151
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Genome-wide association study of interferon-related cytopenia in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 2012; 56:313-9. [PMID: 21703177 PMCID: PMC3634361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interferon-alfa (IFN)-related cytopenias are common and may be dose-limiting. We performed a genome wide association study on a well-characterized genotype 1 HCV cohort to identify genetic determinants of peginterferon-α (pegIFN)-related thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and leukopenia. METHODS 1604/3070 patients in the IDEAL study consented to genetic testing. Trial inclusion criteria included a platelet (Pl) count ≥80×10(9)/L and an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1500/mm(3). Samples were genotyped using the Illumina Human610-quad BeadChip. The primary analyses focused on the genetic determinants of quantitative change in cell counts (Pl, ANC, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) at week 4 in patients >80% adherent to therapy (n=1294). RESULTS 6 SNPs on chromosome 20 were positively associated with Pl reduction (top SNP rs965469, p=10(-10)). These tag SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium with 2 functional variants in the ITPA gene, rs1127354 and rs7270101, that cause ITPase deficiency and protect against ribavirin (RBV)-induced hemolytic anemia (HA). rs1127354 and rs7270101 showed strong independent associations with Pl reduction (p=10(-12), p=10(-7)) and entirely explained the genome-wide significant associations. We believe this is an example of an indirect genetic association due to a reactive thrombocytosis to RBV-induced anemia: Hb decline was inversely correlated with Pl reduction (r=-0.28, p=10(-17)) and Hb change largely attenuated the association between the ITPA variants and Pl reduction in regression models. No common genetic variants were associated with pegIFN-induced neutropenia or leucopenia. CONCLUSIONS Two ITPA variants were associated with thrombocytopenia; this was largely explained by a thrombocytotic response to RBV-induced HA attenuating IFN-related thrombocytopenia. No genetic determinants of pegIFN-induced neutropenia were identified.
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152
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Bochud PY, Bibert S, Kutalik Z, Patin E, Guergnon J, Nalpas B, Goossens N, Kuske L, Müllhaupt B, Gerlach T, Heim MH, Moradpour D, Cerny A, Malinverni R, Regenass S, Dollenmaier G, Hirsch H, Martinetti G, Gorgiewski M, Bourlière M, Poynard T, Theodorou I, Abel L, Pol S, Dufour JF, Negro F. IL28B alleles associated with poor hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance protect against inflammation and fibrosis in patients infected with non-1 HCV genotypes. Hepatology 2012; 55:384-94. [PMID: 22180014 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genetic polymorphisms near IL28B are associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV), two processes that require the appropriate activation of the host immune responses. Intrahepatic inflammation is believed to mirror such activation, but its relationship with IL28B polymorphisms has yet to be fully appreciated. We analyzed the association of IL28B polymorphisms with histological and follow-up features in 2335 chronically HCV-infected Caucasian patients. Assessable phenotypes before any antiviral treatment included necroinflammatory activity (n = 1,098), fibrosis (n = 1,527), fibrosis progression rate (n = 1,312), and hepatocellular carcinoma development (n = 1,915). Associations of alleles with the phenotypes were evaluated by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression, accounting for all relevant covariates. The rare G allele at IL28B marker rs8099917-previously shown to be at risk of treatment failure-was associated with lower activity (P = 0.04), lower fibrosis (P = 0.02) with a trend toward lower fibrosis progression rate (P = 0.06). When stratified according to HCV genotype, most significant associations were observed in patients infected with non-1 genotypes (P = 0.003 for activity, P = 0.001 for fibrosis, and P = 0.02 for fibrosis progression rate), where the odds ratio of having necroinflammation or rapid fibrosis progression for patients with IL28B genotypes TG or GG versus TT were 0.48 (95% confidence intervals 0.30-0.78) and 0.56 (0.35-0.92), respectively. IL28B polymorphisms were not predictive of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSION In chronic hepatitis C, IL28B variants associated with poor response to interferon therapy may predict slower fibrosis progression, especially in patients infected with non-1 HCV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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153
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Bergman SJ, Ferguson MC, Santanello C. Interferons as therapeutic agents for infectious diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012; 25:819-34. [PMID: 22054758 PMCID: PMC7134994 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Bergman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA.
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154
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Interferon lambda: a new sword in cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:349575. [PMID: 22190970 PMCID: PMC3235441 DOI: 10.1155/2011/349575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) family has considerably contributed to our understanding of the role of interferon not only in viral infections but also in cancer. IFN-λ proteins belong to the new type III IFN group. Type III IFN is structurally similar to type II IFN (IFN-γ) but functionally identical to type I IFN (IFN-α/β). However, in contrast to type I or type II IFNs, the response to type III IFN is highly cell-type specific. Only epithelial-like cells and to a lesser extent some immune cells respond to IFN-λ. This particular pattern of response is controlled by the differential expression of the IFN-λ receptor, which, in contrast to IFN-α, should result in limited side effects in patients. Recently, we and other groups have shown in several animal models a potent antitumor role of IFN-λ that will open a new challenging era for the current IFN therapy.
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155
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Donnelly RP, Dickensheets H, O'Brien TR. Interferon-lambda and therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:443-50. [PMID: 21820962 PMCID: PMC3163738 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α, a type-I IFN, is widely used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus infection, but the broad expression of IFN-α receptors often leads to adverse reactions in many organs. Here, we examine IFN-λ, a type-III IFN, as a therapeutic alternative to IFN-α. Like IFN-α, IFN-λ also induces antiviral activity in hepatocytes, but might induce fewer adverse reactions because its receptor is largely restricted to cells of epithelial origin. We also discuss the recent discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the human IFN-λ3 gene, IL28B, that correlate strongly with the ability to achieve a sustained virological response to therapy with pegylated IFN-α plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/immunology
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon alpha-2
- Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Interferons
- Interleukins/chemistry
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage
- Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Ribavirin/administration & dosage
- Ribavirin/therapeutic use
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation & Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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156
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Schmidt J, Thimme R, Neumann-Haefelin C. Host genetics in immune-mediated hepatitis C virus clearance. Biomark Med 2011; 5:155-69. [PMID: 21473719 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), only few patients spontaneously clear the virus, while most patients develop chronic HCV infection. The host innate and adaptive immune response is believed to be the key determinant of viral clearance or persistence. Several host factors have been demonstrated to influence the efficiency of the antiviral immune response, including IL-28B polymorphisms, inhibitory natural killer cell receptors, as well as HLA class I and II alleles presenting viral antigens to CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. The understanding of the respective mechanisms is essential for the development of successful vaccination strategies against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schmidt
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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157
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Holmes JA, Desmond PV, Thompson AJ. Redefining baseline demographics: the role of genetic testing in hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Liver Dis 2011; 15:497-513. [PMID: 21867933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The current standard of care for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Unfortunately, treatment cures at best only 40% to 50% of patients infected with genotype 1 HCV, the most common HCV genotype in Western countries. Treatment is also expensive and is often poorly tolerated. Therefore, the identification of patients most likely to benefit from treatment is clinically important. Genome-wide association studies have recently identified genetic variants, most notably IL28B and ITPA, which will enhance the ability of clinicians to personalize antiviral therapy for HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta A Holmes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
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158
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Cariani E, Villa E, Rota C, Critelli R, Trenti T. Translating pharmacogenetics into clinical practice: interleukin (IL)28B and inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) polymophisms in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1247-1256. [PMID: 21612542 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequently characterized by evolution to chronicity and by a variable clinical course of the disease. The clinical heterogeneities of HCV infection and the imperfect predictability of the response to interferon (IFN) have suggested the need to search for a genetic basis of clinical features. This led to the discovery of genetic polymorphisms playing a major role in the evolution of infection, as well as on treatment response and adverse effects. This review will cover recent reports on the subject, focusing on the potential use of the new genetic markers in the diagnostic algorithm for the stratification of patients for personalized antiviral regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Cariani
- Clinical Pathology-Toxicology, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - Erica Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Rota
- Clinical Pathology-Toxicology, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - Rosina Critelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Clinical Pathology-Toxicology, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
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159
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Holmes JA, Sievert W, Thompson AJ. IL28B polymorphism and genetic biomarkers of viral clearance in hepatitis C virus infection. Biomark Med 2011; 5:461-78. [PMID: 21861668 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health issue. Only a small proportion of patients clear the virus spontaneously and the majority develop chronic hepatitis C infection. Chronic hepatitis C is one of the most common causes of advanced liver disease in the western world and is now the leading indication for liver transplantation. Unfortunately, the standard treatment, consisting of pegylated-interferon and ribavirin, is suboptimal. Less than 50% of patients infected with HCV genotype 1 are cured, treatment is costly and is associated with significant toxicity. Therefore, there has been a need to identify accurate predictors of treatment outcome to facilitate treatment decision-making. Four independent genome-wide association studies have recently confirmed an association between genetic variation in the region of the IL28B gene and treatment outcome in HCV-1 patients. Patients who carry the good response variant are two- to three-fold more likely to be cured. The difference in the frequency of the good response variant between patients of different ethnic background explains much of the recognized ethnic disparity in treatment response rates. The IL28B variants are also associated with likelihood of spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. This discovery represents a significant advance in our ability to personalize HCV therapy, as well as suggesting novel avenues for research into viral pathogenesis and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta A Holmes
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, St Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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160
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Ilyas JA, Vierling JM. An overview of emerging therapies for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Clin Liver Dis 2011; 15:515-36. [PMID: 21867934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Currently, pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin therapy achieve curative responses in 40% to 80% of patients, depending on genotype. Recognition of new therapeutic targets for HCV therapy has led to development of novel therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the status of novel therapeutics for CHC that promise to increase the safety and efficacy of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad A Ilyas
- Liver Center, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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161
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Abstract
Twenty-five years have passed since interferon-α was first used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection, and even now it remains an essential part of the standard of care for this condition. At present, the recommended treatment is a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin A. There have been enormous advances in our understanding of the mechanisms through which interferon works and in identifying factors related to the response to this treatment. Even with the development of new protease inhibitors, it is likely that interferon will remain an essential component of hepatitis C treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buti
- Liver Unit, Hospital General, Universitario Valle Hebron, Paseo Valle Hebron 119, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
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162
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Abstract
Remarkable progress has been achieved in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) since interferon was first used to treat this pathogen more than 20 years ago. This article reviews the mechanisms through which interferon is believed to suppress HCV and lead to SVR. These observations are used to speculate as to whether an all-oral antiviral cocktail could "cure" HCV in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Shiffman
- Liver Institute of Virginia, Bon Secours Health System, Newport News, VA 23602, USA.
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163
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Zhang L, Jilg N, Shao RX, Lin W, Fusco DN, Zhao H, Goto K, Peng LF, Chen WC, Chung RT. IL28B inhibits hepatitis C virus replication through the JAK-STAT pathway. J Hepatol 2011; 55:289-98. [PMID: 21147189 PMCID: PMC3068235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The combination of pegylated interferon (IFN) α and ribavirin (RBV) is the standard therapy for patients with chronic HCV infection. However, it produces a sustained virologic response (SVR) in only half of the treated individuals and is associated with significant side effects. Recently, several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the IL28B locus, also known as IFNλ3, were identified to be strong predictors of SVR in patients receiving PEG-IFN and RBV. We sought to determine whether IL28B was capable of inhibiting HCV replication and to determine the pathway by which IL28B exhibits anti-HCV activity. METHODS Using the full-length HCV replicon OR6 and the infectious HCV clones JFH1 and Jc1, we assessed the anti-HCV effect of IL28B on HCV and characterized the key steps of the JAK-STAT pathway by real time PCR, luciferase assay, and Western blot. Finally, we evaluated the anti-HCV effect of IL28B in the presence of JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors such as blocking antibodies, a pharmacological inhibitor, and siRNAs. RESULTS We found that IL28B inhibits HCV replication in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Like IFNα, IL28B induces the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2, ISRE-driven transcription, and expression of known ISGs. The anti-HCV effects of IL28A, IL28B, and IL29 were abrogated by an IL10R2 blocking antibody, a pharmacological inhibitor of JAK1/TYK2, and by siRNA against IL28R1, STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IL28A, IL28B, and IL29 signal through the JAK-STAT pathway to inhibit HCV. These data suggest possible applications of new approaches in HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiliang Zhang
- Co-corresponding authors: Raymond T. Chung, M.D., GI Unit, Warren 1007, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, Phone: (617) 724-7562, Fax: (617) 643-0446, , Leiliang Zhang, GI Unit, Warren 1007, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114,
| | | | - Run-Xuan Shao
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dahlene N. Fusco
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kaku Goto
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lee F. Peng
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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164
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López-Labrador FX, Berenguer M. Genomic medicine reaches HCV-related liver transplantation: hopes and clinical and public health implications. J Hepatol 2011; 55:270-2. [PMID: 21281683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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165
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Vermehren J, Sarrazin C. New hepatitis C therapies in clinical development. Eur J Med Res 2011; 16:303-14. [PMID: 21813371 PMCID: PMC3352002 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-16-7-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the current standard of care for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, a combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin, sustained virologic response rates can be achieved in approximately 50% of patients only. - Improved understanding of the viral life cycle has led to the identification of numerous potential targets for novel, direct-acting antiviral compounds. Inhibitors of the NS3/4A protease are currently the most advanced in clinical development. Recently completed phase 3 studies of the two protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir, each given in combination with standard of care, yielded sustained virologic response rates in the range of 66-75% in treatment-naive patients and 59-66% in treatment-experienced patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Studies of second-generation protease inhibitors, with the potential advantage of improved potency, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics profile, are already underway. - Inhibitors of the HCV NS5A protein and NS5B polymerase are potentially active across different HCV genotypes and have shown promising antiviral efficacy in early clinical studies. Other emerging mechanisms include silymarin components and inhibitors of cell proteins required for HCV replication. - While improved formulations of current HCV therapies are also being developed, future hopes lie on the combination of direct-acting antivirals with the eventual possibility of interferon-free treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vermehren
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Klinikum der J. W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Klinikum der J. W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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166
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Hui X, Chen H, Zhang S, Ma X, Wang X, Huang B. Antitumor activities of recombinant human interferon (IFN)-λ1 in vitro and in xenograft models in vivo for colon cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 311:141-51. [PMID: 21872388 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-λ1, as a newly identified IFN, interacts with the structurally unique IFN-λ1 receptor complex and exhibits antiviral and antiproliferation effects. The major focus of our work was to study the antitumor activities of recombinant human IFN-λ1 (rhIFN-λ1) in vivo and in vitro. The MTT analysis showed that rhIFN-λ1 inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but with a less efficacy in HT29 cells than HCT116 cells. IFN-λ1 also activated the STATs and induced apoptosis in both types of cells. In the in vivo study, we found that rhIFN-λ1 suppressed tumor growth in a dose-dependent fashion, with an inhibition rate of 52% of HCT116 (P<0.01) and 56% of HT29 (P<0.01). These results indicate that rhIFN-λ1 could be a new potential IFN reagent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Hui
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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167
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Soriano V, Vispo E, Poveda E, Labarga P, Martin-Carbonero L, Fernandez-Montero JV, Barreiro P. Directly acting antivirals against hepatitis C virus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1673-86. [PMID: 21652618 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The approval of directly acting antivirals (DAA) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection will represent a major breakthrough for the 180 million persons infected worldwide. Paradoxically, hepatitis C is the only human chronic viral disease that can be cured, as all other pathogenic viruses infecting humans either display self-limited courses or establish non-eradicable persistent infections. Until now, treatment of chronic hepatitis C consisted of the combination of peginterferon-α plus ribavirin, which provided limited rates of cure and was associated with frequent side effects. Several DAA have been identified that inhibit the NS3 protease, the NS5B polymerase or the NS5A replication complex, and have entered the final steps of clinical development. These molecules, coupled with significant progress made in the recognition of more potent and safe interferon forms (e.g. interferon-λ) and host protein targets (e.g. alisporivir), are opening a new era in hepatitis C therapeutics. The expectations are so great that, to some extent, it is reminiscent of what happened in 1996 in the HIV field when the introduction of the first protease inhibitors as part of triple combinations revolutionized antiretroviral therapy. To maximize treatment success and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance selection, a proper individualization of hepatitis C therapy will be required, choosing the most convenient drugs and strategies according to distinct viral and host profiles. The complexity of HCV therapeutics has reached a point that presumably will lead to the birth of a new specialist, the HCV doctor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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168
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Barth H. Insights into the role of interferon lambda in hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2011; 54:844-7. [PMID: 21145814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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169
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Abstract
Improved understanding of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle has led to the discovery of numerous potential targets for antiviral therapy. HCV polyprotein processing and replication have been identified as the most promising viral targets. However, viral entry and fusion, RNA translation, virus assembly and release and several host cell factors may provide alternative attractive targets for future anti-HCV therapies. Inhibitors of the HCV NS3/4A protease are currently the most advanced in clinical development. Monotherapy with protease inhibitors has shown high antiviral activity, but is associated with frequent selection of resistant HCV variants, often resulting in viral breakthrough. However, there is encouraging evidence from phase 2/3 trials indicating that the addition of a protease inhibitor (e.g. telaprevir and boceprevir) to pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin substantially improves sustained virological response rates in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients with HCV genotype 1. Nucleos(t)ide inhibitors of the HCV NS5B polymerase have shown variable antiviral activity against different HCV genotypes, but seem to have a higher genetic barrier to resistance than protease inhibitors. In addition, several allosteric binding sites have been identified for non-nucleoside inhibitors of the NS5B polymerase. However, the development of a substance with high antiviral activity and a high genetic barrier to resistance seems to be difficult. Among the different host cell-targeting compounds in early clinical development, cyclophilin inhibitors have shown the most promising results. Although advances have also been made in improving interferons, combinations of antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action may lead to the eventual possibility of interferon-free regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vermehren
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Klinikum der J. W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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170
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Stättermayer AF, Stauber R, Hofer H, Rutter K, Beinhardt S, Scherzer TM, Zinober K, Datz C, Maieron A, Dulic-Lakovic E, Kessler HH, Steindl-Munda P, Strasser M, Krall C, Ferenci P. Impact of IL28B genotype on the early and sustained virologic response in treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:344-350.e2. [PMID: 20728570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene that encodes interleukin (IL)-28B predict response of patients with chronic hepatitis C to antiviral therapy. We investigated the roles of polymorphisms rs12979860 and rs8099917 on the early virologic response of treatment-naïve patients. METHODS SNPs were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of samples from 682 patients (genotype [GT]1=372, GT2/3=208, GT4=102) who were treated with 180 μg pegylated interferon-α2a and 400 or 800 mg (GT2/3, depending on the protocol) or 1000-1200 mg (GT1/4) ribavirin/day. The duration of treatment was 24 (GT2/3) or 24-72 weeks (GT1/4). RESULTS Patients with C/C also had higher rates of rapid virologic response (RVR) (GT1, 38.3% vs 11.6%; GT4, 76.5% vs 23.5%; both P<.001) and sustained virologic responses (SVRs) (GT1, 79.1% vs 43.2%; GT4, 85.3% vs 44.1%; both P<.001). In patients with GT2/3, the RVR was more frequent in carriers of C/C (75.3% vs 52.6%, P<.01), but SVR rates were similar between those with C/C and T (80.5% vs 74.4%, P=.31). Results for rs8099917 were comparable. The positive predictive value of rs12979860 C/C for SVR was higher than that of rs8099917 T/T (80.5% vs 71.6%). Overall, RVR was the best predictor of SVR. In patients who did not have GT1, IL28B polymorphisms did not affect the SVR if RVR data were included in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS An early virologic response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin is more likely among carriers of rs12979860 C/C and rs8099917 T/T, which might underlie their high rates of SVR. Determination of the IL28B genotype and whether patients have an RVR might be used in future studies of patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 or 4.
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171
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Makowska Z, Duong FHT, Trincucci G, Tough DF, Heim MH. Interferon-β and interferon-λ signaling is not affected by interferon-induced refractoriness to interferon-α in vivo. Hepatology 2011; 53:1154-63. [PMID: 21480323 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Therapy of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon α (pegIFN-α) and ribavirin achieves sustained virological responses in approximately half of the patients. Nonresponse to treatment is associated with constitutively increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes in the liver already before therapy. This activation of the endogenous IFN system could prevent cells from responding to therapeutically injected (peg)IFN-α, because prolonged stimulation of cells with IFN-α induces desensitization of the IFN signal transduction pathway. Whether all types of IFNs induce refractoriness in the liver is presently unknown. We therefore treated mice with multiple injections and different combinations of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IFN-λ. Pretreatment of mice with IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-λ induced a strong expression of the negative regulator ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 in the liver and gut. As a result, IFN-α signaling was significantly reduced when mice where reinjected 16 hours after the first injection. Surprisingly, both IFN-β and IFN-λ could activate the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes despite high levels of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18. IFN-λ treatment of human liver biopsies ex vivo resulted in strong and maintained phosphorylation of STAT1, whereas IFN-α-induced STAT1 activation was transient. CONCLUSION Contrary to the action of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-λ signaling in the liver does not become refractory during repeated stimulation of the IFN signal transduction pathway. The sustained efficacy of IFN-β and IFN-λ could be an important advantage for the treatment patients who are nonresponders to pegIFN-α, through a preactivated endogenous IFN system.
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172
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Donnelly RP, Kotenko SV. Interferon-lambda: a new addition to an old family. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 30:555-64. [PMID: 20712453 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and initial description of the interferon-lambda (IFN-lambda) family in early 2003 opened an exciting new chapter in the field of IFN research. There are 3 IFN-lambda genes that encode 3 distinct but highly related proteins denoted IFN-lambda1, -lambda2, and -lambda3. These proteins are also known as interleukin-29 (IL-29), IL-28A, and IL-28B, respectively. Collectively, these 3 cytokines comprise the type III subset of IFNs. They are distinct from both type I and type II IFNs for a number of reasons, including the fact that they signal through a heterodimeric receptor complex that is different from the receptors used by type I or type II IFNs. Although type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta) and type III IFNs (IFN-lambda) signal via distinct receptor complexes, they activate the same intracellular signaling pathway and many of the same biological activities, including antiviral activity, in a wide variety of target cells. Consistent with their antiviral activity, expression of the IFN-lambda genes and their corresponding proteins is inducible by infection with many types of viruses. Therefore, expression of the type III IFNs (IFN-lambdas) and their primary biological activity are very similar to the type I IFNs. However, unlike IFN-alpha receptors which are broadly expressed on most cell types, including leukocytes, IFN-lambda receptors are largely restricted to cells of epithelial origin. The potential clinical importance of IFN-lambda as a novel antiviral therapeutic agent is already apparent. In addition, preclinical studies by several groups indicate that IFN-lambda may also be useful as a potential therapeutic agent for other clinical indications, including certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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173
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Grimm D, Thimme R, Blum HE. HBV life cycle and novel drug targets. Hepatol Int 2011; 5:644-53. [PMID: 21484123 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With up to 400 million affected people worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health care problem. During the last decade, several novel therapeutic approaches have been developed and evaluated. In most regions of the world, interferon-α, and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) are currently approved. Despite major improvements, none of the existing therapies is optimal since viral clearance is rarely achieved. Recently, a better understanding of the HBV life cycle and the development of novel model systems of HBV infection have led to the development of novel antiviral strategies and drug targets. This review will focus on current and potential future drug targets in the HBV life cycle and strategies to modulate the virus-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grimm
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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174
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Liu BS, Janssen HLA, Boonstra A. IL-29 and IFNα differ in their ability to modulate IL-12 production by TLR-activated human macrophages and exhibit differential regulation of the IFNγ receptor expression. Blood 2011; 117:2385-95. [PMID: 21190998 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-298976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-λ (IFNλ) family of cytokines, consisting of interleukin-28A (IFNλ2), IL-28B (IFNλ3), and IL-29 (IFNλ1), have been extensively studied for their antiviral activities. However, little is known about the effect of IFNλ on antigen-presenting cells. In the present study, we show for the first time that IL-29 can increase Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced IL-12p40 production by human monocyte-derived macrophages. In contrast, IL-29 did not affect monocytes or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) because of restricted IL-28 receptor α chain expression by macrophages. Furthermore, IL-29-treated macrophages were more responsive to IFNγ, because IL-29 enhanced IFNγ-induced IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by macrophages on R848 stimulation. However, IFNα suppressed IFNγ-induced IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor TNF production by human macrophages. The differential effects of IL-29 and IFNα on the responsiveness of macrophages to IFNγ could not be explained by an effect on TLR7 or TLR8 mRNA expression or by altered IL-10 signaling. However, we demonstrated that IL-29 up-regulated, whereas IFNα down-regulated, the surface expression of the IFNγ receptor 1 chain on macrophages, thereby resulting in differential responsiveness of TLR-challenged macrophages to IFNγ. Our findings on the differences between IFNα and IL-29 in modulating TLR-induced cytokine production by macrophages may contribute to understanding the role of IFNs in regulating immunity to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Sheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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175
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Ferenci P. Safety and efficacy of treatment for chronic hepatitis C with a focus on pegylated interferons: the backbone of therapy today and in the future. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 10:529-44. [PMID: 21345149 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2011.555079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 170 million people are infected with HCV. The efficacy of treatment for chronic hepatitis C has increased markedly over the last 2 decades. Optimal patient management requires thorough knowledge of the adverse effect profiles of drugs used for this condition and strategies to mitigate these effects. AREAS COVERED The efficacy, safety and tolerability data associated with IFN-based therapy, with particular attention given to the two licensed pegylated IFNs (peg-IFNs), are identified by focused searches of Medline. Recommendations for the management of adverse events are also given. Focused searches of PubMed are done using the terms peginterferon and chronic hepatitis C. The results of large randomized clinical trials are emphasized. EXPERT OPINION Patients receiving treatment with peg-IFN plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C must be monitored closely for adverse events. These events can be effectively managed to maximize patients' adherence and thus the chance of treatment success. Direct-acting antiviral agents are expected to be approved in the near future and will be used in select patients with a peg-IFN plus ribavirin 'backbone'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ferenci
- Medical University of Vienna, Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A 1090 Vienna , Austria.
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176
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Sugiyama M, Tanaka Y, Nakanishi M, Mizokami M. Novel findings for the development of drug therapy for various liver diseases: Genetic variation in IL-28B is associated with response to the therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 115:263-9. [PMID: 21350308 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r15fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C infection is a global health problem. Spontaneous viral clearance was observed in approximately 30% of individuals with acute infection. In the therapy using a combination of pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin, approximately 50% of chronic hepatitis C patients infected with high viremia of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) genotype 1 reached a sustained viral response. These findings were strongly expected to reflect variations of the host genome. To reveal genetic effects against viral clearance or treatment response, four independent groups applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to HCV infection. These groups almost simultaneously reported a strong association of interleukin (IL)-28B polymorphisms with viral clearance or final decision of HCV therapy. The discovered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) also revealed the enigma that the viral clearance rate was dependent on ethnic type. The significant SNPs are useful for prediction prior to treatment because of the strong association with clinical outcome. In addition, the unexpected results revealed by GWAS could promote the development of a novel drug related to IL-28B. Herein, we present current understanding in regard to the relationship between host variations and clinical outcome of hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Sugiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
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177
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Pearlman BL. The IL-28 genotype: how it will affect the care of patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2011; 13:78-86. [PMID: 21080244 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-010-0161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that host genetics play an essential role in the ability not only to clear acute hepatitis C infection but also to achieve sustained virologic response (SVR) to interferon (IFN)-based therapy has been proved with the recent discovery of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 19. Variants in the minor allele rs8099917 and the proximate polymorphism rs12979860, 3 kb upstream of the interleukin (IL)-28B gene, which encodes the endogenous antiviral cytokine IFN-λ, are associated with SVR and with natural viral clearance. The disparate frequencies of these alleles in ethnic groups worldwide may well explain differing rates of SVR among them. The test for one of these polymorphisms is now commercially available and can serve as a powerful predictor of a patient's chance of achieving SVR. Perhaps more importantly, the test can help the clinician personally tailor the duration and even the type of therapy that is most appropriate for an individual patient, newly or chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Pearlman
- Center for Hepatitis C, Atlanta Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30312, USA.
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178
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Vezali E, Aghemo A, Colombo M. Interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a drug caught between past and future. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:301-13. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.552906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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179
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Afdhal NH, McHutchison JG, Zeuzem S, Mangia A, Pawlotsky JM, Murray JS, Shianna KV, Tanaka Y, Thomas DL, Booth DR, Goldstein DB. Hepatitis C pharmacogenetics: state of the art in 2010. Hepatology 2011; 53:336-45. [PMID: 21254181 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, a correlated set of polymorphisms in the region of the interleukin-28B (IL28B) gene were associated with clearance of genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients treated with pegylated interferon-alfa and ribavirin. The same polymorphisms were subsequently associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in untreated patients. The link between IL28B genotype and HCV clearance may impact decisions regarding initiation of current therapy, the design and interpretation of clinical studies, the economics of treatment, and the process of regulatory approval for new anti-HCV therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezam H Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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180
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease, with approximately 170 million people infected worldwide. The severity of disease varies from asymptomatic chronic infection to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sustained virological response (SVR) is long lasting, associated with a reduced risk of cirrhosis and HCC. In the near future, standard of care (SOC) treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) will include the addition of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) with a protease inhibitor to the pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV). In HCV genotype 1 patients, promising results have been reported when the protease inhibitor telaprevir or boceprevir is added to the SOC, increasing SVR rates from less than 50% (PEG-IFN plus RBV) to 70% (in patients treated with a triple combination of PEG-IFN, RBV plus a protease inhibitor). The future management of patients with these new molecules will require good clinical practice, knowledge of indications, prediction of side effects and monitoring for antiviral resistance. Certain major medical needs are still unmet, requiring studies in special populations (human immunodeficiency virus-HCV-coinfected patients, transplanted patients, etc.) in genotype non-1 patients and in absolute non-responders. Combinations of antivirals with additive potency that lack cross resistance and with a good safety profile may provide new regimens in the future to make HCV the first chronic viral infection eradicated worldwide with a finite duration of combination DAA therapy without IFN. There is ongoing development of new molecules such as HCV enzyme inhibitors. The aim of this review is to summarize the results obtained with DAAs: protease and polymerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Asselah
- INSERM, U773, Centre de Recherche Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, and Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.
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181
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Diegelmann J, Beigel F, Zitzmann K, Kaul A, Göke B, Auernhammer CJ, Bartenschlager R, Diepolder HM, Brand S. Comparative analysis of the lambda-interferons IL-28A and IL-29 regarding their transcriptome and their antiviral properties against hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15200. [PMID: 21170333 PMCID: PMC2999541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific differences in signaling and antiviral properties between the different Lambda-interferons, a novel group of interferons composed of IL-28A, IL-28B and IL-29, are currently unknown. This is the first study comparatively investigating the transcriptome and the antiviral properties of the Lambda-interferons IL-28A and IL-29. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Expression studies were performed by microarray analysis, quantitative PCR (qPCR), reporter gene assays and immunoluminometric assays. Signaling was analyzed by Western blot. HCV replication was measured in Huh-7 cells expressing subgenomic HCV replicon. All hepatic cell lines investigated as well as primary hepatocytes expressed both IFN-λ receptor subunits IL-10R2 and IFN-λR1. Both, IL-28A and IL-29 activated STAT1 signaling. As revealed by microarray analysis, similar genes were induced by both cytokines in Huh-7 cells (IL-28A: 117 genes; IL-29: 111 genes), many of them playing a role in antiviral immunity. However, only IL-28A was able to significantly down-regulate gene expression (n = 272 down-regulated genes). Both cytokines significantly decreased HCV replication in Huh-7 cells. In comparison to liver biopsies of patients with non-viral liver disease, liver biopsies of patients with HCV showed significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-28A and IL-29. Moreover, IL-28A serum protein levels were elevated in HCV patients. In a murine model of viral hepatitis, IL-28 expression was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE IL-28A and IL-29 are up-regulated in HCV patients and are similarly effective in inducing antiviral genes and inhibiting HCV replication. In contrast to IL-29, IL-28A is a potent gene repressor. Both IFN-λs may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Diegelmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Beigel
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Zitzmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Artur Kaul
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Göke
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Auernhammer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut M. Diepolder
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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182
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Balagopal A, Thomas DL, Thio CL. IL28B and the control of hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1865-76. [PMID: 20950615 PMCID: PMC3072961 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-induced control and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are affected by various host factors. Polymorphisms in the region of the gene IL28B are associated with HCV clearance, implicating the gene product, interferon (IFN)-λ3, in the immune response to HCV. Although it is not clear how the IL28B haplotype affects HCV clearance, IFN-λ3 up-regulates interferon-stimulated genes, similar to IFN-α and IFN-β but via a different receptor. There is also evidence that IFN-λ3 affects the adaptive immune response. The IL28B genotype can be considered, along with other factors, in predicting patient responses to therapy with pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin. We review the genetic studies that uncovered the association between IL28B and HCV clearance, the biology of IFN-λ3, the clinical implications of the genetic association, and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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183
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Pagliaccetti NE, Robek MD. Interferon-λ in HCV Infection and Therapy. Viruses 2010; 2:1589-1602. [PMID: 21994696 PMCID: PMC3185739 DOI: 10.3390/v2081589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with significant liver disease and is therefore an important public health problem. The current standard-of-care therapy for chronic HCV infection consists of a combination of pegylated (PEG) interferon (IFN)-α and ribavirin. Although this therapy effectively generates a sustained viral response in approximately half of treated individuals, it is associated with significant hematological and neurological side effects. A new family of IFN-related proteins (IFN-λ1, 2, and 3; or alternately, IL-29, 28A, 28B, respectively) possesses properties that may make these cytokines superior to PEG-IFN-α for HCV therapy. Genetic studies have also implicated these proteins in both the natural and therapy-induced resolution of HCV infection. This review summarizes the basic aspects of IFN-λ biology, the potential role of these cytokines in HCV infection, and the outlook for their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D. Robek
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-203-785-6174; Fax: +1-203-785-6127
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