151
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Aussedat B, Fasching B, Johnston E, Sane N, Nagorny P, Danishefsky SJ. Total synthesis of the α-subunit of human glycoprotein hormones: toward fully synthetic homogeneous human follicle-stimulating hormone. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3532-41. [PMID: 22280541 PMCID: PMC3288947 DOI: 10.1021/ja2111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Described herein is the first total chemical synthesis of the unique α-subunit of the human glycoprotein hormone (α-hGPH). Unlike the biologically derived glycoprotein hormones, which are isolated as highly complex mixtures of glycoforms, α-hGPH obtained by chemical synthesis contains discrete homogeneous glycoforms. Two such systems have been prepared. One contains the disaccharide chitobiose at the natural N-glycosylation sites. The other contains dodecamer oligosaccharides at these same sites. The dodecamer sugar is a consensus sequence incorporating the key features associated with human glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Aussedat
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bernhard Fasching
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric Johnston
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Neeraj Sane
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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152
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Murakami M, Okamoto R, Izumi M, Kajihara Y. Chemical synthesis of an erythropoietin glycoform containing a complex-type disialyloligosaccharide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3567-72. [PMID: 22307754 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043 Japan
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153
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Murakami M, Okamoto R, Izumi M, Kajihara Y. Chemical Synthesis of an Erythropoietin Glycoform Containing a Complex-type Disialyloligosaccharide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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154
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Liu S, Pentelute BL, Kent SBH. Convergent chemical synthesis of [lysine(24,38,83)] human erythropoietin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:993-9. [PMID: 22180156 PMCID: PMC3472960 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics
| | | | - S. B. H. Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics
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155
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Raibaut L, Ollivier N, Melnyk O. Sequential native peptide ligation strategies for total chemical protein synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7001-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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156
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Monbaliu JCM, Katritzky AR. Recent trends in Cys- and Ser/Thr-based synthetic strategies for the elaboration of peptide constructs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11601-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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157
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Mandal K, Pentelute BL, Bang D, Gates ZP, Torbeev VY, Kent SBH. Design, Total Chemical Synthesis, and X-Ray Structure of a Protein Having a Novel Linear-Loop Polypeptide Chain Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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158
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Mandal K, Pentelute BL, Bang D, Gates ZP, Torbeev VY, Kent SBH. Design, Total Chemical Synthesis, and X-Ray Structure of a Protein Having a Novel Linear-Loop Polypeptide Chain Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1481-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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159
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Abstract
One of the most important reactions in organic chemistry--amide bond formation--is often overlooked as a contemporary challenge because of the widespread occurrence of amides in modern pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. But existing methods are reaching their inherent limits, and concerns about their waste and expense are becoming sharper. Novel chemical approaches to amide formation are therefore being developed. Here we review and summarize a new generation of amide-forming reactions that may contribute to solving these problems. We also consider their potential application to current synthetic challenges, including the development of catalytic amide formation, the synthesis of therapeutic peptides and the preparation of modified peptides and proteins.
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160
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Yang R, Hou W, Zhang X, Liu CF. N-to-C Sequential Ligation Using Peptidyl N,N-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)amide Building Blocks. Org Lett 2011; 14:374-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2031284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renliang Yang
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry Division, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Wen Hou
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry Division, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry Division, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry Division, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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161
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Liu S, Pentelute BL, Kent SBH. Convergent Chemical Synthesis of [Lysine24, 38, 83] Human Erythropoietin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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162
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Protein conformational dynamics in the mechanism of HIV-1 protease catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20982-7. [PMID: 22158985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111202108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used chemical protein synthesis and advanced physical methods to probe dynamics-function correlations for the HIV-1 protease, an enzyme that has received considerable attention as a target for the treatment of AIDS. Chemical synthesis was used to prepare a series of unique analogues of the HIV-1 protease in which the flexibility of the "flap" structures (residues 37-61 in each monomer of the homodimeric protein molecule) was systematically varied. These analogue enzymes were further studied by X-ray crystallography, NMR relaxation, and pulse-EPR methods, in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. We show that conformational isomerization in the flaps is correlated with structural reorganization of residues in the active site, and that it is preorganization of the active site that is a rate-limiting factor in catalysis.
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163
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Ollivier N, Vicogne J, Vallin A, Drobecq H, Desmet R, El Mahdi O, Leclercq B, Goormachtigh G, Fafeur V, Melnyk O. A One-Pot Three-Segment Ligation Strategy for Protein Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:209-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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164
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Ollivier N, Vicogne J, Vallin A, Drobecq H, Desmet R, El Mahdi O, Leclercq B, Goormachtigh G, Fafeur V, Melnyk O. A One-Pot Three-Segment Ligation Strategy for Protein Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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165
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Okamoto R, Morooka K, Kajihara Y. A Synthetic Approach to a Peptide α-Thioester from an Unprotected Peptide through Cleavage and Activation of a Specific Peptide Bond by N-Acetylguanidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:191-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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166
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Okamoto R, Morooka K, Kajihara Y. A Synthetic Approach to a Peptide α-Thioester from an Unprotected Peptide through Cleavage and Activation of a Specific Peptide Bond by N-Acetylguanidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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167
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Kajihara Y, Izumi M, Hirano K, Murase T, Macmillan D, Okamoto R. Elucidating the Function of Complex-Type Oligosaccharides by Use of Chemical Synthesis of Homogeneous Glycoproteins. Isr J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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168
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Ding H, Shigenaga A, Sato K, Morishita K, Otaka A. Dual Kinetically Controlled Native Chemical Ligation Using a Combination of Sulfanylproline and Sulfanylethylanilide Peptide. Org Lett 2011; 13:5588-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202316v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Ko Morishita
- Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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169
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Lee J, Kwon Y, Pentelute BL, Bang D. Use of Model Peptide Reactions for the Characterization of Kinetically Controlled Ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1645-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc2002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joongoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134 Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134 Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Brad L. Pentelute
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Duhee Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134 Seoul 120-749 Korea
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170
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Sato K, Shigenaga A, Tsuji K, Tsuda S, Sumikawa Y, Sakamoto K, Otaka A. N-sulfanylethylanilide peptide as a crypto-thioester peptide. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1840-4. [PMID: 21739560 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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171
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Shah NH, Vila-Perelló M, Muir TW. Kinetic control of one-pot trans-splicing reactions by using a wild-type and designed split intein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6511-5. [PMID: 21656885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neel H Shah
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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172
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Shah NH, Vila-Perelló M, Muir TW. Kinetic Control of One-Pot Trans-Splicing Reactions by Using a Wild-Type and Designed Split Intein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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173
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Fang GM, Li YM, Shen F, Huang YC, Li JB, Lin Y, Cui HK, Liu L. Protein Chemical Synthesis by Ligation of Peptide Hydrazides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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174
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Fang GM, Li YM, Shen F, Huang YC, Li JB, Lin Y, Cui HK, Liu L. Protein chemical synthesis by ligation of peptide hydrazides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7645-9. [PMID: 21648030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Min Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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175
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Zheng JS, Xi WX, Wang FL, Li J, Guo QX. Fmoc-SPPS chemistry compatible approach for the generation of (glyco)peptide aryl thioesters. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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176
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Hirano K, Izumi M, Macmillan D, Tezuka K, Tsuji T, Kajihara Y. Semisynthesis of Erythropoietin Analog Having Three Oligosaccharides. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.604570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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177
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Siman P, Blatt O, Moyal T, Danieli T, Lebendiker M, Lashuel HA, Friedler A, Brik A. Chemical Synthesis and Expression of the HIV-1 Rev Protein. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1097-104. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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178
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Application of the logic of cysteine-free native chemical ligation to the synthesis of Human Parathyroid Hormone (hPTH). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5986-9. [PMID: 21444787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The power of chemical synthesis of large cysteine-free polypeptides has been significantly enhanced through the use of nonproteogenic constructs which bear strategically placed thiol groups, enabling native chemical ligation. Central to these much expanded capabilities is the specific, radical-induced, metal-free dethiolation, which can be accomplished in aqueous medium.
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179
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Wang C, Guo Q, Fu Y. Theoretical Analysis of the Detailed Mechanism of Native Chemical Ligation Reactions. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1241-51. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 (China), Fax: (+86) 551‐3606689
| | - Qing‐Xiang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 (China), Fax: (+86) 551‐3606689
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 (China), Fax: (+86) 551‐3606689
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180
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Kumar KSA, Spasser L, Ohayon S, Erlich LA, Brik A. Expeditious chemical synthesis of ubiquitinated peptides employing orthogonal protection and native chemical ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:137-43. [PMID: 21235224 DOI: 10.1021/bc1004735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination-the attachment of ubiquitin to a protein target-is involved in a wide range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. This dynamic posttranslational modification utilizes three enzymes to link, through an isopeptide bond, the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin to the lysine side chain from a protein target. Progress in the field aiming at deciphering the role of ubiquitination in biological processes has been very dependent on the discovery of the enzymatic machinery, which is known to be very specific to each protein target. Chemical approaches offer a complementary route to the biochemical methods to construct these conjugates in vitro in order to assist in unraveling the role of ubiquitination on protein function. Herein is presented a novel method for the rapid synthesis of ubiquitinated peptides employing solid-phase peptide to generate the critical isopeptide linkage. Using these tools, several ubiquitinated peptides derived from known ubiquitinated proteins were prepared. Among them is the ubiquitinated C-terminal fragment of H2B, which can be used in the synthesis of monoubiquitinated H2B. For the first time, we systematically assessed the effect of the length of the ubiquitinated peptides on the UCH-L3 activity and found that peptides of up to ∼20 residues are preferred substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Ajish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
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181
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Zeng H, Guan Z. Direct synthesis of polyamides via catalytic dehydrogenation of diols and diamines. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1159-61. [PMID: 21204554 DOI: 10.1021/ja106958s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a direct synthesis of polyamides via catalytic dehydrogenation of diols and diamines. A PNN pincer ruthenium complex, the Milstein catalyst, was used for this reaction and polyamides with number average molecular weight from ∼10 to 30 kDa could be obtained from a wide variety of diols and diamines bearing aliphatic or aromatic, linear or cyclic spacers. Because of the high catalytic selectivity of primary amine over secondary amine, polyamines could be conveniently incorporated into linear polyamides without tedious protection/deprotection steps. Compared with conventional condensation method, this catalytic system avoids the requirement of stoichiometric preactivation or in situ activation reagents and provides a much cleaner process with high atomic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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182
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Seidel R, Engelhard M. Chemical biology of prion protein: tools to bridge the in vitro/vivo interface. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 305:199-223. [PMID: 21769714 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on prion protein (PrP) and pathogenic prion has been very intensive because of its importance as model system for neurodegenerative diseases. One important aspect of this research has been the application of chemical biology tools. In this review we describe new developments like native chemical ligation (NCL) and expressed protein ligation (EPL) for the synthesis and semisynthesis of proteins in general and PrP in particular. These techniques allow the synthesis of designed tailor made analogs which can be used in conjunction with modern biophysical methods like fluorescence spectroscopy, solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR), and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Another aspect of prion research is concerned with the interaction of PrP with small organic molecules and metals. The results are critically reviewed and put into perspective of their implication for PrP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Seidel
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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183
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Katritzky AR, Tala SR, Abo-Dya NE, Ibrahim TS, El-Feky SA, Gyanda K, Pandya KM. Chemical Ligation of S-Scylated Cysteine Peptides to Form Native Peptides via 5-, 11-, and 14-Membered Cyclic Transition States. J Org Chem 2010; 76:85-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1015757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Srinivasa R. Tala
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Nader E. Abo-Dya
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig-44519, Egypt
| | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig-44519, Egypt
| | - Said A. El-Feky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig-44519, Egypt
| | - Kapil Gyanda
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Keyur M. Pandya
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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184
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Tan Z, Shang S, Danishefsky SJ. Insights into the finer issues of native chemical ligation: an approach to cascade ligations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:9500-3. [PMID: 21053233 PMCID: PMC3199326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and broadly useful two-step ligation protocol is developed. Important mechanistic issues of ligation were probed from diastereomeric competition studies on the formation of the ligation products. We also report an instance of kinetically controlled ligation through the exploitation of selectivity differences between related N-termini. This study potentially provides a valuable approach to facilitate polypeptide synthesis by minimizing protecting group manipulations and intermediate isolations..
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Tan
- Dr. Z. Tan, Dr. S. Shang, Prof. S. J. Danishefsky, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Shiying Shang
- Dr. Z. Tan, Dr. S. Shang, Prof. S. J. Danishefsky, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Dr. Z. Tan, Dr. S. Shang, Prof. S. J. Danishefsky, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
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185
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Byun E, Kim J, Kang SM, Lee H, Bang D, Lee H. Surface PEGylation via Native Chemical Ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 22:4-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100285p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Byun
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Institute for BioCentury and NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jangbae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Institute for BioCentury and NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Sung Min Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Institute for BioCentury and NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Institute for BioCentury and NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Duhee Bang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Institute for BioCentury and NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Institute for BioCentury and NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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186
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Tan Z, Shang S, Danishefsky SJ. Insights into the Finer Issues of Native Chemical Ligation: An Approach to Cascade Ligations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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187
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Lee JY, Bang D. Challenges in the chemical synthesis of average sized proteins: sequential vs. convergent ligation of multiple peptide fragments. Biopolymers 2010; 94:441-7. [PMID: 20593477 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the challenges in the chemical synthesis of average sized proteins. Recent progress on sequential and convergent ligation methods, two approaches to the synthesis of proteins, is outlined. An examination of these challenges could aid in the process of finding new methodologies for the efficient chemical synthesis of average sized protein molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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188
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189
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Sanki AK, Talan RS, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of small glycopeptides by decarboxylative condensation and insight into the reaction mechanism. J Org Chem 2010; 74:1886-96. [PMID: 19182928 DOI: 10.1021/jo802278w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins and glycopeptides facilitates progress toward understanding the functional role of carbohydrates attached to proteins and is important in the preparation of glycopeptide-based therapeutics. A series of protected and unprotected glycosyl dipeptides, glycopeptide I, which contained the alpha-ketoacid moiety at the C-terminus, were synthesized and ligated with a series of O-tert-butyl-protected N-hydroxylamino acids to afford O-tert-butyl-protected glycosyl tripeptides, glycopeptide II. The reactions were carried out under both anhydrous and aqueous conditions at neutral pH to produce glycopeptide products in yields ranging from 15% to 86% depending on the amino acids present at the ligation junction. The best yields were obtained when both the alpha-ketoacid and the N-hydroxylamino acid contained medium-sized side chains. In addition to the expected tripeptide product, 2,5-substituted oxazoles were isolated when O-tert-butyl protected N-hydroxylamines of glycine were employed in the reaction. The formation of the oxazole is believed to result from an intramolecular cyclization of the O-tert-butyl ester on a nitrilium ion intermediate followed by aromatization. A decarboxylative condensation between O(18)-labeled phenyl pyruvic acid and N-hydroxyphenethylamine oxalate salt resulted in amide products lacking the O(18)-label, providing further support for the nitrilium ion in the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Sanki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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190
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Peptide and glycopeptide dendrimers and analogous dendrimeric structures and their biomedical applications. Amino Acids 2010; 40:301-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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191
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Murase T, Kajihara Y. Synthesis of the glycosylated polypeptide chain of an inducible costimulator on T-cells. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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192
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Ackrill T, Anderson DW, Macmillan D. Towards biomolecular assembly employing extended native chemical ligation in combination with thioester synthesis using an N→S acyl shift. Biopolymers 2010; 94:495-503. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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193
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Zheng JS, Cui HK, Fang GM, Xi WX, Liu L. Chemical protein synthesis by kinetically controlled ligation of peptide O-esters. Chembiochem 2010; 11:511-5. [PMID: 20157912 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shen Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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194
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Erlich LA, Ajish Kumar KS, Haj-Yahya M, Dawson PE, Brik A. N-methylcysteine-mediated total chemical synthesis of ubiquitin thioester. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2392-6. [PMID: 20448897 PMCID: PMC3183995 DOI: 10.1039/c000332h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin thioester is a key intermediate in the ubiquitylation of proteins and is formed enzymatically through the activation of alpha-COOH of ubiquitin in an ATP dependent manner using the E1 enzyme. The current methods used for the preparation of ubiquitin thioester rely on either the enzymatic machinery or on expressed protein ligation technology. In this article, we report a new chemical strategy, combining native chemical ligation and N-methylcysteine containing peptides, to chemically prepare ubiquitin thioester for the first time. The N-methylcysteine is utilized as an N-->S acyl transfer device, and in its protected form serves as a latent thioester functionality. This enabled us to trigger the formation of ubiquitin thioester subsequent to the assembly of the ubiquitin polypeptide via native chemical ligation. The synthetic ubiquitin thioester showed a similar behavior in peptide ubiquitylation to the one obtained via expression. This approach should allow for higher flexibility in the chemical manipulation of ubiquitin thioester in a wide variety of ubiquitylated peptides and proteins for structural and biochemical analysis and for the synthesis of ubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly A. Erlich
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - K. S. Ajish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - Mahmood Haj-Yahya
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Departments of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
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195
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Sequential native chemical ligation utilizing peptide thioacids derived from newly developed Fmoc-based synthetic method. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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196
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Katritzky AR, Abo-Dya NE, Tala SR, Abdel-Samii ZK. The chemical ligation of selectively S-acylated cysteine peptides to form native peptides via 5-, 11- and 14-membered cyclic transition states. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2316-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c003234d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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197
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Payne RJ, Wong CH. Advances in chemical ligation strategies for the synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:21-43. [DOI: 10.1039/b913845e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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198
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Wiessler M, Waldeck W, Kliem C, Pipkorn R, Braun K. The Diels-Alder-reaction with inverse-electron-demand, a very efficient versatile click-reaction concept for proper ligation of variable molecular partners. Int J Med Sci 2009; 7:19-28. [PMID: 20046231 PMCID: PMC2792734 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for working with image processing systems in diagnostics (MRT) attracts increasing notice and scientific interest. The Diels-Alder ligation Reaction with inverse electron demand (DAR(inv)) turns out to be an appropriate candidate. The DAR(inv) is characterized by a specific distribution of electrons of the diene and the corresponding dienophile counterpart. Whereas the reactants in the classical Diels-Alder Reaction feature electron-rich diene and electron-poor dienophile compounds, the DAR(inv) exhibits exactly the opposite distribution of electrons. Substituents with pushing electrones increase and, with pulling electrons reduce the electron density of the dienes as used in the DAR(inv).We report here that the DAR(inv) is an efficient route for coupling of multifunctional molecules like active peptides, re-formulated drugs or small molecules like the alkyalting agent temozolomide (TMZ). This is an example of our contribution to the "Click chemistry" technology. In this case TMZ is ligated by DAR(inv) as a cargo to transporter molecules facilitating the passage across the cell membranes into cells and subsequently into subcellular components like the cell nucleus by using address molecules. With such constructs we achieved high local concentrations at the desired target site of pharmacological action. The DAR(inv) ligation was carried out using the combination of several technologies, namely: the organic chemistry and the solid phase peptide synthesis which can produce 'tailored' solutions for questions not solely restricted to the medical diagnostics or therapy, but also result in functionalizations of various surfaces qualified amongst others also for array development.We like to acquaint you with the DAR(inv) and we like to exemplify that all ligation products were generated after a rapid and complete reaction in organic solutions at room temperature, in high purity, but also, hurdles and difficulties on the way to the TMZ-BioShuttle conjugate should be mentioned.With this report we would like to stimulate scientists working with the focus on "Click chemistry" to intensify research with this expanding DAR(inv )able to open the door for new solutions inconceivable so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wiessler
- German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Imaging and Radiooncology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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199
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Hu BH, Su J, Messersmith PB. Hydrogels cross-linked by native chemical ligation. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2194-200. [PMID: 19601644 DOI: 10.1021/bm900366e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction to covalently cross-link soluble polymers into hydrogels. Macromonomers consisting of a four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) core end-functionalized with either thioester or N-terminal cysteine peptide were designed and synthesized. Upon mixing aqueous solutions of the thioester and N-terminal cysteine macromonomers, rigid hydrogels formed within minutes. The gelation time was affected by choice of buffer, pH, polymer concentration, reaction temperature, and chemical composition of the N-terminal cysteine conjugate. The kinetics of gel formation and the viscoelastic behavior of selected hydrogels were further studied by oscillatory rheology, which demonstrated a minimum gel formation time of approximately two minutes and the formation of an elastic cross-linked hydrogel via the NCL reaction. A useful feature of this hydrogel strategy is the regeneration of thiol functional groups as a result of the NCL reaction, thereby allowing functionalization of the polymer hydrogel with biomolecules. This was demonstrated by conjugation of a maleimide-GRGDSPG-NH(2) peptide to an NCL hydrogel, permitting the attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on the hydrogel. Due to the mild reaction conditions, chemoselectivity, and potential for biological functionalization, our approach may prove useful as a general method for hydrogel formation, including hydrogels intended for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Huang Hu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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200
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Abstract
In this account, we describe the results of a research program directed to the proposition that chemical synthesis can play a valuable role in identifying biologic level molecules worthy of pharma level development. We recount our journey towards the chemical synthesis of homogeneous erythropoietin, the challenges we encountered, and our efforts to address deficiencies in the current "state of the art" of glycopeptide synthesis. Here we describe new methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides that have emerged from the erythropoietin adventure, including the development of unique C-terminal acyl donors, novel amide bond forming methods, and new ligation and coupling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Kan
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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