sialyllactoside). The donor substrate specificity study of the CstIIDelta32(I53S) GD3 oligosaccharide synthase activity indicates that the enzyme is flexible in using different CMP-activated sialic acids and their analogs for the synthesis of GD3 oligosaccharides containing natural and nonnatural modifications at the terminal sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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170
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Glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:436-56. [PMID: 18565714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell surfaces are all covered with bioactive oligosaccharides which play an important role in molecular recognition events such as immune recognition, cell-cell communication and initiation of microbial pathogenesis. Consequently, bioactive oligosaccharides have been recognized as a medicinally relevant class of biomolecules for which the interest is growing. For the preparation of complex and highly pure oligosaccharides, methods based on the application of glycosyltransferases are currently recognized as being the most effective. The present paper reviews the potential of glycosyltransferases as synthetic tools in oligosaccharide synthesis. Reaction mechanisms and selected characteristics of these enzymes are described in relation to the stereochemistry of the transfer reaction and the requirements of sugar nucleotide donors. For the application of glycosyltransferases, accepted substrate profiles are summarized and the whole-cell approach versus isolated enzyme methodology is compared. Sialyltransferase-catalyzed syntheses of gangliosides and other sialylated oligosaccharides are described in more detail in view of the prominent role of these compounds in biological recognition.
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171
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Rauvolfova J, Venot A, Boons GJ. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of C-9 acetylated sialosides. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1605-11. [PMID: 18508039 PMCID: PMC2522311 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A chemo-enzymatic synthesis of [(5-acetamido-9-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonic acid)-(2-->3)-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)]-l-serine acetate (1) has been accomplished by a regioselective chemical acetylation of Neu5Ac (2) to give 9-O-acetylated sialic acid 3, which was enzymatically converted into CMP-Neu5,9Ac(2) (4) employing a recombinant CMP-sialic acid synthetase from Neisseria meningitis [EC 2.7.7.43]. The resulting compound was then employed for the enzymatic glycosylation of the C-3' hydroxyl of chemically prepared glycosylated amino acid 10 using recombinant rat alpha-(2-->3)-O-sialyltransferase expressed in Spodooptera frugiperda [EC 2.4.99.4] to give, after deprotection of the N(alpha)-benzyloxycarbonyl (CBz)-protecting group of serine, target compound 1. The N(alpha)-CBz-protected intermediate 11 can be employed for the synthesis of glycolipopeptides for immunization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rauvolfova
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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172
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Linman MJ, Taylor JD, Yu H, Chen X, Cheng Q. Surface plasmon resonance study of protein-carbohydrate interactions using biotinylated sialosides. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4007-13. [PMID: 18461973 DOI: 10.1021/ac702566e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They serve as important models for understanding protein-carbohydrate interactions at the molecular level. We report here the fabrication of a novel sensing interface of biotinylated sialosides to probe lectin-carbohydrate interactions using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). The attachment of carbohydrates to the surface using biotin-NeutrAvidin interactions and the implementation of an inert hydrophilic hexaethylene glycol spacer (HEG) between the biotin and the carbohydrate result in a well-defined interface, enabling desired orientational flexibility and enhanced access of binding partners. The specificity and sensitivity of lectin binding were characterized using Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and other lectins including Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL), concanavalin A (Con A), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The results indicate that alpha2,6-linked sialosides exhibit high binding affinity to SNA, while alteration in sialyl linkage and terminal sialic acid structure compromises the affinity by a varied degree. Quantitative analysis yields an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 777 +/- 93 nM for SNA binding to Neu5Ac alpha2,6-LHEB. Transient SPR kinetics confirms the K D value from the equilibrium binding studies. A linear relationship was obtained in the 10-100 microg/mL range with limit of detection of approximately 50 nM. Weak interactions with MAL, Con A, and WGA were also quantified. The control experiment with bovine serum albumin indicates that nonspecific interaction on this surface is insignificant over the concentration range studied. Multiple experiments can be performed on the same substrate using a glycine stripping buffer, which selectively regenerates the surface without damaging the sialoside or the biotin-NeutrAvidin interface. This surface design retains a high degree of native affinity for the carbohydrate motifs, allowing distinction of sialyl linkages and investigation pertaining to the effect of functional group on binding efficiency. It could be easily modified to identify and quantify binding patterns of any low-affinity biologically relevant systems, opening new avenues for probing carbohydrate-protein interactions in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Linman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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173
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Pukin AV, Weijers CA, van Lagen B, Wechselberger R, Sun B, Gilbert M, Karwaski MF, Florack DE, Jacobs BC, Tio-Gillen AP, van Belkum A, Endtz HP, Visser GM, Zuilhof H. GM3, GM2 and GM1 mimics designed for biosensing: chemoenzymatic synthesis, target affinities and 900MHz NMR analysis. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:636-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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174
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N-Terminal 112 amino acid residues are not required for the sialyltransferase activity of Photobacterium damsela alpha2,6-sialyltransferase. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:671-6. [PMID: 17989925 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photobacterium damsela alpha2,6-sialyltransferase was cloned as N- and C- His-tagged fusion proteins with different lengths (16-497 aa or 113-497 aa). Expression and activity assays indicated that the N-terminal 112 amino acid residues of the protein were not required for its alpha2,6-sialyltransferase activity. Among four truncated forms tested, N-His-tagged Delta15Pd2,6ST(N) containing 16-497 amino acid residues had the highest expression level. Similar to the Delta15Pd2,6ST(N), the shorter Delta112Pd2,6ST(N) was active in a wide pH range of 7.5-10.0. A divalent metal ion was not required for the sialyltransferase activity, and the addition of EDTA and dithiothreitol did not affect the activity significantly.
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175
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Schroven A, Meinke S, Ziegelmüller P, Thiem J. Transsialidase fromTrypanosoma cruzi for Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of N-Acyl-Modified Sialylated Oligosaccharides and Measurement of Transfer Rates. Chemistry 2007; 13:9012-21. [PMID: 17680570 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant transsialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS) was used for the sialylation with natural and non-natural derivatives of neuraminic acid. Neu5Ac-alpha(2-->3)-Gal-beta(1-->6)-Glc-alphaOMe was prepared in 80 % yield. Correspondingly, the modified trisaccharide derivatives Neu5Prop-alpha(2-->3)-Gal-beta(1-->6)-Glc-alphaOMe (32 %) and Neu5Gc-alpha(2-->3)-Gal-beta(1-->6)-Glc-alphaOMe (Prop=propanoyl, Gc=glycolyl) were obtained in 60 % yield, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schroven
- University of Hamburg, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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176
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Tsukamoto H, Takakura Y, Mine T, Yamamoto T. Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224 produces two sialyltransferases, alpha-/beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferase and beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase. J Biochem 2007; 143:187-97. [PMID: 17984122 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvm208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterium, Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224, that produces alpha-/beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferase and beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase, was isolated from the gut of a Japanese barracuda. The genes that encode the enzymes were cloned from the genomic library of the bacterium using the genes encoding alpha-/beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferase from P. phosphoreum and beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase from P. damselae as probes. The nucleotide sequences were determined, and open reading frames of 1,230 and 1,545 bp for encoding an alpha2,3-sialyltransferase and an alpha2,6-sialyltransferase of 409- and 514-amino acid residues, respectively, were identified. The alpha2,3-sialyltransferase had 92% amino acid sequence identity with the P. phosphoreum alpha2,3-sialyltransferase, whereas the alpha2,6-sialyltransferase had 54% amino acid sequence identity with the P. damselae alpha2,6-sialyltransferase. For both enzymes, the DNA fragments that encoded the full-length protein and its truncated form lacking the putative signal peptide sequence were amplified by a polymerase chain reaction and cloned into an expression vector. Each gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the lysate from each strain had enzymatic activity. The alpha2,3-sialyltransferase catalysed the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) from CMP-NeuAc to lactose, alpha-methyl-galactopyranoside and beta-methyl-galactopyranoside with low apparent K(m) and the alpha2,6-sialyltransferase catalysed the transfer of NeuAc from CMP-NeuAc to lactose with low apparent K(m).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsukamoto
- Glycotechnology Business Unit, Japan Tobacco Inc., Higashibara, Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan.
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177
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Yu H, Chokhawala H, Huang S, Chen X. One-pot three-enzyme chemoenzymatic approach to the synthesis of sialosides containing natural and non-natural functionalities. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:2485-92. [PMID: 17406495 PMCID: PMC2586341 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic synthesis, which combines the flexibility of chemical synthesis and the high selectivity of enzymatic synthesis, is a powerful approach to obtain complex carbohydrates. It is a preferred method for synthesizing sialic acid-containing structures, including those with diverse naturally occurring and non-natural sialic acid forms, different sialyl linkages and different glycans that link to the sialic acid. Starting from N-acetylmannosamine, mannose or their chemically or enzymatically modified derivatives, sialic acid aldolase-catalyzed condensation reaction leads to the formation of sialic acids and their derivatives. These compounds are subsequently activated by a CMP-sialic acid synthetase and transferred to a wide range of suitable acceptors by a suitable sialyltransferase for the formation of sialosides containing natural and non-natural functionalities. The three-enzyme coupled synthesis of sialosides can be carried out in one pot without the isolation of intermediates. The time for synthesis is 4-18 h. Purification and characterization of the product can be completed within 2-3 d.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xi Chen
- Correspondence should be addressed to X.C. , Tel: 530-754-6037; Fax: 530-752-8995; webpage: http://chemgroups.ucdavis.edu/~chen/home.htm
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178
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Muthana S, Yu H, Huang S, Chen X. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of size-defined polysaccharides by sialyltransferase-catalyzed block transfer of oligosaccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11918-9. [PMID: 17845050 DOI: 10.1021/ja075736b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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179
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Tsukamoto H, Takakura Y, Yamamoto T. Purification, cloning, and expression of an alpha/beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase from a luminous marine bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:29794-802. [PMID: 17702755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701907200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel sialyltransferase, alpha/beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase, was purified from the cell lysate of a luminous marine bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum JT-ISH-467, isolated from the Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus). The gene encoding the enzyme was cloned from the genomic library of the bacterium using probes derived from the NH(2)-terminal and internal amino acid sequences. An open reading frame of 409 amino acids was identified, and the sequence had 32% identity with that of beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltrasferase in Photobacterium damselae JT0160. DNA fragments that encoded the full-length protein and a protein that lacked the sequence between the 2nd and 24th residues at the NH(2) terminus were amplified by polymerase chain reactions and cloned into an expression vector. The full-length and truncated proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, producing active enzymes of 0.25 and 305 milliunits, respectively, per milliliter of the medium in the lysate of E. coli. The truncated enzyme was much more soluble without detergent than the full-length enzyme. The enzyme catalyzed the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to disaccharides, such as lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, with low apparent K(m) and to monosaccharides, such as alpha-methyl-galactopyranoside and beta-methyl-galactopyranoside, with much lower apparent K(m). Thus, this sialyltransferase is unique and should be very useful for achieving high productivity in E. coli with a wide substrate range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsukamoto
- Glycotechnology Business Unit, Japan Tobacco Incorporated, Higashibara, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0802, Japan.
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180
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Chokhawala HA, Cao H, Yu H, Chen X. Enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated mechanistic probes for sialidases and sialyltransferases. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:10630-1. [PMID: 17696347 DOI: 10.1021/ja072687u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshal A Chokhawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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181
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Lewis AL, Cao H, Patel SK, Diaz S, Ryan W, Carlin AF, Thon V, Lewis WG, Varki A, Chen X, Nizet V. NeuA sialic acid O-acetylesterase activity modulates O-acetylation of capsular polysaccharide in group B Streptococcus. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27562-71. [PMID: 17646166 PMCID: PMC2588433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700340200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. A major GBS virulence determinant is its sialic acid (Sia)-capped capsular polysaccharide. Recently, we discovered the presence and genetic basis of capsular Sia O-acetylation in GBS. We now characterize a GBS Sia O-acetylesterase that modulates the degree of GBS surface O-acetylation. The GBS Sia O-acetylesterase operates cooperatively with the GBS CMP-Sia synthetase, both part of a single polypeptide encoded by the neuA gene. NeuA de-O-acetylation of free 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac(2)) was enhanced by CTP and Mg(2+), the substrate and co-factor, respectively, of the N-terminal GBS CMP-Sia synthetase domain. In contrast, the homologous bifunctional NeuA esterase from Escherichia coli K1 did not display cofactor dependence. Further analyses showed that in vitro, GBS NeuA can operate via two alternate enzymatic pathways: de-O-acetylation of Neu5,9Ac(2) followed by CMP activation of Neu5Ac or activation of Neu5,9Ac(2) followed by de-O-acetylation of CMP-Neu5,9Ac(2). Consistent with in vitro esterase assays, genetic deletion of GBS neuA led to accumulation of intracellular O-acetylated Sias, and overexpression of GBS NeuA reduced O-acetylation of Sias on the bacterial surface. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved asparagine residue 301 abolished esterase activity but preserved CMP-Sia synthetase activity, as evidenced by hyper-O-acetylation of capsular polysaccharide Sias on GBS expressing only the N301A NeuA allele. These studies demonstrate a novel mechanism regulating the extent of capsular Sia O-acetylation in intact bacteria and provide a genetic strategy for manipulating GBS O-acetylation in order to explore the role of this modification in GBS pathogenesis and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Lewis
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Silpa K. Patel
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wesley Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vireak Thon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Warren G. Lewis
- The Scripps Research Institute, Biochemistry Department, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Address Correspondence to: Ajit Varki, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687 Phone: (858) 534-2214; Fax: (858) 534-5611;
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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182
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Li Y, Sun M, Huang S, Yu H, Chokhawala HA, Thon V, Chen X. The Hd0053 gene of Haemophilus ducreyi encodes an alpha2,3-sialyltransferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:555-60. [PMID: 17662691 PMCID: PMC2084346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus ducreyi is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes chancroid, a sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease. Different lipooligosaccharide (LOS) structures have been identified from H. ducreyi strain 35000, including those sialylated glycoforms. Surface LOS of H. ducreyi is considered an important virulence factor that is involved in ulcer formation, cell adhesion, and invasion of host tissue. Gene Hd0686 of H. ducreyi, designated lst (for lipooligosaccharide sialyltransferase), was identified to encode an alpha2,3-sialyltransferase that is important for the formation of sialylated LOS. Here, we show that Hd0053 of H. ducreyi genomic strain 35000HP, the third member of the glycosyltransferase family 80 (GT80), also encodes an alpha2,3-sialyltransferase that may be important for LOS sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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183
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Mizanur RM, Pohl NL. Cloning and characterization of a heat-stable CMP-N-acylneuraminic acid synthetase from Clostridium thermocellum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:827-34. [PMID: 17602221 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the cloning, recombinant expression, and biochemical characterization of a heat-stable CMP-N-acylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) synthetase from Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. A high throughput electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)-based assay demonstrates that the enzyme has an absolute requirement for a divalent cation for activity and reaches maximum activity in the presence of 10 mM Mn(2+). The enzyme is active at pH 8-13 in Tris-HCl buffer and at 37-60 degrees C, and maximum activity is observed at pH 9.5 and 50 degrees C in the presence of 0.2 mM dithiothreitol. In addition to NeuAc, the enzyme also accepts the analog N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) as a substrate. The apparent Michaelis constants for cytidine triphosphate and NeuAc or NeuGc are 240 +/- 20, 130 +/- 10, and 160 +/- 10 microM, respectively, with corresponding turnover numbers of 3.33, 2.25, and 1.66 s(-1), respectively. An initial velocity study of the enzymatic reaction indicates an ordered bi-bi catalytic mechanism. In addition to demonstration of a thermostable and substrate-tolerant enzyme, confirmation of the biochemical function of a gene for CMP-NeuAc synthetase in C. thermocellum also opens the question of the biological function of CMP-NeuAc in such nonpathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman M Mizanur
- Department of Chemistry and The Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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184
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Yu H, Chokhawala HA, Varki A, Chen X. Efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of biotinylated human serum albumin-sialoglycoside conjugates containing O-acetylated sialic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2458-63. [PMID: 17637967 PMCID: PMC2769491 DOI: 10.1039/b706507h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sialyl Tn (STn) and sialyl lactoside derivatives containing O-acetylated sialic acid residues have been chemoenzymatically synthesized using a one-pot three-enzyme system and conjugated to biotinylated human serum albumin (HSA) using an adipic acid para-nitrophenyl ester coupling reagent. This approach provides an efficient and general protocol for preparing carbohydrate-protein conjugates containing base-sensitive groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Fax: 01 530 752 8995; Tel: 01 530 754 6037; E-mail:
| | - Harshal A. Chokhawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Fax: 01 530 752 8995; Tel: 01 530 754 6037; E-mail:
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Fax: 01 530 752 8995; Tel: 01 530 754 6037; E-mail:
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185
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Huang S, Yu H, Chen X. Disaccharides as sialic acid aldolase substrates: synthesis of disaccharides containing a sialic acid at the reducing end. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2249-53. [PMID: 17309109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengshu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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186
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Kajihara Y, Kamitani T, Sato R, Kamei N, Miyazaki T, Okamoto R, Sakakibara T, Tsuji T, Yamamoto T. Synthesis of CMP-9''-modified-sialic acids as donor substrate analogues for mammalian and bacterial sialyltransferases. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1680-8. [PMID: 17572399 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine-5'-monophospho-sialic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) derivatives bearing a phenyl group in which the tether length between the phenyl group and the 9-position of Neu5Ac varied were synthesized and evaluated as substrates for sialyltransferases. In the synthesis of the compounds, a coupling reaction between methyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8-tri-O-acetyl-9-azido-3,5,9-trideoxy-beta-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonate and 2-cyanoethyl 2',3'-O,N4, triacetylcytidine-5'-yl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite was carried out and the phosphite derivative thus obtained was oxidized and then deprotected to yield CMP-9''-azido-Neu5Ac. Modification of the 9-amino group prepared by reduction of the azido groups was performed by the use of several phenyl-substituted alkylcarboxylic acid derivatives. Using these CMP-9''-modified-Neu5Ac analogues bearing the phenyl-substituted alkyl-amide group, sialyltransferase assays were performed with both rat liver alpha-(2-->6)-sialyltransferase and Photobacterium alpha-(2-->6)-sialyltransferase. These 9-modified analogues could be transferred to disaccharide acceptors, and a practical enzymatic synthesis using CMP-9''-modified-Neu5Ac yielded sialoside analogues and sialylglycoproteins in good yield. These experiments demonstrate that the Photobacterium sialyltransferase can be used in the synthesis of sialoside analogues having a large substituent at the 9-position of Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kajihara
- International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2, Seto, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
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187
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Abstract
Carbohydrate modification is a common phenomenon in nature. Many carbohydrate modifications such as some epimerization, O-acetylation, O-sulfation, O-methylation, N-deacetylation, and N-sulfation, take place after the formation of oligosaccharide or polysaccharide backbones. These modifications can be categorized as carbohydrate post-glycosylational modifications (PGMs). Carbohydrate PGMs further extend the complexity of the structures and the synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. They also increase the capacity of the biological regulation that is achieved by finely tuning the structures of carbohydrates. Developing efficient methods to obtain structurally defined naturally occurring oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates with carbohydrate PGMs is essential for understanding the biological significance of carbohydrate PGMs. Combined with high-throughput screening methods, synthetic carbohydrates with PGMs are invaluable probes in structure-activity relationship studies. We illustrate here several classes of carbohydrates with PGMs and their applications. Recent progress in chemical, enzymatic, and chemoenzymatic syntheses of these carbohydrates and their derivatives are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Fax: 01 530 752 8995; Tel: 01 530 754 6037; E-mail:
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188
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Huang S, Yu H, Chen X. Disaccharides as Sialic Acid Aldolase Substrates: Synthesis of Disaccharides Containing a Sialic Acid at the Reducing End. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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189
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Chokhawala HA, Yu H, Chen X. High-throughput substrate specificity studies of sialidases by using chemoenzymatically synthesized sialoside libraries. Chembiochem 2007; 8:194-201. [PMID: 17195254 PMCID: PMC2610223 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases, or neuraminidases, are enzymes that cleave terminal sialic acid (Sia) residues from complex sialic acid-containing structures. They have been found in many animals and microorganisms and are important in various physiological and pathological processes. In order to understand the biological significance of diverse sialidases, it is important to study in detail the structural determinants of their natural substrates. Here, we report the synthesis of sialoside libraries containing para-nitrophenol-tagged sialosides with different naturally occurring sialic acid forms, different sialyl linkages, and different penultimate monosaccharides using a highly efficient one-pot three-enzyme chemoenzymatic approach. By using these compounds in a 96-well plate-based colorimetric high-throughput screening platform, the diversity of substrate preference is shown for seven bacterial sialidases. The sialoside libraries and the screening method are convenient tools for unravelling the substrate specificity and the biological function of sialidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshal A. Chokhawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, Fax: (+1) 530-752-8995
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, Fax: (+1) 530-752-8995
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, Fax: (+1) 530-752-8995
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190
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Enders D, Gasperi T. Proline organocatalysis as a new tool for the asymmetric synthesis of ulosonic acid precursors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:88-90. [PMID: 17279270 DOI: 10.1039/b611265j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PEP and aldolase mimicry is the key for a direct organocatalytic entry to precursors of ulosonic acids, biomolecules of enormous importance in biology, chemistry and medicine; in the key aldol reaction the dimethylacetal of pyruvic aldehyde is used as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) equivalent and the amino acid proline functions as an organocatalyst, imitating the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Enders
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
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