151
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Förthmann B, Grothe C, Claus P. A nuclear odyssey: fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) as a regulator of nuclear homeostasis in the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1651-62. [PMID: 25552245 PMCID: PMC11113852 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear localization of classical growth factors is a well-known phenomenon but still remains a molecular and cellular conundrum. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is an excellent example of a protein which functions as an extracellular molecule involved in canonical receptor tyrosine kinase signaling as well as displaying intracellular functions. Paracrine and nuclear functions are two important sides of the same protein. FGF-2 is expressed in isoforms with different molecular weights from one mRNA species. In rodents, all of these isoforms become imported to the nucleus. In this review, we discuss structural and functional aspects of FGF-2 isoforms in the nervous system. The nuclear odyssey of FGF-2 is reflected by nuclear dynamics, localization to nuclear bodies such as nucleoli, binding to chromatin and engagement in various protein interactions. Recently discovered molecular partnerships of the isoforms shed light on their nuclear functions, thereby greatly extending our knowledge of the multifaceted functions of FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Förthmann
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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152
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Wang H, Zhao Z, Lin M, Groban L. Activation of GPR30 inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:135-48. [PMID: 25893735 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction significantly increases in postmenopausal women suggesting the association between estrogen loss and diastolic dysfunction. The in vivo activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30) attenuates the adverse effects of estrogen loss on cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in mRen2.Lewis rats. This study was designed to address the effects of GPR30 on cardiac fibroblast proliferation in rats. The expression of GPR30 in cardiac fibroblasts isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rats was confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. Results from BrdU incorporation assays, cell counting, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester labeling in conjunction with flow cytometry, and Ki-67 staining showed that treatment with G1, a specific agonist of GPR30, inhibited cardiac fibroblast proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with decreases in CDK1 and cyclin B1 protein expressions. In the GPR30-KO cells, BrdU incorporation, and CDK1 and cyclin B1 expressions significantly increased when compared to GPR30-intact cells. G1 had no effect on BrdU incorporation, CDK1 and cyclin B1 mRNA levels in GPR30-KO cells. In vivo studies showed increases in CDK1 and cyclin B1 mRNA levels, Ki-67-positive cells, and the immunohistochemistry staining of vimentin, a fibroblast marker, in the left ventricles from ovariectomized mRen2.Lewis rats versus hearts from ovary-intact littermates; 2 weeks of G1 treatment attenuated these adverse effects of estrogen loss. This study demonstrates that GPR30 is expressed in rat cardiac fibroblasts, and activation of GPR30 limits proliferation of these cells likely via suppression of the cell cycle proteins, cyclin B1, and CDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1009, USA
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153
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Teng G, Svystonyuk D, Mewhort HEM, Turnbull JD, Belke DD, Duff HJ, Fedak PWM. Tetrandrine reverses human cardiac myofibroblast activation and myocardial fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1564-74. [PMID: 25862829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tetrandrine (TTD) is a calcium channel blocker with documented antifibrotic actions. In this study, for the first time, we identified that TTD can directly prevent in vitro human cardiac myofibroblast activation and limit in vivo myocardial fibrosis. In vitro, cardiac myofibroblasts from human atrial biopsies (N = 10) were seeded in three-dimensional collagen matrices. Cell-collagen constructs were exposed to transforming growth factor-β1 (10 ng/ml), with or without TTD (1 and 5 μM) for 48 h. Collagen gel contraction, myofibroblast activation (α-smooth muscle actin expression), expression of profibrotic mRNAs, and rate of collagen protein synthesis were compared. TTD decreased collagen gel contraction (79.7 ± 1.3 vs 60.1 ± 8.9%, P < 0.01), α-smooth muscle actin expression (flow cytometry), collagen synthesis ([(3)H]proline incorporation), and collagen mRNA expression. Cell viability was similar between groups (annexin positive cells: 1.7 vs. 1.4%). TTD inhibited collagen gel contraction in the presence of T-type and L-type calcium channel blockers, and the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM (15 μM), suggesting that the observed effects are not mediated by calcium homeostasis. In vivo, Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats were treated with variable doses of TTD (by intraperitoneal injection over 4 wk) and compared with untreated controls (N = 12). Systemic blood pressure was monitored by tail cuff. Myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular compliance were assessed by histology and passive pressure-volume analysis. Myocardial fibrosis was attenuated compared with untreated controls (%collagen area: 9.4 ± 7.3 vs 2.1 ± 1.0%, P < 0.01). Left ventricular compliance was preserved. In conclusion, TTD reverses human cardiac myofibroblast activation and myocardial fibrosis, independent of calcium channel blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Teng
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniyil Svystonyuk
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly E M Mewhort
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeannine D Turnbull
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell D Belke
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry J Duff
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul W M Fedak
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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154
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Ghavami S, Cunnington RH, Gupta S, Yeganeh B, Filomeno KL, Freed DH, Chen S, Klonisch T, Halayko AJ, Ambrose E, Singal R, Dixon IMC. Autophagy is a regulator of TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis in primary human atrial myofibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1696. [PMID: 25789971 PMCID: PMC4385916 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important regulator of fibrogenesis in heart disease. In many other cellular systems, TGF-β1 may also induce autophagy, but a link between its fibrogenic and autophagic effects is unknown. Thus we tested whether or not TGF-β1-induced autophagy has a regulatory function on fibrosis in human atrial myofibroblasts (hATMyofbs). Primary hATMyofbs were treated with TGF-β1 to assess for fibrogenic and autophagic responses. Using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopic analyses, we found that TGF-β1 promoted collagen type Iα2 and fibronectin synthesis in hATMyofbs and that this was paralleled by an increase in autophagic activation in these cells. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin-A1 and 3-methyladenine decreased the fibrotic response in hATMyofb cells. ATG7 knockdown in hATMyofbs and ATG5 knockout (mouse embryonic fibroblast) fibroblasts decreased the fibrotic effect of TGF-β1 in experimental versus control cells. Furthermore, using a coronary artery ligation model of myocardial infarction in rats, we observed increases in the levels of protein markers of fibrosis, autophagy and Smad2 phosphorylation in whole scar tissue lysates. Immunohistochemistry for LC3β indicated the localization of punctate LC3β with vimentin (a mesenchymal-derived cell marker), ED-A fibronectin and phosphorylated Smad2. These results support the hypothesis that TGF-β1-induced autophagy is required for the fibrogenic response in hATMyofbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghavami
- 1] Department of Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [2] Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [3] Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [4] Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - R H Cunnington
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B Yeganeh
- 1] Department of Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [2] Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [3] Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - K L Filomeno
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D H Freed
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S Chen
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - T Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - A J Halayko
- 1] Department of Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [2] Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [3] Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - E Ambrose
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - R Singal
- Cardiac Sciences Program, St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - I M C Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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155
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Roche PL, Filomeno KL, Bagchi RA, Czubryt MP. Intracellular Signaling of Cardiac Fibroblasts. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:721-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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156
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Dostal D, Glaser S, Baudino TA. Cardiac Fibroblast Physiology and Pathology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:887-909. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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157
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Zhou J, Jiang K, Ding X, Fu M, Wang S, Zhu L, He T, Wang J, Sun A, Hu K, Chen L, Zou Y, Ge J. Qiliqiangxin inhibits angiotensin II-induced transdifferentiation of rat cardiac fibroblasts through suppressing interleukin-6. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1114-21. [PMID: 25752645 PMCID: PMC4420613 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Qiliqiangxin (QL), a traditional Chinese medicine, had long been used to treat chronic heart failure. Recent studies revealed that differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts played an important role in cardiac remodelling and development of heart failure, however, little was known about the underlying mechanism and whether QL treatment being involved. This study aimed to investigate the effects of QL on angiotensin II (AngII)-induced CFs transdifferentiation. Study was performed on in vitro cultured CFs from Sprague–Dawley rats. CFs differentiation was induced by AngII, which was attenuated by QL through reducing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Our data showed that AngII-induced IL-6 mRNA as well as typeI and typeIII collagens were reduced by QL. IL-6 deficiency could suppress TGF-β1 and α-SMA, and both IL-6 siRNA and QL-mediated such effect was reversed by foresed expression of recombined IL-6. Increase in actin stress fibres reflected the process of CFs differentiation, we found stress fibres were enhanced after AngII stimulation, which was attenuated by pre-treating CFs with QL or IL-6 siRNA, and re-enhanced after rIL-6 treatment. Importantly, we showed that calcineurin-dependent NFAT3 nuclear translocation was essential to AngII-mediated IL-6 transcription, QL mimicked the effect of FK506, the calcineurin inhibitor, on suppression of IL-6 expression and stress fibres formation. Collectively, our data demonstrated the negative regulation of CFs differentiation by QL through an IL-6 transcriptional mechanism that depends on inhibition of calcineurin/NFAT3 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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158
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Label-Free Profiling of Endogenous Receptor Responses in Primary Isolated Cardiac Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2617-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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159
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Sapudom J, Rubner S, Martin S, Thoenes S, Anderegg U, Pompe T. The interplay of fibronectin functionalization and TGF-β1 presence on fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and migration in 3D matrices. Biomater Sci 2015; 3:1291-301. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00140d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β1 dependent fibroblast behaviour in a wound healing context is mimicked by topologically and mechanically defined collagen matrices with fibronectin functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
| | - Stefan Rubner
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
| | - Steve Martin
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
| | - Stephan Thoenes
- Department of Dermatology
- Venereology and Allergology
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
- Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology
- Venereology and Allergology
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
- Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
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160
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Zhao H, Li X, Zhao S, Zeng Y, Zhao L, Ding H, Sun W, Du Y. Microengineered
in vitro
model of cardiac fibrosis through modulating myofibroblast mechanotransduction. Biofabrication 2014; 6:045009. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/4/045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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161
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162
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Ngu JMC, Teng G, Meijndert HC, Mewhort HE, Turnbull JD, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Fedak PWM. Human cardiac fibroblast extracellular matrix remodeling: dual effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2. Cardiovasc Pathol 2014; 23:335-43. [PMID: 25060386 PMCID: PMC6295929 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) is an endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that attenuates maladaptive cardiac remodeling in ischemic heart failure. We examined the effects of TIMP-2 on human cardiac fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. METHODS Human cardiac fibroblasts within a three-dimensional collagen matrix were assessed for phenotype conversion, ECM architecture and key molecular regulators of ECM remodeling after differential exposure to TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 (a modified TIMP-2 analogue devoid of MMP inhibitory activity). RESULTS TIMP-2 induced opposite effects on human cardiac fibroblast activation and ECM remodeling depending on concentration. TIMP-2 activated fibroblasts into contractile myofibroblasts that remodeled ECM. At higher concentrations (>10 nM), TIMP-2 inhibited fibroblast activation and prevented ECM remodeling. As compared to profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, TIMP-2 activated fibroblasts and remodeled ECM without a net accumulation of matrix elements. TIMP-2 increased total protease activity as compared to TGF-beta1. Ala+TIMP-2 exposure revealed that the actions of TIMP-2 on cardiac fibroblast activation are independent of its effects on MMP inhibition. In the presence of GM6001, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, TIMP-2-mediated ECM contraction was completely abolished, indicating that TIMP-2-mediated fibroblast activation is MMP dependent. CONCLUSION TIMP-2 functions in a contextual fashion such that the effect on cardiac fibroblasts depends on the tissue microenvironment. These observations highlight potential clinical challenges in using TIMP-2 as a therapeutic strategy to attenuate postinjury cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M C Ngu
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guoqi Teng
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans Christopher Meijndert
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly E Mewhort
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeannine D Turnbull
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Paul W M Fedak
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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163
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Li ZQ, Liu YL, Li G, Li B, Liu Y, Li XF, Liu AJ. Inhibitory effects of C-type natriuretic peptide on the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts, and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:159-65. [PMID: 25352084 PMCID: PMC4237089 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) on the function of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of myofibroblast marker proteins: α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), extra domain-A fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III, and the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Immunofluorescence was used to examine the morphological changes; a transwell assay was used to analyze migration, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA were employed to determine the mRNA expression and protein secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The results demonstrated that CNP significantly reduced the protein expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III, and suppressed the migratory ability of CFs. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1 and PAI-1 was inhibited under the CNP treatment; and this effect was mediated by the inhibition of the ERK1/2 activity. In conclusion, CNP inhibited cardiac fibroblast differentiation and migration, and reduced the secretion of MCP-1 and PAI-1, which demonstrates novel mechanisms to explain the antifibrotic effect of CNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Long Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Jun Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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164
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Abstract
During every heartbeat, cardiac valves open and close coordinately to control the unidirectional flow of blood. In this dynamically challenging environment, resident valve cells actively maintain homeostasis, but the signalling between cells and their microenvironment is complex. When homeostasis is disrupted and the valve opening obstructed, haemodynamic profiles can be altered and lead to impaired cardiac function. Currently, late stages of cardiac valve diseases are treated surgically, because no drug therapies exist to reverse or halt disease progression. Consequently, investigators have sought to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of valvular diseases using in vitro cell culture systems and biomaterial scaffolds that can mimic the extracellular microenvironment. In this Review, we describe how signals in the extracellular matrix regulate valve cell function. We propose that the cellular context is a critical factor when studying the molecular basis of valvular diseases in vitro, and one should consider how the surrounding matrix might influence cell signalling and functional outcomes in the valve. Investigators need to build a systems-level understanding of the complex signalling network involved in valve regulation, to facilitate drug target identification and promote in situ or ex vivo heart valve regeneration.
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165
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MMI-0100 inhibits cardiac fibrosis in myocardial infarction by direct actions on cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts via MK2 inhibition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 77:86-101. [PMID: 25257914 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cell-permeant peptide inhibitor of MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2), MMI-0100, inhibits MK2 and downstream fibrosis and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that MMI-0100 reduces intimal hyperplasia in a mouse vein graft model, pulmonary fibrosis in a murine bleomycin-induced model and development of adhesions in conjunction with abdominal surgery. MK2 is critical to the pathogenesis of ischemic heart injury as MK2(-/-) mice are resistant to ischemic remodeling. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that inhibiting MK2 with MMI-0100 would protect the heart after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in vivo. AMI was induced by placing a permanent LAD coronary ligation. When MMI-0100 peptide was given 30 min after permanent LAD coronary artery ligation, the resulting fibrosis was reduced/prevented ~50% at a 2 week time point, with a corresponding improvement in cardiac function and decrease in left ventricular dilation. In cultured cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts, MMI-0100 inhibited MK2 to reduce cardiomyocyte caspase 3/7 activity, while enhancing primary cardiac fibroblast caspase 3/7 activity, which may explain MMI-0100's salvage of cardiac function and anti-fibrotic effects in vivo. These findings suggest that therapeutic inhibition of MK2 after acute MI, using rationally-designed cell-permeant peptides, inhibits cardiac fibrosis and maintains cardiac function by mechanisms that involve inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis, while enhancing primary cardiac fibroblast cell death.
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166
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Tijsen AJ, van der Made I, van den Hoogenhof MM, Wijnen WJ, van Deel ED, de Groot NE, Alekseev S, Fluiter K, Schroen B, Goumans MJ, van der Velden J, Duncker DJ, Pinto YM, Creemers EE. The microRNA-15 family inhibits the TGFβ-pathway in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:61-71. [PMID: 25103110 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The overloaded heart remodels by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, which contributes to the development of heart failure. Signalling via the TGFβ-pathway is crucial for this remodelling. Here we tested the hypothesis that microRNAs in the overloaded heart regulate this remodelling process via inhibition of the TGFβ-pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that the miRNA-15 family, which we found to be up-regulated in the overloaded heart in multiple species, inhibits the TGFβ-pathway by targeting of TGFBR1 and several other genes within this pathway directly or indirectly, including p38, SMAD3, SMAD7, and endoglin. Inhibition of miR-15b by subcutaneous injections of LNA-based antimiRs in C57BL/6 mice subjected to transverse aorta constriction aggravated fibrosis and to a lesser extent also hypertrophy. CONCLUSION We identified the miR-15 family as a novel regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis acting by inhibition of the TGFβ-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J Tijsen
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg van der Made
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M van den Hoogenhof
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wino J Wijnen
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elza D van Deel
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E de Groot
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey Alekseev
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Fluiter
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Blanche Schroen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yigal M Pinto
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E Creemers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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167
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Santiago JJ, McNaughton LJ, Koleini N, Ma X, Bestvater B, Nickel BE, Fandrich RR, Wigle JT, Freed DH, Arora RC, Kardami E. High molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2 in the human heart is a potential target for prevention of cardiac remodeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97281. [PMID: 24827991 PMCID: PMC4020823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a multifunctional protein synthesized as high (Hi-) and low (Lo-) molecular weight isoforms. Studies using rodent models showed that Hi- and Lo-FGF-2 exert distinct biological activities: after myocardial infarction, rat Lo-FGF-2, but not Hi-FGF-2, promoted sustained cardioprotection and angiogenesis, while Hi-FGF-2, but not Lo-FGF-2, promoted myocardial hypertrophy and reduced contractile function. Because there is no information regarding Hi-FGF-2 in human myocardium, we undertook to investigate expression, regulation, secretion and potential tissue remodeling-associated activities of human cardiac (atrial) Hi-FGF-2. Human patient-derived atrial tissue extracts, as well as pericardial fluid, contained Hi-FGF-2 isoforms, comprising, respectively, 53%(±20 SD) and 68% (±25 SD) of total FGF-2, assessed by western blotting. Human atrial tissue-derived primary myofibroblasts (hMFs) expressed and secreted predominantly Hi-FGF-2, at about 80% of total. Angiotensin II (Ang II) up-regulated Hi-FGF-2 in hMFs, via activation of both type 1 and type 2 Ang II receptors; the ERK pathway; and matrix metalloprotease-2. Treatment of hMFs with neutralizing antibodies selective for human Hi-FGF-2 (neu-AbHi-FGF-2) reduced accumulation of proteins associated with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast conversion and fibrosis, including α-smooth muscle actin, extra-domain A fibronectin, and procollagen. Stimulation of hMFs with recombinant human Hi-FGF-2 was significantly more potent than Lo-FGF-2 in upregulating inflammation-associated proteins such as pro-interleukin-1β and plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1. Culture media conditioned by hMFs promoted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, an effect that was prevented by neu-AbHi-FGF-2 in vitro. In conclusion, we have documented that Hi-FGF-2 represents a substantial fraction of FGF-2 in human cardiac (atrial) tissue and in pericardial fluid, and have shown that human Hi-FGF-2, unlike Lo-FGF-2, promotes deleterious (pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-hypertrophic) responses in vitro. Selective targeting of Hi-FGF-2 production may, therefore, reduce pathological remodelling in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Jon Santiago
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leslie J. McNaughton
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Navid Koleini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xin Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Bestvater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert R. Fandrich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren H. Freed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rakesh C. Arora
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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168
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Thakur S, Li L, Gupta S. NF-κB-mediated integrin-linked kinase regulation in angiotensin II-induced pro-fibrotic process in cardiac fibroblasts. Life Sci 2014; 107:68-75. [PMID: 24802124 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac fibrosis is a final outcome of many clinical conditions that lead to cardiac failure and is characterized by a progressive substitution of cellular elements by extracellular-matrix proteins, such as collagen type I, collagen type II, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), etc. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms responsible for angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated cardiac fibrosis using rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts. MAIN METHODS Neonatal fibroblasts were transfected with IκBα mutant, constitutively active (ca) integrin-linked kinase (ILK), dominant negative of ILK and small interfering RNA (siRNA) of ILK in the presence and absence of Ang-II stimulation. The pro-fibrotic gene expression and protein levels were determined by quantitative real time PCR and western blotting using their specific probes and antibodies. NF-κB translocation was determined by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy images were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Our results indicate that overexpression of ILK promotes a pro-fibrotic process by upregulating collagen type I and CTGF genes via activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in cardiac fibroblasts. Inactivation of either NF-κB by the super-repressor IκBα or ILK by siRNA significantly attenuates the pro-fibrotic process. Moreover, ILK overexpression triggers NF-κB-p65 translocation to the nucleus, and ILK inhibition prevents the translocation in cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with Ang II. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that the Ang II-stimulated pro-fibrotic process is regulated by a complex mechanism involving crosstalk between ILK and NF-κB activation. This dual mechanism may play a critical role in the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Thakur
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center; Scott & White; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Li Li
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center; Scott & White; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Sudhiranjan Gupta
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center; Scott & White; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.
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169
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Schuetze KB, McKinsey TA, Long CS. Targeting cardiac fibroblasts to treat fibrosis of the heart: focus on HDACs. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:100-7. [PMID: 24631770 PMCID: PMC4080911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is implicated in numerous physiologic and pathologic conditions, including scar formation, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. However the specific cells and signaling pathways mediating this process are poorly understood. Lysine acetylation of nucleosomal histone tails is an important mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Additionally, proteomic studies have revealed that thousands of proteins in all cellular compartments are subject to reversible lysine acetylation, and thus it is becoming clear that this post-translational modification will rival phosphorylation in terms of biological import. Acetyl groups are conjugated to lysine by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and removed from lysine by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Recent studies have shown that pharmacologic agents that alter lysine acetylation by targeting HDACs have the remarkable ability to block pathological fibrosis. Here, we review the current understanding of cardiac fibroblasts and the fibrogenic process with respect to the roles of lysine acetylation in the control of disease-related cardiac fibrosis. Potential for small molecule HDAC inhibitors as anti-fibrotic therapeutics that target cardiac fibroblasts is highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Schuetze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
| | - Carlin S Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
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170
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Ngo MA, Müller A, Li Y, Neumann S, Tian G, Dixon IMC, Arora RC, Freed DH. Human mesenchymal stem cells express a myofibroblastic phenotype in vitro: comparison to human cardiac myofibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:187-204. [PMID: 24691634 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis accompanies a variety of myocardial disorders, and is induced by myofibroblasts. These cells may be composed of a heterogeneous population of parent cells, including interstitial fibroblasts and circulating progenitor cells. Direct comparison of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and cardiac myofibroblasts (CMyfbs) has not been previously reported. We hypothesized that BM-MSCs readily adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture. Human primary BM-MSCs and human CMyfbs were isolated from patients undergoing open heart surgery and expanded under standard culture conditions. We assessed and compared their phenotypic and functional characteristics by examining their gene expression profile, their ability to contract collagen gels and synthesize collagen type I. In addition, we examined the role of non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) in modulating MSC myogenic function using NMMII siRNA knockdown and blebbistatin, a specific small molecule inhibitor of NMMII. We report that, while human BM-MSCs retain pluripotency, they adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture and stain positive for the myofibroblast markers α-SMA, vimentin, NMMIIB, ED-A fibronectin, and collagen type 1 at each passage. In addition, they contract collagen gels in response to TGF-β1 and synthesize collagen similar to human CMyfbs. Moreover, inhibition of NMMII activity with blebbistatin completely attenuates gel contractility without affecting cell viability. Thus, human BM-MSCs share and exhibit similar physiological and functional characteristics as human CMyfbs in vitro, and their propensity to adopt a myofibroblast phenotype in culture may contribute to cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Ngo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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171
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Kong P, Christia P, Frangogiannis NG. The pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:549-74. [PMID: 23649149 PMCID: PMC3769482 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1086] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cardiac interstitium, and contributes to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Although activated myofibroblasts are the main effector cells in the fibrotic heart, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also contribute to the fibrotic response by secreting key fibrogenic mediators. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, mast cell-derived proteases, endothelin-1, the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system, matricellular proteins, and growth factors (such as TGF-β and PDGF) are some of the best-studied mediators implicated in cardiac fibrosis. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggests that cardiac fibrotic alterations may be reversible. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis is crucial to design anti-fibrotic treatment strategies for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kong
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Panagiota Christia
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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172
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Gaspard GJ, MacLean J, Rioux D, Pasumarthi KBS. A novel β-adrenergic response element regulates both basal and agonist-induced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 gene in cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C540-50. [PMID: 24477232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00206.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, a known risk factor for heart disease, is typically caused by uncontrolled proliferation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins in the myocardium. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is involved in the control of G2/M transit phase of the cell cycle. Here, we showed that isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac fibrosis is associated with increased levels of CDK1 exclusively in fibroblasts in the adult mouse heart. Treatment of primary embryonic ventricular cell cultures with ISO (a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor agonist) increased CDK1 protein expression in fibroblasts and promoted their cell cycle activity. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that ISO increases CDK1 transcription in a transient manner. Further, the ISO-responsive element was mapped to the proximal -100-bp sequence of the CDK1 promoter region using various 5'-flanking sequence deletion constructs. Sequence analysis of the -100-bp CDK1 minimal promoter region revealed two putative nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) binding elements. Overexpression of the NF-YA subunit in primary ventricular cultures significantly increased the basal activation of the -100-bp CDK1 promoter construct but not the ISO-induced transcription of the minimal promoter construct. In contrast, dominant negative NF-YA expression decreased the basal activity of the minimal promoter construct and ISO treatment fully rescued the dominant negative effects. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis of the distal NF-Y binding site in the -100-bp CDK1 promoter region completely abolished both basal and ISO-induced promoter activation of the CDK1 gene. Collectively, our results raise an exciting possibility that targeting CDK1 or NF-Y in the diseased heart may inhibit fibrosis and subsequently confer cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Gaspard
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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173
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Carter RL, Grisanti LA, Yu JE, Repas AA, Woodall M, Ibetti J, Koch WJ, Jacobson MA, Tilley DG. Dynamic mass redistribution analysis of endogenous β-adrenergic receptor signaling in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2. [PMID: 24683488 PMCID: PMC3968527 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Label-free systems for the agnostic assessment of cellular responses to receptor stimulation have been shown to provide a sensitive method to dissect receptor signaling. β-adenergic receptors (βAR) are important regulators of normal and pathologic cardiac function and are expressed in cardiomyocytes as well as cardiac fibroblasts, where relatively fewer studies have explored their signaling responses. Using label-free whole cell dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assays we investigated the response patterns to stimulation of endogenous βAR in primary neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCF). The EPIC-BT by Corning was used to measure DMR responses in primary isolated NRCF treated with various βAR and EGFR ligands. Additional molecular assays for cAMP generation and receptor internalization responses were used to correlate the DMR findings with established βAR signaling pathways. Catecholamine stimulation of NRCF induced a concentration-dependent negative DMR deflection that was competitively blocked by βAR blockade and non-competitively blocked by irreversible uncoupling of Gs proteins. Subtype-selective βAR ligand profiling revealed a dominant role for β2AR in mediating the DMR responses, consistent with the relative expression levels of β2AR and β1AR in NRCF. βAR-mediated cAMP generation profiles revealed similar kinetics to DMR responses, each of which were enhanced via inhibition of cAMP degradation, as well as dynamin-mediated receptor internalization. Finally, G protein-independent βAR signaling through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was assessed, revealing a smaller but significant contribution of this pathway to the DMR response to βAR stimulation. Measurement of DMR responses in primary cardiac fibroblasts provides a sensitive readout for investigating endogenous βAR signaling via both G protein-dependent and –independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L Carter
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Laurel A Grisanti
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Justine E Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ashley A Repas
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Meryl Woodall
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Marlene A Jacobson
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine (R.L.C., L.A.G., J.E.Y., A.A.R., M.W., J.I., W.J.K. and D.G.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (W.J.K. and D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research and Temple University School of Pharmacy (M.A.J.), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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174
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Zhao T, Zhao W, Meng W, Liu C, Chen Y, Sun Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C: its unrevealed role in fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H789-96. [PMID: 24464750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00559.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is a key mediator of lymphangiogenesis. Our recent study shows that VEGF-C/VEGF receptors (VEGFR)-3 are significantly increased in the infarcted rat myocardium, where VEGFR-3 is expressed not only in lymph ducts but also in myofibroblasts, indicating that VEGF-C has an unrevealed role in fibrogenesis during cardiac repair. The current study is to explore the regulation and molecular mechanisms of VEGF-C in fibrogenesis. The potential regulation of VEGF-C on myofibroblast differentiation/growth/migration, collagen degradation/synthesis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and ERK pathways was detected in cultured cardiac myofibroblasts. Our results showed that VEGF-C significantly increased myofibroblast proliferation, migration, and type I/III collagen production. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 were significantly elevated in the medium of VEGF-C-treated cells, coincident with increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. Furthermore, VEGF-C activated the TGF-β1 pathway and ERK phosphorylation, which was significantly suppressed by TGF-β or ERK blockade. This is the first study indicating that in addition to lymphangiogenesis, VEGF-C is also involved in fibrogenesis through stimulation of myofibroblast proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis, via activation of the TGF-β1 and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieqiang Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
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175
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176
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Cunnington RH, Northcott JM, Ghavami S, Filomeno KL, Jahan F, Kavosh MS, Davies JJL, Wigle JT, Dixon IMC. The Ski-Zeb2-Meox2 pathway provides a novel mechanism for regulation of the cardiac myofibroblast phenotype. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:40-9. [PMID: 24155330 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.126722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is linked to fibroblast-to-myofibroblast phenoconversion and proliferation but the mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. Ski is a negative regulator of TGF-β-Smad signaling in myofibroblasts, and might redirect the myofibroblast phenotype back to fibroblasts. Meox2 could alter TGF-β-mediated cellular processes and is repressed by Zeb2. Here, we investigated whether Ski diminishes the myofibroblast phenotype by de-repressing Meox2 expression and function through repression of Zeb2 expression. We show that expression of Meox1 and Meox2 mRNA and Meox2 protein is reduced during phenoconversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Overexpression of Meox2 shifts the myofibroblasts into fibroblasts, whereas the Meox2 DNA-binding mutant has no effect on myofibroblast phenotype. Overexpression of Ski partially restores Meox2 mRNA expression levels to those in cardiac fibroblasts. Expression of Zeb2 increased during phenoconversion and Ski overexpression reduces Zeb2 expression in first-passage myofibroblasts. Furthermore, expression of Meox2 is decreased in scar following myocardial infarction, whereas Zeb2 protein expression increases in the infarct scar. Thus Ski modulates the cardiac myofibroblast phenotype and function through suppression of Zeb2 by upregulating the expression of Meox2. This cascade might regulate cardiac myofibroblast phenotype and presents therapeutic options for treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Cunnington
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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177
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Anuka E, Yivgi-Ohana N, Eimerl S, Garfinkel B, Melamed-Book N, Chepurkol E, Aravot D, Zinman T, Shainberg A, Hochhauser E, Orly J. Infarct-induced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: a survival role in cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1502-17. [PMID: 23831818 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is indispensable for steroid hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex and the gonadal tissues. This study reveals that StAR is also expressed at high levels in nonsteroidogenic cardiac fibroblasts confined to the left ventricle of mouse heart examined 3 days after permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Unlike StAR, CYP11A1 and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase proteins were not observed in the postinfarction heart, suggesting an apparent lack of de novo cardiac steroidogenesis. Work with primary cultures of rat heart cells revealed that StAR is induced in fibroblasts responding to proapoptotic treatments with hydrogen peroxide or the kinase inhibitor staurosporine (STS). Such induction of StAR in culture was noted before spontaneous differentiation of the fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. STS induction of StAR in the cardiac fibroblasts conferred a marked resistance to apoptotic cell death. Consistent with that finding, down-regulation of StAR by RNA interference proportionally increased the number of STS-treated apoptotic cells. StAR down-regulation also resulted in a marked increase of BAX activation in the mitochondria, an event known to associate with the onset of apoptosis. Last, STS treatment of HeLa cells showed that apoptotic demise characterized by mitochondrial fission, cytochrome c release, and nuclear fragmentation is arrested in individual HeLa cells overexpressing StAR. Collectively, our in vivo and ex vivo evidence suggests that postinfarction expression of nonsteroidogenic StAR in cardiac fibroblasts has novel antiapoptotic activity, allowing myofibroblast precursor cells to survive the traumatized event, probably to differentiate and function in tissue repair at the infarction site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Anuka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 41904, Israel
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178
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Musa H, Kaur K, O'Connell R, Klos M, Guerrero-Serna G, Avula UMR, Herron TJ, Kalifa J, Anumonwo JMB, Jalife J. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-AB signaling prevents electromechanical remodeling of adult atrial myocytes that contact myofibroblasts. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:1044-51. [PMID: 23499624 PMCID: PMC3692578 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent atrial fibrillation (PAF) results in electromechanical and structural remodeling by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Myofibroblast proliferation and fibrosis are major sources of structural remodeling in PAF. Myofibroblasts also interact with atrial myocytes via direct physical contact and release of signaling molecules, which may contribute to remodeling. OBJECTIVE To determine whether myofibroblasts contribute to atrial myocyte electromechanical remodeling via direct physical contact and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling. METHODS Myofibroblasts and myocytes from adult sheep atria were co-cultured for 24 hours. Alternatively adult sheep atrial myocytes were exposed to 1 ng/mL recombitant PDGF AB peptide for 24 hours. RESULTS Myocytes making contact with myofibroblasts demonstrated significant reduction (P ≤ .05) in peak L-type calcium current density, shortening of action potential duration (APD), and reduction in calcium transients. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with a PDGF-AB neutralizing anti-body. Heterocellular contact also severely disturbed the localization of the L-type calcium channel. Myocytes exposed to recombinant PDGF-AB peptide for 24 hours demonstrated reduced APD50, APD80 and Peak L-type calcium current. Pretreatment with a PDGF-AB neutralizing antibody prevented these effects. Finally, while control atrial myocytes did not respond in a 1:1 manner to pacing frequencies of 3 Hz or higher, atrial myocytes from hearts that were tachypaced for 2 months and normal myocytes treated with PDGF-AB for 24 hours could be paced up to 10 Hz. CONCLUSIONS In addition to leading to fibrosis, atrial myofibroblasts contribute to electromechanical remodeling of myocytes via direct physical contact and release of PDGF-AB, which may be a factor in PAF-induced remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Musa
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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179
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Shuman JA, Zurcher JR, Sapp AA, Burdick JA, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Goldsmith EC, Spinale FG. Localized targeting of biomaterials following myocardial infarction: a foundation to build on. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:301-11. [PMID: 23746937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes can give rise to myocardial injury infarction (MI), which in turn promulgates a series of cellular and extracellular events that result in left ventricular (LV) dilation and dysfunction. Localized strategies focused upon interrupting this inexorable process include delivery of bioactive molecules and stem cell derivatives. These localized treatment strategies are often delivered in a biomaterial complex in order to facilitate elution of the bioactive molecules or stem cell engraftment. However, these biomaterials can impart significant and independent effects upon the MI remodeling process. In addition, significant changes in local cell and interstitial biology within the targeted MI region can occur following injection of certain biomaterials, which may hold important considerations when using these materials as matrices for adjuvant drug/cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Shuman
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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180
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Brønnum H, Eskildsen T, Andersen DC, Schneider M, Sheikh SP. IL-1β suppresses TGF-β-mediated myofibroblast differentiation in cardiac fibroblasts. Growth Factors 2013; 31:81-9. [PMID: 23734837 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.787994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a maladaptive response of the injured myocardium and is mediated through a complex interplay between molecular triggers and cellular responses. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a key inflammatory inducer in cardiac disease and promotes cell invasion and cardiomyocyte injury, but little is known of its impact on fibrosis. A major cornerstone of fibrosis is the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts (myoFbs), which is highly promoted by Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β. Therefore, we asked how IL-1β functionally modulated CF-to-myoFb differentiation. Using a differentiation model of ventricular fibroblasts, we found that IL-1β instigated substantial anti-fibrogenic effects. In specific, IL-1β reduced proliferation, matrix activity, cell motility and α-smooth muscle actin expression, which are all hallmarks of myoFb differentiation. These findings suggest that IL-1β, besides from its acknowledged adverse role in the inflammatory response, can also exert beneficial effects in cardiac fibrosis by actively suppressing differentiation of CFs into fibrogenic myoFbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasse Brønnum
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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181
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Law BA, Carver WE. Activation of cardiac fibroblasts by ethanol is blocked by TGF-β inhibition. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1286-94. [PMID: 23528014 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse is the second leading cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, a disorder specifically referred to as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Rodent and human studies have revealed cardiac fibrosis to be a consequence of ACM, and prior studies by this laboratory have associated this occurrence with elevated transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts). To date, there have been no other studies to investigate the direct effect of alcohol on the cardiac fibroblast. METHODS Primary rat cardiac fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of ethanol (EtOH) and assayed for fibroblast activation by collagen gel contraction, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, collagen I and III, and TGF-β expression. The TGF-β receptor type 1 inhibitor compound SB 431542 and a soluble recombinant TGF-βII receptor (RbII) were used to assess the role of TGF-β in the response of cardiac fibroblasts to EtOH. RESULTS Treatment for cardiac fibroblasts with EtOH at concentrations of 100 mg/dl or higher resulted in fibroblast activation and fibrogenic activity after 24 hours including an increase in contraction, α-SMA expression, migration, and expression of collagen I and TGF-β. No changes in fibroblast proliferation or apoptosis were observed. Inhibition of TGF-β by SB 431542 and RbII attenuated the EtOH-induced fibroblast activation. CONCLUSIONS EtOH treatment directly promotes cardiac fibroblast activation by stimulating TGF-β release from fibroblasts. Inhibiting the action of TGF-β decreases the fibrogenic effect induced by EtOH treatment. The results of this study support TGF-β to be an important component in cardiac fibrosis induced by exposure to EtOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Law
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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182
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Parthasarathy A, Gopi V, Umadevi S, Simna A, Sheik MJY, Divya H, Vellaichamy E. Suppression of atrial natriuretic peptide/natriuretic peptide receptor-A-mediated signaling upregulates angiotensin-II-induced collagen synthesis in adult cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378:217-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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183
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Jiang B, Li D, Deng Y, Teng F, Chen J, Xue S, Kong X, Luo C, Shen X, Jiang H, Xu F, Yang W, Yin J, Wang Y, Chen H, Wu W, Liu X, Guo DA. Salvianolic acid A, a novel matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor, prevents cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59621. [PMID: 23533637 PMCID: PMC3606118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a deleterious consequence of hypertension which may further advance to heart failure and increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) contributes to the underlying mechanism. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies to attenuate the effects of MMP-9 are urgently needed. In the present study, we characterize salvianolic acid A (SalA) as a novel MMP-9 inhibitor at molecular, cellular and animal level. We expressed a truncated form of MMP-9 which contains only the catalytic domain (MMP-9 CD), and used this active protein for enzymatic kinetic analysis and Biacore detection. Data generated from these assays indicated that SalA functioned as the strongest competitive inhibitor of MMP-9 among 7 phenolic acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza. In neonatal cardiac fibroblast, SalA inhibited fibroblast migration, blocked myofibroblast transformation, inhibited secretion of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) as well as collagen induced by MMP-9 CD. Functional effects of SalA inhibition on MMP-9 was further confirmed in cultured cardiac H9c2 cell overexpressing MMP-9 in vitro and in heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in vivo. Moreover, SalA treatment in SHR resulted in decreased heart fibrosis and attenuated heart hypertrophy. These results indicated that SalA is a novel inhibitor of MMP-9, thus playing an inhibitory role in hypertensive fibrosis. Further studies to develop SalA and its analogues for their potential clinical application of cardioprotection are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (DG); (BJ)
| | - Defang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanping Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fukang Teng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wengang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - De-an Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (DG); (BJ)
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184
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Salameh A, Djilali H, Blanke K, Gonzalez Casanova J, von Salisch S, Savtschenko A, Dhein S, Dähnert I. Cardiac fibroblasts inhibit β-adrenoceptor-dependent connexin43 expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:421-33. [PMID: 23455518 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts play an important role in adverse cardiac remodelling. As in many cardiac diseases connexin43 (Cx43) is altered, we wanted to elucidate whether fibroblasts may influence cardiac Cx43 expression. We used four different cell culture systems of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CM) and fibroblasts (FB): type 1, pure CM culture; type 2, co-culture of CM/FB; type 3, pure FB culture; type 4, Transwell® system: CM/FB co-cultured but separated by a microporous membrane. Stimulation of types 1-3 cell culture models with isoprenaline significantly enhanced Cx43-protein and Cx43-mRNA expression as well as phosphorylation of ERK and translocation of AP1 and CREB only in the CM cultures; whereas, the CM/FB co-cultures and the FB cultures did not respond to isoprenaline. Similarly, if CM and FB were separated by a microporous membrane (Transwell® system) the isoprenaline-induced increase in CM Cx43 was completely suppressed, suggesting the existence of a soluble factor responsible for the suppressant effect of FB. Angiotensin II determination in types 1 and 2 cell culture supernatants revealed that the CM/FB co-cultures exhibited a significant higher angiotensin II release than the CM cultures. Furthermore, we aimed to inhibit angiotensin II signal transduction pathway: blockade of AT1 receptors or PKC inhibition restored the responsiveness of CM/FB co-cultures to isoprenaline. Moreover, external addition of angiotensin II to CM cultures also resulted in suppression of isoprenaline-stimulated Cx43 expression in an AT1-receptor- and PKC-dependent manner. Thus, our study indicates that cardiac fibroblasts inhibit β-adrenoceptor-dependent Cx43 signalling in CM involving angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salameh
- Clinic for Paediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig, Heart Centre, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
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185
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Turner NA, Porter KE. Function and fate of myofibroblasts after myocardial infarction. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:5. [PMID: 23448358 PMCID: PMC3599637 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cardiac fibroblasts in the regulation of myocardial remodelling following myocardial infarction (MI) is becoming increasingly recognised. Studies over the last few decades have reinforced the concept that cardiac fibroblasts are much more than simple homeostatic regulators of extracellular matrix turnover, but are integrally involved in all aspects of the repair and remodelling of the heart that occurs following MI. The plasticity of fibroblasts is due in part to their ability to undergo differentiation into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are specialised cells that possess a more contractile and synthetic phenotype than fibroblasts, enabling them to effectively repair and remodel the cardiac interstitium to manage the local devastation caused by MI. However, in addition to their key role in cardiac restoration and healing, persistence of myofibroblast activation can drive pathological fibrosis, resulting in arrhythmias, myocardial stiffness and progression to heart failure. The aim of this review is to give an appreciation of both the beneficial and detrimental roles of the myofibroblast in the remodelling heart, to describe some of the major regulatory mechanisms controlling myofibroblast differentiation including recent advances in the microRNA field, and to consider how this cell type could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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186
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Maqbool A, Hemmings KE, O'Regan DJ, Ball SG, Porter KE, Turner NA. Interleukin-1 has opposing effects on connective tissue growth factor and tenascin-C expression in human cardiac fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:208-14. [PMID: 23454256 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a central role in the repair and remodeling of the heart following injury and are important regulators of inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. ECM-regulatory matricellular proteins are synthesized by several myocardial cell types including CF. We investigated the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on matricellular protein expression in cultured human CF. cDNA array analysis of matricellular proteins revealed that interleukin-1α (IL-1α, 10ng/ml, 6h) down-regulated connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) mRNA by 80% and up-regulated tenascin-C (TNC) mRNA levels by 10-fold in human CF, without affecting expression of thrombospondins 1-3, osteonectin or osteopontin. Western blotting confirmed these changes at the protein level. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) did not modulate CCN2 expression and had only a modest stimulatory effect on TNC levels. Signaling pathway inhibitor studies suggested an important role for the p38 MAPK pathway in suppressing CCN2 expression in response to IL-1α. In contrast, multiple signaling pathways (p38, JNK, PI3K/Akt and NFκB) contributed to IL-1α-induced TNC expression. In conclusion, IL-1α reduced CCN2 expression and increased TNC expression in human CF. These observations are of potential value for understanding how inflammation and ECM regulation are linked at the level of the CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Maqbool
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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187
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of left ventricular dilatation, frequently leading to heart failure. In the last decade, the wound healing process that takes place in the infarct area after infarction has been recognized as a novel therapeutic target to attenuate left ventricular dilatation and preserve an adequate cardiac function. In this chapter, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in the wound healing process after infarction, with a specific focus on its modulating effect on myofibroblast characteristics.
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188
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Goldsmith EC, Bradshaw AD, Spinale FG. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 2. Contributory pathways leading to myocardial fibrosis: moving beyond collagen expression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C393-402. [PMID: 23174564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00347.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
While the term "fibrosis" can be misleading in terms of the complex patterns and processes of myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, fibrillar collagen accumulation is a common consequence of relevant pathophysiological stimuli, such as pressure overload (PO) and myocardial infarction (MI). Fibrillar collagen accumulation in both PO and MI is predicated on a number of diverse cellular and extracellular events, which include changes in fibroblast phenotype (transdifferentiation), posttranslational processing and assembly, and finally, degradation. The expansion of a population of transformed fibroblasts/myofibroblasts is a significant cellular event with respect to ECM remodeling in both PO and MI. The concept that this cellular expansion within the myocardial ECM may be due, at least in part, to endothelial-mesenchymal transformation and thereby not dissimilar to events observed in cancer progression holds intriguing future possibilities. Studies regarding determinants of procollagen processing, such as procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer (PCOLCE), and collagen assembly, such as the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), have identified potential new targets for modifying the fibrotic response in both PO and MI. Finally, the transmembrane matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-14, underscore the diversity and complexity of this ECM proteolytic family as this protease can degrade the ECM as well as induce a profibrotic response. The growing recognition that the myocardial ECM is a dynamic entity containing a diversity of matricellular and nonstructural proteins as well as proteases and that the fibrillar collagens can change in structure and content in a rapid temporal fashion has opened up new avenues for modulating what was once considered an irreversible event--myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie C Goldsmith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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189
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Common threads in cardiac fibrosis, infarct scar formation, and wound healing. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:19. [PMID: 23114500 PMCID: PMC3534582 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, cardiac fibrosis, and infarct scar development, while possessing distinct features, share a number of key functional similarities, including extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that are common to these processes may suggest novel therapeutic approaches for pathologic situations such as fibrosis, or defective wound healing such as hypertrophic scarring or keloid formation. This manuscript will briefly review the major steps of wound healing, and will contrast this process with how cardiac infarct scar formation or interstitial fibrosis occurs. The feasibility of targeting common pro-fibrotic growth factor signaling pathways will be discussed. Finally, the potential exploitation of novel regulators of wound healing and fibrosis (ski and scleraxis), will be examined.
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190
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Fan D, Takawale A, Lee J, Kassiri Z. Cardiac fibroblasts, fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling in heart disease. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:15. [PMID: 22943504 PMCID: PMC3464725 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts comprise the largest cell population in the myocardium. In heart disease, the number of fibroblasts is increased either by replication of the resident myocardial fibroblasts, migration and transformation of circulating bone marrow cells, or by transformation of endothelial/epithelial cells into fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. The primary function of fibroblasts is to produce structural proteins that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM). This can be a constructive process; however, hyperactivity of cardiac fibroblasts can result in excess production and deposition of ECM proteins in the myocardium, known as fibrosis, with adverse effects on cardiac structure and function. In addition to being the primary source of ECM proteins, fibroblasts produce a number of cytokines, peptides, and enzymes among which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), directly impact the ECM turnover and homeostasis. Function of fibroblasts can also in turn be regulated by MMPs and TIMPs. In this review article, we will focus on the function of cardiac fibroblasts in the context of ECM formation, homeostasis and remodeling in the heart. We will discuss the origins and multiple roles of cardiac fibroblasts in myocardial remodeling in different types of heart disease in patients and in animal models. We will further provide an overview of what we have learned from experimental animal models and genetically modified mice with altered expression of ECM regulatory proteins, MMPs and TIMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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191
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The role of cardiac fibroblasts in the transition from inflammation to fibrosis following myocardial infarction. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:182-8. [PMID: 22885638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a pivotal role in the repair and remodeling of the heart that occur following myocardial infarction (MI). The transition through the inflammatory, granulation and maturation phases of infarct healing is driven by cellular responses to local levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that fluctuate in a temporal and spatial manner. In the acute inflammatory phase early after MI, CF contribute to the inflammatory milieu through increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and they promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by increasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity. In the granulation phase, CF migrate into the infarct zone, proliferate and produce MMPs and pro-angiogenic molecules to facilitate revascularization. Fibroblasts also undergo a phenotypic change to become myofibroblasts. In the maturation phase, inflammation is reduced by anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increased levels of profibrotic stimuli induce myofibroblasts to synthesize new ECM to form a scar. The scar is contracted through the mechanical force generated by myofibroblasts, preventing cardiac dilation. In this review we discuss the transition from myocardial inflammation to fibrosis with particular focus on how CF respond to alterations in proinflammatory and profibrotic signals. By furthering our understanding of these events, it is hoped that new therapeutic interventions will be developed that selectively reduce adverse myocardial remodeling post-MI, while sparing essential repair mechanisms.
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192
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Wang H, Haeger SM, Kloxin AM, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Redirecting valvular myofibroblasts into dormant fibroblasts through light-mediated reduction in substrate modulus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39969. [PMID: 22808079 PMCID: PMC3396623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts residing in connective tissues throughout the body are responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and repair. In response to tissue damage, they activate to become myofibroblasts, which have organized contractile cytoskeletons and produce a myriad of proteins for ECM remodeling. However, persistence of myofibroblasts can lead to fibrosis with excessive collagen deposition and tissue stiffening. Thus, understanding which signals regulate de-activation of myofibroblasts during normal tissue repair is critical. Substrate modulus has recently been shown to regulate fibrogenic properties, proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts isolated from different organs. However, few studies track the cellular responses of fibroblasts to dynamic changes in the microenvironmental modulus. Here, we utilized a light-responsive hydrogel system to probe the fate of valvular myofibroblasts when the Young’s modulus of the substrate was reduced from ∼32 kPa, mimicking pre-calcified diseased tissue, to ∼7 kPa, mimicking healthy cardiac valve fibrosa. After softening the substrata, valvular myofibroblasts de-activated with decreases in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stress fibers and proliferation, indicating a dormant fibroblast state. Gene signatures of myofibroblasts (including α-SMA and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)) were significantly down-regulated to fibroblast levels within 6 hours of in situ substrate elasticity reduction while a general fibroblast gene vimentin was not changed. Additionally, the de-activated fibroblasts were in a reversible state and could be re-activated to enter cell cycle by growth stimulation and to express fibrogenic genes, such as CTGF, collagen 1A1 and fibronectin 1, in response to TGF-β1. Our data suggest that lowering substrate modulus can serve as a cue to down-regulate the valvular myofibroblast phenotype resulting in a predominantly quiescent fibroblast population. These results provide insight in designing hydrogel substrates with physiologically relevant stiffness to dynamically redirect cell fate in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Haeger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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193
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Acharya A, Baek ST, Huang G, Eskiocak B, Goetsch S, Sung CY, Banfi S, Sauer MF, Olsen GS, Duffield JS, Olson EN, Tallquist MD. The bHLH transcription factor Tcf21 is required for lineage-specific EMT of cardiac fibroblast progenitors. Development 2012; 139:2139-49. [PMID: 22573622 PMCID: PMC3357908 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors orchestrates cell-fate specification, commitment and differentiation in multiple cell lineages during development. Here, we describe the role of a bHLH transcription factor, Tcf21 (epicardin/Pod1/capsulin), in specification of the cardiac fibroblast lineage. In the developing heart, the epicardium constitutes the primary source of progenitor cells that form two cell lineages: coronary vascular smooth muscle cells (cVSMCs) and cardiac fibroblasts. Currently, there is a debate regarding whether the specification of these lineages occurs early in the formation of the epicardium or later after the cells have entered the myocardium. Lineage tracing using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre expressed from the Tcf21 locus demonstrated that the majority of Tcf21-expressing epicardial cells are committed to the cardiac fibroblast lineage prior to initiation of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, Tcf21 null hearts fail to form cardiac fibroblasts, and lineage tracing of the null cells showed their inability to undergo EMT. This is the first report of a transcription factor essential for the development of cardiac fibroblasts. We demonstrate a unique role for Tcf21 in multipotent epicardial progenitors, prior to the process of EMT that is essential for cardiac fibroblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Acharya
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Seung Tae Baek
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Guo Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Banu Eskiocak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Sean Goetsch
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Caroline Y. Sung
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Serena Banfi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Marion F. Sauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Gregory S. Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | | | - Eric N. Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
| | - Michelle D. Tallquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX-75390, USA
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194
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Heissler SM, Manstein DJ. Nonmuscle myosin-2: mix and match. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1-21. [PMID: 22565821 PMCID: PMC3535348 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Members of the nonmuscle myosin-2 (NM-2) family of actin-based molecular motors catalyze the conversion of chemical energy into directed movement and force thereby acting as central regulatory components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. By cyclically interacting with adenosine triphosphate and F-actin, NM-2 isoforms promote cytoskeletal force generation in established cellular processes like cell migration, shape changes, adhesion dynamics, endo- and exo-cytosis, and cytokinesis. Novel functions of the NM-2 family members in autophagy and viral infection are emerging, making NM-2 isoforms regulators of nearly all cellular processes that require the spatiotemporal organization of cytoskeletal scaffolding. Here, we assess current views about the role of NM-2 isoforms in these activities including the tight regulation of NM-2 assembly and activation through phosphorylation and how NM-2-mediated changes in cytoskeletal dynamics and mechanics affect cell physiological functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Heissler
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dietmar J. Manstein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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195
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Wang Y, Xu F, Chen J, Shen X, Deng Y, Xu L, Yin J, Chen H, Teng F, Liu X, Wu W, Jiang B, Guo DA. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 induces cardiac fibroblast migration, collagen and cytokine secretion: inhibition by salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 19:13-19. [PMID: 21925853 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts play the key role in cardiac function and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) is a well known contributor to the development of myocardial remodeling. However, the direct regulation of MMP-9 on the function of cardiac fibroblasts and the underlying mechanism are far from elucidation. In the present research, recombinant protein encoding catalytic domain of MMP-9 (MMP-9 CD) was constructed and the function of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts was investigated by cell proliferation assay, migration assay, picrosirius red assay, multiplex cytokine assay and fibroblast phenotype detection. 200 nM MMP-9 CD stimulated cardiac fibroblasts migration (169.4±22.5% versus 100±0%, p<0.01), increased collagen synthesis (1.5±0.2 fold, p<0.05), up-regulated the secretion of ICAM (574.0±40.1 versus 268.5±8.6pg/ml, p<0.01), TNF-α (192.6±11.0 versus 14.4±1.8pg/ml, p<0.001), IL-6 (1500.9±70.2 versus 323.4±40.6pg/ml, p<0.001) and sVCAM-1 (30.3±4.3 versus 7.0±0.1 pg/ml, p<0.05) and down-regulated VEGF (436.5±148.9 versus 1034.3±28.1 pg/ml, p<0.05) significantly with modest effects on proliferation. Accompanying with these regulations, transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblast was confirmed by immunofluorescent stain of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with MMP-9 CD treatment. Furthermore, salvianolic acid B (SalB) inhibited the effects of MMP-9 CD significantly. In conclusion, our results provide evidence for a direct influence of MMP-9 on cardiac fibroblast migration, collagen and cytokine secretion, which can be attenuated by SalB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
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196
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Ho TJ, Huang CC, Huang CY, Lin WT. Fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, protects against excessive endurance exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrosis in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2943-55. [PMID: 22160250 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive endurance exercise training (EEET) is accompanied by cardiac remodeling, changes in ventricular function and increased heart failure risk. Fasudil, a potent Rho-kinase inhibitor, has been demonstrated to blunt cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure progression in pre-clinical trials and has been approved for clinical use in Japan. We examined the in vivo bioefficacy of fasudil against EEET-induced cardiac remodeling and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sedentary control (SC), EEET, and EEET with fasudil treatment (EEET-F). Rats in EEET and EEET-F groups ran on a motorized treadmill for 12 weeks. The results revealed that EEET increased myocardial hypertrophy (LV weight/tibial length), myocyte cross-sectional area, hypertrophy-related pathways (IL6/STAT3-MEK5-ERK5, calcineurin-NFATc3, p38 and JNK MAPK), hypertrophic markers (ANP/BNP), pro-apoptotic molecules (cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP), and fibrosis-related pathways (FGF-2-ERK1/2) and fibrosis markers (uPA, MMP-9 and -2). These pathways were then expressed lower in the EEET-F group when compared with the EEET group. The cardiac hypertrophic level, apoptotic pathway and fibrosis signaling were further inhibited in the fasudil-treated group. We systematically investigated the possible signaling pathways leading to EEET-induced cardiac hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrosis. We also provide evidence for the novel function of fasudil in suppressing EEET-induced cardiac remodeling and impairment by multiple mechanisms, which suggests that the RhoA signaling pathway contributes to EEET-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jung Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, ROC
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197
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Tsoporis JN, Izhar S, Proteau G, Slaughter G, Parker TG. S100B-RAGE dependent VEGF secretion by cardiac myocytes induces myofibroblast proliferation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:464-73. [PMID: 21889514 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-infarct remodeling is associated with the upregulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), the induction of its ligand the calcium binding protein S100B and the release of the potent endothelial-cell specific mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To determine a possible functional interaction between S100B, RAGE and VEGF we stimulated rat neonatal cardiac myocyte cultures transfected with either RAGE or a dominant-negative cytoplasmic deletion mutant of RAGE with S100B for 48 h. Under baseline conditions, cardiac myocytes express low levels of RAGE and VEGF and secrete VEGF in the medium as measured by ELISA. In RAGE overexpressing myocytes, S100B (100 nM) resulted in increases in VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein, VEGF secretion, and activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Pre-treatment of RAGE overexpressing myocytes with the NF-κB inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibited increases in VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein and VEGF in the medium by S100B. In myocytes expressing dominant-negative RAGE, S100B did not induce VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein, VEGF secretion or NF-κB activation. In culture, rat neonatal and adult cardiac fibroblasts undergo phenotypic transition to myofibroblasts. Treatment of neonatal and adult myofibroblasts with VEGF (10 ng/mL) induces VEGFR-2 (flk-1/KDR) tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and myofibroblast proliferation. Together these data demonstrate that secreted VEGF by cardiac myocytes in response to S100B via RAGE ligation induces myofibroblast proliferation potentially contributing to scar formation observed in infarcted myocardium. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Local Signaling in Myocytes".
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Tsoporis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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198
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M.C. Dixon
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ryan H. Cunnington
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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199
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Freed DH, Chilton L, Li Y, Dangerfield AL, Raizman JE, Rattan SG, Visen N, Hryshko LV, Dixon IMC. Role of myosin light chain kinase in cardiotrophin-1-induced cardiac myofibroblast cell migration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H514-22. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01041.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotactic movement of myofibroblasts is recognized as a common means for their sequestration to the site of tissue injury. Following myocardial infarction (MI), recruitment of cardiac myofibroblasts to the infarct scar is a critical step in wound healing. Contractile myofibroblasts express embryonic smooth muscle myosin, α-smooth muscle actin, as well as collagens I and III. We examined the effects of cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) in the induction of primary rat ventricular myofibroblast motility. Changes in membrane potential (Em) and Ca2+entry were studied to reveal the mechanisms for induction of myofibroblast migration. CT-1-induced cardiac myofibroblast cell migration, which was attenuated through the inhibition of JAK2 (25 μM AG490), and myosin light chain kinase (20 μM ML-7). Inhibition of K+channels (1 mM tetraethylammonium or 100 μM 4-aminopyridine) and nonselective cation channels by 10 μM gadolinium (Gd3+) significantly reduced migration in the presence of CT-1. CT-1 treatment caused a significant increase in myosin light chain phosphorylation, which could be inhibited by incubation in Ca2+-free conditions or by application of AG490, ML-7, and W7 (100 μM; calmodulin inhibitor). Monitoring myofibroblast membrane potential with potentiometric fluorescent DiBAC4( 3 ) dye revealed a biphasic response to CT-1 consisting of an initial depolarization followed by hyperpolarization. Increased intracellular Ca2+, as assessed by fluo 3, occurred immediately after membrane depolarization and attenuated at the time of maximal hyperpolarization. CT-1 exerts chemotactic effects via multiple parallel signaling modalities in ventricular myofibroblasts, including changes in membrane potential, alterations in intracellular calcium, and activation of a number of intracellular signaling pathways. Further study is warranted to determine the precise role of K+currents in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren H. Freed
- Departments of 1Physiology and
- Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and
| | - Lisa Chilton
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Services, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Yun Li
- Departments of 1Physiology and
| | | | - Joshua E. Raizman
- Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and
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200
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Abstract
The cytoarchitecture of the working myocardium is characterized by densely packed cardiomyocytes that are embedded in a three-dimensional network of numerous fibroblasts. Although the importance of cardiac fibroblasts in maintaining an orderly structured extracellular matrix is well recognized, less is known about their potential paracrine and electrotonic interactions with cardiomyocytes. This is partly the result of the complex intermingling of both cell types in vivo that tends to preclude a direct investigation of heterocellular crosstalk. It is for that reason that most of our present knowledge regarding stromal-parenchymal cell interactions is based on culture systems that permit direct access to either cell type. An often disregarded feature of such studies is that cardiac fibroblasts in standard two-dimensional cell culture have a pronounced tendency to undergo a phenotype switch to myofibroblasts. This cell type typically appears in injured hearts where it contributes importantly to fibrotic remodeling. The present review focuses on recent insights into electrical and paracrine crosstalk between myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes while acknowledging that a comprehensive understanding of stromal-parenchymal cell interactions will depend on future methodological developments that permit retaining the fibroblast phenotype in cell culture systems and that will, most importantly, allow direct investigations of heterocellular crosstalk in intact tissue.
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