151
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Budyak IL, Doyle BL, Weiss WF. Technical Decision-Making with Higher Order Structure Data: Specific Binding of a Nonionic Detergent Perturbs Higher Order Structure of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1543-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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152
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Brader ML, Estey T, Bai S, Alston RW, Lucas KK, Lantz S, Landsman P, Maloney KM. Examination of Thermal Unfolding and Aggregation Profiles of a Series of Developable Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1005-17. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Brader
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tia Estey
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shujun Bai
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Roy W. Alston
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Karin K. Lucas
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steven Lantz
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Pavel Landsman
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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153
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Remmele RL, Bee JS, Phillips JJ, Mo WD, Higazi DR, Zhang J, Lindo V, Kippen AD. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates and Emerging Technologies. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1202.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Remmele
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jared S. Bee
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. Phillips
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Wenjun David Mo
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Higazi
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Lindo
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair D. Kippen
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
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154
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FUKUDA J, IWURA T, YANAGIHARA S, KANO K. Factors to Govern Soluble and Insoluble Aggregate-formation in Monoclonal Antibodies. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:1233-40. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun FUKUDA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Takafumi IWURA
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Shigehiro YANAGIHARA
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Kenji KANO
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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155
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Valliere-Douglass JF, Hengel SM, Pan LY. Approaches to Interchain Cysteine-Linked ADC Characterization by Mass Spectrometry. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:1774-83. [PMID: 25474122 DOI: 10.1021/mp500614p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the cell-killing potential of cytotoxic agents and the tumor targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies to selectively kill tumor cells. Recent years have witnessed the development of several promising modalities that follow the same basic principles of ADC based therapies but which employ unique cytotoxic agents and conjugation strategies in order to realize therapeutic benefit. The complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs present a challenge to some of the conventional analytical methods that industry has relied upon for biologics characterization. This current review will highlight some of the more recent methodological approaches in mass spectrometry that have bridged the gap that is created when conventional analytical techniques provide an incomplete picture of ADC product quality. Specifically, we will discuss mass spectrometric approaches that preserve and/or capture information about the native structure of ADCs and provide unique insights into the higher order structure (HOS) of these therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawna M Hengel
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Lucy Y Pan
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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156
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Lim DG, Kim NA, Lim JY, Kim KH, Hada S, Jeong SH. Evaluation of etanercept stability as exposed to various sugars with biophysical assessment. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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157
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Niedziela-Majka A, Kan E, Weissburg P, Mehra U, Sellers S, Sakowicz R. High-Throughput Screening of Formulations to Optimize the Thermal Stability of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:552-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114557781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of biotherapeutics. Successful development of a mAb depends not only on its biological activity but also on its physicochemical properties, such as homogeneity and stability. mAb stability is affected by its formulation. Among the many techniques used to study the stability of mAbs, differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) offers both excellent throughput and minimal material consumption. DSF measures the temperature of the protein unfolding transition (Tm) based on the change in fluorescence intensity of the environmentally sensitive dye SYPRO Orange. With DSF adapted to a 96-well plate format, we have shown that low-pH or high-salt concentrations decrease the thermal stability of mAb1, whereas some excipients, such as sucrose, polysorbate 80, and sodium phosphate, increase its stability. The basal fluorescence of SYPRO Orange was enhanced by the presence of detergents, limiting the use of this approach to diluted detergent solutions. Throughput of DSF can be increased further with the use of a 384-well plate. DSF thermograms are in good agreement with the melting profiles obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Tms determined by DSF and DSC were well correlated, with the former being on average lower by 3 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Kan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
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158
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Gao X, Ji JA, Veeravalli K, Wang YJ, Zhang T, Mcgreevy W, Zheng K, Kelley RF, Laird MW, Liu J, Cromwell M. Effect of individual Fc methionine oxidation on FcRn binding: Met252 oxidation impairs FcRn binding more profoundly than Met428 oxidation. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:368-77. [PMID: 25175600 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The long serum half-lives of mAbs are conferred by pH-dependent binding of IgG-Fc to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). The Fc region of human IgG1 has three conserved methionine residues, Met252, Met358, and Met428. Recent studies showed oxidation of these Met residues impairs FcRn binding and consequently affects pharmacokinetics of therapeutic antibodies. However, the quantitative effect of individual Met oxidation on Fc-FcRn binding has not been addressed. This information is valuable for defining critical quality attributes. In the present study, two sets of homodimeric site-directed IgG1 mutations were generated to understand how individual Fc Met oxidation affects FcRn binding. The first approach used Met to Leu mutants to block site-specific Met oxidation. In the other approach, Met to Gln mutants were designed to mimic site-specific Met oxidation. Both mutagenesis approaches show that either Met252 or Met428 oxidation alone significantly impairs Fc-FcRn binding. Met252 oxidation has a more deleterious effect on FcRn binding than M428 oxidation, whereas Met428 oxidation has a bigger destabilization effect on the thermal stability. Our results also show that Met358 oxidation does not affect FcRn binding. In addition, our study suggests that Met to Gln mutation may serve as an important tool to understand Met oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, 94080
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159
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Leow CH, Jones M, Cheng Q, Mahler S, McCarthy J. Production and characterization of specific monoclonal antibodies binding the Plasmodium falciparum diagnostic biomarker, histidine-rich protein 2. Malar J 2014; 13:277. [PMID: 25037150 PMCID: PMC4120728 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection is important for providing appropriate treatment to patients with malaria. However, technical limitations of currently available diagnostic tests limit their use in control programs. One possible explanation for the vulnerability of current antibodies used in RDTs is their propensity to degrade at high ambient temperatures. Isolation of new antibodies with better thermal stability represents an appealing approach to improve the performance of RDTs. METHODS In this study, phage display technology was deployed to isolate novel binders by screening a human naïve scFv antibody library against recombinant Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2 (rPfHRP2). The isolated scFv clones were reformatted to whole IgG and the recombinant mAbs were produced in a mammalian CHO cell expression system. To verify the biological activity of these purified recombinant mAbs, range of functional assays were characterized. RESULTS Two unique clones (D2 and F9) were isolated after five rounds of biopanning. The reformatted and expressed antibodies demonstrated high binding specificity to malaria recombinant PfHRP2 and native proteins. When 5 μg/mL of mAbs applied, mAb C1-13 had the highest sensitivity, with an OD value of 1, the detection achieved 5 ng/mL of rPfHRP2, followed by mAbs D2 and F9 at 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL of rPfHRP2, respectively. Although the sensitivity of mAbs D2 and F9 was lower than the control, these recombinant human mAbs have shown better stability compared to mouse mAb C1-13 at various temperatures in DSC and blot assays. In view of epitope mapping, the predominant motif of rPfHRP2 recognized by mAb D2 was AHHAADAHHA, whereas mAb F9 was one amino acid shorter, resulting in AHHAADAHH. mAb F9 had the strongest binding affinity to rPfHRP2 protein, with a KD value of 4.27 × 10(-11) M, followed by control mAb C1-13 at 1.03 × 10(-10) M and mAb D2 at 3.05 × 10(-10) M. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the performance of these mAbs showed comparability to currently available PfHRP2-specific mouse mAb C1-13. The stability of these novel binders indicate that they merit further work to evaluate their utility in the development of new generation point of care diagnosis of malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Protozoan/chemistry
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Drug Storage
- Early Diagnosis
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/immunology
- Escherichia coli
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Mice
- Peptide Library
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protein Stability
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Herng Leow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Martina Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Qin Cheng
- Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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160
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High-Throughput Screening and Stability Optimization of Anti-Streptavidin IgG1 and IgG2 Formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1290-301. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114542431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selection of a suitable formulation that provides adequate product stability is an important aspect of the development of biopharmaceutical products. Stability of proteins includes not only resistance to chemical modifications but also conformational and colloidal stabilities. While chemical degradation of antibodies is relatively easy to detect and control, propensity for conformational changes and/or aggregation during manufacturing or long-term storage is difficult to predict. In many cases, the formulation factors that increase one type of stability may significantly decrease another type under the same or different conditions. Often compromise is necessary to minimize the adverse effects of an antibody formulation by careful optimization of multiple factors responsible for overall stability. In this study, high-throughput stress and characterization techniques were applied to 96 formulations of anti-streptavidin antibodies (an IgG1 and an IgG2) to choose optimal formulations. Stress and analytical methods applied in this study were 96-well plate based using an automated liquid handling system to prepare the different formulations and sample plates. Aggregation and clipping propensity were evaluated by temperature and mechanical stresses. Multivariate regression analysis of high-throughput data was performed to find statistically significant formulation factors that alter measured parameters such as monomer percentage or unfolding temperature. The results of the regression models were used to maximize the stabilities of antibodies under different formulations and to find the optimal formulation space for each molecule. Comparison of the IgG1 and IgG2 data indicated an overall greater stability of the IgG1 molecule under the conditions studied. The described method can easily be applied to both initial preformulation screening and late-stage formulation development of biopharmaceutical products.
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161
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Cerasoli E, Ravi J, Garfagnini T, Gnaniah S, le Pevelen D, Tranter GE. Temperature denaturation and aggregation of a multi-domain protein (IgG1) investigated with an array of complementary biophysical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6577-86. [PMID: 24994667 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are used as drugs against different pathologies because of their potential specificity of action with fewer side effects. However, their production and successful storage imposes a greater challenge compared to small molecule drugs. Though the determination of protein thermal stability is commonly used to find the optimum storage conditions for biopharmaceuticals, a multi-technique approach should be applied more often when investigating complex systems to understand the structure of the species that contribute to the different transitions, thereby gaining insight about the processes of both unfolding and aggregation. This knowledge is crucial for identifying those conformational changes which are likely to lead to aggregation/degradation allowing a more rational approach to biopharmaceutical production and formulation. This is particularly important in the case of multi-domain proteins, such as IgGs, which can undergo multiple transitions due to independent unfolding of the domains. In this work, we have followed the thermal denaturation of a monoclonal antibody by using different biophysical techniques with complementary strengths, providing an example of how the information gathered suggests a way to intervene to stabilise the wanted conformation (monomeric protein). Indeed, in this particular case, an optimisation of storage conditions based on only thermal stability studies would have led to the stabilisation of an undesired product, a population of low molecular weight oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cerasoli
- Biotechnology Group, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK,
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162
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Arfat MY, Ashraf JM, Arif Z, Alam K. Fine characterization of glucosylated human IgG by biochemical and biophysical methods. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:408-15. [PMID: 24953604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins finally generates advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The Schiff's base and Amadori adduct are stages of early glycation. AGE-modified IgG may undergo conformational alterations and the final entity of the process may be involved in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). In this study, glycation of human IgG was carried out with varying concentrations of glucose. Effect of incubation period on glycation of IgG has also been studied. Amadori adduct was detected by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye. The glucose mediated structural alterations in IgG were studied by UV, fluorescence, CD, FT-IR, DLS and DSC spectroscopy, and SDS-PAGE. Glycation-induced aggregation in AGE-IgG was reported in the form of binding of thioflavin T and congo red. Furthermore, AGE-modified IgG exhibited hyperchromicity, decrease of tryptophan fluorescence accompanied by increase in AGE specific fluorescence, loss of β-sheet, appearance of new peak in FT-IR, increase in hydrodynamic size and melting temperature. SDS-PAGE results showed decrease in the band intensity of glycosylated-IgG compared to native IgG. Glycation-induced modifications and aggregation of IgG might be important in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Yasir Arfat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Jalaluddin M Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Zarina Arif
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
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163
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Zheng K, Yarmarkovich M, Bantog C, Bayer R, Patapoff TW. Influence of glycosylation pattern on the molecular properties of monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:649-58. [PMID: 24662970 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification during protein production in eukaryotic cells, and it is essential for protein structure, stability, half-life, and biological functions. In this study, we produced various monoclonal antibody (mAb) glycoforms from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, including the natively glycosylated antibody, the enriched G0 form, the deglycosylated form, the afucosylated form, and the high mannose form, and we compared their intrinsic properties, side-by-side, through biophysical and biochemical approaches. Spectroscopic analysis indicates no measureable secondary or tertiary structural changes after in vitro or in vivo modification of the glycosylation pattern. Thermal unfolding experiments show that the high mannose and deglycosylated forms have reduced thermal stability of the CH2 domain compared with the other tested glycoforms. We also observed that the individual domain's thermal stability could be pH dependent. Proteolysis analysis indicates that glycosylation plays an important role in stabilizing mAbs against proteases. The stability of antibody glycoforms at the storage condition (2-8 °C) and at accelerated conditions (30 and 40 °C) was evaluated, and the results indicate that glycosylation patterns do not substantially affect the storage stability of the antibody we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA; Formerly at Oceanside Pharma Technical Development; Genentech Inc.; Oceanside, CA USA
| | - Mark Yarmarkovich
- Formerly at Oceanside Pharma Technical Development; Genentech Inc.; Oceanside, CA USA; Department of Cancer Biology; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Christopher Bantog
- Formerly at Oceanside Pharma Technical Development; Genentech Inc.; Oceanside, CA USA; Department of Chemistry Development; Illumina Inc.; San Diego, CA USA
| | - Robert Bayer
- Formerly at Oceanside Pharma Technical Development; Genentech Inc.; Oceanside, CA USA; Biotherapeutics Development Unit; Novartis Inc.; San Diego, CA USA
| | - Thomas W Patapoff
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
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164
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Zhang A, Hu P, MacGregor P, Xue Y, Fan H, Suchecki P, Olszewski L, Liu A. Understanding the conformational impact of chemical modifications on monoclonal antibodies with diverse sequence variation using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and structural modeling. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3468-75. [PMID: 24597564 DOI: 10.1021/ac404130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modifications can potentially induce conformational changes near the modification site and thereby impact the safety and efficacy of protein therapeutics. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique with high spatial resolution and sensitivity in detecting such local conformational changes. In this study, we utilized HDX-MS combined with structural modeling to examine the conformational impact on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) caused by common chemical modifications including methionine (Met) oxidation, aspartic acid (Asp) isomerization, and asparagine (Asn) deamidation. Four mAbs with diverse sequences and glycosylation states were selected. The data suggested that the impact of Met oxidation was highly dependent on its location and glycosylation state. For mAbs with normal glycosylation in the Fc region, oxidation of the two conserved Met252 and Met428 (Kabat numbering) disrupted the interface interactions between the CH2 and CH3 domains, thus leading to a significant decrease in CH2 domain thermal stability as well as a slight increase in aggregation propensity. In contrast, Met oxidation in the variable region and CH3 domain had no detectable impact on mAb conformation. For aglycosylated mAb, Met oxidation could cause a more global conformational change to the whole CH2 domain, coincident with the larger decrease in thermal stability and significant increase in aggregation rate. Unlike Met oxidation, Asn deamidation and Asp isomerization mostly had very limited effects on mAb conformation, with the exception of succiminide intermediate formation which induced a measurable local conformational change to be more solvent protected. Structural modeling suggested that the succinimide intermediate was stabilized by adjacent aromatic amino acids through ring-ring stacking interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aming Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
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165
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Adem YT, Schwarz KA, Duenas E, Patapoff TW, Galush WJ, Esue O. Auristatin Antibody Drug Conjugate Physical Instability and the Role of Drug Payload. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:656-64. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400439x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilma T. Adem
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Purification
Development Department, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly A. Schwarz
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Purification
Development Department, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eileen Duenas
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Purification
Development Department, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas W. Patapoff
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Purification
Development Department, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William J. Galush
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Purification
Development Department, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Osigwe Esue
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Purification
Development Department, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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166
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Flores-Ortiz LF, Campos-García VR, Perdomo-Abúndez FC, Pérez NO, Medina-Rivero E. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RITUXIMAB. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Néstor O. Pérez
- a Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo , Tenancingo , Estado de México , México
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167
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Rubin J, Sharma A, Linden L, Bommarius AS, Behrens SH. Gauging Colloidal and Thermal Stability in Human IgG1–Sugar Solutions through Diffusivity Measurements. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2803-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp411185d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rubin
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
| | - Aditi Sharma
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
| | - Lars Linden
- Bayer
Healthcare AG, Global Biologics, Wuppertal 42096, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Sven H. Behrens
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
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168
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Pan LY, Salas-Solano O, Valliere-Douglass JF. Conformation and dynamics of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates as revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2657-64. [PMID: 24512515 DOI: 10.1021/ac404003q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are protein therapeutics in which a target specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) is conjugated with drug molecules. The manufacturing of ADCs involves additional conjugation steps, which are carried out on the parent mAbs, and it is important to evaluate how the drug conjugation process impacts the conformation and dynamics of the mAb. Here, we present a comparative study of interchain cysteine linked IgG1 ADCs and the corresponding mAb by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We found that ∼90% of the primary sequence of the ADC conjugated with either monomethyl auristatin E or F (vcMMAE/mcMMAF) displayed the same HDX kinetics as the mAb, indicating the ADCs and mAbs share very similar conformation and dynamics in solution. Minor increases in HDX kinetic rates were observed in two Fc regions in the ADCs relative to the mAb which indicated that both regions become more structurally dynamic and/or more solvent-accessible in the ADCs. The findings led to a subsequent inquiry into whether the local conformational changes were due to the presence of drugs on the interchain cysteine residues or the absence of intact interchain disulfides or both. To address this question, a side-by-side HDX comparison of ADCs, mAbs, reduced mAbs (containing 8 reduced interchain cysteine thiols), and partially reduced mAbs (conjugation process intermediate) was performed. Our results indicated that the slight increase in conformational dynamics detected at the two regions in the ADCs was due to the absence of intact interchain disulfide bonds and not the presence of vcMMAE or mcMMAF on the alkylated interchain cysteine residues. These results highlight the utility of HDX-MS for interrogating the higher-order structure of ADCs and other protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yan Pan
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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169
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Competing aggregation pathways for monoclonal antibodies. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:936-41. [PMID: 24530501 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation is mediated by local unfolding to allow aggregation "hot spot(s)" to become solvent exposed and available to associate with a hot spot on another partially unfolded protein. Historically, the unfolding of either the crystallizable fragment (Fc) or the antigen binding fragment (Fab) regions of a given monoclonal antibody (MAb) has been implicated in aggregation, with differing results across different proteins. The present work focuses on separately quantifying the aggregation kinetics of isolated Fc, isolated Fab, and intact MAb as a function of pH under accelerated (high temperature) conditions. The results show that both Fab and Fc are aggregation prone and compete within the same MAb.
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170
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Menzen T, Friess W. Temperature-Ramped Studies on the Aggregation, Unfolding, and Interaction of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:445-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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171
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Guo J, Kumar S, Prashad A, Starkey J, Singh SK. Assessment of physical stability of an antibody drug conjugate by higher order structure analysis: impact of thiol- maleimide chemistry. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1710-23. [PMID: 24464270 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a systematic biophysical approach towards a better understanding of impact of conjugation chemistry on higher order structure and physical stability of an antibody drug conjugate (ADC). METHODS ADC was prepared using thiol-maleimide chemistry. Physical stabilities of ADC and its parent IgG1 mAb were compared using calorimetric, spectroscopic and molecular modeling techniques. RESULTS ADC and mAb respond differently to thermal stress. Both the melting temperatures and heat capacities are substantially lower for the ADC. Spectroscopic experiments show that ADC and mAb have similar secondary and tertiary structures, but these are more easily destabilized by thermal stress on the ADC indicating reduced conformational stability. Molecular modeling calculations suggest a substantial decrease in the conformational energy of the mAb upon conjugation. The local surface around the conjugation sites also becomes more hydrophobic in the ADC, explaining the lower colloidal stability and greater tendency of the ADC to aggregate. CONCLUSIONS Computational and biophysical analyses of an ADC and its parent mAb have provided insights into impact of conjugation on physical stability and pinpointed reasons behind lower structural stability and increased aggregation propensity of the ADC. This knowledge can be used to design appropriate formulations to stabilize the ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Guo
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical R&D, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
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172
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Saluja A, Sadineni V, Mungikar A, Nashine V, Kroetsch A, Dahlheim C, Rao VM. Significance of Unfolding Thermodynamics for Predicting Aggregation Kinetics: A Case Study on High Concentration Solutions of a Multi-Domain Protein. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1575-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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173
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Kim NA, Lim DG, Lim JY, Kim KH, Jeong SH. Comprehensive evaluation of etanercept stability in various concentrations with biophysical assessment. Int J Pharm 2014; 460:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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174
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Neergaard MS, Nielsen AD, Parshad H, Van De Weert M. Stability of monoclonal antibodies at high-concentration: head-to-head comparison of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclass. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:115-27. [PMID: 24282022 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have so far directly compared the impact of antibody subclass on protein stability. This case study investigates two mAbs (one IgG1 and one IgG4 ) with identical variable region. Investigations of mAbs that recognize similar epitopes are necessary to identify possible differences between the IgG subclasses. Both physical and chemical stability were evaluated by applying a range of methods to measure formation of protein aggregates [size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-HPLC and UV340 nm], structural integrity (circular dichroism and FTIR), thermodynamic stability (differential scanning calorimetry), colloidal interactions (dynamic light scattering), and fragmentation and deamidation (SEC-HPLC and capillary isoelectric focusing). The impact of pH (4-9) and ionic strength (10 and 150 mM) was investigated using highly-concentrated (150 mg/mL) mAb formulations. Lower conformational stability was identified for the IgG4 resulting in increased levels of soluble aggregates. The IgG1 was chemically less stable as compared with the IgG4 , presumably because of the higher flexibility in the IgG1 hinge region. The thermodynamic stability of individual mAb domains was also addressed in detail. The stability of our mAb molecules is clearly affected by the IgG framework, and this study suggests that subclass switching may alter aggregation propensity and aggregation pathway and thus potentially improve the overall formulation stability while retaining antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Neergaard
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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175
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Ito T, Tsumoto K. Effects of subclass change on the structural stability of chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies under thermal stress. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1542-51. [PMID: 23963869 PMCID: PMC3831669 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To address how changes in the subclass of antibody molecules affect their thermodynamic stability, we prepared three types of four monoclonal antibody molecules (chimeric, humanized, and human) and analyzed their structural stability under thermal stress by using size-exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), and differential scanning fluoroscopy (DSF) with SYPRO Orange as a dye probe. All four molecules showed the same trend in change of structural stability; the order of the total amount of aggregates was IgG1 < IgG2 < IgG4. We thus successfully cross-validated the effects of subclass change on the structural stability of antibodies under thermal stress by using four methods. The T(h) values obtained with DSF were well correlated with the onset temperatures obtained with DSC and CD, suggesting that structural perturbation of the CH2 region could be monitored by using DSF. Our results suggested that variable domains dominated changes in structural stability and that the physicochemical properties of the constant regions of IgG were not altered, regardless of the variable regions fused.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Calorimetry, Differential Scanning
- Chromatography, Gel
- Circular Dichroism
- Cricetulus
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Fluoroscopy
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Protein Stability
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Reproducibility of Results
- Stress, Physiological
- Temperature
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Ito
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production DivisionKyowa Hakko Kirin Company Limited, 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0013, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo4–6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoKashiwa, 277–8562, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo4–6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoKashiwa, 277–8562, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of TokyoTokyo, 113-0024, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of TokyoTokyo, 113-0024, Japan
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176
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Iwura T, Fukuda J, Yamazaki K, Kanamaru S, Arisaka F. Intermolecular interactions and conformation of antibody dimers present in IgG1 biopharmaceuticals. J Biochem 2013; 155:63-71. [PMID: 24155259 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions and conformation in dimer species of Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody (IgG1), were investigated to elucidate the physical and chemical properties of the dimerized antibody. Palivizumab solution contains ∼1% dimer and 99% monomer. The dimer species was isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and analysed by a number of methods including analytical ultracentrifugation-sedimantetion velocity (AUC-SV). AUC-SV in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate indicated that approximately half of the dimer fraction was non-covalently associated, whereas the other half was dimerized by covalent bond. Disulphide bond and dityrosine formation were likely to be involved in the covalent dimerization. Limited proteolysis of the isolated dimer by Lys-C and mass spectrometry for the resultant products indicated that the dimer species were formed by Fab-Fc or Fab-Fab interactions, whereas Fc-Fc interactions were not found. It is thus likely that the dimerization occurs mainly via the Fab region. With regard to the conformation of the dimer species, the secondary and tertiary structures were shown to be almost identical to those of the monomer. Furthermore, the thermal stability turned out also to be very similar between the dimer and monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Iwura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-9 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501; and Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.; 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
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177
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Iacob RE, Bou-Assaf GM, Makowski L, Engen JR, Berkowitz SA, Houde D. Investigating monoclonal antibody aggregation using a combination of H/DX-MS and other biophysical measurements. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4315-29. [PMID: 24136070 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To determine how structural changes in antibodies are connected with aggregation, the structural areas of an antibody prone to and/or impacted by aggregation must be identified. In this work, the higher-order structure and biophysical properties of two different monoclonal antibody (mAb) monomers were compared with their simplest aggregated form, that is, dimers that naturally occurred during normal production and storage conditions. A combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and other biophysical measurements was used to make the comparison. The results show that the dimerization process for one of the mAb monomers (mAb1) displayed no differences in its deuterium uptake between monomer and dimer forms. However, the other mAb monomer (mAb2) showed subtle changes in hydrogen/deuterium exchange as compared with its dimer form. In this case, differences observed were located in specific functional regions of the CH 2 domain and the hinge region between CH 1 and CH 2 domains. The importance and the implications of these changes on the antibody structure and mechanism of aggregation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana E Iacob
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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178
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Roberts CJ, Nesta DP, Kim N. Effects of Temperature and Osmolytes on Competing Degradation Routes for an IgG1 Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3556-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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179
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Beckley NS, Lazzareschi KP, Chih HW, Sharma VK, Flores HL. Investigation into Temperature-Induced Aggregation of an Antibody Drug Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1674-83. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400182x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nia S. Beckley
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, ‡Purification Development, and §Late Stage Pharmaceutical
and Process Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kathlyn P. Lazzareschi
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, ‡Purification Development, and §Late Stage Pharmaceutical
and Process Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hung-Wei Chih
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, ‡Purification Development, and §Late Stage Pharmaceutical
and Process Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vikas K. Sharma
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, ‡Purification Development, and §Late Stage Pharmaceutical
and Process Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heather L. Flores
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, ‡Purification Development, and §Late Stage Pharmaceutical
and Process Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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180
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Von Kreudenstein TS, Escobar-Carbrera E, Lario PI, D'Angelo I, Brault K, Kelly J, Durocher Y, Baardsnes J, Woods RJ, Xie MH, Girod PA, Suits MDL, Boulanger MJ, Poon DKY, Ng GYK, Dixit SB. Improving biophysical properties of a bispecific antibody scaffold to aid developability: quality by molecular design. MAbs 2013; 5:646-54. [PMID: 23924797 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the concept of Quality-by-Design is addressed at the upstream and downstream process development stages, we questioned whether there are advantages to addressing the issues of biologics quality early in the design of the molecule based on fundamental biophysical characterization, and thereby reduce complexities in the product development stages. Although limited number of bispecific therapeutics are in clinic, these developments have been plagued with difficulty in producing materials of sufficient quality and quantity for both preclinical and clinical studies. The engineered heterodimeric Fc is an industry-wide favorite scaffold for the design of bispecific protein therapeutics because of its structural, and potentially pharmacokinetic, similarity to the natural antibody. Development of molecules based on this concept, however, is challenged by the presence of potential homodimer contamination and stability loss relative to the natural Fc. We engineered a heterodimeric Fc with high heterodimeric specificity that also retains natural Fc-like biophysical properties, and demonstrate here that use of engineered Fc domains that mirror the natural system translates into an efficient and robust upstream stable cell line selection process as a first step toward a more developable therapeutic.
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181
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Wang T, Kumru OS, Yi L, Wang YJ, Zhang J, Kim JH, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Effect of ionic strength and pH on the physical and chemical stability of a monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2520-37. [PMID: 23824562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragments are emerging as promising alternatives to full-length mAbs as protein therapeutic candidates. Antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) are the most advanced with three Fab-based drug products currently approved. This work presents preformulation characterization data on the effect of pH, NaCl concentration, and various cationic excipients on the physical and chemical stability of a Fab molecule with multiple negatively charged Asp residues in the complementarity-determining region. Conformational stability was evaluated using an empirical phase diagram approach based on circular dichroism, intrinsic Trp and extrinsic 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence, and static light scattering measurements. The effect of NaCl concentration, various cationic excipients and pH on the Fab molecule's conformational stability, aggregation propensity, and chemical stability (Asp isomerization) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, optical density measurements at 350 nm (OD350 ), and ion-exchange chromatography, respectively. Increasing NaCl concentration increased the overall conformational stability, decreased aggregation rates, and lowered the rates of Asp isomerization. No such trends were noted for pH or cationic excipients. The potential interrelationships between protein conformational and chemical stability are discussed in the context of designing stable protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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182
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Manikwar P, Majumdar R, Hickey JM, Thakkar SV, Samra HS, Sathish HA, Bishop SM, Middaugh CR, Weis DD, Volkin DB. Correlating Excipient Effects on Conformational and Storage Stability of an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody with Local Dynamics as Measured by Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2136-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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183
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Control of IgG LC:HC ratio in stably transfected CHO cells and study of the impact on expression, aggregation, glycosylation and conformational stability. J Biotechnol 2013; 165:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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184
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Majumdar R, Manikwar P, Hickey JM, Samra HS, Sathish HA, Bishop SM, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB, Weis DD. Effects of Salts from the Hofmeister Series on the Conformational Stability, Aggregation Propensity, and Local Flexibility of an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3376-89. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400232p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranajoy Majumdar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United
States
| | - Prakash Manikwar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United
States
| | - John M. Hickey
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United
States
| | - Hardeep S. Samra
- Department of Formulation
Sciences, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way,
Gaithersburg, Maryland
20878, United States
| | - Hasige A. Sathish
- Department of Formulation
Sciences, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way,
Gaithersburg, Maryland
20878, United States
| | - Steven M. Bishop
- Department of Formulation
Sciences, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way,
Gaithersburg, Maryland
20878, United States
| | - C. Russell Middaugh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United
States
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United
States
| | - David D. Weis
- Department
of Chemistry and R.
N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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185
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Fenn S, Schiller CB, Griese JJ, Duerr H, Imhof-Jung S, Gassner C, Moelleken J, Regula JT, Schaefer W, Thomas M, Klein C, Hopfner KP, Kettenberger H. Crystal structure of an anti-Ang2 CrossFab demonstrates complete structural and functional integrity of the variable domain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61953. [PMID: 23613981 PMCID: PMC3629102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are considered as a promising class of future biotherapeutic molecules. They comprise binding specificities for two different antigens, which may provide additive or synergistic modes of action. There is a wide variety of design alternatives for such bispecific antibodies, including the “CrossMab” format. CrossMabs contain a domain crossover in one of the antigen-binding (Fab) parts, together with the “knobs-and-holes” approach, to enforce the correct assembly of four different polypeptide chains into an IgG-like bispecific antibody. We determined the crystal structure of a hAng-2-binding Fab in its crossed and uncrossed form and show that CH1-CL-domain crossover does not induce significant perturbations of the structure and has no detectable influence on target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fenn
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian B. Schiller
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia J. Griese
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Duerr
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Imhof-Jung
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gassner
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Moelleken
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Thomas Regula
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Thomas
- Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Discovery Oncology; Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (KH); (HK)
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KH); (HK)
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186
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Mueller M, Wan C, Hoi KM, Kim DY, Gan HT, Bardor M, Gagnon P. Immunoglobulins M Survive Low-pH Conditions Used for Virus Inactivation and for Elution from Bioaffinity Columns. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1125-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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187
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Differential scanning calorimetry as a tool for protein folding and stability. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 531:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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188
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Gerhardt A, Bonam K, Bee JS, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Ionic Strength Affects Tertiary Structure and Aggregation Propensity of a Monoclonal Antibody Adsorbed to Silicone Oil–Water Interfaces. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:429-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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189
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Kim N, Remmele RL, Liu D, Razinkov VI, Fernandez EJ, Roberts CJ. Aggregation of anti-streptavidin immunoglobulin gamma‐1 involves Fab unfolding and competing growth pathways mediated by pH and salt concentration. Biophys Chem 2013; 172:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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190
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Dengl S, Wehmer M, Hesse F, Lipsmeier F, Popp O, Lang K. Aggregation and Chemical Modification of Monoclonal Antibodies under Upstream Processing Conditions. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1380-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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191
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Liquid Formulations for Long-Term Storage of Monoclonal IgGs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1431-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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192
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Tang L, Sundaram S, Zhang J, Carlson P, Matathia A, Parekh B, Zhou Q, Hsieh MC. Conformational characterization of the charge variants of a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody using H/D exchange mass spectrometry. MAbs 2012; 5:114-25. [PMID: 23222183 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MAb1, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody produced in a NS0 cell line, exhibits charge heterogeneity because of the presence of variants formed by processes such as N-terminal glutamate cyclization, C-terminal lysine truncation, deamidation, aspartate isomerization and sialylation in the carbohydrate moiety. Four major charge variants of MAb1 were isolated and the conformations of these charge variants were studied using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, including the H/D exchange time course (HX-MS) and the stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange (SUPREX) techniques. HX-MS was used to evaluate the conformation and solution dynamics of MAb1 charge variants by measuring their deuterium buildup over time at the peptide level. The SUPREX technique evaluated the unfolding profile and relative stability of the charge variants by measuring the exchange properties of globally protected amide protons in the presence of a chemical denaturant. The H/D exchange profiles from both techniques were compared among the four charge variants of MAb1. The two techniques together offered extensive understanding about the local and subglobal/global unfolding of the charge variants of MAb1. Our results demonstrated that all four charge variants of MAb1 were not significantly different in conformation, solution dynamics and chemical denaturant-induced unfolding profile and stability, which aids in understanding the biofunctions of the molecules. The analytical strategy used for conformational characterization may also be applicable to comparability studies done for antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Tang
- BioAnalytical Sciences, ImClone Systems Corporation, Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ, USA
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193
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Menzen T, Friess W. High-throughput melting-temperature analysis of a monoclonal antibody by differential scanning fluorimetry in the presence of surfactants. J Pharm Sci 2012; 102:415-28. [PMID: 23212746 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is successfully used as a high-throughput screening method for the analysis of the protein melting temperature (T(m)) in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (MAb) formulations. Typically, surfactants are utilized in MAb formulations as a stabilizer, but the commonly applied polarity-sensitive dye SYPRO® Orange shows bright fluorescence in the presence of micelles, concealing the signal of protein unfolding. Studying various MAb formulations containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, or poloxamer 188 (PX 188), the molecular rotor probe 4-(dicyanovinyl)julolidine (DCVJ) was investigated. Although limited to higher MAb concentrations, DCVJ enabled the determination of T(m) in many formulations where SYPRO® Orange failed. It is important to note that careful background correction of placebo formulations is essential for the precise determination of T(m) and especially T(m onset). Thermal shifts of T(m1) (lowest observed thermal transition) indicating stabilizing or destabilizing effects of pH or excipient were in good agreement across all tested formulations and correlated well with differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Additionally, the micellization temperature of PX 188 was confirmed, which leads to a nonproteinous transition. With this new method, it is possible to apply DSF during the development of therapeutic proteins in surfactant-containing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Menzen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany.
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194
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Buck PM, Kumar S, Singh SK. Insights into the potential aggregation liabilities of the b12 Fab fragment via elevated temperature molecular dynamics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012. [PMID: 23188804 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation is a common hurdle faced during the development of antibody therapeutics. In this study, we explore the potential aggregation liabilities of the Fab (fragment antigen-binding) from a human IgG1κ antibody via multiple elevated temperature molecular dynamic simulations, analogous to accelerated stability studies performed during formulation development. Deformation and solvent exposure changes in response to thermal stress were monitored for individual structural domains (V(H), V(L), C(H)1 and C(L)), their interfaces (V(H):V(L) and C(H)1:C(L)), edge beta-strands and sequence-predicted aggregation-prone regions (APRs). During simulations, domain interfaces deformed prior to the unfolding of individual domains. However, interfacial beta-strands retained their secondary structure and remained solvent protected longer than all other strands or loops. Thus, APRs located in interfacial beta-strands are effectively blocked from self-association. Structural deformations were also observed in complementarity-determining regions, edge beta-strands and adjoining framework beta-strands, which increased their solvent-accessible surface area and exposed APRs in these regions. From the analysis of these structural changes, two potential aggregation liabilities were identified in the V(H) domain of this Fab. Insights gained from this investigation should be useful in devising a rational structure-based strategy for the design and selection of antibody candidates with high potency and improved developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Buck
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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195
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Mueller M, Loh MQT, Tscheliessnig R, Tee DHY, Tan E, Bardor M, Jungbauer A. Liquid Formulations for Stabilizing IgMs During Physical Stress and Long-Term Storage. Pharm Res 2012; 30:735-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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196
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Simler BR, Hui G, Dahl JE, Perez-Ramirez B. Mechanistic Complexity of Subvisible Particle Formation: Links to Protein Aggregation are Highly Specific. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4140-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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197
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Aggregation mechanism of an IgG2 and two IgG1 monoclonal antibodies at low pH: from oligomers to larger aggregates. Pharm Res 2012; 30:641-54. [PMID: 23054090 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the aggregation mechanism and the stability characteristics of three different monoclonal antibodies under acidic conditions. METHODS The aggregation kinetics is analyzed by a combination of light scattering, size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence techniques and the aggregation data are correlated to protein structure, hydrophobicity, charge and antibody subclass. RESULTS In the investigated conditions, the antibody aggregation follows a mechanism consisting of two-steps: reversible monomer oligomerization followed by irreversible cluster-cluster aggregation. The kinetics of the two steps is differently affected by the operating conditions: mild destabilizing conditions induce formation of oligomers which are stable within weeks, while stronger denaturing conditions promote aggregation of oligomers to larger aggregates which eventually precipitate. For different antibodies significant differences in both oligomerization and growth rates are found, even for antibodies belonging to the same subclass. For all antibodies the aggregate formation is accompanied by a structure re-organization with an increase in the ordered β-sheet structures. At low pH the aggregation propensity of the investigated antibodies does not correlate with antibody subclass, surface net charge and hydrophobicity of the non-native state. CONCLUSIONS The aggregation mechanism of three antibodies in acidic conditions as well as differences and analogies in their stability behavior has been characterized.
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198
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Heads JT, Adams R, D'Hooghe LE, Page MJT, Humphreys DP, Popplewell AG, Lawson AD, Henry AJ. Relative stabilities of IgG1 and IgG4 Fab domains: influence of the light-heavy interchain disulfide bond architecture. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1315-22. [PMID: 22761163 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The stability of therapeutic antibodies is a prime pharmaceutical concern. In this work we examined thermal stability differences between human IgG1 and IgG4 Fab domains containing the same variable regions using the thermofluor assay. It was found that the IgG1 Fab domain is up to 11°C more stable than the IgG4 Fab domain containing the same variable region. We investigated the cause of this difference with the aim of developing a molecule with the enhanced stability of the IgG1 Fab and the biological properties of an IgG4 Fc. We found that replacing the seven residues, which differ between IgG1 C(H) 1 and IgG4 C(H) 1 domains, while retaining the native IgG1 light-heavy interchain disulfide (L-H) bond, did not affect thermal stability. Introducing the IgG1 type L-H interchain disulfide bond (DSB) into the IgG4 Fab resulted in an increase in thermal stability to levels observed in the IgG1 Fab with the same variable region. Conversely, replacement of the IgG1 L-H interchain DSB with the IgG4 type L-H interchain DSB reduced the thermal stability. We utilized the increased stability of the IgG1 Fab and designed a hybrid antibody with an IgG1 C(H) 1 linked to an IgG4 Fc via an IgG1 hinge. This construct has the expected biophysical properties of both the IgG4 Fc and IgG1 Fab domains and may therefore be a pharmaceutically relevant format.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Heads
- UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom.
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199
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Schaefer JV, Plückthun A. Transfer of engineered biophysical properties between different antibody formats and expression systems. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:485-506. [PMID: 22763265 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies and their derivatives are receiving ever increasing attention for many applications. Nevertheless, they differ widely in biophysical properties, from stable monomers to metastable aggregation-prone mixtures of oligomers. Previous work from our laboratory presented the combination of structure-based analysis with family consensus alignments as being able to improve the properties of immunoglobulin variable domains. We had identified a series of mutations in the variable domains that greatly influenced both the stability and the expression level of single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. We now investigated whether these effects are transferable to Fab fragments and immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced in bacteria, Pichia pastoris, and mammalian cells. Taken together, our data indicate that engineered mutations can increase functional expression levels only for periplasmic expression in prokaryotes. In contrast, stability against thermal and denaturant-induced unfolding is improved by the same mutations in all formats tested, including scFv, Fab and IgG, independent of the expression system. The mutations in V(H) also influenced the structural homogeneity of full-length IgG, and the reducibility of the distant C(H)1-C(L) inter-chain disulfide bond. These results confirm the potential of structure-based protein engineering in the context of full-length IgGs and the transferability of stability improvements discovered with smaller antibody fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas V Schaefer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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200
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Zhang Z, Zhang A, Xiao G. Improved Protein Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Platform with Fully Automated Data Processing. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4942-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300535r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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