151
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Zhu C, Guan Q, Song C, Zhong L, Ding X, Zeng H, Nie P, Song L. Regulatory effects of Lactobacillus fermented black barley on intestinal microbiota of NAFLD rats. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110467. [PMID: 34399465 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis and oxidative stress may play important roles in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fermented foods contain probiotics and other bioactive components that may improve gastrointestinal health and provide other health benefits. Here, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus-fermented black barley on NAFLD rats. Adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: normal chow diet (NC), high-fat diet (HF), HF + fermented black barley treatment (HB) and HF + Lactobacillus treatment (HL). The rats in the HB and HL groups were continuously administered fermented black barley or Lactobacillus, respectively, for 12 weeks (1 mL/100 g·BW, containing 1 × 108 CFU/mL Lactobacillus). Compared with the HF treatment, HB treatment effectively inhibited the increase in body weight, liver and abdominal fat indexes and hepatic lipids (p < 0.01), increased hepatic SOD activity (p < 0.05), decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) (p < 0.01) and improved liver function. Moreover, Lactobacillus-fermented black barley exhibited regulatory effect on high-fat diet-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the relative microbiota abundance and diversity, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increasing the abundances of some intestinal probiotics (such as Akkermansia and Lactococcus), and influencing some of the fecal metabolites related to hormones and lipid metabolism. The supplementation of fermented cereal food might be a new effective and safe preventive dietary strategy against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Guan
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenwei Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingyue Zhong
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinwen Ding
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pan Nie
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lihua Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineer, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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152
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Liver tissue microbiota in nonalcoholic liver disease: a change in the paradigm of host-bacterial interactions. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2021; 10:337-349. [PMID: 34159161 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-20-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis is explained by the complex relationship among diet and lifestyle-predisposing factors, the genetic variance of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome, associated phenotypic traits, and the yet not fully explored interactions with epigenetic and other environmental factors, including the microbiome. Despite the wealth of knowledge gained from molecular and genome-wide investigations in patients with NAFLD, the precise mechanisms that explain the variability of the histological phenotypes are not fully understood. Earlier studies of the gut microbiota in patients with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) provided clues on the role of the fecal microbiome in the disease pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the composition of the gut microbiota does not fully explain tissue-specific mechanisms associated with the degree of disease severity, including liver inflammation, ballooning of hepatocytes, and fibrosis. The liver acts as a key filtration system of the whole body by receiving blood from the hepatic artery and the portal vein. Therefore, not only microbes would become entrapped in the complex liver anatomy but, more importantly, bacterial derived products that are likely to be potentially powerful stimuli for initiating the inflammatory response. Hence, the study of liver tissue microbiota offers the opportunity of changing the paradigm of host-NAFLD-microbial interactions from a "gut-centric" to a "liver-centric" approach. Here, we highlight the evidence on the role of liver tissue bacterial DNA in the biology of NAFLD and NASH. Besides, we provide evidence of metagenomic findings that can serve as the seed of further hypothesis-raising studies as well as can be leveraged to discover novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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153
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Activation of a Specific Gut Bacteroides-Folate-Liver Axis Benefits for the Alleviation of Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108005. [PMID: 32783933 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A beneficial gut Bacteroides-folate-liver pathway regulating lipid metabolism is demonstrated. Oral administration of a Ganoderma meroterpene derivative (GMD) ameliorates nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis in the liver of fa/fa rats by reducing endotoxemia, enhancing lipid oxidation, decreasing de novo lipogenesis, and suppressing lipid export from the liver. An altered gut microbiota with an increase of butyrate and folate plays a causative role in the effects of GMD. The commensal bacteria Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides dorei, and Bacteroides uniformis, which are enriched by GMD, are major contributors to the increased gut folate. Administration of live B. xylanisolvens reduces hepatic steatosis and enhances the folate-mediated signaling pathways in mice. Knockout of the folate biosynthetic folp gene in B. xylanisolvens blocks its folate production and beneficial effects. This work confirms the therapeutic potential of GMD and B. xylanisolvens in alleviating nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and provides evidence for benefits of the gut Bacteroides-folate-liver pathway.
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154
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Peña-Rodríguez M, Vega-Magaña N, García-Benavides L, Zepeda-Nuño JS, Gutierrez-Silerio GY, González-Hernández LA, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Del Toro-Arreola S, Pereira-Suárez AL, Bueno-Topete MR. Butyrate administration strengthens the intestinal epithelium and improves intestinal dysbiosis in a cholestasis fibrosis model. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:571-583. [PMID: 33982373 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Intestinal dysfunction in cirrhosis patients is linked to death by bacterial infections. Currently, there is no effective therapy for this complication. This study aims to evaluate butyrate, a novel postbiotic, on the intestinal inflammatory response, tight junction proteins and the microbiota in the cholestasis model. METHODS AND RESULTS Wistar rats underwent 15 days of bile duct ligation (BDL). We administered butyrate at a concentration of 1%. The BDL group did not receive treatment. The results showed that butyrate could significantly reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α) in the ileum and colon while promoting IL-10 expression in the colon. Moreover, it significantly promotes tight junction protein (cld-1, occludin and ZO-1) expression in the ileum. A similar effect was observed in the colon except for ZO-1. Additionally, butyrate limited taxa diversity loss and promoted probiotic genera expansion such as Lachnospira, Prevotella and Lactobacillus. The increase in Turicibacter and Clostridiaceae distinguished the BDL group. CONCLUSIONS Butyrate is effective in regulating the inflammatory response, tight junction proteins and limits bacterial diversity loss. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This research reveals that butyrate could represent an interesting postbiotic metabolomic intervention for intestinal epithelium dysfunction in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peña-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - N Vega-Magaña
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Leonel García-Benavides
- Laboratorio de Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - J S Zepeda-Nuño
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, México
| | - G Y Gutierrez-Silerio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - L A González-Hernández
- Unidad de VIH, Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - J F Andrade-Villanueva
- Unidad de VIH, Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - S Del Toro-Arreola
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - A L Pereira-Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.,Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - M R Bueno-Topete
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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155
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López-Moreno A, Acuña I, Torres-Sánchez A, Ruiz-Moreno Á, Cerk K, Rivas A, Suárez A, Monteoliva-Sánchez M, Aguilera M. Next Generation Probiotics for Neutralizing Obesogenic Effects: Taxa Culturing Searching Strategies. Nutrients 2021; 13:1617. [PMID: 34065873 PMCID: PMC8151043 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of diet, lifestyle, and the exposure to food obesogens categorized into "microbiota disrupting chemicals" (MDC) could determine obesogenic-related dysbiosis and modify the microbiota diversity that impacts on individual health-disease balances, inducing altered pathogenesis phenotypes. Specific, complementary, and combined treatments are needed to face these altered microbial patterns and the specific misbalances triggered. In this sense, searching for next-generation beneficial microbes or next-generation probiotics (NGP) by microbiota culturing, and focusing on their demonstrated, extensive scope and well-defined functions could contribute to counteracting and repairing the effects of obesogens. Therefore, this review presents a perspective through compiling information and key strategies for directed searching and culturing of NGP that could be administered for obesity and endocrine-related dysbiosis by (i) observing the differential abundance of specific microbiota taxa in obesity-related patients and analyzing their functional roles, (ii) developing microbiota-directed strategies for culturing these taxa groups, and (iii) applying the successful compiled criteria from recent NGP clinical studies. New isolated or cultivable microorganisms from healthy gut microbiota specifically related to obesogens' neutralization effects might be used as an NGP single strain or in consortia, both presenting functions and the ability to palliate metabolic-related disorders. Identification of holistic approaches for searching and using potential NGP, key aspects, the bias, gaps, and proposals of solutions are also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Inmaculada Acuña
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
| | - Ángel Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
| | - Klara Cerk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
| | - Ana Rivas
- IBS, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Suárez
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Monteoliva-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Margarita Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
- IBS, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, 18012 Granada, Spain;
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156
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Moreno-Gonzalez M, Beraza N. The Role of the Microbiome in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2330. [PMID: 34066064 PMCID: PMC8150469 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy occuring in the context of chronic liver disease and is one of the main causes of cancer-derived death worldwide. The lack of effective treatments, together with the poor prognosis, underlines the urge to develop novel and multidisciplinary therapeutics. An increasing body of evidence shows that HCC associates with changes in intestinal microbiota abundance and composition as well as with impaired barrier function, leading to the release of bacteria and their metabolites to the liver. These factors trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses contributing to liver cirrhosis and constituting an ideal environment for the progression of HCC. Interestingly, the use of bacteriotherapy in human and preclinical studies of chronic liver disease and HCC has been shown to successfully modify the microbiota composition, reducing overall inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we explore the existing knowledge on the characterisation of the intestinal microbial composition in humans and experimental murine chronic liver disease and HCC, as well as the use of antibiotics and bacteriotherapy as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Moreno-Gonzalez
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
- Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
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157
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Li R, Mao Z, Ye X, Zuo T. Human Gut Microbiome and Liver Diseases: From Correlation to Causation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051017. [PMID: 34066850 PMCID: PMC8151257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The important role of human gut microbiota in liver diseases has long been recognized as dysbiosis and the translocation of certain microbes from the gut to liver. With the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing, the complexity and integrity of the gut microbiome in the whole spectrum of liver diseases is emerging. Specific patterns of gut microbiota have been identified in liver diseases with different causes, including alcoholic, non-alcoholic, and virus induced liver diseases, or even at different stages, ranging from steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. At the same time, the mechanism of how microbiota contributes to liver diseases goes beyond the traditional function of the gut–liver axis which could lead to liver injury and inflammation. With the application of proteomics, metabolomics, and modern molecular technologies, more microbial metabolites and the complicated interaction of microbiota with host immunity come into our understanding in the liver pathogenesis. Germ-free animal models serve as a workhorse to test the function of microbiota and their derivatives in liver disease models. Here, we review the current evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota and liver diseases, and the mechanisms underlying this phenotype. In addition to original liver diseases, gut microbiota might also affect liver injury in systemic disorders involving multiple organs, as in the case of COVID-19 at a severe state. A better understanding of the gut microbial contribution to liver diseases might help us better benefit from this guest–host relationship and pave the way for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +86-13-62-86-35-351 (R.L.); +86-13-24-20-77-365 (T.Z.)
| | - Zhengsheng Mao
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Xujun Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Tao Zuo
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +86-13-62-86-35-351 (R.L.); +86-13-24-20-77-365 (T.Z.)
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158
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Lu JZ, Ye D, Ma BL. Constituents, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacology of Gegen-Qinlian Decoction. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:668418. [PMID: 34025427 PMCID: PMC8139575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gegen-Qinlian decoction (GQD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula. It is composed of four TCMs, including Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle. GQD is traditionally and clinically used to treat both the "external and internal symptoms" of diarrhea with fever. In this review, key words related to GQD were searched in the Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and other databases. Literature published mainly from 2000 to 2020 was screened and summarized. The main constituents of GQD could be classified into eight groups according to their structures: flavonoid C-glycosides, flavonoid O-glucuronides, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, free flavonoids, flavonoid O-glycosides, coumarins, triterpenoid saponins, and others. The parent constituents of GQD that enter circulation mainly include puerarin and daidzein from Puerariae Lobatae Radix, baicalin and wogonoside from Scutellariae Radix, berberine and magnoflorine from Coptidis Rhizoma, as well as glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhizic acid from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle. GQD is effective against inflammatory intestinal diseases, including diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal adverse reactions caused by chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, GQD has significant effects on metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, GQD can be used to treat lung injury. In brief, the main constituents, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profiles of GQD were summarized in this review. In addition, several issues of GQD including effective constituents, interactions between the constituents, pharmacokinetics, interaction potential with drugs and pharmacological effects were discussed, and related future researches were prospected in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ze Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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159
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Effects of Polyphenols in Tea (Camellia sinensis sp.) on the Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Human Trials and Animal Studies. GASTROENTEROLOGY INSIGHTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/gastroent12020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet high in polyphenols is associated with a diversified gut microbiome. Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world, after water. The health benefits of tea might be attributed to the presence of polyphenol compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., catechins and epicatechins), theaflavins, and tannins. Although many studies have been conducted on tea, little is known of its effects on the trillions of gut microbiota. Hence, this review aimed to systematically study the effect of tea polyphenols on the stimulation or suppression of gut microbiota in humans and animals. It was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Articles were retrieved from PubMed and Scopus databases, and data were extracted from 6 human trials and 15 animal studies. Overall, large variations were observed in terms of microbiota composition between humans and animals. A more consistent pattern of diversified microbiota was observed in animal studies. Tea alleviated the gut microbiota imbalance caused by high-fat diet-induced obesity, diabetes, and ultraviolet-induced damage. The overall changes in microbiota composition measured by beta diversity analysis showed that tea had shifted the microbiota from the pattern seen in animals that received tea-free intervention. In humans, a prebiotic-like effect was observed toward the gut microbiota, but these results appeared in lower-quality studies. The beta diversity in human microbiota remains intact despite tea intervention; supplementation with different teas affects different types of bacterial taxa in the gut. These studies suggest that tea polyphenols may have a prebiotic effect in disease-induced animals and in a limited number of human interventions. Further intervention is needed to identify the mechanisms of action underlying the effects of tea on gut microbiota.
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160
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Xie XT, Cheong KL. Recent advances in marine algae oligosaccharides: structure, analysis, and potential prebiotic activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7703-7717. [PMID: 33939558 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1916736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine algae contain abundant polysaccharides that support a range of health-promoting activities; however, the high molecular weight, high viscosity, and low solubility of marine algae polysaccharides (MAPs) limit their application in food, agriculture and medicine. Thus, as the degradation products of MAPs, marine algae oligosaccharides (MAOs) have drawn increasing attention. Most MAOs are non-digestible by digestive enzyme in the human gastrointestinal tract, but are fermented by bacteria in the gut and converted into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). MAOs can selectively enhance the activities of some populations of beneficial bacteria and stimulate a series of prebiotic effects, such as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumour. However, the exact structures of MAOs and their prebiotic activities are, to a large extent, unexplored. This review summarizes recent advances in the sources, categories, and structure analysis methods of MAOs, emphasizing their effects on gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs as well as the resulting range of probiotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
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161
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Gil-Gómez A, Brescia P, Rescigno M, Romero-Gómez M. Gut-Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: the Impact of the Metagenome, End Products, and the Epithelial and Vascular Barriers. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:191-205. [PMID: 34107545 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a systemic, dynamic, heterogeneous, and multiaxis entity, the pathogenesis of which is still uncertain. The gut-liver axis is regulated and stabilized by a complex network encompassing a metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine cross-talk between the gut, the microbiota, and the liver. Changes in the gut-liver axis affect the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates in the hepatocytes, and they impact the balance of inflammatory mediators and cause metabolic deregulation, promoting NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, the microbiota and its metabolites can play direct and indirect roles in gut barrier function and fibrosis development. In this review, we will highlight findings from the recent literature focusing on the gut-liver axis and its relation to NAFLD. Finally, we will discuss the impact of technical issues, design bias, and other limitations on current knowledge of the gut microbiota in the context of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gil-Gómez
- SeLiver Group at Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Brescia
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group at Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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162
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Tranah TH, Edwards LA, Schnabl B, Shawcross DL. Targeting the gut-liver-immune axis to treat cirrhosis. Gut 2021; 70:982-994. [PMID: 33060124 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhotic portal hypertension is characterised by development of the decompensating events of ascites, encephalopathy, portal hypertensive bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome, which arise in a setting of cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) and define morbidity and prognosis. CAID describes the dichotomous observations that systemic immune cells are primed and display an inflammatory phenotype, while failing to mount robust responses to pathogen challenge. Bacterial infections including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis are common complications of advanced chronic liver disease and can precipitate variceal haemorrhage, hepatorenal syndrome and acute-on-chronic liver failure; they frequently arise from gut-derived organisms and are closely linked with dysbiosis of the commensal intestinal microbiota in advanced chronic liver disease.Here, we review the links between cirrhotic dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction and deficits of host-microbiome compartmentalisation and mucosal immune homoeostasis that occur in settings of advanced chronic liver disease. We discuss established and emerging therapeutic strategies targeted at restoring intestinal eubiosis, augmenting gut barrier function and ameliorating the mucosal and systemic immune deficits that characterise and define the course of decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Henry Tranah
- Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lindsey A Edwards
- Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Debbie Lindsay Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, UK
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163
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Hrncir T, Hrncirova L, Kverka M, Hromadka R, Machova V, Trckova E, Kostovcikova K, Kralickova P, Krejsek J, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050957. [PMID: 33946843 PMCID: PMC8146698 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. Its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing and is currently estimated at 24%. NAFLD is highly associated with many features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and not fully understood, but there is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota is strongly implicated in the development of NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the major factors that induce dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and disrupt intestinal permeability, as well as possible mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD. We also discuss the most consistent NAFLD-associated gut microbiota signatures and immunological mechanisms involved in maintaining the gut barrier and liver tolerance to gut-derived factors. Gut-derived factors, including microbial, dietary, and host-derived factors involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, are discussed in detail. Finally, we review currently available diagnostic and prognostic methods, summarise latest knowledge on promising microbiota-based biomarkers, and discuss therapeutic strategies to manipulate the microbiota, including faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, deletions of individual strains with bacteriophages, and blocking the production of harmful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hrncir
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucia Hrncirova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Miloslav Kverka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Robert Hromadka
- NEXARS (C2P), The Campus Science Park, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimira Machova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Eva Trckova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Pavlina Kralickova
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Krejsek
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
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Park SY, Hwang BO, Lim M, Ok SH, Lee SK, Chun KS, Park KK, Hu Y, Chung WY, Song NY. Oral-Gut Microbiome Axis in Gastrointestinal Disease and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2124. [PMID: 33924899 PMCID: PMC8125773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with numerous diseases in the human body. The oral cavity and gut are the two largest microbial habitats, playing a major role in microbiome-associated diseases. Even though the oral cavity and gut are continuous regions connected through the gastrointestinal tract, the oral and gut microbiome profiles are well-segregated due to the oral-gut barrier. However, the oral microbiota can translocate to the intestinal mucosa in conditions of the oral-gut barrier dysfunction. Inversely, the gut-to-oral microbial transmission occurs as well in inter- and intrapersonal manners. Recently, it has been reported that oral and gut microbiomes interdependently regulate physiological functions and pathological processes. Oral-to-gut and gut-to-oral microbial transmissions can shape and/or reshape the microbial ecosystem in both habitats, eventually modulating pathogenesis of disease. However, the oral-gut microbial interaction in pathogenesis has been underappreciated to date. Here, we will highlight the oral-gut microbiome crosstalk and its implications in the pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal disease and cancer. Better understanding the role of the oral-gut microbiome axis in pathogenesis will be advantageous for precise diagnosis/prognosis and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (B.-O.H.); (S.-H.O.)
| | - Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (B.-O.H.); (S.-H.O.)
| | - Mihwa Lim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
| | - Seung-Ho Ok
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (B.-O.H.); (S.-H.O.)
| | - Sun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
| | - Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
| | - Yinling Hu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
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165
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Effect of Bombyx mori on the Liver Protection of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:cimb43010003. [PMID: 33925122 PMCID: PMC8929127 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible insects, Bombyx mori (silkworm; SW), which feed on mulberry leaves, have been consumed by humans for a long time as supplements or traditional medication. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver metabolic disorder that affects many people worldwide. We examined the hepatoprotective effects of SW using in vitro and high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet-induced obese in vivo model mice by real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, and fecal microbiota analysis. SW significantly reduced lipid accumulation and expression of the lipogenic genes in HepG2 cells and the livers of HFHF-induced mice. SW caused significant reductions in triglycerides, and total cholesterol in serum and upregulation of fatty acid oxidation markers compared to the HFHF group. Besides, SW significantly induced phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in both models, suggesting roles in AMPK activation and the ACC signaling pathway. Furthermore, the gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that SW treatment reduced Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios and the relative abundance of the Lachnospiraceae family compared to HFHF-induced obese mice. These results provide a novel therapeutic agent of hepatoprotective effects of SW for non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis that targets hepatic AMPK and ACC-mediated lipid metabolism.
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166
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Barretto SA, Lasserre F, Huillet M, Régnier M, Polizzi A, Lippi Y, Fougerat A, Person E, Bruel S, Bétoulières C, Naylies C, Lukowicz C, Smati S, Guzylack L, Olier M, Théodorou V, Mselli-Lakhal L, Zalko D, Wahli W, Loiseau N, Gamet-Payrastre L, Guillou H, Ellero-Simatos S. The pregnane X receptor drives sexually dimorphic hepatic changes in lipid and xenobiotic metabolism in response to gut microbiota in mice. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:93. [PMID: 33879258 PMCID: PMC8059225 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota-intestine-liver relationship is emerging as an important factor in multiple hepatic pathologies, but the hepatic sensors and effectors of microbial signals are not well defined. RESULTS By comparing publicly available liver transcriptomics data from conventional vs. germ-free mice, we identified pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) transcriptional activity as strongly affected by the absence of gut microbes. Microbiota depletion using antibiotics in Pxr+/+ vs Pxr-/- C57BL/6J littermate mice followed by hepatic transcriptomics revealed that most microbiota-sensitive genes were PXR-dependent in the liver in males, but not in females. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that microbiota-PXR interaction controlled fatty acid and xenobiotic metabolism. We confirmed that antibiotic treatment reduced liver triglyceride content and hampered xenobiotic metabolism in the liver from Pxr+/+ but not Pxr-/- male mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify PXR as a hepatic effector of microbiota-derived signals that regulate the host's sexually dimorphic lipid and xenobiotic metabolisms in the liver. Thus, our results reveal a potential new mechanism for unexpected drug-drug or food-drug interactions. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ann Barretto
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Lasserre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Huillet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Régnier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fougerat
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Person
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Bruel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Colette Bétoulières
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarra Smati
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Guzylack
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maïwenn Olier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vassilia Théodorou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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167
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Abenavoli L, Procopio AC, Scarpellini E, Polimeni N, Aquila I, Larussa T, Boccuto L, Luzza F. Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2021; 67:339-347. [PMID: 33871224 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.02896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of the adult human represents the habitat of the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms, defined as the gut microbiota, which has more than 100 trillion microorganisms representing one of the most complex ecosystems. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by microorganisms begins at the time of birth. Contrary to what was previously hypothesized, a large number of fundamental functions for the host are attributed to the gut microbiota to date. The gut microbiota, therefore, does not represent a passive set of microbes hosted inside the human organism but plays a crucial role in the balance of the organism itself. An alteration of the microbiota is a phenomenon known as dysbiosis. The latter can be implicated in the development of complex liver diseases like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this review is to describe the most interesting data linking the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with the gut microbiota and, therefore, to underline the importance of the microbiota itself, as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy -
| | - Anna C Procopio
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- Clinical Nutrition Unit and Internal Medicine Unit, Madonna del Soccorso General Hospital, San Benedetto del Tronto, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Natale Polimeni
- Digestive Disease Endoscopy Unit, Madonna della Consolazione Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Isabella Aquila
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- School of Nursing, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Francesco Luzza
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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168
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Role of Insulin Resistance in MAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084156. [PMID: 33923817 PMCID: PMC8072900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that metabolic dysfunction is closely involved in the complex mechanism underlying the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has prompted a movement to consider renaming NAFLD as metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Metabolic dysfunction in this context encompasses obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, with insulin resistance as the common underlying pathophysiology. Imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in insulin resistance in various tissues and alteration of the gut microbiota, resulting in fat accumulation in the liver. The role of genetics has also been revealed in hepatic fat accumulation and fibrosis. In the process of fat accumulation in the liver, intracellular damage as well as hepatic insulin resistance further potentiates inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Increased lipogenic substrate supply from other tissues, hepatic zonation of Irs1, and other factors, including ER stress, play crucial roles in increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis in MAFLD with hepatic insulin resistance. Herein, we provide an overview of the factors contributing to and the role of systemic and local insulin resistance in the development and progression of MAFLD.
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169
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Focus on New Biomarkers and Lifestyle Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083899. [PMID: 33918878 PMCID: PMC8069944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, characterized from pathological changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Its main characteristics are excessive lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, which create a lipotoxic environment in hepatocytes leading to liver injury. Recently, many studies have focused on the identification of the genetic and epigenetic modifications that also contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis and their prognostic implications. The present review is aimed to discuss on cellular and metabolic alterations associated with NAFLD, which can be helpful to identify new noninvasive biomarkers. The identification of accumulated lipids in the cell membranes, as well as circulating cytokeratins and exosomes, provides new insights in understanding of NAFLD. This review also suggests that lifestyle modifications remain the main prevention and/or treatment for NAFLD.
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170
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Shi Z, Chen G, Cao Z, Wu F, Lei H, Chen C, Song Y, Liu C, Li J, Zhou J, Lu Y, Zhang L. Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolite Deoxycholic Acid Contribute to Sucralose Consumption-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3982-3991. [PMID: 33755449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As important signal metabolites within enterohepatic circulation, bile acids (BAs) play a pivotal role during the occurrence and development of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we evaluated the functional effects of BAs and gut microbiota contributing to sucralose consumption-induced NAFLD of mice. The results showed that sucralose consumption significantly upregulated the abundance of intestinal genera Bacteroides and Clostridium, which produced deoxycholic acid (DCA) accumulating in multiple biological matrixes including feces, serum, and liver of mice. Subsequently, elevated hepatic DCA, one of the endogenous antagonists of the farnesol X receptor (Fxr), inhibited hepatic gene expression including a small heterodimer partner (Shp) and Fxr leading to sucralose-induced NAFLD in mice. Dietary supplements with fructo-oligosaccharide or metformin markedly restored genera Bacteroides and Clostridium abundance and the DCA level of sucralose-consuming mice, which eventually ameliorated NAFLD. These findings highlighted the effects of gut microbiota and its metabolite DCA on sucralose-induced NAFLD of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunji Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Gui Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hehua Lei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuchen Song
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caixiang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Engineering Research Academy of High Value Utilization of Green Plants, Meizhou 514021, China
| | - Yujing Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Engineering Research Academy of High Value Utilization of Green Plants, Meizhou 514021, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- Engineering Research Academy of High Value Utilization of Green Plants, Meizhou 514021, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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171
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Scapaticci S, D’Adamo E, Mohn A, Chiarelli F, Giannini C. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Youth With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:639548. [PMID: 33889132 PMCID: PMC8056131 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.639548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents worldwide. Simultaneously to the epidemic spreading of childhood obesity, the rate of affected young has dramatically increased in the last decades with an estimated prevalence of NAFLD of 3%-10% in pediatric subjects in the world. The continuous improvement in NAFLD knowledge has significantly defined several risk factors associated to the natural history of this complex liver alteration. Among them, Insulin Resistance (IR) is certainly one of the main features. As well, not surprisingly, abnormal glucose tolerance (prediabetes and diabetes) is highly prevalent among children/adolescents with biopsy-proven NAFLD. In addition, other factors such as genetic, ethnicity, gender, age, puberty and lifestyle might affect the development and progression of hepatic alterations. However, available data are still lacking to confirm whether IR is a risk factor or a consequence of hepatic steatosis. There is also evidence that NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). In fact, NAFLD often coexist with central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which represent the main features of MetS. In this Review, main aspects of the natural history and risk factors of the disease are summarized in children and adolescents. In addition, the most relevant scientific evidence about the association between NAFLD and metabolic dysregulation, focusing on clinical, pathogenetic, and histological implication will be provided with some focuses on the main treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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172
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Oral–Gut Microbiome Axis in Gastrointestinal Disease and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with numerous diseases in the human body. The oral cavity and gut are the two largest microbial habitats, playing a major role in microbiome-associated diseases. Even though the oral cavity and gut are continuous regions connected through the gastrointestinal tract, the oral and gut microbiome profiles are well-segregated due to the oral–gut barrier. However, the oral microbiota can translocate to the intestinal mucosa in conditions of the oral–gut barrier dysfunction. Inversely, the gut-to-oral microbial transmission occurs as well in inter- and intrapersonal manners. Recently, it has been reported that oral and gut microbiomes interdependently regulate physiological functions and pathological processes. Oral-to-gut and gut-to-oral microbial transmissions can shape and/or reshape the microbial ecosystem in both habitats, eventually modulating pathogenesis of disease. However, the oral–gut microbial interaction in pathogenesis has been underappreciated to date. Here, we will highlight the oral–gut microbiome crosstalk and its implications in the pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal disease and cancer. Better understanding the role of the oral–gut microbiome axis in pathogenesis will be advantageous for precise diagnosis/prognosis and effective treatment.
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173
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Gao Y, Zhang J, Xiao X, Ren Y, Yan X, Yue J, Wang T, Wu Z, Lv Y, Wu R. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Surgery-Induced Improvement of Hepatic Steatosis in HFD-Fed Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:640448. [PMID: 33869077 PMCID: PMC8050338 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.640448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery including duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery (DJB) improves insulin sensitivity and reduces obesity-associated inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism for such an improvement is still incompletely understood. Our objective was to investigate the role of the gut microbiota in DJB-associated improvement of hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. To study this, hepatic steatosis was induced in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding them with a 60% HFD. At 8 weeks after HFD feeding, the rats were subjected to either DJB or sham operation. HFD was resumed 1 week after the surgery for 3 more weeks. In additional groups of animals, feces were collected from HFD-DJB rats at 2 weeks after DJB. These feces were then transplanted to HFD-fed rats without DJB at 8 weeks after HFD feeding. Hepatic steatosis and fecal microbiota were analyzed at 4 weeks after surgery or fecal transplantation. Our results showed that DJB alleviated hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed rats. Fecal microbiota analysis showed that HFD-fed and standard diet-fed rats clustered differently. DJB induced substantial compositional changes in the gut microbiota. The fecal microbiota of HFD-fed rats received fecal transplant from DJB rats overlapped with that of HFD-DJB rats. Treatment of rats with HFD-induced liver lesions by fecal transplant from DJB-operated HFD-fed rats also attenuated hepatic steatosis. Thus, alterations in the gut microbiota after DJB surgery are sufficient to attenuate hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed rats. Targeting the gut microbiota could be a promising approach for preventing or treating human NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Yue
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tieyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongqian Wu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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174
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Rispo A, Imperatore N, Guarino M, Tortora R, Alisi A, Cossiga V, Testa A, Ricciolino S, Fiorentino A, Morisco F. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in coeliac disease. Liver Int 2021; 41:788-798. [PMID: 33319459 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coeliac disease (CD) is considered a high-risk condition for developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other related metabolic disorders, particularly after commencing gluten-free diet (GFD). Recently, a new concept of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed to overcome the limitations of NAFLD definition. This study aimed at exploring the prevalence of NAFLD and MAFLD in CD patients at the time of CD diagnosis and after 2 years of GFD. Furthermore, we evaluated the role of PNPLA3 rs738409 in the development of NAFLD and MAFLD in the same population. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled all newly diagnosed CD patients who underwent clinical, laboratory and ultrasonography investigations both at diagnosis and after 2 years of follow-up. Moreover, a PNPLA3 rs738409 genotyping assay was performed. RESULTS Of 221 newly diagnosed CD patients, 65 (29.4%) presented NAFLD at CD diagnosis, while 32 (14.5%) met the criteria for MAFLD (k = 0.57). There were no significant differences between NAFLD and MAFLD, except for the higher rate of insulin resistance (IR) of MAFLD patients (75% vs 33.8%, P < .001). At 2 years of follow-up, 46.6% of patients developed NAFLD while 32.6% had MAFLD (k = 0.71). MAFLD subjects had higher transaminases (P = .03), LDL-cholesterol (P = .04), BMI and waist circumference and higher IR than NAFLD patients. MAFLD patients showed higher non-invasive liver fibrosis scores than NAFLD subjects (APRI = 1.43 ± 0.56 vs 0.91 ± 0.62, P < .001; NFS=-1.72 ± 1.31 vs -2.18 ± 1.41, P = .03; FIB-4 = 1.27 ± 0.77 vs 1.04 ± 0.74, P = .04). About PNPLA3 polymorphisms, at 2 years follow-up, NAFLD subjects presented a higher rate of heterozygosis (40.8%) and homozygosis (18.4%) polymorphisms than non-NAFLD (26.3% and 7.6%, respectively, P = .03 and 0.02), while no correlation between PNPLA3 polymorphisms and MAFLD was seen. CONCLUSIONS The new MAFLD definition better reflects the metabolic alterations following GFD in CD population. This new classification could be able to identify patients at higher risk of worse metabolic outcome, who need a close multidisciplinary approach for their multisystemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rispo
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Imperatore
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, AORN Antonio Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Guarino
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics and Compex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Cossiga
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Testa
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Ricciolino
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorentino
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Morisco
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
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175
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Moon CM, Hong SN. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation beyond Clostridioides Difficile Infection. Clin Endosc 2021; 54:149-151. [PMID: 33765728 PMCID: PMC8039751 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2021.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With advancing analytical methods for gut microbes, many studies have been conducted, revealing that gut microbes cause various diseases, including gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. Accordingly, studies have been actively conducted to analyze the effects on the prevention and treatment of these diseases through changes in intestinal microbes and control of dysbiosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effort and is currently being applied to Clostridioides difficile treatment in Korea. Many studies have demonstrated the application of FMT in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. With further studies and accumulation of evidence, FMT could help treat presently untreatable diseases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Mo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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176
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Beyaz Coşkun A, Sağdiçoğlu Celep AG. Therapeutic modulation methods of gut microbiota and gut-liver axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6505-6515. [PMID: 33749411 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1902263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases are considered global health problems that cause more than 1 million deaths each year. Due to the increase in the prevalence of liver diseases worldwide, studies on different treatment methods have increased. Some of these methods is diagnostic and therapeutic applications based on the examination of the intestinal and intestinal microbiota. In this study, research articles, systematic review and review in the literature were examined in order to determine gut-liver axis relationship and treatment methods for liver diseases with gut modulation methods. Studies related to the subject have been searched in Google Scholar and Pubmed databases. The keywords "liver disease" and "gut-liver axis" and "microbiota" and "gut modulation methods" or "probiotic" or "prebiotic" or "symbiotic" or "antibiotic" or "bile acid regulation" or "adsorbent" or "fecal microbiota transplantation" were used in the searches. Improvements have been achieved in biomarkers of liver diseases by providing intestinal modulation with probiotic, prebiotic, symbiotic, antibiotic and adsorbents applications, bile acid regulation and fecal microbiota transplantation. In the results of experimental and clinical studies, it was seen that the therapeutic potential of the treatments performed by applying probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Beyaz Coşkun
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
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177
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Oh JH, Lee JH, Cho MS, Kim H, Chun J, Lee JH, Yoon Y, Kang W. Characterization of Gut Microbiome in Korean Patients with Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13031013. [PMID: 33801023 PMCID: PMC8004024 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a new concept where the presence of both fatty liver and metabolic abnormality are necessary for diagnosis. Several studies have reported that altered gut microbiome is closely associated with metabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the studies on MAFLD population are scarce. This prospective study aimed to identify differences in gut microbiome between patients with MAFLD and healthy controls in Korean population. In this study, patients with MAFLD and age, sex-matched healthy controls were included, and their stool samples were collected. Taxonomic composition of gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid pyrosequencing. Twenty-two MAFLD patients and 44 healthy controls were included. Taxonomic diversity was lower in patients with MAFLD in the aspect of alpha and beta diversity. The differences were also found at phylum, class, family, and genus levels between the two groups. Phylum Proteobacteria, family Enterobactereriaceae, genus Citrobacter abundance was significantly increased and genus Faecalibacterium was significantly decreased in patients with MAFLD. In addition, butyrate-producing bacteria were decreased and ethanol-producing bacteria were increased in patients with MAFLD. The composition of gut microbiome was different between MAFLD and healthy controls in Korean population. This could offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention in MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Oh
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.H.O.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Korea
| | - Je Hee Lee
- ChunLab, Inc., Seoul 06194, Korea; (J.H.L.); (M.S.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Min Seok Cho
- ChunLab, Inc., Seoul 06194, Korea; (J.H.L.); (M.S.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Hyeree Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Korea;
- Samsung Medical Center, Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jongsik Chun
- ChunLab, Inc., Seoul 06194, Korea; (J.H.L.); (M.S.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Joon Hyeok Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.H.O.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Yeup Yoon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Korea;
- Samsung Medical Center, Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.H.O.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Korea;
- Samsung Medical Center, Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.K.)
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178
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Identification of New Potential Biotherapeutics from Human Gut Microbiota-Derived Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030565. [PMID: 33803291 PMCID: PMC7998412 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiota in health and disease is well recognized and the microbiota dysbiosis observed in many chronic diseases became a new therapeutic target. The challenge is to get a better insight into the functionality of commensal bacteria and to use this knowledge to select live biotherapeutics as new preventive or therapeutic products. In this study, we set up a screening approach to evaluate the functional capacities of a set of 21 strains isolated from the gut microbiota of neonates and adults. For this purpose, we selected key biological processes involved in the microbiome-host symbiosis and known to impact the host physiology i.e., the production of short-chain fatty acids and the ability to strengthen an epithelial barrier (Caco-2), to induce the release of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine after co-culture with human immune cells (PBMC) or to increase GLP-1 production from STC-1 endocrine cell line. This strategy highlighted fifteen strains exhibiting beneficial activities among which seven strains combined several of them. Interestingly, this work revealed for the first time a high prevalence of potential health-promoting functions among intestinal commensal strains and identified several appealing novel candidates for the management of chronic diseases, notably obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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179
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Alferink LJM, Radjabzadeh D, Erler NS, Vojinovic D, Medina-Gomez C, Uitterlinden AG, de Knegt RJ, Amin N, Ikram MA, Janssen HLA, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Metselaar HJ, van Duijn CM, Kraaij R, Darwish Murad S. Microbiomics, Metabolomics, Predicted Metagenomics, and Hepatic Steatosis in a Population-Based Study of 1,355 Adults. Hepatology 2021; 73:968-982. [PMID: 32530501 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous small studies have appraised the gut microbiome (GM) in steatosis, but large-scale studies are lacking. We studied the association of the GM diversity and composition, plasma metabolites, predicted functional metagenomics, and steatosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS This is a cross-sectional analysis of the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study. We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and determined taxonomy using the SILVA reference database. Alpha diversity and beta diversity were calculated using the Shannon diversity index and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. Differences were tested across steatosis using permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed by ultrasonography. We subsequently selected genera using regularized regression. The functional metagenome was predicted based on the GM using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Serum metabolomics were assessed using high-throughput proton nuclear magnetic resonance. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol, diet, and proton-pump inhibitors. We included 1,355 participants, of whom 472 had steatosis. Alpha diversity was lower in steatosis (P = 1.1∙10-9 ), and beta diversity varied across steatosis strata (P = 0.001). Lasso selected 37 genera of which three remained significantly associated after adjustment (Coprococcus3: β = -65; Ruminococcus Gauvreauiigroup: β = 62; and Ruminococcus Gnavusgroup: β = 45, Q-value = 0.037). Predicted metagenome analyses revealed that pathways of secondary bile-acid synthesis and biotin metabolism were present, and D-alanine metabolism was absent in steatosis. Metabolic profiles showed positive associations for aromatic and branched chain amino acids and glycoprotein acetyls with steatosis and R. Gnavusgroup, whereas these metabolites were inversely associated with alpha diversity and Coprococcus3. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed, on a large-scale, the lower microbial diversity and association of Coprococcus and Ruminococcus Gnavus with steatosis. We additionally showed that steatosis and alpha diversity share opposite metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J M Alferink
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Djawad Radjabzadeh
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Nicole S Erler
- Department of BiostatisticsErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dina Vojinovic
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands.,Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Robert J de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Center of Liver DiseaseToronto General HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care/LUMC Campus The HagueLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sarwa Darwish Murad
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
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180
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Co-Treatment with Cefotaxime and High-Fructose Diet Inducing Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in Mice. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High fructose diet causes metabolic syndrome and induces host gut microbial dysbiosis and related obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Several antibiotic treatments could prevent fatty liver. However, there are studies that have demonstrated that a high-fructose diet could influence the gut microbial dysbiosis and induce fatty liver. The purpose of this study was performed to partially modify the gut bacterial composition with a single cefotaxime treatment, which might affect the fructose-induced NAFLD severity. The C57BL/6JNarl male mice were divided into four groups including vehicle/chow diet (VE-CD), vehicle/high-fructose diet (VE-FD), antibiotic (cefotaxime (CF))/CD, and CF/FD. The results showed that body weight gain, moderate hepatic steatosis severity, epididymal white adipose tissue hypertrophy, and insulin resistance occurrence with NAFLD-related symptoms were observed only in the CF-FD group. The raised protein expression of hepatic lipogenesis was observed in the CF-FD group, but lipolysis protein expression was no difference. The diversity and composition of microbiota were significantly reduced in the CF-FD group. The Erysipelatoclostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Escherichia Shigella were in increased abundance in the feces of CF-FD group compared with VE-FD group. The novel model reveals that particular antibiotics such as cefotaxime co-treatment with high-fructose diet may affect the gut microbiota accelerating the NAFLD and obesity.
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181
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Li F, Ye J, Shao C, Zhong B. Compositional alterations of gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:22. [PMID: 33637088 PMCID: PMC7908766 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although imbalanced intestinal flora contributes to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), conflicting results have been obtained for patient-derived microbiome composition analyses. A meta-analysis was performed to summarize the characteristics of intestinal microbiota at the species level in NAFLD patients. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement, a completed search (last update: December 30, 2020) of databases was performed to identify eligible case-control studies detecting gut microbiota in NAFLD patients. The meta-analysis results are presented as the standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Bias controls were evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), funnel plot analysis, and Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Results Fifteen studies (NOS score range: 6–8) that detected the gut microbiota in the stools of 1265 individuals (577 NAFLD patients and 688 controls) were included. It was found that Escherichia, Prevotella and Streptococcus (SMD = 1.55 [95% CI: 0.57, 2.54], 1.89 [95% CI: 0.02, 3.76] and 1.33 [95% CI: 0.62, 2.05], respectively) exhibited increased abundance while Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus (SMD = − 1.75 [95% CI: − 3.13, − 0.37], − 9.84 [95% CI: − 13.21, − 6.47] and − 1.84 [95% CI, − 2.41, − 1.27], respectively) exhibited decreased abundance in the NAFLD patients compared with healthy controls. No differences in the abundance of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Clostridium, Dorea, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides or Roseburia were confirmed between the NAFLD patients and healthy controls. Conclusions This meta-analysis revealed that changes in the abundance of Escherichia, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus were the universal intestinal bacterial signature of NAFLD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01440-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, NO 58 Zhongshan II Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Junzhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, NO 58 Zhongshan II Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Congxiang Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, NO 58 Zhongshan II Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, NO 58 Zhongshan II Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China.
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182
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Impaired Intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands Contribute to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. mSystems 2021; 6:6/1/e00985-20. [PMID: 33622853 PMCID: PMC8573958 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00985-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncaloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are extensively introduced into commonly consumed drinks and foods worldwide. However, data on the health effects of NAS consumption remain elusive. Saccharin and sucralose have been shown to pass through the human gastrointestinal tract without undergoing absorption and metabolism and directly encounter the gut microbiota community. Here, we aimed to identify a novel mechanism linking intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to saccharin/sucralose-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. Saccharin/sucralose consumption altered the gut microbial community structure, with significant depletion of A. muciniphila abundance in the cecal contents of mice, resulting in disruption of intestinal permeability and a high level of serum lipopolysaccharide, which likely contributed to systemic inflammation and caused NAFLD in mice. Saccharin/sucralose also markedly decreased microbiota-derived AHR ligands and colonic AHR expression, which are closely associated with many metabolic syndromes. Metformin or fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation significantly restored A. muciniphila and AHR ligands in sucralose-consuming mice, consequently ameliorating NAFLD. IMPORTANCE Our findings indicate that the gut-liver signaling axis contributes to saccharin/sucralose consumption-induced NAFLD. Supplementation with metformin or fructo-oligosaccharide is a potential therapeutic strategy for NAFLD treatment. In addition, we also developed a new nutritional strategy by using a natural sweetener (neohesperidin dihydrochalcone [NHDC]) as a substitute for NAS and free sugars.
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183
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Moszak M, Szulińska M, Walczak-Gałęzewska M, Bogdański P. Nutritional Approach Targeting Gut Microbiota in NAFLD-To Date. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1616. [PMID: 33567710 PMCID: PMC7916007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant clinical and epidemiological problem that affects around 25% of the adult global population. A large body of clinical evidence highlights that NAFLD is associated with increased liver-related morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, extrahepatic cancers, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Recently, a series of studies revealed the pivotal role of gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis in NAFLD's pathogenesis. The GM plays an essential role in different metabolic pathways, including the fermentation of diet polysaccharides, energy harvest, choline regulation, and bile acid metabolism. One of the most critical factors in GM stabilization is the diet; therefore, nutritional therapyappearsto be a promising tool in NAFLD therapy. This paper aims to review the current knowledge regardingthe nutritional approach and its implications with GM and NAFLD treatment. We discuss the positive impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in a reverse dysbiosis state in NAFLD and show the potential beneficial effects of bioactive substances from the diet. The full description of the mechanism of action and comprehensive examination of the impact of nutritional interventions on GM modulation may, in the future, be a simple but essential tool supporting NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Moszak
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Monika Szulińska
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Marta Walczak-Gałęzewska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Disorders, and Hypertension, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (P.B.)
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184
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Khan A, Ding Z, Ishaq M, Bacha AS, Khan I, Hanif A, Li W, Guo X. Understanding the Effects of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Possible Probiotics Role: Recent Updates. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:818-833. [PMID: 33767591 PMCID: PMC7975705 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is leading chronic liver syndrome worldwide. Gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and severity of NAFLD. However, its role is complex and even unclear. Treatment of NAFLD through chemotherapeutic agents have been questioned because of their side effects on health. In this review, we highlighted and discussed the current understanding on the importance of gut microbiota, its dysbiosis and its effects on the gut-liver axis and gut mucosa. Further, we discussed key mechanisms involved in gut dysbiosis to provide an outline of its role in progression to NAFLD and liver cirrhosis. In addition, we also explored the potential role of probiotics as a treatment approach for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Based on the latest findings, it is evident that microbiota targeted interventions mostly the use of probiotics have shown promising effects and can possibly alleviate the gut microbiota dysbiosis, regulate the metabolic pathways which in turn inhibit the progression of NAFLD through the gut-liver axis. However, very limited studies in humans are available on this issue and suggest further research work to identify a specific core microbiome association with NAFLD and to discover its mechanism of pathogenesis, which will help to enhance the therapeutic potential of probiotics to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiq Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering & Management Sciences Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Zitong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ali Sher Bacha
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Israr Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbiology Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Anum Hanif
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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185
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Mehmood A, Zhao L, Wang Y, Pan F, Hao S, Zhang H, Iftikhar A, Usman M. Dietary anthocyanins as potential natural modulators for the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review. Food Res Int 2021; 142:110180. [PMID: 33773656 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a metabolic syndrome linked with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. It is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocytes in the absence of alcohol consumption. The prevalence of NAFLD has abruptly increased worldwide, with no effective treatment yet available. Anthocyanins (ACNs) belong to the flavonoid subclass of polyphenols, are commonly present in various edible plants, and possess a broad array of health-promoting properties. ACNs have been shown to have strong potential to combat NAFLD. We critically assessed the literature regarding the pharmacological mechanisms and biopharmaceutical features of the action of ACNs on NAFLD in humans and animal models. We found that ACNs ameliorate NAFLD by improving lipid and glucose metabolism, increasing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. In conclusion, ACNs have potential to attenuate NAFLD. However, further mechanistic studies are required to confirm these beneficial impacts of ACNs on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Fei Pan
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Asra Iftikhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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186
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Albhaisi SA, Bajaj JS. The Influence of the Microbiome on NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021; 17:15-18. [PMID: 33552480 PMCID: PMC7849305 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Watch a video presentation of this article Watch an interview with the author.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical CenterRichmondVA
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187
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You N, Xu J, Wang L, Zhuo L, Zhou J, Song Y, Ali A, Luo Y, Yang J, Yang W, Zheng M, Xu J, Shao L, Shi J. Fecal Fungi Dysbiosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:350-358. [PMID: 33491316 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can systematically harm more aspects of human health than just the liver. In addition to the potential roles of the gut microbiota in NAFLD, commensal fungi can functionally replace intestinal bacteria in maintaining the host immune response in the gut by reversing disease susceptibility. Therefore, gut commensal fungi should be studied to help understand NAFLD. METHODS The fungal compositions of 79 patients with NAFLD and 34 matched healthy subjects were studied via internal transcribed spacer sequencing. In the NAFLD group, 32 patients underwent liver biopsies to evaluate the associations between gut fungi and NAFLD development. RESULTS The fungal microbiota distribution was skewed in the patients with NAFLD. The relative abundances of Talaromyces, Paraphaeosphaeria, Lycoperdon, Curvularia, Phialemoniopsis, Paraboeremia, Sarcinomyces, Cladophialophora, and Sordaria were higher in patients with NAFLD, whereas the abundances of Leptosphaeria, Pseudopithomyces, and Fusicolla were decreased. Patients with NAFLD exhibited more co-occurring fungal intrakingdom correlations. Several fungi were found to be associated with liver injury, lipid metabolism, and the development of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS This study found that gut fungi may play some roles in NAFLD development. Research on gut fungi may be of great value in diagnosing and monitoring NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Zhuo
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingxin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Suqian First People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Song
- Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aliaweis Ali
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University-Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University-Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Shao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University-Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University-Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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188
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Tilg H, Adolph TE, Moschen AR. Multiple Parallel Hits Hypothesis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Revisited After a Decade. Hepatology 2021; 73:833-842. [PMID: 32780879 PMCID: PMC7898624 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine IGastroenterologyHepatologyEndocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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189
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190
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Zhou J, Tripathi M, Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Gut microbiota and their metabolites in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33490737 PMCID: PMC7116620 DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2020.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disorder worldwide. It comprises a spectrum of conditions that range from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there is no FDA-approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves genetic and environmental/host factors, including those that cause changes in intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the relationship(s) of microbiota signature with severity of NAFLD and the role(s) microbial metabolites in NAFLD progression. We discuss how metabolites may affect NAFLD progression and their potential to serve as biomarkers for NAFLD diagnosis or therapeutic targets for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Madhulika Tripathi
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC 27701, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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191
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Xie X, Zhang L, Yuan S, Li H, Zheng C, Xie S, Sun Y, Zhang C, Wang R, Jin Y. Val-Val-Tyr-Pro protects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by modulating the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis activation. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1439-1455. [PMID: 33400402 PMCID: PMC7875918 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro (VVYP) peptide is one of the main active components of Globin digest (GD). Our previous studies indicated that VVYP could protect against acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride‐induced acute liver failure in mice and decrease blood lipid level. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of VVYP in the treatment of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have not been discovered. Our present study was designed to investigate the preventive effect of VVYP on NASH and its underlying specific mechanisms. We found that VVYP inhibited the cytotoxicity and lipid accumulation in L‐02 cells that were exposed to a mixture of free fatty acid (FFA). VVYP effectively alleviated the liver injury induced by methionine‐choline‐deficient (MCD) diet, demonstrated by reducing the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/triglycerides (TG)/non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and improving liver histology. VVYP decreased expression levels of lipid synthesis‐related genes and reduced levels of the proinflammation cytokines in the liver of mice fed by MCD diet. Moreover, VVYP inhibited the increased level of LPS and reversed the liver mitochondria dysfunction induced by MCD diet. Meanwhile, VVYP significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Eubacteriaceae, coriobacteriacease, Desulfovibrionaceae, S24‐7 and Bacteroidia in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice, however, VVYP reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus. Moreover, VVYP conferred the protective effect of intestinal barrier via promoting the expression of the mucins and tight junction (TJ)‐associated genes and inhibited subsequent liver inflammatory responses. These results indicated that the protective role of VVYP on NASH is mediated by modulating gut microbiota imbalance and related gut‐liver axis activation. VVYP might be a promising drug candidate for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshu Xie
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lang Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shun Yuan
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Huilan Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaojun Zheng
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Saisai Xie
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongbing Sun
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Rikang Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Jin
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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192
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Albhaisi S, Sanyal AJ. Gene-Environmental Interactions as Metabolic Drivers of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665987. [PMID: 34040583 PMCID: PMC8142267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide in the past few decades as a consequence of the global obesity epidemic and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. NAFLD is closely associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, suggesting a plausible metabolic mechanistic basis. Metabolic inflexibility is considered a nidus for NAFLD pathogenesis, causing lipotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular stress leading to inflammation, apoptosis and fibrogenesis, thus mediating disease progression into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and ultimately cirrhosis. In this review, we describe they key metabolic drivers that contribute to development of NAFLD and NASH, and we explain how NASH is a metabolic disease. Understanding the metabolic basis of NASH is crucial for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaya Albhaisi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Arun J. Sanyal,
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193
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Hartmann P, Schnabl B. New Developments in Microbiome in Alcohol-Associated and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:87-102. [PMID: 33957682 PMCID: PMC8163568 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the development and progression of both ALD and NAFLD. Here we describe associated changes in the intestinal microbiota, and we detail randomized clinical trials in ALD and NAFLD which evaluate treatments modulating the intestinal microbiome including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics. Finally, we discuss precision medicine approaches targeting the intestinal microbiome to ameliorate ALD and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.,Corresponding Author: Bernd Schnabl, MD, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Biomedical Research Facility 2 (BRF2), Room 4A22, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, Phone: +1 858-822-5311, Fax: +1 858-822-5370,
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194
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Shao Q, Wu Y, Ji J, Xu T, Yu Q, Ma C, Liao X, Cheng F, Wang X. Interaction Mechanisms Between Major Depressive Disorder and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711835. [PMID: 34966296 PMCID: PMC8710489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), which is highly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has complex pathogenic mechanisms. However, a limited number of studies have evaluated the mutual pathomechanisms involved in MDD and NAFLD development. Chronic stress-mediated elevations in glucocorticoid (GC) levels play an important role in the development of MDD-related NAFLD. Elevated GC levels can induce the release of inflammatory factors and changes in gut permeability. Elevated levels of inflammatory factors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which further increases the release of GC. At the same time, changes in gut permeability promote the release of inflammatory factors, which results in a vicious circle among the three, causing disease outbreaks. Even though the specific role of the thyroid hormone (TH) in this pathogenesis has not been fully established, it is highly correlated with MDD and NAFLD. Therefore, changing lifestyles and reducing psychological stress levels are necessary measures for preventing MDD-related NAFLD. Among them, GC inhibitors and receptor antagonists may be key in the alleviation of early and mid-term disease progression. However, combination medications may be important in late-stage diseases, but they are associated with various side effects. Traditional Chinese medicines have been shown to be potential therapeutic alternatives for such complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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195
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Wang R, Tang R, Li B, Ma X, Schnabl B, Tilg H. Gut microbiome, liver immunology, and liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:4-17. [PMID: 33318628 PMCID: PMC7852541 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and plastic consortium of microorganisms that are intricately connected with human physiology. The liver is a central immunological organ that is particularly enriched in innate immune cells and constantly exposed to circulating nutrients and endotoxins derived from the gut microbiota. The delicate interaction between the gut and liver prevents accidental immune activation against otherwise harmless antigens. Work on the interplay between the gut microbiota and liver has assisted in understanding the pathophysiology of various liver diseases. Of immense importance is the step from high-throughput sequencing (correlation) to mechanistic studies (causality) and therapeutic intervention. Here, we review the gut microbiota, liver immunology, and the interaction between the gut and liver. In addition, the impairment in the gut-liver axis found in various liver diseases is reviewed here, with an emphasis on alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and autoimmune liver disease (AILD). On the basis of growing evidence from these preclinical studies, we propose that the gut-liver axis paves the way for targeted therapeutic modalities for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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196
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Xu J, Wu N, Wang Y, Lin T, Liu Y, Liu Y. E. coli NF73-1 Isolated From NASH Patients Aggravates NAFLD in Mice by Translocating Into the Liver and Stimulating M1 Polarization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:535940. [PMID: 33363046 PMCID: PMC7759485 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.535940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The gut microbiota is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We isolated the Escherichia coli strain NF73-1 from the intestines of a NASH patient and then investigated its effect and underlying mechanism. Methods 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) amplicon sequencing was used to detect bacterial profiles in healthy controls, NAFLD patients and NASH patients. Highly enriched E. coli strains were cultured and isolated from NASH patients. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics were performed to investigate gene expression. Depending on the diet, male C57BL/6J mice were further grouped in normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups. To avoid disturbing the bacterial microbiota, some of the ND and HFD mice were grouped as “bacteria-depleted” mice and treated with a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotic complex (ABX) from the 8th to 10th week. Then, E. coli NF73-1, the bacterial strain isolated from NASH patients, was administered transgastrically for 6 weeks to investigate its effect and mechanism in the pathogenic progression of NAFLD. Results The relative abundance of Escherichia increased significantly in the mucosa of NAFLD patients, especially NASH patients. The results from whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics showed a specific gene expression profile in E. coli strain NF73-1, which was isolated from the intestinal mucosa of NASH patients. E. coli NF73-1 accelerates NAFLD independently. Only in the HFD-NF73-1 and HFD-ABX-NF73-1 groups were EGFP-labeled E. coli NF73-1 detected in the liver and intestine. Subsequently, translocation of E. coli NF73-1 into the liver led to an increase in hepatic M1 macrophages via the TLR2/NLRP3 pathway. Hepatic M1 macrophages induced by E. coli NF73-1 activated mTOR-S6K1-SREBP-1/PPAR-α signaling, causing a metabolic switch from triglyceride oxidation toward triglyceride synthesis in NAFLD mice. Conclusions E. coli NF73-1 is a critical trigger in the progression of NAFLD. E. coli NF73-1 might be a specific strain for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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197
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Qi X, Yang M, Stenberg J, Dey R, Fogwe L, Alam MS, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Li G. Gut microbiota mediated molecular events and therapy in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:7603-7618. [PMID: 33505139 PMCID: PMC7789060 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i48.7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a community of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. An increasing number of studies has demonstrated that the gut-liver axis plays a critical role in liver homeostasis. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota can cause liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Preclinical and clinical investigations have substantiated that the metabolites and other molecules derived from gut microbiota and diet interaction function as mediators to cause liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and final cancer. This effect has been demonstrated to be associated with dysregulation of intrahepatic immunity and liver metabolism. Targeting these findings have led to the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying gut microbiota-mediated impact on liver disease. We also summarize the advancement of gut microbiota-based therapeutic strategies in the control of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Qi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Joseph Stenberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Rahul Dey
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Leslie Fogwe
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | | | - Eric T Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Kevin F Staveley-O'Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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198
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Gallstone Disease, Obesity and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio as a Possible Biomarker of Gut Dysbiosis. J Pers Med 2020; 11:jpm11010013. [PMID: 33375615 PMCID: PMC7823692 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for developing gallstone disease (GSD). Previous studies have shown that obesity is associated with an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the gut microbiota. These findings suggest that the development of GSD may be related to gut dysbiosis. This review presents and summarizes the recent findings of studies on the gut microbiota in patients with GSD. Most of the studies on the gut microbiota in patients with GSD have shown a significant increase in the phyla Firmicutes (Lactobacillaceae family, genera Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Blautia, Dorea, Anaerostipes, and Oscillospira), Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium genus), Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes (genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium) and a significant decrease in the phyla Bacteroidetes (family Muribaculaceae, and genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, Alistipes, Paludibacter, Barnesiella), Firmicutes (genera Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, and Roseburia), Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium genus), and Proteobacteria (Desulfovibrio genus). The influence of GSD on microbial diversity is not clear. Some studies report that GSD reduces microbial diversity in the bile, whereas others suggest the increase in microbial diversity in the bile of patients with GSD. The phyla Proteobacteria (especially family Enterobacteriaceae) and Firmicutes (Enterococcus genus) are most commonly detected in the bile of patients with GSD. On the other hand, the composition of bile microbiota in patients with GSD shows considerable inter-individual variability. The impact of GSD on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is unclear and reports are contradictory. For this reason, it should be stated that the results of reviewed studies do not allow for drawing unequivocal conclusions regarding the relationship between GSD and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the microbiota.
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Ketpueak T, Thiennimitr P, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Association of Chronic Opisthorchis Infestation and Microbiota Alteration on Tumorigenesis in Cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 12:e00292. [PMID: 33464733 PMCID: PMC8345922 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a common hepatobiliary cancer in East and Southeast Asia. The data of microbiota contribution in CCA are still unclear. Current available reports have demonstrated that an Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection leads to dysbiosis in the bile duct. An increase in the commensal bacteria Helicobacter spp. in OV-infected CCA patients is associated with bile duct inflammation, severity of bile duct fibrosis, and cholangiocyte proliferation. In addition, secondary bile acids, major microbial metabolites, can mediate cholangiocyte inflammation and proliferation in the liver. A range of samples from CCA patients (stool, bile, and tumor) showed different degrees of dysbiosis. The evidence from these samples suggests that OV infection is associated with alterations in microbiota and could potentially have a role in CCA. In this comprehensive review, reports from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that demonstrate possible links between OV infection, microbiota, and CCA pathogenesis are summarized and discussed. Understanding these associations may pave ways for novel potential adjunct intervention in gut microbiota in CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanika Ketpueak
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Parameth Thiennimitr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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200
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Li C, Cui L, Wang X, Yan Z, Wang S, Zheng Y. Using intestinal flora to distinguish non-alcoholic steatohepatitis from non-alcoholic fatty liver. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520978122. [PMID: 33327816 PMCID: PMC7747123 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520978122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore specific flora in mouse models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
(NASH) to improve NASH diagnostic protocols. Methods Sixty mice were divided into normal diet (ND, 20 mice) and
high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFSD) groups (40 mice). After 8 weeks of feeding,
10 mice in the ND group and 20 mice in the HFSD group were sacrificed to
create the short-term ND and non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) groups,
respectively. After 16 weeks of feeding, the remaining mice were sacrificed
to create the long-term ND and NASH groups, respectively. We then examined
fecal flora, serum biochemical indices, and lipopolysaccharide and tumor
necrosis factor-α levels and analyzed liver tissue. Results The relative abundance of Lactobacillus,
Desulfovibrio, Ruminiclostridium 9,
and Turicibacter differed between NASH and NAFL mice, and
the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the four
genera for diagnosing NASH were 0.705, 0.734, 0.737, and 0.937. The
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score was positively correlated
with the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio (r = 0.353),
Ruminiclostridium 9 (r = 0.431), and
Turicibacter (r = 0.688). Conclusions The relative abundance of Lactobacillus,
Desulfovibrio, Ruminiclostridium, and
Turicibacter may help distinguish NASH from NAFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Cui
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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