151
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Lu H, Zhou C, Wang Z, Kato T, Liu Y, Maruoka K. Fe-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling Reaction of α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds and Conjugate Dienes with Alkylsilyl Peroxides and Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8824-8834. [PMID: 35731735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An Fe(OTf)2-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction of α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with alkylsilyl peroxides in the presence of certain heteronucleophiles (ROH and indole) is realized under mild reaction conditions. A variety of α,β,γ,δ-diene carbonyl substrates with different substituents were successfully employable via combination with several different alkylsilyl peroxides. This new approach is also applicable to the double functionalization of diene substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Canhua Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Terumasa Kato
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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152
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Šimek M, Bártová K, Issad S, Hájek M, Císařová I, Jahn U. Unified Total Synthesis of Diverse Meroterpenoids from Ganoderma Applanatum. Org Lett 2022; 24:4552-4556. [PMID: 35723435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unified approach to meroterpenoids applanatumols B, V, W, X, and Y produced by the medicinal fungus Ganoderma applanatum and 2'-epi-spiroapplanatumine O is presented. The key synthetic sequence consists of a tandem anionic ketone allylation/oxy-Cope rearrangement/α-oxygenation furnishing an α-aminoxy ketone and a persistent radical effect-based 5-exo-trig cyclization leading to the trisubstituted cyclopentane core. The relative configuration of applanatumol V has to be revised. Some compounds display significant cytotoxic and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Šimek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bártová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Samy Issad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hájek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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153
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Wang B, Li M, Gao G, Sanz-Vidal A, Zheng B, Walsh PJ. Synthesis of Tryptamines from Radical Cyclization of 2-Iodoaryl Allenyl Amines and Coupling with 2-Azallyls. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8099-8103. [PMID: 35675635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of tryptamines is developed. Indole structures were constructed using 2-iodoaryl allenyl amines as electron acceptors and radical cyclization precursors. Radical-radical coupling of indolyl methyl radicals and azaallyl radicals led to the tryptamine derivatives. The utility and versatility of this method are showcased by the synthesis of 22 examples of tryptamines in ≤88% yield. In each case, indole formation is accompanied by in situ removal of the Boc protecting group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Minyan Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Gui Gao
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Alvaro Sanz-Vidal
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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154
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Takemura N, Sumida Y, Ohmiya H. Organic Photoredox-Catalyzed Silyl Radical Generation from Silylboronate. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naho Takemura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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155
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Yang HB, Wan DH. Research Progress on N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Reactions for Synthesizing Ketones through Radical Mechanism. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1822-4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNHC-catalyzed radical cross-coupling reactions have been recently developed; they provide an efficient method to access ketones from aldehydes or carboxylic acid derivatives with sp3-hybridized carbon radical precursors. This reaction has indirectly solved the limitations in the scope of coupling partners in NHC umpolung catalyzed reactions of aldehydes. In this short review, we present some recent advances in NHC-catalyzed radical reactions, with a focus on the construction of the C–C(CO) bond.1 Introduction2 Oxidative Generation of NHC-Derived Ketyl Radical2.1 NHPI Redox-Active Esters2.2 Katritzky Pyridinium Salts2.3 Alkyl Halides2.4 Aryl Halides2.5 Compounds Containing N–O Bond2.6 Diazo Esters2.7 Others3 Reductive Generation of NHC-Derived Ketyl Radical3.1 Hantzsch Esters3.2 Sulfinates3.3 Electron-Rich Arenes3.4 Amines3.5 Organoborane Reagents4 Conclusion
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156
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Singh T, Panday P, Upreti GC, Ranjan S, Gupta RK, Singh A. Visible-light-mediated synthesis of α,β-diamino esters via coupling of N, N-dimethylanilines and glyoxalic oxime ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4522-4525. [PMID: 35605977 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated synthesis of α,β-diamino esters has been developed via the cross coupling of N,N-dimethylanilines with glyoxalic oxime ethers. This protocol involves the generation of α-aminoalkyl radicals under mild reaction conditions, provides α,β-diamino esters in good to excellent yields, and can be performed on a gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
| | - Prabhakar Panday
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
| | - Ganesh Chandra Upreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
| | - Sudhir Ranjan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India
| | - Raju Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
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157
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Jiang HL, Yang YH, He YH, Guan Z. Visible-Light-Catalyzed Radical-Radical Cross-Coupling Reaction of Benzyl Trifluoroborates and Carbonyl Compounds to Sterically Hindered Alcohols. Org Lett 2022; 24:4258-4263. [PMID: 35666163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here an organic dye catalyzed direct radical-radical cross-coupling reaction based on the persistent free-radical effect (PRE), which is powered by visible light and does not require any external oxidants or reductants. In this reaction, benzyl trifluoroborates are oxidized by excited-state 4Cz-IPN to generate benzyl radicals, and the resulting boron trifluoride acts as a Lewis acid to reduce the reduction potential of carbonyl compounds. The dual roles of benzyl trifluoroborates enable aldehydes, ketones, diketones, and ketone esters to react with benzyl trifluoroborates to generate various sterically hindered alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Luo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu-Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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158
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159
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Chen Y, Yan H, Liao Q, Zhang D, Lin S, Hao E, Murtaza R, Li C, Wu C, Duan C, Shi L. Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines by Radical Allylation of Imines with Butadiene under Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Huaipu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Qian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Shuangjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Erjun Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University 453007 Xinxiang China
| | - Rukhsana Murtaza
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University 710054 Xi'an China
| | - Chao Wu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University 710054 Xi'an China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University 453007 Xinxiang China
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160
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Ren SC, Yang X, Mondal B, Mou C, Tian W, Jin Z, Chi YR. Carbene and photocatalyst-catalyzed decarboxylative radical coupling of carboxylic acids and acyl imidazoles to form ketones. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2846. [PMID: 35606378 PMCID: PMC9126905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbene and photocatalyst co-catalyzed radical coupling of acyl electrophile and a radical precursor is emerging as attractive method for ketone synthesis. However, previous reports mainly limited to prefunctionalized radical precursors and two-component coupling. Herein, an N-heterocyclic carbene and photocatalyst catalyzed decarboxylative radical coupling of carboxylic acids and acyl imidazoles is disclosed, in which the carboxylic acids are directly used as radical precursors. The acyl imidazoles could also be generated in situ by reaction of a carboxylic acid with CDI thus furnishing a formally decarboxylative coupling of two carboxylic acids. In addition, the reaction is successfully extended to three-component coupling by using alkene as a third coupling partner via a radical relay process. The mild conditions, operational simplicity, and use of carboxylic acids as the reacting partners make our method a powerful strategy for construction of complex ketones from readily available starting materials, and late-stage modification of natural products and medicines. The combination of carbene- and photocatalysis has enabled unorthodox routes to ketone syntheses, but usually requires engineered or activated substrates. Herein the authors present a carbene- and photocatalytic decarboxylative radical coupling of carboxylic acids and acyl imidazoles, in which the carboxylic acids are directly used as radical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chao Ren
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xing Yang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bivas Mondal
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chengli Mou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China. .,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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161
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Kodo T, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. Organophotoredox-catalyzed semipinacol rearrangement via radical-polar crossover. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2684. [PMID: 35562383 PMCID: PMC9106707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, significant progress in semipinacol rearrangement involving 1,2-migration of α-hydroxy carbocations has been made in the areas of catalysis and total synthesis of natural products. To access the α-hydroxy carbocation intermediate, conventional acid-mediated or electrochemical approaches have been employed. However, the photochemical semipinacol rearrangement has been underdeveloped. Herein, we report the organophotoredox-catalyzed semipinacol rearrangement via radical-polar crossover (RPC). A phenothiazine-based organophotoredox catalyst facilitates the generation of an α-hydroxy non-benzylic alkyl radical followed by oxidation to the corresponding carbocation, which can be exploited to undergo the semipinacol rearrangement. As a result, the photochemical approach enables decarboxylative semipinacol rearrangement of β-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives and alkylative semipinacol type rearrangement of allyl alcohols with carbon electrophiles, producing α-quaternary or α-tertiary carbonyls bearing sp3-rich scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Kodo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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162
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Zhang Y, Ma C, Cai Z, Struwe J, Chen S, Xu J, Li S, Zeng W, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative tricyclic 6-7-6 fused-system domino assembly to allocolchicines by a removable radical strategy. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:3697-3703. [PMID: 35694222 PMCID: PMC9086860 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc00684g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural allocolchicine and analogues derived thereof a tricyclic 6-7-6-system have been found as key scaffold of various biologically relevant molecules. However, the direct preparation of the allocolchicine motif remains difficult to date. Herein, we report on an electrooxidative radical cyclization of biarylynones with various carbon- and heteroatom-centered radical precursors via a sequential radical addition/7-endo-trig/radical cyclization domino reaction. This approach provides a step-economical and strategically novel disconnection for the facile assembly of a wide range of carbocyclic 6-7-6 fused ring systems. Remarkably, the sulfonyl group on the products could be easily removed by photocatalysis at room temperature with high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, and Drug discovery & innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Chanchan Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, and Drug discovery & innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Zhenzhi Cai
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, and Drug discovery & innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Germany
| | - Shengjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, and Drug discovery & innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Jinming Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, and Drug discovery & innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Shiyin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, and Drug discovery & innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Wangyu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, and Drug discovery & innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Germany
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163
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Guo HM, He BQ, Wu X. Direct Photoexcitation of Xanthate Anions for Deoxygenative Alkenylation of Alcohols. Org Lett 2022; 24:3199-3204. [PMID: 35467887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we identify xanthate salts as a unique class of visible-light-excitable alkyl radical precursors that act simultaneously as strong photoreductants and alkyl radical sources. Upon direct photoexcitation of xanthate anions, efficient deoxygenative alkenylation and alkylation of a wide range of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols have been achieved via a one-pot protocol, avoiding any photocatalysts. This method exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, enabling late-stage functionalization of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin-Qing He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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164
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Abstract
The carbonyl group stands as a fundamental scaffold and plays a ubiquitous role in synthetically important chemical reactions in both academic and industrial contexts. Venerable transformations, including the aldol reaction, Grignard reaction, Wittig reaction, and Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction, constitute a vast and empowering synthetic arsenal. Notwithstanding, two-electron mechanisms inherently confine the breadth of accessible reactivity and topological patterns.Fostered by the rapid development of photoredox catalysis, combing well-entrenched carbonyl addition and radicals can harness several unique and increasingly sustainable transformations. In particular, unusual carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom disconnections, which are out of reach of two-electron carbonyl chemistry, can be conceived. To meet this end, a novel strategy toward the utilization of simple carbonyl compounds as intermolecular radical acceptors was developed. The reaction is enabled by visible-light photoredox-initiated hole catalysis. In situ Brønsted acid activation of the carbonyl moiety prevents β-scission from occurring. Furthermore, this regioselective alkyl radical addition reaction obviates the use of metals, ligands, or additives, thus offering a high degree of atom economy under mild conditions. On the basis of the same concept and the work of Schindler and co-workers, carbonyl-olefin cross-metathesis, induced by visible light, has also been achieved, leveraging a radical Prins-elimination sequence.Recently, dual chromium and photoredox catalysis has been developed by us and Kanai, offering a complementary approach to the revered Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction. Leveraging the intertwined synergy between light and metal, several radical-to-polar crossover transformations toward eminent molecular motifs have been developed. Reactions such as the redox-neutral allylation of aldehydes and radical carbonyl alkylation can harvest the power of light and enable the use of catalytic chromium metal. Overall, exquisite levels of diastereoselectivity can be enforced via highly compact transition states. Other examples, such as the dialkylation of 1,3-dienes and radical carbonyl propargylation portray the versatile combination of radicals and carbonyl addition in multicomponent coupling endeavors. Highly valuable motifs, which commonly occur in complex drug and natural product architectures, can now be accessed in a single operational step. Going beyond carbonyl addition, seminal contributions from Fagnoni and MacMillan preconized photocatalytic HAT-based acyl radical formation as a key aldehyde valorization strategy. Our group articulated this concept, leveraging carboxy radicals as hydrogen atom abstractors in high regio- and chemoselective carbonyl alkynylation and aldehyde trifluoromethylthiolation.This Account, in addition to the narrative of our group and others' contributions at the interface between carbonyl addition and radical-based photochemistry, aims to provide core guiding foundations toward novel disruptive synthetic developments. We envisage that extending radical-to-polar crossovers beyond Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi manifolds, taming less-activated carbonyls, leveraging multicomponent processes, and merging single electron steps with energy-transfer events will propel eminent breakthroughs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ming Huang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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165
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Kang K, Weix DJ. Nickel-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross-Electrophile Coupling of In Situ Generated NHP Esters with Unactivated Alkyl Bromides. Org Lett 2022; 24:2853-2857. [PMID: 35416673 PMCID: PMC9126088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds by cross-coupling remains a challenge in synthesis. Here, we demonstrate a two-step, one-pot protocol for the in situ generation of N-hydroxyphthalimide esters and their nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling with unactivated alkyl bromides for the construction of 1°/1 ° C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. The conditions tolerate an array of functional groups, and mechanistic studies indicate that both substrates are converted to alkyl radicals during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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166
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Purtsas A, Rosenkranz M, Dmitrieva E, Kataeva O, Knölker HJ. Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative C-O and C-N Coupling Reactions Using Air as Sole Oxidant. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104292. [PMID: 35179270 PMCID: PMC9314016 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the oxygenation of tertiary arylamines, and the amination of tertiary arylamines and phenols. The key step of these coupling reactions is an iron‐catalyzed oxidative C−O or C−N bond formation which generally provides the corresponding products in high yields and with excellent regioselectivity. The transformations are accomplished using hexadecafluorophthalocyanine−iron(II) (FePcF16) as catalyst in the presence of an acid or a base additive and require only ambient air as sole oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Purtsas
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Kataeva
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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167
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Zhou HJ, Huang JM. Hydropyridylation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters through Electroreduction of 4-Cyanopyridine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5328-5338. [PMID: 35385272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild and highly efficient method for the hydropyridylation of α,β-unsaturated esters has been developed. This protocol provides the products smoothly with a wide substrate scope in an undivided cell under ambient conditions. Moreover, studies showed that the scope could be extended to other unsaturated compounds, including enones and aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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168
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Cao J, Li G, Wang G, Gao L, Li S. Iodoperfluoroalkylation of unactivated alkenes via pyridine-boryl radical initiated atom-transfer radical addition. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2857-2862. [PMID: 35297935 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00453d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pyridine/bis(pinacolate)diboron combination has been found to be able to initiate the iodoperfluoroalkylation of unactivated alkenes with perfluoroalkyl iodides. Theoretical calculations and control experiments indicate that the atom transfer radical addition mechanism is responsible for the formation of iodoperfluoroalkylation products. This metal-free and photo-free strategy is applicable to a wide range of perfluoroalkyl iodides and unactivated alkenes with good functional group tolerance. Further applications in iodoperfluoroalkylation of organic semiconductor-relevant or bioactive molecules demonstrate the synthetic potential of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, P. R. China
| | - Guoao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Liuzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Shuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
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169
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Li WD, Wu Y, Li SJ, Jiang YQ, Li YL, Lan Y, Xia JB. Boryl Radical Activation of Benzylic C-OH Bond: Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Free Alcohols and CO 2 via Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8551-8559. [PMID: 35378034 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the direct cleavage of the C(sp3)-OH bond has been developed via activation of free alcohols with neutral diphenyl boryl radical generated from sodium tetraphenylborate under mild visible light photoredox conditions. This strategy has been verified by cross-electrophile coupling of free alcohols and carbon dioxide for the synthesis of carboxylic acids. Direct transformation of a range of primary, secondary, and tertiary benzyl alcohols to acids has been achieved. Control experiments and computational studies indicate that activation of alcohols with neutral boryl radical undergoes homolysis of the C(sp3)-OH bond, generating alkyl radicals. After reducing the alkyl radical into carbon anion under photoredox conditions, the following carboxylation with CO2 affords the coupling product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Duo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yi-Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ji-Bao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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170
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Sun Q, Zhang X, Duan X, Qin L, Yuan X, Wu M, Liu J, Zhu S, Qiu J, Guo K. Photoinduced Merging with Copper‐ or
Nickel‐Catalyzed
1,
4‐Cyanoalkylarylation
of 1,
3‐Enynes
to Access Multiple Functionalizatized Allenes in Batch and Continuous Flow. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Peng Zhang
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiu Duan
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Long‐Zhou Qin
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Meng‐Yu Wu
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Shan‐Shan Zhu
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Jiang‐Kai Qiu
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211800 P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211800 P. R. China
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171
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Sakai HA, MacMillan DWC. Nontraditional Fragment Couplings of Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids: C( sp3)-C( sp3) Cross-Coupling via Radical Sorting. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6185-6192. [PMID: 35353531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alcohols and carboxylic acids are among the most commercially abundant, synthetically versatile, and operationally convenient functional groups in organic chemistry. Under visible light photoredox catalysis, these native synthetic handles readily undergo radical activation, and the resulting open-shell intermediates can subsequently participate in transition metal catalysis. In this report, we describe the C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of alcohols and carboxylic acids through the dual combination of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-mediated deoxygenation and hypervalent iodine-mediated decarboxylation. This mild and practical Ni-catalyzed radical-coupling protocol was employed to prepare a wide array of alkyl-alkyl cross-coupled products, including highly congested quaternary carbon centers from the corresponding tertiary alcohols or tertiary carboxylic acids. We demonstrate the synthetic applications of this methodology to alcohol C1-alkylation and formal homologation, as well as to the late-stage functionalization of drugs, natural products, and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holt A Sakai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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172
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Duan S, Zi Y, Wang L, Cong J, Chen W, Li M, Zhang H, Yang X, Walsh PJ. α-Branched amines through radical coupling with 2-azaallyl anions, redox active esters and alkenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3740-3747. [PMID: 35432903 PMCID: PMC8966660 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00500j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Branched amines are fundamental building blocks in a variety of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Herein is reported a unique cascade reaction that enables the preparation of α-branched amines bearing aryl or alkyl groups at the β- or γ-positions. The cascade is initiated by reduction of redox active esters to alkyl radicals. The resulting alkyl radicals are trapped by styrene derivatives, leading to benzylic radicals. The persistent 2-azaallyl radicals and benzylic radicals are proposed to undergo a radical-radical coupling leading to functionalized amine products. Evidence is provided that the role of the nickel catalyst is to promote formation of the alkyl radical from the redox active ester and not promote the C-C bond formation. The synthetic method introduced herein tolerates a variety of imines and redox active esters, allowing for efficient construction of amine building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Yujin Zi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Jielun Cong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Minyan Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
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173
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Bay AV, Farnam EJ, Scheidt KA. Synthesis of Cyclohexanones by a Tandem Photocatalyzed Annulation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7030-7037. [PMID: 35316053 PMCID: PMC9050940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid synthesis of cyclic scaffolds is of high importance to the chemistry community. Strategies for the convergent synthesis of substituted carbocycles and heterocycles remain underexplored despite the plethora of applications that these cyclic motifs have in the pharmaceutical and materials industries. Reported herein is a tandem carbene and photoredox-catalyzed process for the convergent synthesis of substituted cycloalkanones via a formal [5 + 1] cycloaddition. Featuring two distinct photoredox cycles and a novel α-oxidation of benzylic ketones, this reaction offers a mild approach to construct two contiguous C-C bonds and eliminates the need for strong bases or expensive metal catalysts. The utility of this method is highlighted through various product diversification reactions that allow access to a range of important cyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Bay
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emelia J Farnam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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174
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Pokhrel T, B K B, Giri R, Adhikari A, Ahmed N. C-H Bond Functionalization under Electrochemical Flow Conditions. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100338. [PMID: 35315954 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalization is a rapidly growing area of interest in organic synthesis. To achieve maximum atom economy, the flow electrolysis process is more sustainable. This allows shorter reaction times, safer working environments, and better selectivities. Using this technology, the problem of overoxidation can be reduced and less emergence of side products or no side products are possible. Flow electro-reactors provide high surface-to-volume ratios and contain electrodes that are closely spaced where the diffusion layers overlap to give the desired product, electrochemical processes can now be managed without the need for a deliberately added supporting electrolyte. Considering the importance of flow electrochemical C-H functionalization, a comprehensive review is presented. Herein, we summarize flow electrolysis for the construction of C-C and C-X (X=O, N, S, and I) bonds formation. Also, benzylic oxidation and access to biologically active molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamlal Pokhrel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya B K
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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175
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Yu X, Meng QY, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Aroyl Fluorides as Bifunctional Reagents for Dearomatizing Fluoroaroylation of Benzofurans. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7072-7079. [PMID: 35315651 PMCID: PMC9052760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffold is widely found in natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, dearomatizing 2,3-fluoroaroylation of benzofurans with aroyl fluorides as bifunctional reagents to access 2,3-difunctionalized dihydrobenzofurans is reported. The reaction that occurs by cooperative NHC/photoredox catalysis provides 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans with moderate to good yield and high diastereoselectivity. Cascades proceed via radical/radical cross-coupling of a benzofuran radical cation generated in the photoredox catalysis cycle with a neutral ketyl radical formed through the NHC catalysis cycle. The redox-neutral transformation exhibits broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility. With anhydrides as bifunctional reagents, dearomatizing aroyloxyacylation of benzofurans is achieved and the strategy can also be applied to N-acylated indoles to afford 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-dihydroindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Yu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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176
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Abstract
The concurrent incorporation of a germyl fragment and another functional group (beyond the hydrogen atom) across the C═C double bond is a highly appealing yet challenging task. Herein we demonstrate the efficient germyl peroxidation of alkenes with germanium hydrides and tert-butyl hydroperoxide via a copper-catalyzed three-component radical relay strategy. This protocol exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and exquisite chemo- and regioselectivity under mild conditions and represents a rare example of constructing synthetically challenging metal-embedded organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Boxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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177
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Wang L, Ma R, Sun J, Zheng G, Zhang Q. NHC and visible light-mediated photoredox co-catalyzed 1,4-sulfonylacylation of 1,3-enynes for tetrasubstituted allenyl ketones. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3169-3175. [PMID: 35414881 PMCID: PMC8926198 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06100c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of selectivity of highly reactive carbon radical cross-coupling for the construction of C-C bonds represents a challenging task in organic chemistry. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed radical transformations have opened a new avenue for acyl radical cross-coupling chemistry. With this method, highly selective cross-coupling of an acyl radical with an alkyl radical for efficient construction of C-C bonds was successfully realized. However, the cross-coupling reaction of acyl radicals with vinyl radicals has been much less investigated. We herein describe NHC and visible light-mediated photoredox co-catalyzed radical 1,4-sulfonylacylation of 1,3-enynes, providing structurally diversified valuable tetrasubstituted allenyl ketones. Mechanistic studies indicated that ketyl radicals are formed from aroyl fluorides via the oxidative quenching of the photocatalyst excited state, allenyl radicals are generated from chemo-specific sulfonyl radical addition to the 1,3-enynes, and finally, the key allenyl and ketyl radical cross-coupling provides tetrasubstituted allenyl ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Jiaqiong Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130117 China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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178
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Xu W, Kato T, Liu Y, Matsumoto A, Maruoka K. Fe-Catalyzed Dicarbofunctionalization of Vinylarenes with Alkylsilyl Peroxides and β-Keto Carbonyl Substrates. Org Lett 2022; 24:2641-2645. [PMID: 35245078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The formation of two carbon-carbon bonds using vinylarenes with alkylsilyl peroxides and β-keto carbonyl substrates is effected by the presence of catalytic Fe(OTf)2 under mild reaction conditions. A variety of vinylarenes with different substituents can be utilized in combination with several different alkylsilyl peroxides and β-keto carbonyl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Terumasa Kato
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Laboratory of Organocatalytic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Organocatalytic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Laboratory of Organocatalytic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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179
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Coppola GA, Pillitteri S, Van der Eycken EV, You SL, Sharma UK. Multicomponent reactions and photo/electrochemistry join forces: atom economy meets energy efficiency. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2313-2382. [PMID: 35244107 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photoredox catalysis has been regarded as an extremely powerful tool in organic chemistry, bringing the spotlight back to radical processes. The versatility of photocatalyzed reactions has already been demonstrated to be effective in providing alternative routes for cross-coupling as well as multicomponent reactions. The photocatalyst allows the generation of high-energy intermediates through light irradiation rather than using highly reactive reagents or harsh reaction conditions. In a similar vein, organic electrochemistry has experienced a fruitful renaissance as a tool for generating reactive intermediates without the need for any catalyst. Such milder approaches pose the basis toward higher selectivity and broader applicability. In photocatalyzed and electrochemical multicomponent reactions, the generation of the radical species acts as a starter of the cascade of events. This allows for diverse reactivity and the use of reagents is usually not covered by classical methods. Owing to the availability of cheaper and more standardized photo- and electrochemical reactors, as well as easily scalable flow-setups, it is not surprising that these two fields have become areas of increased research interest. Keeping these in view, this review is aimed at providing an overview of the synthetic approaches in the design of MCRs involving photoredox catalysis and/or electrochemical activation as a crucial step with particular focus on the choice of the difunctionalized reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo A Coppola
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Serena Pillitteri
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Upendra K Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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180
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Ma CH, Ji Y, Zhao J, He X, Zhang ST, Jiang YQ, Jiang YQ. Transition-metal-free three-component acetalation-pyridylation of alkenes via photoredox catalysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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181
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Zi Q, Li M, Cong J, Deng G, Duan S, Yin M, Chen W, Jing H, Yang X, Walsh PJ. Super-Electron-Donor 2-Azaallyl Anions Enable Construction of Isoquinolines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1786-1790. [PMID: 35212552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein is introduced the application of "super-electron-donor"(SED) 2-azaallyl anions in a tandem reduction/radical cyclization/radical coupling/aromatization protocol that enables the rapid construction of isoquinolines. The value of this transition-metal-free method is highlighted by the wide range of isoquinoline ethyl amines prepared with good functional group tolerance and yields. An operationally simple gram scale synthesis is also conducted, confirming the scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxing Zi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Minyan Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jielun Cong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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182
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Tanaka T, Kiuchi T, Ooe Y, Iwamoto H, Takizawa SY, Murata S, Hasegawa E. A Photocatalytic System Composed of Benzimidazolium Aryloxide and Tetramethylpiperidine 1-Oxyl to Promote Desulfonylative α-Oxyamination Reactions of α-Sulfonylketones. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4655-4666. [PMID: 35155957 PMCID: PMC8829864 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new photocatalytic system was developed for carrying out desulfonylative α-oxyamination reactions of α-sulfonylketones in which α-ketoalkyl radicals are generated. The catalytic system is composed of benzimidazolium aryloxide betaines (BI+-ArO-), serving as visible light-absorbing electron donor photocatalysts, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), playing dual roles as an electron donor for catalyst recycling and a reagent to capture the generated radical intermediates. Information about the detailed nature of BI+-ArO- and the photocatalytic processes with TEMPO was gained using absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements, and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Tanaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kiuchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ooe
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hajime Iwamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shin-ya Takizawa
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shigeru Murata
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Eietsu Hasegawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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183
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Wang P, Fitzpatrick KP, Scheidt KA. Combined Photoredox and Carbene Catalysis for the Synthesis of γ-Aryloxy Ketones. Adv Synth Catal 2022; 364:518-524. [PMID: 35431717 PMCID: PMC9012476 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as catalysts for the construction of C-C bonds in the synthesis of substituted ketones under single-electron processes. Despite these recent reports, there still remains a need to increase the utility and practicality of these reactions by exploring new radical coupling partners. Herein, we report the synthesis of γ-aryloxyketones via combined NHC/photoredox catalysis. In this reaction, an α-aryloxymethyl radical is generated via oxidation of an aryloxymethyl potassium trifluoroborate salt, which is then added into styrene derivatives to provide a stabilized benzylic radical. Subsequent radical-radical coupling reaction with an azolium radical affords the γ-aryloxy ketone products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Keegan P Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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184
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Kwon K, Simons RT, Nandakumar M, Roizen JL. Strategies to Generate Nitrogen-centered Radicals That May Rely on Photoredox Catalysis: Development in Reaction Methodology and Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2353-2428. [PMID: 34623809 PMCID: PMC8792374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
For more than 70 years, nitrogen-centered radicals have been recognized as potent synthetic intermediates. This review is a survey designed for use by chemists engaged in target-oriented synthesis. This review summarizes the recent paradigm shift in access to and application of N-centered radicals enabled by visible-light photocatalysis. This shift broadens and streamlines approaches to many small molecules because visible-light photocatalysis conditions are mild. Explicit attention is paid to innovative advances in N-X bonds as radical precursors, where X = Cl, N, S, O, and H. For clarity, key mechanistic data is noted, where available. Synthetic applications and limitations are summarized to illuminate the tremendous utility of photocatalytically generated nitrogen-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitae Kwon
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - R Thomas Simons
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Meganathan Nandakumar
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
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185
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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186
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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187
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Mondal S, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Sibi MP, Bertrand MP, Nechab M. Enantioselective Radical Reactions Using Chiral Catalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5842-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
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188
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Xu XH, Zhen JS, Du X, Yuan H, Li YH, Chu MH, Luo Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Late-Stage Sulfonylation of Anilines with Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:853-858. [PMID: 35048703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated late-stage sulfonylation of anilines with sulfonamides under simple reaction conditions is presented. Various primary or secondary sulfonamides including several pharmaceuticals were incorporated successfully via N-S bond activation and C-H bond sulfonylation. The synthetic utility of this strategy is highlighted by the construction of complex anilines bearing diverse bioactive groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Song Zhen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Xian Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Han Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Man-Hei Chu
- Yew Wah International Education School of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510890, P. R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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189
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Man Y, Liu S, Xu B, Zeng X. N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Catalyzed C-H Acylation via Radical Relay. Org Lett 2022; 24:944-948. [PMID: 35049310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A method of N-fluorocarboxamide-directed N-heterocyclic-carbene (NHC)-catalyzed benzylic C-H acylation with aldehydes via the hydrogen atom transfer strategy is disclosed. This transformation involves a sequence of single-electron transfer, 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer, and radical cross-coupling steps. This method offers facile access to various highly functionalized ketones and exhibits good chemical yields and functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunquan Man
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Flexible Functional Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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190
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Zhao X, Yang F, Zou SY, Zhou QQ, Chen ZS, Ji K. Cu-Catalyzed Intermolecular γ-Site C–H Amination of Cyclohexenone Derivatives: The Benefit of Bifunctional Ligands. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Yu Zou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Sheng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Kegong Ji
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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191
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Le Saux E, Zanini M, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Benzylation of Allylic C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1113-1118. [PMID: 35029387 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a radical-based organocatalytic method for the direct benzylation of allylic C-H bonds. The process uses nonfunctionalized allylic substrates and readily available benzyl radical precursors and is driven by visible light. Crucial was the identification of a dithiophosphoric acid that performs two distinct catalytic roles, sequentially acting as a catalytic donor for the formation of photoactive electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes and then as a hydrogen atom abstractor. By mastering these orthogonal radical generation paths, the organic catalyst enables the formation of benzylic and allylic radicals, respectively, to then govern their selective coupling. The protocol was also used to design a three-component radical process, which increased the synthetic potential of the chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Le Saux
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Margherita Zanini
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA - Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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192
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Zhong W, Xu W, Yang Q, Kato T, Liu Y, Maruoka K. A new approach for the copper-catalyzed functionalization of alkyl hydroperoxides with organosilicon compounds via in-situ-generated alkylsilyl peroxides. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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193
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Li B, Geoghegan B, Weinert HM, Wölper C, Cutsail III G, Schulz S. Synthesis and redox activity of carbene-coordinated group 13 metal radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4372-4375. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes are known to stabilize main group element compounds with unusual electronic properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of carbene-stabilized group 13 metal radicals (cAAC)MX2(IPr) (M = Al, X =...
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194
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Zhou X, Zhang A, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Xuan J. Visible Light-Induced 4-Chromanones Synthesis: Radical Cascade Cyclization of α-Oxocarboxylic Acids with o-(Allyloxy)arylaldehydes Promoted by Phenyliodine(III) Diacetate. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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195
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Li Q, Zhao CQ, Chen T, Han LB. Direct phosphorylation of benzylic C–H bonds under transition metal-free conditions forming sp 3C–P bonds. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18441-18444. [PMID: 35799919 PMCID: PMC9227801 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02812c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct phosphorylation of benzylic C–H bonds with secondary phosphine oxides was first realized. The reaction was performed in organo/aqueous biphasic system and under transition metal-free conditions, proceeding via the cross dehydrogenative coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hunan Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hunan Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Tieqiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chem, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Li-Biao Han
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chem, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Zhejiang Yanfan New Materials Co., Ltd., Shangyu, Zhejiang Province 312369, China
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196
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Forni JA, Czyz ML, Lupton DW, Polyzos A. An Electrochemical γ-C-H Arylation of Amines in Continuous Flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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197
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Wang L, Lv L, Li Z. Concomitant Functionalization of Two Different Ketones by Merging Brønsted Acid Catalysis and Radical Relay Coupling. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01787j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In previous literature, incorporation of functional groups at the α-position of unactivated carbonyl compounds was mainly restricted to one kind of corresponding precursors. Herein, we report the concomitant functionalization of...
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198
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Wu S, Zhao Q, Wu C, Wang C, Lei H. Transition-metal-free oxindole synthesis: quinone-K 2CO 3 catalyzed intramolecular radical cyclization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel and highly efficient transition-metal-free approach for the conversion of α-bromoanilides to 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles is described. This transformation is promoted by catalytic amount of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) together with K2CO3,...
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199
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Wang YH, Yang Q, Walsh PJ, Schelter EJ. Light-mediated aerobic oxidation of C(sp 3)–H bonds by a Ce( iv) hexachloride complex. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00362g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical C(sp3)–H oxygenation of arene and alkane substrates (including methane) catalyzed by [NEt4]2[CeIVCl6] under mild conditions (1 atm, 25 °C) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Wang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Qiaomu Yang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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200
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Liu Y, Shi B, Liu Z, Gao R, Huang C, Alhumade H, Wang S, Qi X, Lei A. Time-Resolved EPR Revealed the Formation, Structure, and Reactivity of N -Centered Radicals in an Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Arylation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20863-20872. [PMID: 34851107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis has been rapidly developed over the past few years, while a vast majority of the reactions proceed through a radical pathway. Understanding the properties of radical intermediates is crucial in the mechanistic study of electrochemical transformations and will be beneficial for developing new reactions. Nevertheless, it is rather difficult to determine the "live" radical intermediates due to their high reactivity. In this work, the formation and structure of sulfonamide N-centered radicals have been researched directly by using the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique under electrochemical conditions. Supported by the EPR results, the reactivity of N-centered radicals as a mediator in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) approach has been discussed. Subsequently, these mechanistic study results have been successfully utilized in the discovery of an unactivated C(sp3)-H arylation reaction. The kinetic experiments have revealed the rate-determined step is the anodic oxidation of sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichang Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Biyin Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Renfei Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Cunlong Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Ststems, King Abdulzaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Abdulzaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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