151
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [PMID: 31815633 PMCID: PMC6902437 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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152
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Lu Y, Duan Y, Xu Q, Zhang L, Chen W, Qu Z, Wu B, Liu W, Shi L, Wu D, Yang Y, Sun D, Chen X. Circulating exosome-derived bona fide long non-coding RNAs predicting the occurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1311-1318. [PMID: 31811749 PMCID: PMC6991696 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the diagnosis and therapy approach developed, techniques for the early diagnosis of HCC remain insufficient which results in poor prognosis of patients. The traditional biomarker AFP, however, has been proved with low specificity. Circulating exosomal ncRNAs revealed different profiles reflecting the characteristics of tumour. In this study, we mainly focused on circulating exosomal ncRNAs which might be the fingerprint for HCC, especially for the diagnosis or metastasis prediction. A high throughput lncRNA microarray in exosomes extracted from cell‐free plasma was applied. The risk score analysis was employed to screen the potential exosome‐derived lncRNAs in two independent sets based on different clinical parameters in 200 paired HCC patients. After a multi‐stage validation, we finally revealed three lncRNAs, ENSG00000248932.1, ENST00000440688.1 and ENST00000457302.2, increased in HCC comparing with the both chronic hepatitis (CH) patients and cancer‐free controls. ROC curve revealed a higher sensitivity and specificity in predicting the occurrence of HCC from cancer‐free controls and CH patients with the area under curve (AUC) of 0.905 and 0.879 by combining AFP. The three lncRNA panel combined with AFP also indicted a fingerprint function in predicting the metastasis of HCC with the AUC of 0.870. In conclusion, ENSG00000248932.1, ENST00000440688.1 and ENST00000457302.2 might be the potential biomarker for the tumorigenesis prediction from CH patients or healthy controls and may also be applied for dynamic monitoring the metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, China
| | - Weibo Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Baoqiang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wensong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Longqing Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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153
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Tang Z, Li D, Hou S, Zhu X. The cancer exosomes: Clinical implications, applications and challenges. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2946-2959. [PMID: 31671207 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The exosome is a small functional vesicle enriched in selected proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, displaying distinct molecular heterogeneity. Exosomes released can transform the extracellular matrix microenvironments, transmit signals and molecules to recipient cells and trigger changes in their pathophysiological functions. Tumor-derived exosomes mediate the interactions of tumor cells and microenvironment significantly, and they stimulate tumor growth and development through specific signaling pathways related to metastasis, therapeutic resistance and immunosuppression. Exosome biogenesis from tumors often represents abundant biological information, and novel and efficient isolation and detection methods of exosomes provide a promising approach for tumor diagnosis and prognosis estimation. Moreover, exosome can even be developed as therapeutic agents for multiple disease models based on effective material transport characteristics and biofilm specificity. This review reports the clinical implications and challenges of exosomes in cancer progression, therapy resistance, metastasis and immune escape, and underlying cancerogenic pathological phenotypes including fibrosis and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenye Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Cancer Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dongpei Li
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Cancer Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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154
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Grimsrud MM, Folseraas T. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of premalignant and malignant stages of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Int 2019; 39:2230-2237. [PMID: 31216595 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) confer a high risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The molecular mechanisms of CCA development in PSC are incompletely understood, but pro-oncogenic processes resulting from chronic biliary inflammation are presumably of central importance. Distinguishing benign from malignant biliary strictures in PSC patients is challenging and accurately diagnosing CCA in PSC often requires a multifaceted approach involving imaging, serological testing, biliary brush cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Lack of early detection tools leads to a late diagnosis in the majority of cases. Surgical resection or liver transplantation represent the only curative intent treatments in PSC-CCA, but is only an option for the small subset of patients where CCA is detected at an early stage. Current palliative treatment modalities result in only a modest increase in survival. Overall, PSC-CCA carries a dismal prognosis with a 5-year survival less than 20%. Advances aiming at improving strategies for early detection, treatment and surveillance of CCA will be essential to provide better future patient care for PSC patients. Herein, we review the pathogenetic mechanisms for PSC-CCA as well as strategies for diagnosing and managing premalignant and malignant stages of CCA in PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Grimsrud
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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155
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [DOI: doi10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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156
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Kim H, Kim DW, Cho JY. Exploring the key communicator role of exosomes in cancer microenvironment through proteomics. Proteome Sci 2019; 17:5. [PMID: 31686989 PMCID: PMC6820930 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-019-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to fully understand the mechanism of cancer behavior. Yet, how cancers develop and metastasize still remain elusive. Emerging concepts of cancer biology in recent years have focused on the communication of cancer with its microenvironment, since cancer cannot grow and live alone. Cancer needs to communicate with other cells for survival, and thus they secrete various messengers, including exosomes that contain many proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, etc., for construction of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, these intercellular communications between cancer and its microenvironment, including stromal cells or distant cells, can promote tumor growth, metastasis, and escape from immune surveillance. In this review, we summarized the role of proteins in the exosome as communicators between cancer and its microenvironment. Consequently, we present cancer specific exosome proteins and their unique roles in the interaction between cancer and its microenvironment. Clinically, these exosomes might provide useful biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiSu Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,2Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
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157
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Balaphas A, Meyer J, Sadoul R, Morel P, Gonelle-Gispert C, Bühler LH. Extracellular vesicles: Future diagnostic and therapeutic tools for liver disease and regeneration. Liver Int 2019; 39:1801-1817. [PMID: 31286675 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane fragments that can be produced by all cell types. Interactions between extracellular vesicles and various liver cells constitute an emerging field in hepatology and recent evidences have established a role for extracellular vesicles in various liver diseases and physiological processes. Extracellular vesicles originating from liver cells are implicated in intercellular communication and fluctuations of specific circulating extracellular vesicles could constitute new diagnostic tools. In contrast, extracellular vesicles derived from progenitor cells interact with hepatocytes or non-parenchymal cells, thereby protecting the liver from various injuries and promoting liver regeneration. Our review focuses on recent developments investigating the role of various types of extracellular vesicles in acute and chronic liver diseases as well as their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Balaphas
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Meyer
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Morel
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hans Bühler
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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158
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhang K, Shi J, Zhang Z. Tumor Antigen Mediated Conformational Changes of Nanoplatform for Activated Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900791. [PMID: 31532896 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive powerful tool for tumor treatment. However, phototoxicity seriously limits the clinical application of PDT, and activated PDT specifically response to tumor cell antigen is rarely reported. Herein, a tumor cell specific "switch-on" PDT nanoplatform, which employs a well-designed hairpin structure mucl protein (MUC1) aptamer (Apt) as specific linker to conjugate gold nanorod and Chlorin e6 (Ce6) (GNR/Apt-Ce6) is prepared, and "switch on" via conformational changes of aptamer-induced fluorescence resonance energy transfer missing between GNR and Ce6 for selective tumor therapy. In the absence of tumor cells, MUC1 Apt keeps a hairpin structure, leading to Ce6 closely adhered to the surface of GNR, PDT is in an "off" state even under the irradiations. On the contrary, in the presence of tumor cells with overexpressed MUC1, Apt specifically recognizes and binds to MUC1, resulting in conformational changes of Apt from regular hairpin to extended chain structure. Thus with an enlarged distance between Ce6 and GNR, PDT is switched-on. GNR/Apt-Ce6 shows excellent PDT efficacy in tumor-bearing mice (55.1% vs 1.3%, tumor apoptosis rate of GNR/Apt-Ce6 vs GNR/random sequence-Ce6) due to its high tumor-targeting and "switch-on" properties. The strategy of tumor antigen activated PDT is expected to provide a new perspective for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
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159
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Zhu X, Wang S, Tarique I, An T, Yang H, Bai X, Wang X, Chen Q, Yang P. Cellular Evidence and Source of Exosomes in the Biliary System of the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1097. [PMID: 31507456 PMCID: PMC6718451 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a size of 40–150 nm that are released from a multitude of cell types and are present in biological fluids, which are particularly rich in membrane proteins. These vesicles are present in the bile, where they function as a special regulator of the digestive system; however, their source and characteristics in normal gallbladders have never been discovered. Bile, liver, and gallbladder were obtained from healthy turtles after starvation treatment. Biliary exosomes were extracted and their morphology, particle sizes, and specific proteins were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) staining, and Western blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and TEM were used to investigate the distribution of exosomes in both liver and gallbladder. Biliary exosomes had a round or oval shape with apparent bilayer membranes. Biliary exosomes were uniform in size, with a range from 40 to 180 nm in diameter. Immunohistochemistry showed that the CD63 exosome marker was positive and primarily distributed in the hepatocyte junction, while the free surface of gallbladder tested negative. In addition, exosomes were present in bile but absent on the apical free surface of gallbladder. This study provides direct evidences that biliary exosomes are secreted by hepatocytes into bile canaliculus and flow with bile into the gallbladder. The source and the isolated protocol of biliary exosomes may provide technical support and a theoretical basis for the exploration of potential antiviral or anti-inflammatory properties of biliary exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianci An
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - XiaoFei Wang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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160
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161
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Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder M. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:411-428. [PMID: 31028350 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric excess and sedentary lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is estimated to affect up to one-third of the adult population in many developed and developing countries. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Owing to the high prevalence of NAFLD, especially in industrialized countries but also worldwide, and the consequent burden of progressive liver disease, there is mounting epidemiological evidence that NAFLD has rapidly become a leading aetiology underlying many cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this Review, we discuss NAFLD-associated HCC, including its epidemiology, the key features of the hepatic NAFLD microenvironment (for instance, adaptive and innate immune responses) that promote hepatocarcinogenesis and the management of HCC in patients with obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities. The challenges and future directions of research will also be discussed, including clinically relevant biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification and monitoring as well as approaches to therapies for both prevention and treatment in those at risk or presenting with NAFLD-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elena Kotsiliti
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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162
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Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential Use in Monitoring Cancer Progression and Therapy: The Contribution of Proteomics. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1639854. [PMID: 31281356 PMCID: PMC6590542 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1639854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-enclosed particles released by cells and able to vehiculate information between them. The term EVs categorizes many and different vesicles based on their biogenesis and release pathway, such as exosomes (Exo), ectosomes, or shedding microvesicles (SMVs), apoptotic blebs (ABs), and other EVs subsets, generating a heterogeneous group of components able to redistribute their cargo into the entire organism. Moreover EVs are becoming increasingly important in monitoring cancer progression and therapy, since they are able to carry specific disease biomarkers such as Glypican-1, colon cancer-associated transcript 2, CD63, CD24, and many others. The importance of their biological role together with their heterogeneity prompted researchers to adopt and standardize purification methods able to isolate EVs for characterizing their cargo. In this way, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches are emerging as promising tool for the identification and quantification of EVs protein cargoes, but this technique resulted to be deeply influenced by the low quality of the isolation techniques. This review presents the state-of-the-art of EVs isolation, purification, and characterization for omics studies, with a particular focus to their potential use in monitoring cancer progression and therapy.
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163
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Wannhoff A, Gotthardt DN. Recent developments in the research on biomarkers of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:236-243. [PMID: 30266579 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process of the bile ducts of unclear aetiology. It is often complicated by cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) with a dismal prognosis. Early detection of CCA is important because treatment options for advanced disease are limited. Besides the established markers, like CA19-9, recent developments have been made using latest technologies. This review summarizes the recent advances and remaining limitations of biomarkers of CCA in PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wannhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel N Gotthardt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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164
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McDaniel K, Wu N, Zhou T, Huang L, Sato K, Venter J, Ceci L, Chen D, Ramos-Lorenzo S, Invernizzi P, Bernuzzi F, Wu C, Francis H, Glaser S, Alpini G, Meng F. Amelioration of Ductular Reaction by Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles in MDR2 Knockout Mice via Lethal-7 microRNA. Hepatology 2019; 69:2562-2578. [PMID: 30723922 PMCID: PMC7015419 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are diseases that affect cholangiocytes, the cells lining the biliary tract. Liver stem cells (LSCs) are able to differentiate into all cells of the liver and possibly influence the surrounding liver tissue by secretion of signaling molecules. One way in which cells can interact is through secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small membrane-bound vesicles that contain proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and cytokines. We evaluated the contents of liver stem cell-derived EVs (LSCEVs), compared their miRNA contents to those of EVs isolated from hepatocytes, and evaluated the downstream targets of these miRNAs. We finally evaluated the crosstalk among LSCs, cholangiocytes, and human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We showed that LSCEVs were able to reduce ductular reaction and biliary fibrosis in multidrug resistance protein 2 (MDR2)-/- mice. Additionally, we showed that cholangiocyte growth was reduced and HSCs were deactivated in LSCEV-treated mice. Evaluation of LSCEV contents compared with EVs derived from hepatocytes showed a large increase in the miRNA, lethal-7 (let-7). Further evaluation of let-7 in MDR2-/- mice and human primary sclerosing cholangitis samples showed reduced levels of let-7 compared with controls. In liver tissues and isolated cholangiocytes, downstream targets of let-7 (identified by ingenuity pathway analysis), Lin28a (Lin28 homolog A), Lin28b (Lin28 homolog B), IL-13 (interleukin 13), NR1H4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4) and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), are elevated in MDR2-/- mice, but treatment with LSCEVs reduced levels of these mediators of ductular reaction and biliary fibrosis through the inhibition of NF-κB and IL-13 signaling pathways. Evaluation of crosstalk using cholangiocyte supernatants from LSCEV-treated cells on cultured HSCs showed that HSCs had reduced levels of fibrosis and increased senescence. Conclusion: Our studies indicate that LSCEVs could be a possible treatment for cholangiopathies or could be used for target validation for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly McDaniel
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery and Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Demeng Chen
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery and Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sugeily Ramos-Lorenzo
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Heather Francis
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
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165
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Sato K, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Kusumanchi P, Yang Z, Meng F, Glaser S, Francis H, Alpini G. Intercellular Communication between Hepatic Cells in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092180. [PMID: 31052525 PMCID: PMC6540342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are perpetuated by the orchestration of hepatocytes and other hepatic non-parenchymal cells. These cells communicate and regulate with each other by secreting mediators such as peptides, hormones, and cytokines. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small particles secreted from cells, contain proteins, DNAs, and RNAs as cargos. EVs have attracted recent research interests since they can communicate information from donor cells to recipient cells thereby regulating physiological events via delivering of specific cargo mediators. Previous studies have demonstrated that liver cells secrete elevated numbers of EVs during diseased conditions, and those EVs are internalized into other liver cells inducing disease-related reactions such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrogenesis. Reactions in recipient cells are caused by proteins and RNAs carried in disease-derived EVs. This review summarizes cell-to-cell communication especially via EVs in the pathogenesis of liver diseases and their potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Grants
- R01 DK110035 NIDDK NIH HHS
- I01 BX000574 BLRD VA
- IK6 BX004601 BLRD VA
- R01 DK108959 NIDDK NIH HHS
- K01 AA026385 NIAAA NIH HHS
- I01 BX001724 BLRD VA
- DK054811, DK076898, DK107310, DK110035, DK062975, AA025997, DK108959, AA025208, DK107682, AA026917, AA026903, AA025157, and AA026385 NIH HHS
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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166
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Zhang X, Miao R, Liu T, Xiang X, Gu J, Jia Y, Li Z, Fu Y, He Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Qu K, Liu C. IDH1 as a frequently mutated gene has potential effect on exosomes releasement by epigenetically regulating P2RX7 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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167
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Macias RIR, Kornek M, Rodrigues PM, Paiva NA, Castro RE, Urban S, Pereira SP, Cadamuro M, Rupp C, Loosen SH, Luedde T, Banales JM. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Int 2019; 39 Suppl 1:108-122. [PMID: 30843325 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The high mortality rate of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is due, in part, to the lack of non-invasive approaches able to accurately detect this silent tumour at early stages, when therapeutic options can be potentially curative or may at least increase the overall survival of patients. The fact that the majority of CCA tumours are not linked to any known aetiological factor highly compromises the monitoring of patients at risk for tumour development and also their early diagnosis. Combination of clinical/biochemical features, imaging techniques and analysis of non-specific tumour biomarkers in serum are commonly used to help in the diagnosis of CCA, but tumour biopsy is usually required to confirm the diagnosis. Moreover, no prognostic biomarkers are currently used in the clinical setting, deserving more innovative research, and international validation and consensus. Important efforts have been made in the last few years to identify accurate non-invasive biomarkers, by using innovative techniques and high-throughput omics technologies. This review summarizes and discusses the advances in the investigation of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in CCA and envisions the future directions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Centre for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Pedro M Rodrigues
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nuno A Paiva
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Rui E Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sabine Urban
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christian Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Medical University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven H Loosen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Centre for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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168
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Sirica AE, Gores GJ, Groopman JD, Selaru FM, Strazzabosco M, Wang XW, Zhu AX. Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Continuing Challenges and Translational Advances. Hepatology 2019; 69:1803-1815. [PMID: 30251463 PMCID: PMC6433548 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has over the last 10-20 years become the focus of increasing concern, largely due to its rising incidence and high mortality rates worldwide. The significant increase in mortality rates from this primary hepatobiliary cancer, particularly over the past decade, has coincided with a rapidly growing interest among clinicians, investigators, and patient advocates to seek greater mechanistic insights and more effective biomarker-driven targeted approaches for managing and/or preventing this challenging liver cancer. In addition to discussing challenges posed by this aggressive cancer, this review will emphasize recent epidemiological, basic, and translational research findings for iCCA. In particular, we will highlight emerging demographic changes and evolving risk factors, the critical role of the tumor microenvironment, extracellular vesicle biomarkers and therapeutics, intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity, and current and emerging targeted therapies regarding iCCA. Specifically, recent evidence linking non-bile duct medical conditions, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonspecific cirrhosis, to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis together with geographic and ethnic variation will be assessed. Recent developments concerning the roles played by transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factor D in driving the recruitment and expansion of cancer-associated myofibroblasts within cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) stroma as well as their therapeutic implications will also be discussed. In addition, the potential significance of extracellular vesicles as bile and serum biomarkers and therapeutic delivery systems for iCCA will be described. An integrated systems approach to classifying heterogeneous iCCA subtypes will be further highlighted, and recent clinical trials and emerging targeted therapies will be reviewed, along with recommendations for future translational research opportunities. Established international CCA networks are now facilitating collaborations aimed at advancing iCCA translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E. Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298;
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905;
| | - John D. Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205;
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205;
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew X. Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;
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169
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Abstract
The clinical utility of tissue biopsies in cancer management will continue to expand, especially with the evolving role of targeted therapies. "Liquid biopsy" refers to testing a patient's biofluid samples such as blood or urine to detect tumor-derived molecules and cells that can be used diagnostically and prognostically in the assessment of cancer. Many proof-of-concept and pilot studies have shown the clinical potential of liquid biopsies as diagnostic and prognostic markers which would provide a surrogate for the conventional "solid biopsy". In this review, we focus on three methods of liquid biopsy-circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, and circulating tumor DNA-to provide a landscape view of their clinical applicability in cancer management and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Scarlotta
- 1 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cem Simsek
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy K Kim
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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170
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Gézsi A, Kovács Á, Visnovitz T, Buzás EI. Systems biology approaches to investigating the roles of extracellular vesicles in human diseases. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-11. [PMID: 30872567 PMCID: PMC6418293 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures secreted by cells. In the past decade, EVs have attracted substantial attention as carriers of complex intercellular information. They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes in health and disease. They are also considered to hold promise for future diagnostics and therapy. EVs are characterized by a previously underappreciated heterogeneity. The heterogeneity and molecular complexity of EVs necessitates high-throughput analytical platforms for detailed analysis. Recently, mass spectrometry, next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics tools have enabled detailed proteomic, transcriptomic, glycomic, lipidomic, metabolomic, and genomic analyses of EVs. Here, we provide an overview of systems biology experiments performed in the field of EVs. Furthermore, we provide examples of how in silico systems biology approaches can be used to identify correlations between genes involved in EV biogenesis and human diseases. Using a knowledge fusion system, we investigated whether certain groups of proteins implicated in the biogenesis/release of EVs were associated with diseases and phenotypes. Furthermore, we investigated whether these proteins were enriched in publicly available transcriptomic datasets using gene set enrichment analysis methods. We found associations between key EV biogenesis proteins and numerous diseases, which further emphasizes the key role of EVs in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Gézsi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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171
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Xie F, Feng S, Yang H, Mao Y. Extracellular vesicles in hepatocellular cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:86. [PMID: 31019936 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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172
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Ruhen O, Meehan K. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Source of Protein Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800155. [PMID: 30467990 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
"Liquid biopsies" have received attention as a complementary tool for traditional tissue biopsies that may enhance the spectrum of analysis for tumor-derived factors. One such factor gaining prominence in the liquid biopsy field is extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound nanovesicles which are secreted by cells into biofluids such as blood, urine, and saliva. EVs are released in both physiological and pathological conditions and can transport a variety of molecules, including proteins, metabolites, RNA, microRNAs, and DNA, to distant sites throughout the body. As such, they are emerging as a promising source of tumor biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer patients. In particular, the wealth of tumor-related information that can be gleaned from the EV proteomic cargo has become apparent through mass spectrometric analysis, which has provided new benchmarks for clinically focused biomarker research. In this review, the current achievements in the use of MS for identifying potential EV-derived protein biomarkers of cancer are explored, and the techniques and challenges involved in this pursuit are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ruhen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Katie Meehan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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173
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Huang T, Deng CX. Current Progresses of Exosomes as Cancer Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1-11. [PMID: 30662342 PMCID: PMC6329932 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer related exosomes are nano-size membrane vesicles that play important roles in tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that exosomes can load unique cargoes, including proteins and nucleic acids that reflect the condition of tumor. Therefore, exosomes are being used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various cancers. In this review, we describe the current progresses of cancer related exosomes, including their biogenesis, molecular contents, biological functions, sources where they are derived from, and methods for their detection. We will also discuss the current exosomal biomarkers and the utilization of them for early diagnosis and prognostics in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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174
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Banales JM, Feldstein AE, Sänger H, Lukacs-Kornek V, Szabo G, Kornek M. Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases: Meeting Report from the International Liver Congress 2018. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:305-315. [PMID: 30766966 PMCID: PMC6357829 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small and heterogeneous membrane‐bound structures released by cells and found in all biological fluids. They are effective intercellular communicators, acting on a number of close and/or distant target cells. EV cargo may reflect the cell of origin as well as the specific stress that induces their formation and release. They transport a variety of bioactive molecules, including messenger RNA, noncoding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, that can be transferred among cells, regulating various cell responses. Alteration in the concentration and composition of EVs in biological fluids is a typical hallmark of pathologies in different liver diseases. Circulating EVs can serve as biomarkers or as messengers following uptake by other cells. This review is a meeting report from the International Liver Congress 2018 (European Association for the Study of the Liver) celebrated in Paris (Symposium: Extracellular vesicles and signal transmission) that discusses the role of EVs in several liver diseases, highlighting their potential value as disease biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital University of the Basque Country, CIBERehd, Ikerbasque San Sebastian Spain
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition University of California San Diego San Diego CA
| | - Hanna Sänger
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center Saarland University Homburg Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn Germany
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery German Armed Forces Central Hospital Koblenz Germany
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175
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Navajas R, Corrales FJ, Paradela A. Serum Exosome Isolation by Size-Exclusion Chromatography for the Discovery and Validation of Preeclampsia-Associated Biomarkers. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1959:39-50. [PMID: 30852814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9164-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles of complex and heterogeneous composition that are released in biofluids such as blood. The interest in the characterization of exosomal biochemistry has increased over the last few years as they convey cellular proteins, lipids, and RNA that might reflect the biological or pathological condition of the source cell. In particular, association of changes of exosome proteins with specific pathogenic processes arises as a promising method to identify disease biomarkers as for the pregnancy-related preeclampsia. However, the overlapping physicochemical and structural characteristics of different types of extracellular vesicles have hindered the consolidation of universally accepted and standardized purification or enrichment protocols. Thus, it has been recently demonstrated that the exosomal protein profile resulting from in-depth proteomics analyses is highly dependent on the preparation protocol used, which will determine the particle type specificity and the presence/absence of contaminating proteins.In this chapter, an isolation method of serum exosomes based on size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) using qEV columns (Izon) is described. We show that this method is fast and reliable, as the population of exosomes isolated is homogeneous in terms of size, morphology, and protein composition. This exosome enrichment method is compatible with downstream qualitative and quantitative proteomic analysis of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Navajas
- Functional Proteomics Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), ProteoRed-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), ProteoRed-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Functional Proteomics Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), ProteoRed-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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176
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Le Faouder J, Gigante E, Léger T, Albuquerque M, Beaufrère A, Soubrane O, Dokmak S, Camadro J, Cros J, Paradis V. Proteomic Landscape of Cholangiocarcinomas Reveals Three Different Subgroups According to Their Localization and the Aspect of Non‐Tumor Liver. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 13:e1800128. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Faouder
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Elia Gigante
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology DepartmentSaint‐Antoine HospitalSorbonne University Paris F‐75012 France
| | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryJacques Monod InstituteUMR 7592Paris Diderot University CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité F‐75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Miguel Albuquerque
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Aurélie Beaufrère
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Olivier Soubrane
- Hepatobiliary Surgery DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Safi Dokmak
- Hepatobiliary Surgery DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Jean‐Michel Camadro
- Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryJacques Monod InstituteUMR 7592Paris Diderot University CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité F‐75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
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Rank A, Nieuwland R, Köhler A, Franz C, Waidhauser J, Toth B. Human bone marrow contains high levels of extracellular vesicles with a tissue-specific subtype distribution. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207950. [PMID: 30521543 PMCID: PMC6283575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EV) are shed from a broad variety of cells and play an important role in activation of coagulation, cell to cell interaction and transport of membrane components. They are usually measured as circulating EV in peripheral blood (PB) and other body fluids. However, little is known about the distribution, presence and impact of EV and their subpopulations in bone marrow (BM). In our study, we focused on the analysis of different EV subtypes in human BM as compared to EV subsets in PB. Methods EV in BM and PB from 12 healthy stem cell donors were measured by flow-cytometry using Annexin V and cell-specific antibodies for hematopoietic stem cells, leucocytes, platelets, red blood cells, and endothelial cells. Additionally, concentrations of tissue factor-bearing EV were evaluated. Results High numbers of total EV were present in BM (median value [25–75 percentile]: 14.8 x109/l [8.5–19.3]). Non-significantly lower numbers of total EV were measured in PB (9.2 x109/l [3.8–14.5]). However, distribuation of EV subtypes showed substantial differences between BM and PB: In PB, distribution of EV fractions was similar as previously described. Most EV originated from platelets (93.9%), and only few EV were derived from leucocytes (4.5%), erythrocytes (1.8%), endothelial cells (1.0%), and hematopoietic stem cells (0.7%). In contrast, major fractions of BM-EV were derived from red blood cells or erythropoietic cells (43.2%), followed by megacaryocytes / platelets (27.6%), and by leucocytes as well as their progenitor cells (25,7%); only low EV proportions originated from endothelial cells and hematopoietic stem cells (2.0% and 1.5%, respectively). Similar fractions of tissue factor—bearing EV were found in BM and PB (1.3% and 0.9%). Conculsion Taken together, we describe EV numbers and their subtype distribution in the BM compartment for the first time. The tissue specific EV distribution reflects BM cell composition and favours the idea of a BM–PB barrier existing not only for cells, but also for EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rank
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, and Vesicle Observation Centre, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Köhler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cordula Franz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Toth
- Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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178
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Niu L, Song X, Wang N, Xue L, Song X, Xie L. Tumor-derived exosomal proteins as diagnostic biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:433-442. [PMID: 30407700 PMCID: PMC6317937 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a role for exosomal protein in diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to identify the tumor‐derived exosomal biomarkers in the serum that improve the diagnostic value in Chinese non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Serum exosomes were isolated from healthy donors (n = 46) and NSCLC patients (n = 125) by ultracentrifugation and were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, qNano, and immunoblotting. Proteomic profiles (by mass spectrometry) revealed multiple differentially expressed proteins in the healthy and NSCLC groups. The exosomal expression levels of alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein (AHSG) and extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) increased significantly in the NSCLC patients compared to the healthy group. Alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein showed diagnostic values with a maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as 0.736 for NSCLC vs healthy individuals (P < .0001) and 0.682 for early stage NSCLC vs healthy individuals (P < .01). Extracellular matrix protein 1 showed the diagnostic capacity with AUC values of 0.683 (P < .001) and 0.656 (P < .05) in cancer and early stage NSCLC compared to healthy individuals. When AHSG was combined with ECM1, the AUCs were 0.795 and 0.739 in NSCLC and early stage patients, respectively. Taken together, the combination of AHSG, ECM1, and carcinoembryonic antigen improved the diagnostic potential of NSCLC. The diagnosis values were AUC of 0.938 for NSCLC and 0.911 for early stage NSCLC vs healthy individuals. Our results suggest that novel proteomic signatures found in serum exosomes of NSCLC patients show potential usefulness as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Niu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xingguo Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xianrang Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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179
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Mann J, Reeves HL, Feldstein AE. Liquid biopsy for liver diseases. Gut 2018; 67:2204-2212. [PMID: 30177542 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the growing number of novel therapeutic approaches for liver diseases, significant research efforts have been devoted to the development of liquid biopsy tools for precision medicine. This can be defined as non-invasive reliable biomarkers that can supplement and eventually replace the invasive liver biopsy for diagnosis, disease stratification and monitoring of response to therapeutic interventions. Similarly, detection of liver cancer at an earlier stage of the disease, potentially susceptible to curative resection, can be critical to improve patient survival. Circulating extracellular vesicles, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and tumour cells have emerged as attractive liquid biopsy candidates because they fulfil many of the key characteristics of an ideal biomarker. In this review, we summarise the currently available information regarding these promising and potential transformative tools, as well as the issues still needed to be addressed for adopting various liquid biopsy approaches into clinical practice. These studies may pave the way to the development of a new generation of reliable, mechanism-based disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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180
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Lapitz A, Arbelaiz A, Olaizola P, Aranburu A, Bujanda L, Perugorria MJ, Banales JM. Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatobiliary Malignancies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2270. [PMID: 30369925 PMCID: PMC6194158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatobiliary malignancies include a heterogeneous group of cancers with dismal prognosis, among which hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and hepatoblastoma (HB) stand out. These tumors mainly arise from the malignant transformation of hepatocytes, cholangiocytes (bile duct epithelial cells) or hepatoblasts (embryonic liver progenitor cells), respectively. Early diagnosis, prognosis prediction and effective therapies are still a utopia for these diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-enclosed spheres secreted by cells and present in biological fluids. They contain multiple types of biomolecules, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, metabolites and lipids, which make them a potential source of biomarkers as well as regulators of human pathobiology. In this review, the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary cancers and their potential usefulness as disease biomarkers are highlighted. Moreover, the therapeutic value of EV regulation is discussed and future directions on basic and clinical research are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Lapitz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Arbelaiz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Paula Olaizola
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aitziber Aranburu
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,"Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas" (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,"Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas" (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,"Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas" (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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182
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Mato JM, Elortza F, Lu SC, Brun V, Paradela A, Corrales FJ. Liver cancer-associated changes to the proteome: what deserves clinical focus? Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:749-756. [PMID: 30204005 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1521277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is recognized as the fifth most common neoplasm and currently represents the second leading form of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite great progress has been done in the understanding of its pathogenesis, HCC represents a heavy societal and economic burden as most patients are still diagnosed at advanced stages and the 5-year survival rate remain below 20%. Early detection and revolutionary therapies that rely on the discovery of new molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets are therefore urgently needed to develop precision medicine strategies for a more efficient management of patients. Areas covered: This review intends to comprehensively analyse the proteomics-based research conducted in the last few years to address some of the principal still open riddles in HCC biology, based on the identification of molecular drivers of tumor progression and metastasis. Expert commentary: The technical advances in mass spectrometry experienced in the last decade have significantly improved the analytical capacity of proteome wide studies. Large-scale protein and protein variant (post-translational modifications) identification and quantification have allowed detailed dissections of molecular mechanisms underlying HCC progression and are already paving the way for the identification of clinically relevant proteins and the development of their use on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Mato
- a CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park , Derio , Spain.,b National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain
| | - Félix Elortza
- a CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park , Derio , Spain.,b National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- c Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , LA , CA , USA
| | - Virginie Brun
- d Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Inserm , Grenoble , France
| | - Alberto Paradela
- e Functional Proteomics Laboratory , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Proteored-ISCIII, CIBERehd , Madrid , Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- b National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain.,e Functional Proteomics Laboratory , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Proteored-ISCIII, CIBERehd , Madrid , Spain
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183
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shah
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.S.), and the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.E.F.) - both in Massachusetts; and the Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (T.P.)
| | - Tushar Patel
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.S.), and the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.E.F.) - both in Massachusetts; and the Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (T.P.)
| | - Jane E Freedman
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.S.), and the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.E.F.) - both in Massachusetts; and the Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (T.P.)
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184
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Sun B, Li Y, Zhou Y, Ng TK, Zhao C, Gan Q, Gu X, Xiang J. Circulating exosomal CPNE3 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1416-1425. [PMID: 30078189 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomal proteins are emerging as relevant diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer. This study was aimed at illustrating the clinical significance of exosomal Copine III (CPNE3) purified from the plasma of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The CPNE3 expression levels in CRC tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Plasma exosomes were isolated to examine the CPNE3 level using ELISA. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to investigate the CPNE3 levels between CRC tissues and matched plasma samples. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was developed to measure the diagnostic performance of exosomal CPNE3. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox's proportional hazards model were utilized to determine statistical differences in survival times. CPNE3 showed increased expressions in the CRC tissues. A moderately significant correlation was found between CPNE3 expression in CRC tissues by immunohistochemistry and matched serum exosomal CPNE3 expression by ELISA (r = 0.645,(r = 0.645, p < 0.001). < 0.001). Exosomal CPNE3 yielded a sensitivity of 67.5% and a specificity of 84.4% in CRC at the cutoff value of 0.143 pg per 1ug1 ug exosome. Combined data from carcinoembryonic antigen and exosomal CPNE3 achieved 84.8% sensitivity and 81.2% specificity as a diagnostic tool. CRC patients with lower exosomal CPNE3 levels had substantially better disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-6.4; p = 0.009) = 0.009) and overall survival (HR, 3.4; 95% CI: 1.2-9.9; p = 0.026) = 0.026) compared with those with higher exosomal CPNE3 levels. Exosomal CPNE3 show potential implications in CRC diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tien Khee Ng
- Photonics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chao Zhao
- Photonics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiaoqiang Gan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbin Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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185
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Li X, Liu R, Huang Z, Gurley EC, Wang X, Wang J, He H, Yang H, Lai G, Zhang L, Bajaj JS, White M, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA H19 promotes cholestatic liver injury in mouse and humans. Hepatology 2018; 68:599-615. [PMID: 29425397 PMCID: PMC6085159 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholestatic liver injury is an important clinical problem with limited understanding of disease pathologies. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by a variety of cells, including cholangiocytes. Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication can modulate various cellular functions by transferring a variety of intracellular components to target cells. Our recent studies indicate that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), H19, is mainly expressed in cholangiocytes, and its aberrant expression is associated with significant down-regulation of small heterodimer partner (SHP) in hepatocytes and cholestatic liver injury in multidrug resistance 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mice. However, how cholangiocyte-derived H19 suppresses SHP in hepatocytes remains unknown. Here, we report that cholangiocyte-derived exosomes mediate transfer of H19 into hepatocytes and promote cholestatic injury. Hepatic H19 level is correlated with severity of cholestatic injury in both fibrotic mouse models, including Mdr2-/- mice, a well-characterized model of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or CCl4 -induced cholestatic liver injury mouse models, and human PSC patients. Moreover, serum exosomal-H19 level is gradually up-regulated during disease progression in Mdr2-/- mice and patients with cirrhosis. H19-carrying exosomes from the primary cholangiocytes of wild-type (WT) mice suppress SHP expression in hepatocytes, but not the exosomes from the cholangiocytes of H19-/- mice. Furthermore, overexpression of H19 significantly suppressed SHP expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Importantly, transplant of H19-carrying serum exosomes of old fibrotic Mdr2-/- mice significantly promoted liver fibrosis (LF) in young Mdr2-/- mice. CONCLUSION Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal-H19 plays a critical role in cholestatic liver injury. Serum exosomal H19 represents a noninvasive biomarker and potential therapeutic target for cholestatic diseases. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Hongliang He
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Melanie White
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Address correspondence to: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1217 East Marshall Street, MSB#533, Richmond, VA, 23298-0678, USA, Tel: 804-828-6817; Fax: 804-828-0676,
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186
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WITHDRAWN: Decoding the role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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187
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Li X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Liu Y, Bao W, Wu S. Exosomes in cancer: Small transporters with big functions. Cancer Lett 2018; 435:55-65. [PMID: 30071288 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized membrane-bound vesicles containing abundant proteins, DNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNAs. Exosomes are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material. Increasing studies have shown that exosomes play an important role in tumour initiation, growth, progression, metastasis, drug resistance and immune escape. In this article, we review recent advances in the biology of exosomes. We elaborate the specific mechanism by which exosomes affect the communication between tumours and the microenvironment. Finally, we report that exosomes may provide promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and represent new targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 XinSongjiang Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 XinSongjiang Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 XinSongjiang Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 XinSongjiang Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Bao
- Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 XinSongjiang Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sufang Wu
- Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 XinSongjiang Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
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188
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Sun F, Wang JZ, Luo JJ, Wang YQ, Pan Q. Exosomes in the Oncobiology, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Hepatic Carcinoma: A New Player of an Old Game. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2747461. [PMID: 30148162 PMCID: PMC6083546 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2747461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as essential vehicles mediated cross-talk between different types of cells in tumor microenvironment. The extensive exploration of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) enhances our comprehension of cancer biology referring to tumor growth, metastasis, immune evasion, and chemoresistance. Besides, the versatile roles of exosomes provide reasonable explanations for the propensity for liver metastasis of gastric cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. The selective-enriched components, especially some specific proteins and noncoding RNAs in exosomes, have great potential as noninvasive biomarkers of HCC with high sensitivity and specificity. The characteristics of exosomes further inspire frontier research to interrupt intercellular malignant signals by controlling the biogenesis, release, or contents of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ji-Jun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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189
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Taghavi SA, Eshraghian A, Niknam R, Sivandzadeh GR, Bagheri Lankarani K. Diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:575-584. [PMID: 29781738 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1473761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the hepatobiliary system characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, stricture formation and destruction of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. Areas covered: The increased incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in PSC has been well documented and can be explained by the continuous inflammation in the biliary tree leading to an enhanced dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Although PSC patients may progress to liver cirrhosis; CCA most commonly occurs between the ages of 30 and 45 years when cirrhosis has not yet developed. Therefore, CCA in patients with PSC occurs earlier than in patients without PSC. Expert commentary: Despite improvement in diagnostic methods and devices, the dilemma of diagnosing CCA in patients with PSC has not been solved yet and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Alireza Taghavi
- a Gastroenterohepatology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ahad Eshraghian
- a Gastroenterohepatology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ramin Niknam
- a Gastroenterohepatology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh
- a Gastroenterohepatology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- a Gastroenterohepatology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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190
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Rizvi S, Eaton J, Yang JD, Chandrasekhara V, Gores GJ. Emerging Technologies for the Diagnosis of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38:160-169. [PMID: 29871021 PMCID: PMC6463495 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1655775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures remains problematic, especially in the perihilar region and in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Conventional cytology obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC)-guided brushings of biliary strictures is suboptimal due to limited sensitivity, albeit it remains the gold standard with a high specificity. Emerging technologies are being developed and validated to address this pressing unmet patient need. Such technologies include enhanced visualization of the biliary tree by cholangioscopy, intraductal ultrasound, and confocal laser endomicroscopy. Conventional cytology can be aided by employing complementary and advanced cytologic techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and this technique should be widely adapted. Interrogation of bile and serum by examining extracellular vesicle number and cargo, and exploiting next-generation sequencing and proteomic technologies, is also being explored. Examination of circulating cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) for differentially methylated regions is a promising test which is being rigorously validated. The special expertise required for these analyses has to date hampered their validation and adaptation. Herein, we will review these emerging technologies to inform the reader of the progress made and encourage further studies, as well as adaptation of validated approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Rizvi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John Eaton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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191
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Onsurathum S, Haonon O, Pinlaor P, Pairojkul C, Khuntikeo N, Thanan R, Roytrakul S, Pinlaor S. Proteomics detection of S100A6 in tumor tissue interstitial fluid and evaluation of its potential as a biomarker of cholangiocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318767195. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318767195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor interstitial fluid contains tumor-specific proteins that may be useful biomarkers for cancers. In this study, we identified proteins present in cholangiocarcinoma interstitial fluid. Proteins derived from three samples of tumor interstitial fluid and paired samples of adjacent normal interstitial fluid from cholangiocarcinoma patients were subjected to two-dimensional liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Candidate proteins were selected based on a greater than twofold change in expression levels between tumor interstitial fluid and normal interstitial fluid. Upregulation of six proteins in tumor interstitial fluid, including S100 calcium binding protein A6 (S100A6), S100 calcium binding protein A9, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4, neuropilin-1, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, and triosephosphate isomerase was assessed by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Their potential as markers was evaluated in human cholangiocarcinoma tissue arrays, and in serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of S100A6 was higher in tumor interstitial fluid than in normal interstitial fluid and showed the highest positive rate (98.96%) in cholangiocarcinoma tissues. Serum levels of S100A6 did not differ between cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma patients, but were significantly higher than in healthy individuals ( p < 0.0001). In cholangiocarcinoma cases, S100A6 level was associated with vascular invasion ( p = 0.007) and could distinguish cholangiocarcinoma patients from healthy individuals as effectively as the carbohydrate antigen 19-9. In addition, potential for drug treatment targeting S100A6 and other candidate proteins was also demonstrated using STITCH analysis. In conclusion, proteomics analysis of tumor interstitial fluid could be a new approach for biomarker discovery, and S100A6 is a potential risk marker for screening of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Onsurathum
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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192
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MicroRNAs and extracellular vesicles in cholangiopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1293-1307. [PMID: 28711597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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193
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194
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Høgdall D, Lewinska M, Andersen JB. Desmoplastic Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Cholangiocarcinoma. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:239-255. [PMID: 29506673 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a dismal disease which often is diagnosed at a late stage where the tumor is locally advanced, metastatic, and, as a result, is associated with low resectability. The heterogeneity of this cancer type is a major reason why the majority of patients fail to respond to therapy, and surgery remains their only curative option. Among patients who undergo surgical intervention, such tumors typically recur in 50% of cases within 1year. Thus, CCA is among the most aggressive and chemoresistant malignancies. CCA is characterized by marked tumor reactive stroma, a fibrogenic connective tissue which surrounds and infiltrates the tumor epithelium. This desmoplastic environment presents a clinical challenge, limiting drug delivery and supporting the growth of the tumor mass. In this review we attempt to highlight key pathways involved in cell to cell communication between the tumor epithelium and stroma, the immune components, and opportunities for novel strategies to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Høgdall
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; These authors contributed equally
| | - Monika Lewinska
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; These authors contributed equally
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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195
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Aran G, Sanjurjo L, Barcena C, Simon‐Coma M, Téllez É, Vázquez‐Vitali M, Garrido M, Guerra L, Díaz E, Ojanguren I, Elortza F, Planas R, Sala M, Armengol C, Sarrias M. CD5L is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes liver cancer cell proliferation and antiapoptotic responses by binding to HSPA5 (GRP78). FASEB J 2018; 32:3878-3891. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700941rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Aran
- Innate Immunity GroupHealth Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
| | - Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity GroupHealth Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
- Network for Biomédical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Barcena
- Innate Immunity GroupHealth Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
| | - Marina Simon‐Coma
- Childhood Liver Oncology GroupProgram of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPCC)IGTPBadalonaSpain
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD)Spain
| | - Érica Téllez
- Innate Immunity GroupHealth Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
| | - Maria Vázquez‐Vitali
- Childhood Liver Oncology GroupProgram of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPCC)IGTPBadalonaSpain
| | - Marta Garrido
- Pathology DepartmentVall D'Hebron HospitalBarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Guerra
- Pathology DepartmentHospital Universitario La PazMadridSpain
| | - Esther Díaz
- Pathology DepartmentJosep Trueta HospitalGironaSpain
| | - Isabel Ojanguren
- Pathology DepartmentHospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital (HUGTiP)BadalonaSpain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD)Spain
- Proteomics PlatformCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)DerioSpain
| | - Ramon Planas
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD)Spain
- Gastroenterology DepartmentHospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital (HUGTiP)BadalonaSpain
| | - Margarita Sala
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD)Spain
- Gastroenterology DepartmentHospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital (HUGTiP)BadalonaSpain
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Childhood Liver Oncology GroupProgram of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPCC)IGTPBadalonaSpain
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD)Spain
| | - Maria‐Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity GroupHealth Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD)Spain
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196
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Ilyas SI, Khan SA, Hallemeier CL, Kelley RK, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma - evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:95-111. [PMID: 28994423 PMCID: PMC5819599 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 963] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a disease entity comprising diverse epithelial tumours with features of cholangiocyte differentiation: cholangiocarcinomas are categorized according to anatomical location as intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), or distal (dCCA). Each subtype has a distinct epidemiology, biology, prognosis, and strategy for clinical management. The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma, particularly iCCA, has increased globally over the past few decades. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of potentially curative treatment for all three disease subtypes, whereas liver transplantation after neoadjuvant chemoradiation is restricted to a subset of patients with early stage pCCA. For patients with advanced-stage or unresectable disease, locoregional and systemic chemotherapeutics are the primary treatment options. Improvements in external-beam radiation therapy have facilitated the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, advances in comprehensive whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing have defined the genetic landscape of each cholangiocarcinoma subtype. Accordingly, promising molecular targets for precision medicine have been identified, and are being evaluated in clinical trials, including those exploring immunotherapy. Biomarker-driven trials, in which patients are stratified according to anatomical cholangiocarcinoma subtype and genetic aberrations, will be essential in the development of targeted therapies. Targeting the rich tumour stroma of cholangiocarcinoma in conjunction with targeted therapies might also be useful. Herein, we review the evolving developments in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera I Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Shahid A Khan
- Department of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
- Department of Hepatology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Ducane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Christopher L Hallemeier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Robin K Kelley
- The University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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197
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EIF3C-enhanced exosome secretion promotes angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13193-13205. [PMID: 29568350 PMCID: PMC5862571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor angiogenesis is a common strategy against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, identification of molecular targets as biomarker for elevating therapeutic efficacy is critical to prolong HCC patient survival. Here, we showed that EIF3C (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C) is upregulated during HCC tumor progression and associated with poor patient survival. Expression of EIF3C did not alter proliferation and expression of other tumor progressive genes such as HIF1A, TGFβ1 and VEGF, but reduced cell migration in HCC cells. Nevertheless, expression of EIF3C in HCC cells significantly increase secretion of extracellular exosomes confirmed by increased exosomes labelling by PKH26 fluorescent dye, vesicles in exosome size detected by electronic microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, and expression of divergent exosome markers. The EIF3C-increased exosomes were oncogenic to potentiate tumor angiogenesis via tube formation of HUVEC cells and growth of vessels by plugs assays on nude mice. Subcutaneous inoculation of EIF3C-exosomes mixed with Huh7 HCC cells not only promoted growth of vessels but also increased expression of EIF3C in tumors. Conversely, treatment of exosome inhibitor GW4869 reversed aforementioned oncogenic assays. We identified EIF3C activated expression of S100A11 involved in EIF3C-exosome increased tube formation in angiogenesis. Simultaneous high expression of EIF3C and S100A11 in human HCC tumors for RNA level in TCGA and protein level by IHC are associated with poor survival of HCC patients. Collectively, our results demonstrated that EIF3C overexpression is a potential target of angiogenesis for treatment with exosome inhibitor or S100A11 reduction to suppress HCC angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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198
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Cruz-Ramón V, Chinchilla-López P, Ramírez-Pérez O, Qi X, Méndez-Sánchez N. The Changing Face of the Diagnosis of Chronic and Malignant Liver Diseases: Potential New Biomarkers. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:14-17. [PMID: 29311406 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma is often challenging. In a recent study in 134 patients (Arbelaiz, Hepatology 2017; 66:1125-1143), it was reported that specific proteins found in serum extracellular vesicles of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatocellular carcinoma,orcholangiocarcinomamay be useful as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic tools. This current article critically appraises this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Cruz-Ramón
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Departments of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
| | - Paulina Chinchilla-López
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Departments of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
| | - Oscar Ramírez-Pérez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Departments of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang, China
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Departments of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
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199
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Li A, Zhang T, Zheng M, Liu Y, Chen Z. Exosomal proteins as potential markers of tumor diagnosis. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:175. [PMID: 29282096 PMCID: PMC5745959 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy especially that of exosomes carries tumor-specific molecules and provides useful information during tumor development and progression in "real time." Exosomes are membrane-encapsulated vesicles, constantly released by multiple cells, including cancer cells, in large quantities, and are widely present in body fluids. Tumor exosomes can remodel a tumor-supportive microenvironment via cross-talk with target cells. Recent research has mainly focused on exosomal miRNAs and to a small degree on proteins. However, detecting the genome output (active proteins such as phosphoproteins) can provide more direct information about disease progression, such as in the early discovery and monitoring of cancers. This review highlights the unique features of exosomal proteins over traditional serological markers and summarizes their recent use in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, we describe the general protocols of research on exosome proteomics with an emphasis on their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Tianbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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200
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Acquisition of Cholangiocarcinoma Traits during Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:656-671. [PMID: 29248454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have identified hepatic tumors with mixed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) characteristics that have a more aggressive behavior and a poorer prognosis than classic HCC. Whether this pathologic heterogeneity is due to a cell of origin of bipotent liver progenitors or the plasticity of cellular constituents comprising these tumors remains debated. In this study, we investigated the potential acquisition of CC-like traits during advanced development of HCC in mice. Primary and rare high-grade HCC developed in a genetic mouse model. A mouse model of highly efficient HCC invasion and metastasis by orthotopic transplantation of liver cancer organoids propagated from primary tumors in the genetic model was further developed. Invasive/metastatic tumors developed in both models closely recapitulated advanced human HCC and displayed a striking acquisition of CC-related pathologic and molecular features, which was absent in the primary HCC tumors. Our study directly demonstrates the pathologic evolution of HCC during advanced tumor development, providing the first evidence that tumors with mixed HCC and CC features, or at least a subset of these tumors, represent a more advanced developmental stage of HCC. Finally, liver cancer organoid-generated high-grade tumors exhibited significantly increased extracellular vesicle secretion, suggesting that identifying tumor-specific extracellular vesicle proteins in plasma may be a promising tool for liver cancer detection.
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