151
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Qiu Z, Guo J, Kala S, Zhu J, Xian Q, Qiu W, Li G, Zhu T, Meng L, Zhang R, Chan HC, Zheng H, Sun L. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Piezo1 Significantly Mediates In Vitro Ultrasonic Stimulation of Neurons. iScience 2019; 21:448-457. [PMID: 31707258 PMCID: PMC6849147 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound brain stimulation is a promising modality for probing brain function and treating brain disease non-invasively and with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the mechanism underlying its effects remains unclear. Here, we examine the role that the mouse piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1) plays in mediating the in vitro effects of ultrasound in mouse primary cortical neurons and a neuronal cell line. We show that ultrasound alone could activate heterologous and endogenous Piezo1, initiating calcium influx and increased nuclear c-Fos expression in primary neurons but not when pre-treated with a Piezo1 inhibitor. We also found that ultrasound significantly increased the expression of the important proteins phospho-CaMKII, phospho-CREB, and c-Fos in a neuronal cell line, but Piezo1 knockdown significantly reduced this effect. Our findings demonstrate that the activity of mechanosensitive ion channels such as Piezo1 stimulated by ultrasound is an important contributor to its ability to stimulate cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shashwati Kala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiejun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Quanxiang Xian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Weibao Qiu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Long Meng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China.
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152
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Park TY, Pahk KJ, Kim H. Method to optimize the placement of a single-element transducer for transcranial focused ultrasound. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 179:104982. [PMID: 31443869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a promising neuromodulation technique because of its non-invasiveness and high spatial resolution (within millimeter scale). However, the presence of the skull can lead to disrupting and shifting the acoustic focus in the brain. In this study, we propose a computationally efficient way to determine the optimal position of a single-element focused ultrasound transducer which can effectively deliver acoustic energy to the brain target. We hypothesized that the placement of a single element transducer with the lowest average reflection coefficient would be the optimal position. METHODS The reflection coefficient is defined by the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave. To calculate the reflection coefficient, we assumed ultrasound waves as straight lines (beam lines). At each beam line, the reflection coefficient was calculated from the incidence angle at the skull interface (outer/inner skull surfaces). The average reflection coefficient (ARC) was calculated at each possible placement of the transducer using a custom-built software. For comparison purposes, acoustic simulations (k-Wave MATLAB toolbox) which numerically solved the linear wave equation were performed with the same transducer positions used in the ARC calculation. In addition, the experimental validation of our proposed method was also performed by measuring acoustic wave propagation through the calvaria skull phantom in water. The accuracy of our method was defined as the distance between the two optimal transducer placements which were determined from the acoustic simulations and from the ARC method. RESULT Simulated acoustic pressure distribution corresponding to each ARC showed an inverse relationship with peak acoustic pressures produced in the brain. In comparison to the acoustic simulations, the accuracy of our method was 5.07 ± 4.27 mm when targeting the cortical region in the brain. The computing time of ARC calculations were 0.08% of the time required for acoustic pressure simulations. CONCLUSION We calculated the ARC to find the optimal position of the tFUS transducer used in the present study. The optimal placement of the transducer was found when the ARC was the lowest. Our numerical and experimental results showed that the proposed ARC method can effectively be used to find the optimal position of a single-element tFUS transducer for targeting the cortex region of the brain in a computationally inexpensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Park
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Joo Pahk
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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153
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Jerusalem A, Al-Rekabi Z, Chen H, Ercole A, Malboubi M, Tamayo-Elizalde M, Verhagen L, Contera S. Electrophysiological-mechanical coupling in the neuronal membrane and its role in ultrasound neuromodulation and general anaesthesia. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:116-140. [PMID: 31357005 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of the role of the cell membrane is in a state of flux. Recent experiments show that conventional models, considering only electrophysiological properties of a passive membrane, are incomplete. The neuronal membrane is an active structure with mechanical properties that modulate electrophysiology. Protein transport, lipid bilayer phase, membrane pressure and stiffness can all influence membrane capacitance and action potential propagation. A mounting body of evidence indicates that neuronal mechanics and electrophysiology are coupled, and together shape the membrane potential in tight coordination with other physical properties. In this review, we summarise recent updates concerning electrophysiological-mechanical coupling in neuronal function. In particular, we aim at making the link with two relevant yet often disconnected fields with strong clinical potential: the use of mechanical vibrations-ultrasound-to alter the electrophysiogical state of neurons, e.g., in neuromodulation, and the theories attempting to explain the action of general anaesthetics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: General anaesthetics revolutionised medical practice; now an apparently unrelated technique, ultrasound neuromodulation-aimed at controlling neuronal activity by means of ultrasound-is poised to achieve a similar level of impact. While both technologies are known to alter the electrophysiology of neurons, the way they achieve it is still largely unknown. In this review, we argue that in order to explain their mechanisms/effects, the neuronal membrane must be considered as a coupled mechano-electrophysiological system that consists of multiple physical processes occurring concurrently and collaboratively, as opposed to sequentially and independently. In this framework the behaviour of the cell membrane is not the result of stereotypical mechanisms in isolation but instead emerges from the integrative behaviour of a complexly coupled multiphysics system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Jerusalem
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Ari Ercole
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Majid Malboubi
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Miren Tamayo-Elizalde
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Lennart Verhagen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; WIN, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sonia Contera
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
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154
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Cagnan H, Denison T, McIntyre C, Brown P. Emerging technologies for improved deep brain stimulation. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:1024-1033. [PMID: 31477926 PMCID: PMC6877347 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for common movement disorders and has been used to modulate neural activity through delivery of electrical stimulation to key brain structures. The long-term efficacy of stimulation in treating disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, has encouraged its application to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Nevertheless, adoption of DBS remains limited, even in Parkinson's disease. Recent failed clinical trials of DBS in major depression, and modest treatment outcomes in dementia and epilepsy, are spurring further development. These improvements focus on interaction with disease circuits through complementary, spatially and temporally specific approaches. Spatial specificity is promoted by the use of segmented electrodes and field steering, and temporal specificity involves the delivery of patterned stimulation, mostly controlled through disease-related feedback. Underpinning these developments are new insights into brain structure-function relationships and aberrant circuit dynamics, including new methods with which to assess and refine the clinical effects of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Cagnan
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Timothy Denison
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cameron McIntyre
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter Brown
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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155
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Wang P, Zhang J, Yu J, Smith C, Feng W. Brain Modulatory Effects by Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS): A Systematic Review on Both Animal and Human Studies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:696. [PMID: 31396029 PMCID: PMC6667677 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Low Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) is a new form of non-invasive brain modulation with promising data; however, systematic reviews on the brain modulatory effects of TUS on both animals and humans have not been well-conducted. We aimed to conduct a systematic review on the studies using the TUS to modulate the brain functions and associated behavioral changes in both animals and humans. Methods: A literature search for published studies in the past 10 years was conducted. Two authors independently reviewed the relevant articles. Data were extracted and qualitatively summarized. Quality of studies was assessed by the SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for preclinical studies or the PEDro scale for clinical studies. Results: A total of 24 animal studies (506 animals) and 11 human studies (213 subjects) were included. Findings based on most animal studies demonstrated the excitatory or suppressive modulatory effects of ultrasonic stimulations on motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, auditory, and visual areas. Brain modulatory effects also were found among healthy human subjects in seven studies and two clinical studies suggested TUS may result in potential benefits on patients with disorder of consciousness or chronic pain. The safety concerns of TUS seem to be minor based on the human studies. Conclusions: TUS appears to be a viable technique in modulating the brain functions; however, research on TUS is still in its early stages, especially in human studies. Parameters need to be optimized before launching systematic investigations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiadan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Colin Smith
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Wuwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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156
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Brinker ST, Preiswerk F, McDannold NJ, Parker KL, Mariano TY. Virtual Brain Projection for Evaluating Trans-skull Beam Behavior of Transcranial Ultrasound Devices. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1850-1856. [PMID: 31060860 PMCID: PMC6827342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound single-element piezoelectric transducers constitute a promising method to deliver ultrasound to the brain in low-intensity applications, but are subject to defocusing and high attenuation because of transmission through the skull. Here, a novel virtual brain projection method is used to superimpose a magnetic resonance image of the brain in ex vivo human skulls to provide targets during trans-skull focused ultrasound single-element piezoelectric transducer pressure field mapping. Positions of the transducer, skull and hydrophone are tracked in real time using a stereoscopic navigation camera and 3-D Slicer software. Virtual targets of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus and cerebellar vermis were chosen to illustrate the method's flexibility in evaluating focal-zone beam distortion and attenuation. The regions are of interest as non-invasive brain stimulation targets in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders via repeated ultrasound exposure. The technical approach can facilitate the assessment of transcranial ultrasound device operator positioning reliability, intracranial beam behavior and computational model validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer T Brinker
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Frank Preiswerk
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan J McDannold
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Krystal L Parker
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Timothy Y Mariano
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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157
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Blackmore J, Shrivastava S, Sallet J, Butler CR, Cleveland RO. Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of Results, Mechanisms and Safety. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1509-1536. [PMID: 31109842 PMCID: PMC6996285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic neuromodulation is a rapidly growing field, in which low-intensity ultrasound (US) is delivered to nervous system tissue, resulting in transient modulation of neural activity. This review summarizes the findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems from mechanistic studies in cell culture to cognitive behavioral studies in humans. The mechanisms by which US mechanically interacts with neurons and could affect firing are presented. An in-depth safety assessment of current studies shows that parameters for the human studies fall within the safety envelope for US imaging. Challenges associated with accurately targeting US and monitoring the response are described. In conclusion, the literature supports the use of US as a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation modality with improved spatial localization and depth targeting compared with alternative methods. US neurostimulation has the potential to be used both as a scientific instrument to investigate brain function and as a therapeutic modality to modulate brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Blackmore
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Shamit Shrivastava
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Nueroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin O Cleveland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
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158
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di Biase L, Falato E, Di Lazzaro V. Transcranial Focused Ultrasound (tFUS) and Transcranial Unfocused Ultrasound (tUS) Neuromodulation: From Theoretical Principles to Stimulation Practices. Front Neurol 2019; 10:549. [PMID: 31244747 PMCID: PMC6579808 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound is an emerging technique for non-invasive neurostimulation. Compared to magnetic or electric non-invasive brain stimulation, this technique has a higher spatial resolution and can reach deep structures. In addition, both animal and human studies suggest that, potentially, different sites of the central and peripheral nervous system can be targeted by this technique. Depending on stimulation parameters, transcranial focused ultrasound is able to determine a wide spectrum of effects, ranging from suppression or facilitation of neural activity to tissue ablation. The aim is to review the state of the art of the human transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation literature, including the theoretical principles which underlie the explanation of the bioeffects on neural tissues, and showing the stimulation techniques and parameters used and their outcomes in terms of clinical, neurophysiological or neuroimaging results and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro di Biase
- Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, School of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Falato
- Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, School of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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159
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Chen H, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Jérusalem A. Computational model of the mechanoelectrophysiological coupling in axons with application to neuromodulation. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:032406. [PMID: 30999419 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.032406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For more than half a century, the action potential (AP) has been considered a purely electrical phenomenon. However, experimental observations of membrane deformations occurring during APs have revealed that this process also involves mechanical features. This discovery has recently fuelled a controversy on the real nature of APs: whether they are mechanical or electrical. In order to examine some of the modern hypotheses regarding APs, we propose here a coupled mechanoelectrophysiological membrane finite-element model for neuronal axons. The axon is modeled as an axisymmetric thin-wall cylindrical tube. The electrophysiology of the membrane is modeled using the classic Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) equations for the Nodes of Ranvier or unmyelinated axons and the cable theory for the internodal regions, whereas the axonal mechanics is modeled by means of viscoelasticity theory. Membrane potential changes induce a strain gradient field via reverse flexoelectricity, whereas mechanical pulses result in an electrical self-polarization field following the direct flexoelectric effect, in turn influencing the membrane potential. Moreover, membrane deformation also alters the values of membrane capacitance and resistance in the H-H equation. These three effects serve as the fundamental coupling mechanisms between the APs and mechanical pulses in the model. A series of numerical studies was systematically conducted to investigate the consequences of interaction between the APs and mechanical waves on both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Simulation results illustrate that the AP is always accompanied by an in-phase propagating membrane displacement of ≈1nm, whereas mechanical pulses with enough magnitude can also trigger APs. The model demonstrates that mechanical vibrations, such as the ones arising from ultrasound stimulations, can either annihilate or enhance axonal electrophysiology depending on their respective directionality and frequency. It also shows that frequency of pulse repetition can also enhance signal propagation independently of the amplitude of the signal. This result not only reconciles the mechanical and electrical natures of the APs but also provides an explanation for the experimentally observed mechanoelectrophysiological phenomena in axons, especially in the context of ultrasound neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antoine Jérusalem
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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160
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Mariano TY, Burgess FW, Bowker M, Kirschner J, van’t Wout-Frank M, Jones RN, Halladay CW, Stein M, Greenberg BD. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Affective Symptoms and Functioning in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2019; 20:1166-1177. [PMID: 30358864 PMCID: PMC6544554 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is highly prevalent, with a substantial psychosocial burden. Pain has both sensory and affective components. The latter component is a significant driver of disability and psychiatric comorbidity but is often inadequately treated. Previously we reported that noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may modulate pain-associated affective distress. Here we tested whether 10 daily tDCS sessions aimed to inhibit the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a region strongly implicated in the affective component of pain, would produce selective reduction in pain-related symptoms. METHODS In this multisite, double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT), 21 CLBP patients received 10 weekday sessions of 2-mA active tDCS or sham (20 minutes/session). A cathodal electrode was placed over FC1 (10-20 electroencephalography coordinates), and an identical anodal return electrode was placed over the contralateral mastoid. Participants rated pain intensity, acceptance, interference, disability, and anxiety, plus general anxiety and depression. RESULTS Regression analysis noted significantly less pain interference (P =0.002), pain disability (P =0.001), and depression symptoms (P =0.003) at six-week follow-up for active tDCS vs sham. Omnibus tests suggested that these improvements were not merely due to baseline (day 1) group differences. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first double-blinded RCT of multiple tDCS sessions targeting the left dACC to modulate CLBP's affective symptoms. Results are encouraging, including several possible tDCS-associated improvements. Better-powered RCTs are needed to confirm these effects. Future studies should also consider different stimulation schedules, additional cortical targets, high-density multi-electrode tDCS arrays, and multimodal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Y Mariano
- Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frederick W Burgess
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Marguerite Bowker
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jason Kirschner
- Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mascha van’t Wout-Frank
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Richard N Jones
- Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Christopher W Halladay
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michael Stein
- Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenberg
- Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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161
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Kim E, Anguluan E, Youn S, Kim J, Hwang JY, Kim JG. Non-invasive measurement of hemodynamic change during 8 MHz transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation using near-infrared spectroscopy. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:12. [PMID: 30885121 PMCID: PMC6423784 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) attracts wide attention in neuroscience as an effective noninvasive approach to modulate brain circuits. In spite of this, the effects of tFUS on the brain is still unclear, and further investigation is needed. The present study proposes to use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to observe cerebral hemodynamic change caused by tFUS in a noninvasive manner. RESULTS The results show a transient increase of oxyhemoglobin and decrease of deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the mouse model induced by ultrasound stimulation of the somatosensory cortex with a frequency of 8 MHz but not in sham. In addition, the amplitude of hemodynamics change can be related to the peak intensity of the acoustic wave. CONCLUSION High frequency 8 MHz ultrasound was shown to induce hemodynamic changes measured using NIRS through the intact mouse head. The implementation of NIRS offers the possibility of investigating brain response noninvasively for different tFUS parameters through cerebral hemodynamic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Eloise Anguluan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeon Youn
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Hwang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
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162
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Mohammadjavadi M, Ye PP, Xia A, Brown J, Popelka G, Pauly KB. Elimination of peripheral auditory pathway activation does not affect motor responses from ultrasound neuromodulation. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:901-910. [PMID: 30880027 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in a variety of animal models including rodents, monkeys, and humans suggest that transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has considerable promise for non-invasively modulating neural activity with the ability to target deep brain structures. However, concerns have been raised that motor responses evoked by tFUS may be due to indirect activation of the auditory pathway rather than direct activation of motor circuits. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to examine the involvement of peripheral auditory system activation from tFUS stimulation applied to elicit motor responses. The purpose was to determine to what extent ultrasound induced auditory artifact could be a factor in ultrasound motor neuromodulation. METHODS In this study, tFUS-induced electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded and analyzed in wild-type (WT) normal hearing mice and two strains of genetically deaf mice to examine the involvement of the peripheral auditory system in tFUS-stimulated motor responses. In addition, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were measured to elucidate the effect of the tFUS stimulus envelope on auditory and motor responses. We also varied the tFUS stimulation duration to measure its effect on motor response duration. RESULTS We show, first, that the sharp edges in a tFUS rectangular envelope stimulus activate the peripheral afferent auditory pathway and, second, that smoothing these edges eliminates the auditory responses without affecting the motor responses in normal hearing WT mice. We further show that by eliminating peripheral auditory activity using two different strains of deaf knockout mice, motor responses are the same as in normal hearing WT mice. Finally, we demonstrate a high correlation between tFUS pulse duration and EMG response duration. CONCLUSION These results support the concept that tFUS-evoked motor responses are not a result of stimulation of the peripheral auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anping Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julian Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald Popelka
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kim Butts Pauly
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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163
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Martin E, Treeby B. Investigation of the repeatability and reproducibility of hydrophone measurements of medical ultrasound fields. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:1270. [PMID: 31067926 DOI: 10.1121/1.5093306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurements of acoustic pressure are required for characterisation of ultrasonic transducers and for experimental validation of models of ultrasound propagation. Errors in measured pressure can arise from a variety of sources, including variations in the properties of the source and measurement equipment, calibration uncertainty, and processing of measured data. In this study, the repeatability of measurements made with four probe and membrane hydrophones was examined. The pressures measured by these hydrophones in three different ultrasound fields, with both linear and nonlinear, pulsed and steady state driving conditions, were compared to assess the reproducibility of measurements. The coefficient of variation of the focal peak positive pressure was less than 2% for all hydrophones across five repeated measurements. When comparing hydrophones, pressures measured in a spherically focused 1.1 MHz field were within 7% for all except 1 case, and within 10% for a broadband 5 MHz pulse from a diagnostic linear array. Larger differences of up to 55% were observed between measurements of a tightly focused 3.3 MHz field, which were reduced for some hydrophones by the application of spatial averaging corrections. Overall, the major source of these differences was spatial averaging and uncertainty in the complex frequency response of the hydrophones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Martin
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Treeby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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164
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Wang Y, Xie P, Zhou S, Wang X, Yuan Y. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound modulates multi-frequency band phase synchronization between LFPs and EMG in mice. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:026036. [PMID: 30780150 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) targeted to the mouse motor cortex can simultaneously induce local field potentials (LFPs) and electromyogram (EMG) responses. However, the functional coupling relationship between LFP and EMG signals has not been elucidated to date. This study aimed to investigate the phase synchronization between LFP and EMG signals induced by LIPUS over the mouse motor cortex. APPROACH LIPUS at 500 kHz with varied sonication intensities and duty cycles (DCs), was delivered to the mouse motor cortex. LFPs of the motor cortex and EMG responses of the tail were simultaneously recorded during LIPUS. We then evaluated two control groups using the same experimental parameters, but changed the position of EMG recording to the hind leg and the ultrasound stimulus target to the primary visual cortex. The phase synchronization between LFPs and EMG signals was evaluated by performing a phase locking value (PLV) analysis in the time-frequency domain and was compared across specific frequency bands. MAIN RESULTS The results showed that LIPUS increased the phase synchronization in a broad frequency band (5-150 Hz), and the maximum duration of the increased PLV was stable at approximately 200 ms. It is worth noting that the sonication parameters directly affected the time-frequency domain distribution of cortico-muscular synchronization. Specifically, significant alpha and beta synchronization appeared at 0.2 and 0.4 W cm-2 I sppa stimulation, while gamma synchronization occurred at 0.8 and 1.1 W cm-2 I sppa stimulation. The synchronization in all frequency bands apparently increased at 30% DC. Beta synchronization weakened when the DC was less than 30%. Furthermore, no significant phase synchronization was observed in the two control groups. SIGNIFICANCE Considering the close association between specific motor function and cortical-muscular synchronization in different frequency bands, we suggest that LIPUS over the motor cortex could selectively modulate motor function via different sonication parameters. Additionally, the phase synchronization between LFPs and EMG might be an invaluable index for assessing the ultrasonic effect on the motor system, which could be used in future clinical research to optimize ultrasound parameters. Thus, this study provides new insight into evaluating the neuromodulatory effects of ultrasound on motor function, thereby supporting the therapeutic application of ultrasound in neurological disorders characterized by motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wang
- Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People's Republic of China
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165
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Verhagen L, Gallea C, Folloni D, Constans C, Jensen DE, Ahnine H, Roumazeilles L, Santin M, Ahmed B, Lehericy S, Klein-Flügge MC, Krug K, Mars RB, Rushworth MF, Pouget P, Aubry JF, Sallet J. Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates. eLife 2019; 8:40541. [PMID: 30747105 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40541.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand brain circuits it is necessary both to record and manipulate their activity. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique. To date, investigations report short-lived neuromodulatory effects, but to deliver on its full potential for research and therapy, ultrasound protocols are required that induce longer-lasting 'offline' changes. Here, we present a TUS protocol that modulates brain activation in macaques for more than one hour after 40 s of stimulation, while circumventing auditory confounds. Normally activity in brain areas reflects activity in interconnected regions but TUS caused stimulated areas to interact more selectively with the rest of the brain. In a within-subject design, we observe regionally specific TUS effects for two medial frontal brain regions - supplementary motor area and frontal polar cortex. Independently of these site-specific effects, TUS also induced signal changes in the meningeal compartment. TUS effects were temporary and not associated with microstructural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Verhagen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Davide Folloni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Constans
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daria Ea Jensen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Ahnine
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Léa Roumazeilles
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Santin
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bashir Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Lehericy
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Miriam C Klein-Flügge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristine Krug
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Fs Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMRS 975 INSERM, CNRS 7225, UMPC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Aubry
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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166
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Verhagen L, Gallea C, Folloni D, Constans C, Jensen DEA, Ahnine H, Roumazeilles L, Santin M, Ahmed B, Lehericy S, Klein-Flügge MC, Krug K, Mars RB, Rushworth MFS, Pouget P, Aubry JF, Sallet J. Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates. eLife 2019; 8:e40541. [PMID: 30747105 PMCID: PMC6372282 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand brain circuits it is necessary both to record and manipulate their activity. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique. To date, investigations report short-lived neuromodulatory effects, but to deliver on its full potential for research and therapy, ultrasound protocols are required that induce longer-lasting 'offline' changes. Here, we present a TUS protocol that modulates brain activation in macaques for more than one hour after 40 s of stimulation, while circumventing auditory confounds. Normally activity in brain areas reflects activity in interconnected regions but TUS caused stimulated areas to interact more selectively with the rest of the brain. In a within-subject design, we observe regionally specific TUS effects for two medial frontal brain regions - supplementary motor area and frontal polar cortex. Independently of these site-specific effects, TUS also induced signal changes in the meningeal compartment. TUS effects were temporary and not associated with microstructural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Verhagen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR)Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Davide Folloni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Constans
- Physics for Medicine ParisInserm, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Daria EA Jensen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Harry Ahnine
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR)Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Léa Roumazeilles
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Santin
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR)Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Bashir Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Lehericy
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Centre for NeuroImaging Research (CENIR)Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Miriam C Klein-Flügge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristine Krug
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Matthew FS Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Institute du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM)UMRS 975 INSERM, CNRS 7225, UMPCParisFrance
| | - Jean-François Aubry
- Physics for Medicine ParisInserm, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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167
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Samoudi MA, Van Renterghem T, Botteldooren D. Computational modeling of a single-element transcranial focused ultrasound transducer for subthalamic nucleus stimulation. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:026015. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aafa38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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168
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Abstract
For more than 70 years, the promise of noninvasive neuromodulation using focused ultrasound has been growing while diagnostic ultrasound established itself as a foundation of clinical imaging. Significant technical challenges have been overcome to allow transcranial focused ultrasound to deliver spatially restricted energy into the nervous system at a wide range of intensities. High-intensity focused ultrasound produces reliable permanent lesions within the brain, and low-intensity focused ultrasound has been reported to both excite and inhibit neural activity reversibly. Despite intense interest in this promising new platform for noninvasive, highly focused neuromodulation, the underlying mechanism remains elusive, though recent studies provide further insight. Despite the barriers, the potential of focused ultrasound to deliver a range of permanent and reversible neuromodulation with seamless translation from bench to the bedside warrants unparalleled attention and scientific investment. Focused ultrasound boasts a number of key features such as multimodal compatibility, submillimeter steerable focusing, multifocal, high temporal resolution, coregistration, and the ability to monitor delivered therapy and temperatures in real time. Despite the technical complexity, the future of noninvasive focused ultrasound for neuromodulation as a neuroscience and clinical platform remains bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 96, Room D-429, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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169
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Niu X, Yu K, He B. On the Neuromodulatory Pathways of the In Vivo Brain by Means of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 8:61-69. [PMID: 31223668 PMCID: PMC6585998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For last decade, low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has been rapidly developed for a myriad of successful applications in neuromodulation. tFUS possesses high spatial resolution, focality and depth penetration as a noninvasive neuromodulation tool. Despite the promise, confounding activation can be observed in rodents when stimulation parameters are not selected carefully. Here we summarize the existing classes of observations for ultrasound neuromodulation: ultrasound directly activates a localized area, or ultrasound indirectly activates auditory pathways, which further propagates to other cortical networks. We also present control in vivo animal studies, which suggest that underlying tFUS brain modulation is characterized by localized activation independent of auditory networks activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University
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170
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Gibson BC, Sanguinetti JL, Badran BW, Yu AB, Klein EP, Abbott CC, Hansberger JT, Clark VP. Increased Excitability Induced in the Primary Motor Cortex by Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1007. [PMID: 30546342 PMCID: PMC6280333 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (tUS) is an emerging technique that uses ultrasonic waves to noninvasively modulate brain activity. As with other forms of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), tUS may be useful for altering cortical excitability and neuroplasticity for a variety of research and clinical applications. The effects of tUS on cortical excitability are still unclear, and further complications arise from the wide parameter space offered by various types of devices, transducer arrangements, and stimulation protocols. Diagnostic ultrasound imaging devices are safe, commonly available systems that may be useful for tUS. However, the feasibility of modifying brain activity with diagnostic tUS is currently unknown. Objective: We aimed to examine the effects of a commercial diagnostic tUS device using an imaging protocol on cortical excitability. We hypothesized that imaging tUS applied to motor cortex could induce changes in cortical excitability as measured using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor evoked potential (MEP) paradigm. Methods: Forty-three subjects were assigned to receive either verum (n = 21) or sham (n = 22) diagnostic tUS in a single-blind design. Baseline motor cortex excitability was measured using MEPs elicited by TMS. Diagnostic tUS was subsequently administered to the same cortical area for 2 min, immediately followed by repeated post-stimulation MEPs recorded up to 16 min post-stimulation. Results: Verum tUS increased excitability in the motor cortex (from baseline) by 33.7% immediately following tUS (p = 0.009), and 32.4% (p = 0.047) 6 min later, with excitability no longer significantly different from baseline by 11 min post-stimulation. By contrast, subjects receiving sham tUS showed no significant changes in MEP amplitude. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that tUS delivered via a commercially available diagnostic imaging ultrasound system transiently increases excitability in the motor cortex as measured by MEPs. Diagnostic tUS devices are currently used for internal imaging in many health care settings, and the present results suggest that these same devices may also offer a promising tool for noninvasively modulating activity in the central nervous system. Further studies exploring the use of diagnostic imaging devices for neuromodulation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Gibson
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joseph L. Sanguinetti
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Bashar W. Badran
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Alfred B. Yu
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Evan P. Klein
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Christopher C. Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Vincent P. Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- The Mind Research Network & LBERI, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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171
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Xie P, Zhou S, Wang X, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Effect of pulsed transcranial ultrasound stimulation at different number of tone-burst on cortico-muscular coupling. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:60. [PMID: 30285609 PMCID: PMC6169002 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulsed transcranial ultrasound stimulation (pTUS) can modulate the neuronal activity of motor cortex and elicit muscle contractions. Cortico-muscular coupling (CMC) can serve as a tool to identify interaction between the oscillatory activity of the motor cortex and effector muscle. This research aims to explore the neuromodulatory effect of low-intensity, pTUS with different number of tone burst to neural circuit of motor-control system by analyzing the coupling relationship between motor cortex and tail muscle in mouse. The motor cortex of mice was stimulated by pulsed transcranial ultrasound with different number of tone bursts (NTB = 100 150 200 250 300). The local field potentials (LFPs) in tail motor cortex and electromyography (EMG) in tail muscles were recorded simultaneously during pTUS. The change of integral coupling strength between cortex and muscle was evaluated by mutual information (MI). The directional information interaction between them were analyzed by transfer entropy (TE). Results Almost all of the MI and TE values were significantly increased by pTUS. The results of MI showed that the CMC was significantly enhanced with the increase of NTB. The TE results showed the coupling strength of CMC in descending direction (from LFPs to EMG) was significantly higher than that in ascending direction (from EMG to LFPs) after stimulation. Furthermore, compared to NTB = 100, the CMC in ascending direction were significantly enhanced when NTB = 250, 300, and CMC in descending direction were significantly enhanced when NTB = 200, 250, 300. Conclusion These results confirm that the CMC between motor cortex and the tail muscles in mouse could be altered by pTUS. And by increasing the NTB (i.e. sonication duration), the coupling strength within the cortico-muscular circuit could be increased, which might further influence the motor function of mice. It demonstrates that, using MI and TE method, the CMC could be used for quantitatively evaluating the effect of pTUS with different NTBs, which might provide a new insight into the effect of pTUS neuromodulation in motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China.
| | - Sa Zhou
- Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Xingran Wang
- Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China.
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172
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Lee W, Croce P, Margolin RW, Cammalleri A, Yoon K, Yoo SS. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of motor cortical areas in freely-moving awake rats. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:57. [PMID: 30231861 PMCID: PMC6146769 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has emerged as a new non-invasive modality of brain stimulation with the potential for high spatial selectivity and penetration depth. Anesthesia is typically applied in animal-based tFUS brain stimulation models; however, the type and depth of anesthesia are known to introduce variability in responsiveness to the stimulation. Therefore, the ability to conduct sonication experiments on awake small animals, such as rats, is warranted to avoid confounding effects of anesthesia. RESULTS We developed a miniature tFUS headgear, operating at 600 kHz, which can be attached to the skull of Sprague-Dawley rats through an implanted pedestal, allowing the ultrasound to be transcranially delivered to motor cortical areas of unanesthetized freely-moving rats. Video recordings were obtained to monitor physical responses from the rat during acoustic brain stimulation. The stimulation elicited body movements from various areas, such as the tail, limbs, and whiskers. Movement of the head, including chewing behavior, was also observed. When compared to the light ketamine/xylazine and isoflurane anesthetic conditions, the response rate increased while the latency to stimulation decreased in the awake condition. The individual variability in response rates was smaller during the awake condition compared to the anesthetic conditions. Our analysis of latency distribution of responses also suggested possible presence of acoustic startle responses mixed with stimulation-related physical movement. Post-tFUS monitoring of animal behaviors and histological analysis performed on the brain did not reveal any abnormalities after the repeated tFUS sessions. CONCLUSIONS The wearable miniature tFUS configuration allowed for the stimulation of motor cortical areas in rats and elicited sonication-related movements under both awake and anesthetized conditions. The awake condition yielded diverse physical responses compared to those reported in existing literatures. The ability to conduct an experiment in freely-moving awake animals can be gainfully used to investigate the effects of acoustic neuromodulation free from the confounding effects of anesthesia, thus, may serve as a translational platform to large animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Phillip Croce
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ryan W. Margolin
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Amanda Cammalleri
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kyungho Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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173
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Ai L, Bansal P, Mueller JK, Legon W. Effects of transcranial focused ultrasound on human primary motor cortex using 7T fMRI: a pilot study. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:56. [PMID: 30217150 PMCID: PMC6137744 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a new non-invasive neuromodulation technique that uses mechanical energy to modulate neuronal excitability with high spatial precision. tFUS has been shown to be capable of modulating EEG brain activity in humans that is spatially restricted, and here, we use 7T MRI to extend these findings. We test the effect of tFUS on 7T BOLD fMRI signals from individual finger representations in the human primary motor cortex (M1) and connected cortical motor regions. Participants (N = 5) performed a cued finger tapping task in a 7T MRI scanner with their thumb, index, and middle fingers to produce a BOLD signal for individual M1 finger representations during either tFUS or sham neuromodulation to the thumb representation. RESULTS Results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in activation volume of the M1 thumb representation for the tFUS condition as compared to sham. No differences in percent BOLD changes were found. This effect was spatially confined as the index and middle finger M1 finger representations did not show similar significant changes in either percent change or activation volume. No effects were seen during tFUS to M1 in the supplementary motor area or the dorsal premotor cortex. CONCLUSIONS Single element tFUS can be paired with high field MRI that does not induce significant artifact. tFUS increases activation volumes of the targeted finger representation that is spatially restricted within M1 but does not extend to functionally connected motor regions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03634631 08/14/18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Ai
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 426 Church St. SE Rm 361, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Priya Bansal
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 426 Church St. SE Rm 361, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Jerel K. Mueller
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 426 Church St. SE Rm 361, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Wynn Legon
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 426 Church St. SE Rm 361, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 409 Lane Rd. Rm 1031, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA
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174
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Brinker ST, Crake C, Ives JR, Bubrick EJ, McDannold NJ. Scalp sensor for simultaneous acoustic emission detection and electroencephalography during transcranial ultrasound. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:155017. [PMID: 29968579 PMCID: PMC6190699 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aad0c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound is now capable of noninvasively penetrating the intact human skull and delivering energy to specific areas of the brain with millimeter accuracy. The ultrasound energy is supplied in high-intensities to create brain lesions or at low-intensities to produce reversible physiological interventions. Conducting acoustic emission detection (AED) and electroencephalography (EEG) during transcranial focused ultrasound may lead to several new brain treatment and research applications. This study investigates the feasibility of using a novel scalp senor for acquiring concurrent AED and EEG during clinical transcranial ultrasound. A piezoelectric disk is embedded in a plastic cup EEG electrode to form the sensor. The sensor is coupled to the head via an adhesive/conductive gel-dot. Components of the sensor prototype are tested for AED and EEG signal quality in a bench top investigation with a functional ex vivo skull phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer T Brinker
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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175
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Legon W, Bansal P, Tyshynsky R, Ai L, Mueller JK. Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of the human primary motor cortex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10007. [PMID: 29968768 PMCID: PMC6030101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound is an emerging form of non-invasive neuromodulation that uses acoustic energy to affect neuronal excitability. The effect of ultrasound on human motor cortical excitability and behavior is currently unknown. We apply ultrasound to the primary motor cortex in humans using a novel simultaneous transcranial ultrasound and magnetic stimulation paradigm that allows for concurrent and concentric ultrasound stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). This allows for non-invasive inspection of the effect of ultrasound on motor neuronal excitability using the motor evoked potential (MEP). We test the effect of ultrasound on single pulse MEP recruitment curves and paired pulse protocols including short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). In addition, we test the effect of ultrasound to motor cortex on a stimulus response reaction time task. Results show ultrasound inhibits the amplitude of single-pulse MEPs and attenuates intracortical facilitation but does not affect intracortical inhibition. Ultrasound also reduces reaction time on a simple stimulus response task. This is the first report of the effect of ultrasound on human motor cortical excitability and motor behavior and confirms previous results in the somatosensory cortex that ultrasound results in effective neuronal inhibition that confers a performance advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynn Legon
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Priya Bansal
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Roman Tyshynsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Leo Ai
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jerel K Mueller
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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176
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Munoz F, Aurup C, Konofagou EE, Ferrera VP. Modulation of Brain Function and Behavior by Focused Ultrasound. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018; 5:153-164. [PMID: 30393592 PMCID: PMC6208352 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The past decade has seen rapid growth in the application of focused ultrasound (FUS) as a tool for basic neuroscience research and potential treatment of brain disorders. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of how FUS can alter brain activity, perception and behavior when applied to the central nervous system, either alone or in combination with circulating agents. RECENT FINDINGS Focused ultrasound in the central nervous system can directly excite or inhibit neuronal activity, as well as affect perception and behavior. Combining FUS with intravenous microbubbles to open the blood-brain barrier also affects neural activity and behavior, and the effects may be more sustained than FUS alone. Opening the BBB also allows delivery of drugs that do not cross the intact BBB including viral vectors for gene delivery. SUMMARY While further research is needed to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms, focused ultrasound, alone or in combination with other factors, is rapidly maturing as an effective technology for altering brain activity. Future challenges include refining control over targeting specificity, the volume of affected tissue, cell-type specificity (excitatory or inhibitory), and the duration of neural and behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Munoz
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Christian Aurup
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Vincent P Ferrera
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
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177
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Sato T, Shapiro MG, Tsao DY. Ultrasonic Neuromodulation Causes Widespread Cortical Activation via an Indirect Auditory Mechanism. Neuron 2018; 98:1031-1041.e5. [PMID: 29804920 PMCID: PMC8127805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has received widespread attention as an emerging technology for targeted, non-invasive neuromodulation based on its ability to evoke electrophysiological and motor responses in animals. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal pattern of ultrasound-induced brain activity that could drive these responses. Here, we address this question by combining focused ultrasound with wide-field optical imaging of calcium signals in transgenic mice. Surprisingly, we find cortical activity patterns consistent with indirect activation of auditory pathways rather than direct neuromodulation at the ultrasound focus. Ultrasound-induced activity is similar to that evoked by audible sound. Furthermore, both ultrasound and audible sound elicit motor responses consistent with a startle reflex, with both responses reduced by chemical deafening. These findings reveal an indirect auditory mechanism for ultrasound-induced cortical activity and movement requiring careful consideration in future development of ultrasonic neuromodulation as a tool in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Sato
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Doris Y Tsao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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178
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Legon W, Ai L, Bansal P, Mueller JK. Neuromodulation with single-element transcranial focused ultrasound in human thalamus. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1995-2006. [PMID: 29380485 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has proven capable of stimulating cortical tissue in humans. tFUS confers high spatial resolutions with deep focal lengths and as such, has the potential to noninvasively modulate neural targets deep to the cortex in humans. We test the ability of single-element tFUS to noninvasively modulate unilateral thalamus in humans. Participants (N = 40) underwent either tFUS or sham neuromodulation targeted at the unilateral sensory thalamus that contains the ventro-posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of thalamus. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from scalp electrodes contralateral to median nerve stimulation. Activity of the unilateral sensory thalamus was indexed by the P14 SEP generated in the VPL nucleus and cortical somatosensory activity by subsequent inflexions of the SEP and through time/frequency analysis. Participants also under went tactile behavioral assessment during either the tFUS or sham condition in a separate experiment. A detailed acoustic model using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also presented to assess the effect of individual skull morphology for single-element deep brain neuromodulation in humans. tFUS targeted at unilateral sensory thalamus inhibited the amplitude of the P14 SEP as compared to sham. There is evidence of translation of this effect to time windows of the EEG commensurate with SI and SII activities. These results were accompanied by alpha and beta power attenuation as well as time-locked gamma power inhibition. Furthermore, participants performed significantly worse than chance on a discrimination task during tFUS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynn Legon
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Leo Ai
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Priya Bansal
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jerel K Mueller
- Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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