151
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Mangayil R, Rajala S, Pammo A, Sarlin E, Luo J, Santala V, Karp M, Tuukkanen S. Engineering and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose Films as Low Cost and Flexible Sensor Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19048-19056. [PMID: 28520408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some bacterial strains such as Komagataeibacter xylinus are able to produce cellulose as an extracellular matrix. In comparison to wood-based cellulose, bacterial cellulose (BC) holds interesting properties such as biodegradability, high purity, water-holding capacity, and superior mechanical and structural properties. Aiming toward improvement in BC production titer and tailored alterations to the BC film, we engineered K. xylinus to overexpress partial and complete bacterial cellulose synthase operon that encodes activities for BC production. The changes in cell growth, end metabolite, and BC production titers from the engineered strains were compared with the wild-type K. xylinus. Although there were no significant differences between the growth of wild-type and engineered strains, the engineered K. xylinus strains demonstrated faster BC production, generating 2-4-fold higher production titer (the highest observed titer was obtained with K. xylinus-bcsABCD strain producing 4.3 ± 0.46 g/L BC in 4 days). The mechanical and structural characteristics of cellulose produced from the wild-type and engineered K. xylinus strains were analyzed with a stylus profilometer, in-house built tensile strength measurement system, a scanning electron microscope, and an X-ray diffractometer. Results from the profilometer indicated that the engineered K. xylinus strains produced thicker BC films (wild type, 5.1 μm, and engineered K. xylinus strains, 6.2-10.2 μm). Scanning electron microscope revealed no principal differences in the structure of the different type BC films. The crystallinity index of all films was high (from 88.6 to 97.5%). All BC films showed significant piezoelectric response (5.0-20 pC/N), indicating BC as a promising sensor material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satu Rajala
- Digital Health Laboratory, Nokia Technologies , Karaportti 4, FI-02610 Espoo, Finland
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152
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Elayaraja S, Zagorsek K, Li F, Xiang J. In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles into TEMPO-mediated oxidized bacterial cellulose and their antivibriocidal activity against shrimp pathogens. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 166:329-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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153
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Sajadi E, Babaipour V, Deldar AA, Yakhchali B, Fatemi SSA. Enhancement of crystallinity of cellulose produced by Escherichia coli through heterologous expression of bcsD gene from Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1395-1401. [PMID: 28573539 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the crystallinity index of the cellulose produced by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 after heterologous expression of the cellulose synthase subunit D (bcsD) gene of Gluconacetobacter xylinus BPR2001. RESULTS The bcsD gene of G. xylinus BPR2001 was expressed in E. coli and its protein product was visualized using SDS-PAGE. FTIR analysis showed that the crystallinity index of the cellulose produced by the recombinants was 0.84, which is 17% more than that of the wild type strain. The increased crystallinity index was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cellulose content was not changed significantly after over-expressing the bcsD. CONCLUSION The bcsD gene can improve the crystalline structure of the bacterial cellulose but there is not any significant difference between the amounts of cellulose produced by the recombinant and wild type E. coli Nissle 1917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Sajadi
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, P.O. Box: 14965/161, Iran
| | | | | | - Bagher Yakhchali
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, P.O. Box: 14965/161, Iran
| | - Seyed Safa-Ali Fatemi
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, P.O. Box: 14965/161, Iran.
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154
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Muhd Julkapli N, Bagheri S. Nanocellulose as a green and sustainable emerging material in energy applications: a review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurhidayatulllaili Muhd Julkapli
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS); University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Samira Bagheri
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS); University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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155
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Scapin SMN, Souza FHM, Zanphorlin LM, de Almeida TS, Sade YB, Cardoso AM, Pinheiro GL, Murakami MT. Structure and function of a novel GH8 endoglucanase from the bacterial cellulose synthase complex of Raoultella ornithinolytica. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176550. [PMID: 28448629 PMCID: PMC5407803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis in bacteria is a complex process involving the concerted action of several enzymes whose genes are often organized in operons. This process influences many fundamental physiological aspects such as bacteria and host interaction, biofilm formation, among others. Although it might sound contradictory, the participation of cellulose-degrading enzymes is critical to this process. The presence of endoglucanases from family 8 of glycosyl hydrolases (GH8) in bacterial cellulose synthase (Bcs) complex has been described in different bacteria, including the model organism Komagataeibacter xylinus; however, their role in this process is not completely understood. In this study, we describe the biochemical characterization and three-dimensional structure of a novel GH8 member from Raoultella ornithinolytica, named AfmE1, which was previously identified by our group from the metagenomic analysis of the giant snail Achatina fulica. Our results demonstrated that AfmE1 is an endo-β-1,4-glucanase, with maximum activity in acidic to neutral pH over a wide temperature range. This enzyme cleaves cello-oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization ≥ 5 and presents six glucosyl-binding subsites. The structural comparison of AfmE1 with other GH8 endoglucanases showed significant structural dissimilarities in the catalytic cleft, particularly in the subsite +3, which correlate with different functional mechanisms, such as the recognition of substrate molecules having different arrangements and crystallinities. Together, these findings provide new insights into molecular and structural features of evolutionarily conserved endoglucanases from the bacterial cellulose biosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mara Naressi Scapin
- Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SMNS); (MTM)
| | - Flavio Henrique Moreira Souza
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Maria Zanphorlin
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamyres Silva de Almeida
- Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Youssef Bacila Sade
- Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexander Machado Cardoso
- Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Luiz Pinheiro
- Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Tyago Murakami
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SMNS); (MTM)
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156
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Liyaskina E, Revin V, Paramonova E, Nazarkina M, Pestov N, Revina N, Kolesnikova S. Nanomaterials from bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial wound dressing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/784/1/012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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157
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Prakash Menon M, Selvakumar R, Suresh kumar P, Ramakrishna S. Extraction and modification of cellulose nanofibers derived from biomass for environmental application. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06713e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers obtained from various plants and microbial sources, their extraction methods and various environmental applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Selvakumar
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory
- PSG Institute of Advanced Studies
- Coimbatore
- India-641004
| | - Palaniswamy Suresh kumar
- Environmental & Water Technology Centre of Innovation (EWTCOI)
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic
- Singapore-599489
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117576
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158
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Stumpf TR, Yang X, Zhang J, Cao X. In situ and ex situ modifications of bacterial cellulose for applications in tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 82:372-383. [PMID: 29025671 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is secreted by a few strains of bacteria and consists of a cellulose nanofiber network with unique characteristics. Because of its excellent mechanical properties, outstanding biocompatibilities, and abilities to form porous structures, BC has been studied for a variety of applications in different fields, including the use as a biomaterial for scaffolds in tissue engineering. To extend its applications in tissue engineering, native BC is normally modified to enhance its properties. Generally, BC modifications can be made by either in situ modification during cell culture or ex situ modification of existing BC microfibers. In this review we will first provide a brief introduction of BC and its attributes; this will set the stage for in-depth and up-to-date discussions on modified BC. Finally, the review will focus on in situ and ex situ modifications of BC and its applications in tissue engineering, particularly in bone regeneration and wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisa Regina Stumpf
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Hainan Institute of Science and Technology, 571126 Haikou, China
| | - Jingchang Zhang
- Hainan Institute of Science and Technology, 571126 Haikou, China.
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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159
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Ullah H, Wahid F, Santos HA, Khan T. Advances in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of functional bacterial cellulose-based nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 150:330-52. [PMID: 27312644 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by certain species of bacteria, is a fascinating biopolymer with unique physical and mechanical properties. BC's applications range from traditional dessert, gelling, stabilizing and thickening agent in the food industry to advanced high-tech applications, such as immobilization of enzymes, bacteria and fungi, tissue engineering, heart valve prosthesis, artificial blood vessels, bone, cartilage, cornea and skin, and dental root treatment. Various BC-composites have been designed and investigated in order to enhance its biological applicability. This review focuses on the application of BC-based composites for microbial control, wound dressing, cardiovascular, ophthalmic, skeletal, and endodontics systems. Moreover, applications in controlled drug delivery, biosensors/bioanalysis, immobilization of enzymes and cells, stem cell therapy and skin tissue repair are also highlighted. This review will provide new insights for academia and industry to further assess the BC-based composites in terms of practical applications and future commercialization for biomedical and pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fazli Wahid
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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160
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Semjonovs P, Ruklisha M, Paegle L, Saka M, Treimane R, Skute M, Rozenberga L, Vikele L, Sabovics M, Cleenwerck I. Cellulose synthesis by Komagataeibacter rhaeticus strain P 1463 isolated from Kombucha. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1003-1012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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161
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Culture medium pH influence on Gluconacetobacter physiology: Cellulose production rate and yield enhancement in presence of multiple carbon sources. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 146:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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162
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Sorieul M, Dickson A, Hill SJ, Pearson H. Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080618. [PMID: 28773739 PMCID: PMC5509024 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls form an organic complex composite material that fulfils various functions. The hierarchical structure of this material is generated from the integration of its elementary components. This review provides an overview of wood as a composite material followed by its deconstruction into fibres that can then be incorporated into biobased composites. Firstly, the fibres are defined, and their various origins are discussed. Then, the organisation of cell walls and their components are described. The emphasis is on the molecular interactions of the cellulose microfibrils, lignin and hemicelluloses in planta. Hemicelluloses of diverse species and cell walls are described. Details of their organisation in the primary cell wall are provided, as understanding of the role of hemicellulose has recently evolved and is likely to affect our perception and future study of their secondary cell wall homologs. The importance of the presence of water on wood mechanical properties is also discussed. These sections provide the basis for understanding the molecular arrangements and interactions of the components and how they influence changes in fibre properties once isolated. A range of pulping processes can be used to individualise wood fibres, but these can cause damage to the fibres. Therefore, issues relating to fibre production are discussed along with the dispersion of wood fibres during extrusion. The final section explores various ways to improve fibres obtained from wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Dickson
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand.
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163
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Shirdel Ghadikolaei S, Omrani A, Ehsani M. Impact of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers on the Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdollah Omrani
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, P.O. Box 453, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Morteza Ehsani
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute,
P.O. Box 14965-115, Tehran, Iran
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164
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Florea M, Hagemann H, Santosa G, Abbott J, Micklem CN, Spencer-Milnes X, de Arroyo Garcia L, Paschou D, Lazenbatt C, Kong D, Chughtai H, Jensen K, Freemont PS, Kitney R, Reeve B, Ellis T. Engineering control of bacterial cellulose production using a genetic toolkit and a new cellulose-producing strain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3431-40. [PMID: 27247386 PMCID: PMC4914174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522985113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose is a strong and ultrapure form of cellulose produced naturally by several species of the Acetobacteraceae Its high strength, purity, and biocompatibility make it of great interest to materials science; however, precise control of its biosynthesis has remained a challenge for biotechnology. Here we isolate a strain of Komagataeibacter rhaeticus (K. rhaeticus iGEM) that can produce cellulose at high yields, grow in low-nitrogen conditions, and is highly resistant to toxic chemicals. We achieved external control over its bacterial cellulose production through development of a modular genetic toolkit that enables rational reprogramming of the cell. To further its use as an organism for biotechnology, we sequenced its genome and demonstrate genetic circuits that enable functionalization and patterning of heterologous gene expression within the cellulose matrix. This work lays the foundations for using genetic engineering to produce cellulose-based materials, with numerous applications in basic science, materials engineering, and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Florea
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagemann
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Santosa
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James Abbott
- Bioinformatics Support Service, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chris N Micklem
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xenia Spencer-Milnes
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura de Arroyo Garcia
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Paschou
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Lazenbatt
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Deze Kong
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Haroon Chughtai
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Jensen
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Kitney
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Reeve
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Ellis
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;
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165
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Wang ZG, Xiang D, Wang XB, Li CF. Preparation of an inoculum of Gluconacetobacter xylinus without mutants in shaken culture. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:713-20. [PMID: 27249070 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A high-quality inoculum of Gluconacetobacter xylinus is important to produce bacterial cellulose (BC), a versatile biomaterial. This work aims to develop a method of preparing an inoculum of this bacterium with high cell density and without mutants. METHODS AND RESULTS Inocula of G. xylinus ACCC 10220 without and with cellulase or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were prepared in shaken culture. BC pellets and BC-negative mutants were present in the inoculum without additives but absent in the inoculum with additives. Based on BC weights statically produced in fresh BC-producing media initiated by different seed culture, the 24-h-shaken inoculum with 1·50% (w/v) CMC was the best because of high biomass and absence of mutants. The BC weights in fresh media inoculated by the 96-h-static inoculum and 24-h-shaken CMC inoculum at 7% (v/v) were 0·70 and 1·05 g l(-1) , respectively, implying significant difference (P < 0·01) in BC weights. However, structure properties of the two BC samples, including the crystallinity index, mass fraction of cellulose Iα , degree of polymerization (DP) and micromorphology were slightly different. CONCLUSIONS The 24-h-shaken CMC inoculum was the most suitable for a starter culture of BC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A novel method of preparing G. xylinus inoculum in shaken culture was developed, featuring high biomass, absence of mutants and no BC entanglements. Cellulase or CMC added into the medium completely suppressed mutation of G. xylinus, and CMC facilitated to form colloidal BC with the low DP in shaken culture, indicating less BC stress to cells. These findings suggested the mutation could be induced by BC stress, and not by shear stress commonly accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-G Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - D Xiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - X-B Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - C-F Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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166
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Tercjak A, Gutierrez J, Barud HS, Ribeiro SJ. Switchable photoluminescence liquid crystal coated bacterial cellulose films with conductive response. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 143:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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167
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Reiniati I, Hrymak AN, Margaritis A. Recent developments in the production and applications of bacterial cellulose fibers and nanocrystals. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:510-524. [PMID: 27248159 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1189871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosic nanomaterials provide a novel and sustainable platform for the production of high performance materials enabled by nanotechnology. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly crystalline material and contains pure cellulose without lignin and hemicellulose. BC offers an opportunity to provide control of the products' properties in-situ, via specific BC production methods and culture conditions. The BC potential in advanced material applications are hindered by a limited knowledge of optimal BC production conditions, efficient process scale-up, separation methods, and purification methods. There is a growing body of work on the production of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNs) from BC fibers. However, there is limited information regarding the effect of BC fibers' characteristics on the production of nanocrystals. This review describes developments in BC and BCNs production methods and factors affecting their yield and physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Reiniati
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Andrew N Hrymak
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Argyrios Margaritis
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
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168
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Increased yield and selected properties of bacterial cellulose exposed to different modes of a rotating magnetic field. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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169
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Ferguson A, Khan U, Walsh M, Lee KY, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP, Coleman JN, Bergin SD. Understanding the Dispersion and Assembly of Bacterial Cellulose in Organic Solvents. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1845-53. [PMID: 27007744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The constituent nanofibrils of bacterial cellulose are of interest to many researchers because of their purity and excellent mechanical properties. Mechanisms to disrupt the network structure of bacterial cellulose (BC) to isolate bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (BCN) are limited. This work focuses on liquid-phase dispersions of BCN in a range of organic solvents. It builds on work to disperse similarly intractable nanomaterials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, where optimum dispersion is seen for solvents whose surface energies are close to the surface energy of the nanomaterial; bacterial cellulose is shown to disperse in a similar fashion. Inverse gas chromatography was used to determine the surface energy of bacterial cellulose, under relevant conditions, by quantifying the surface heterogeneity of the material as a function of coverage. Films of pure BCN were prepared from dispersions in a range of solvents; the extent of BCN exfoliation is shown to have a strong effect on the mechanical properties of BC films and to fit models based on the volumetric density of nanofibril junctions. Such control offers new routes to producing robust cellulose films of bacterial cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auren Ferguson
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Umar Khan
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währingerstr. 42, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | | | | | - Shane D Bergin
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
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170
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Genome sequence and plasmid transformation of the model high-yield bacterial cellulose producer Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 53582. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23635. [PMID: 27010592 PMCID: PMC4806288 DOI: 10.1038/srep23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose is a strong, highly pure form of cellulose that is used in a range of applications in industry, consumer goods and medicine. Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 53582 is one of the highest reported bacterial cellulose producing strains and has been used as a model organism in numerous studies of bacterial cellulose production and studies aiming to increased cellulose productivity. Here we present a high-quality draft genome sequence for G. hansenii ATCC 53582 and find that in addition to the previously described cellulose synthase operon, ATCC 53582 contains two additional cellulose synthase operons and several previously undescribed genes associated with cellulose production. In parallel, we also develop optimized protocols and identify plasmid backbones suitable for transformation of ATCC 53582, albeit with low efficiencies. Together, these results provide important information for further studies into cellulose synthesis and for future studies aiming to genetically engineer G. hansenii ATCC 53582 for increased cellulose productivity.
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171
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Ji K, Wang W, Zeng B, Chen S, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Li G, Ma T. Bacterial cellulose synthesis mechanism of facultative anaerobe Enterobacter sp. FY-07. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21863. [PMID: 26911736 PMCID: PMC4766428 DOI: 10.1038/srep21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter sp. FY-07 can produce bacterial cellulose (BC) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Three potential BC synthesis gene clusters (bcsI, bcsII and bcsIII) of Enterobacter sp. FY-07 have been predicted using genome sequencing and comparative genome analysis, in which bcsIII was confirmed as the main contributor to BC synthesis by gene knockout and functional reconstitution methods. Protein homology, gene arrangement and gene constitution analysis indicated that bcsIII had high identity to the bcsI operon of Enterobacter sp. 638; however, its arrangement and composition were same as those of BC synthesizing operon of G. xylinum ATCC53582 except for the flanking sequences. According to the BC biosynthesizing process, oxygen is not directly involved in the reactions of BC synthesis, however, energy is required to activate intermediate metabolites and synthesize the activator, c-di-GMP. Comparative transcriptome and metabolite quantitative analysis demonstrated that under anaerobic conditions genes involved in the TCA cycle were downregulated, however, genes in the nitrate reduction and gluconeogenesis pathways were upregulated, especially, genes in three pyruvate metabolism pathways. These results suggested that Enterobacter sp. FY-07 could produce energy efficiently under anaerobic conditions to meet the requirement of BC biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biology Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Bing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Sibin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Quality Control Department, Tsingtao Brewery Second Factory, Tsingtao Brewery CO., LTD, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Yueqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
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172
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Knott BC, Crowley MF, Himmel ME, Zimmer J, Beckham GT. Simulations of cellulose translocation in the bacterial cellulose synthase suggest a regulatory mechanism for the dimeric structure of cellulose. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3108-3116. [PMID: 27143998 PMCID: PMC4849487 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to suggesting a mechanism for regulating cellulose structure, molecular simulations indicate translocation is not rate-limiting for cellulose biosynthesis.
The processive cycle of the bacterial cellulose synthase (Bcs) includes the addition of a single glucose moiety to the end of a growing cellulose chain followed by the translocation of the nascent chain across the plasma membrane. The mechanism of this translocation and its precise location within the processive cycle are not well understood. In particular, the molecular details of how a polymer (cellulose) whose basic structural unit is a dimer (cellobiose) can be constructed by adding one monomer (glucose) at a time are yet to be elucidated. Here, we have utilized molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to the shed light on these questions. We find that translocation forward by one glucose unit is quite favorable energetically, giving a free energy stabilization of greater than 10 kcal mol–1. In addition, there is only a small barrier to translocation, implying that translocation is not rate limiting within the Bcs processive cycle (given experimental rates for cellulose synthesis in vitro). Perhaps most significantly, our results also indicate that steric constraints at the transmembrane tunnel entrance regulate the dimeric structure of cellulose. Namely, when a glucose molecule is added to the cellulose chain in the same orientation as the acceptor glucose, the terminal glucose freely rotates upon forward motion, thus suggesting a regulatory mechanism for the dimeric structure of cellulose. We characterize both the conserved and non-conserved enzyme–polysaccharide interactions that drive translocation, and find that 20 of the 25 residues that strongly interact with the translocating cellulose chain in the simulations are well conserved, mostly with polar or aromatic side chains. Our results also allow for a dynamical analysis of the role of the so-called ‘finger helix’ in cellulose translocation that has been observed structurally. Taken together, these findings aid in the elucidation of the translocation steps of the Bcs processive cycle and may be widely relevant to polysaccharide synthesizing or degrading enzymes that couple catalysis with chain translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Knott
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael F Crowley
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden CO 80401, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22980
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden CO 80401, USA
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173
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Bacterial nanocellulose production and application: a 10-year overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2063-72. [PMID: 26743657 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Production of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is becoming increasingly popular owing to its environmentally friendly properties. Based on this benefit of BNC production, researchers have also begun to examine the capacity for cellulose production through microbial hosts. Indeed, several research groups have developed processes for BNC production, and many studies have been published to date, with the goal of developing methods for large-scale production. During BNC bioproduction, the culture medium represents approximately 30 % of the total cost. Therefore, one important and challenging aspect of the fermentation process is identification of a new cost-effective culture medium that can facilitate the production of high yields within short periods of time, thereby improving BNC production and permitting application of BNC in the biotechnological, medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. In this review, we addressed different aspects of BNC production, including types of fermentation processes and culture media, with the aim of demonstrating the importance of these parameters.
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175
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the influence of rotating magnetic field (RMF) on the morphology, physicochemical properties, and the water holding capacity of bacterial cellulose (BC) synthetized by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. The cultures of G. xylinus were exposed to RMF of frequency that equals 50 Hz and magnetic induction 34 mT for 3, 5, and 7 days during cultivation at 28°C in the customized RMF exposure system. It was revealed that BC exposed for 3 days to RMF exhibited the highest water retention capacity as compared to the samples exposed for 5 and 7 days. The observation was confirmed for both the control and RMF exposed BC. It was proved that the BC exposed samples showed up to 26% higher water retention capacity as compared to the control samples. These samples also required the highest temperature to release the water molecules. Such findings agreed with the observation via SEM examination which revealed that the structure of BC synthesized for 7 days was more compacted than the sample exposed to RMF for 3 days. Furthermore, the analysis of 2D correlation of Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated the impact of RMF exposure on the dynamics of BC microfibers crystallinity formation.
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176
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Pinto FCM, De-Oliveira ACAX, De-Carvalho RR, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Coelho DR, Lima SVC, Paumgartten FJR, Aguiar JLA. Acute toxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antigenotoxic effects of a cellulosic exopolysaccharide obtained from sugarcane molasses. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 137:556-560. [PMID: 26686163 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute toxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antigenotoxic effects of BC were studied. Cytotoxicity of BC was evaluated in cultured C3A hepatoma cells (HepG2/C3A) using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay. Acute toxicity was tested in adults Wistar rats treated with a single dose of BC. The genotoxicity of BC was evaluated in vivo by the micronucleus assay. BC (0.33-170 μg/mL) added to C3A cell culture medium caused no elevation in LDH release over the background level recorded in untreated cell wells. The treatment with the BC in a single oral dose (2000 mg/kg body weight) caused no deaths or signs of toxicity. BC attenuated CP-induced and inhibition the incidence of MNPCE (female: 46.94%; male: 22.7%) and increased the ratio of PCE/NCE (female: 46.10%; male: 35.25%). There was no alteration in the LDH release in the wells where C3A cells were treated with increasing concentrations of BC compared to the wells where the cells received the cell culture medium only (background of approximately 20% cell death), indicated that in the dose range tested BC was not cytotoxic. BC was not cytotoxic, genotoxic or acutely toxic. BC attenuated CP-induced genotoxic and myelotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Cristina Morone Pinto
- Center for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cecília A X De-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosangela R De-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Gomes-Carneiro
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deise R Coelho
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Salvador Vilar C Lima
- Center for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco José R Paumgartten
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Lamartine A Aguiar
- Center for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Pernambuco, Brazil
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177
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Fijałkowski K, Żywicka A, Drozd R, Niemczyk A, Junka AF, Peitler D, Kordas M, Konopacki M, Szymczyk P, Fray ME, Rakoczy R. Modification of bacterial cellulose through exposure to the rotating magnetic field. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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178
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Mechanical Retention and Waterproof Properties of Bacterial Cellulose-Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Modified with Sodium Hexametaphosphate. MATERIALS 2015. [PMCID: PMC5455740 DOI: 10.3390/ma8063168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The waterproof and strength retention properties of bacterial cellulose (BC)-reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS) resins were successfully improved by reacting with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). After modification with SHMP, the tensile strength (σf) and impact strength (Is) values of initial and conditioned BC-reinforced TPS, modified with varying amounts of SHMP(TPS100BC0.02SHMPx), and their blends with poly(lactic acid)((TPS100BC0.02SHMPx)75PLA25) specimens improved significantly and reached a maximal value as SHMP content approached 10 parts per hundred parts of TPS resin (phr), while their moisture content and elongation at break (ɛf) was reduced to a minimal value as SHMP contents approached 10 phr. The σf, Is and ɛf retention values of a (TPS100BC0.02SHMP10)75PLA25 specimen conditioned for 56 days are 52%, 50% and 3 times its initial σf, Is and ɛf values, respectively, which are 32.5 times, 8.9 times and 40% of those of a corresponding conditioned TPS100BC0.02 specimen, respectively. As evidenced by FTIR analyses of TPS100BC0.02SHMPx specimens, hydroxyl groups of TPS100BC0.02 resins were successfully reacted with the phosphate groups of SHMP molecules. New melting endotherms and diffraction peaks of VH-type crystals were found on DSC thermograms and WAXD patterns of TPS or TPS100BC0.02 specimens conditioned for 7 days, while no new melting endotherm or diffraction peak was found for TPS100BC0.02SHMPx and/or (TPS100BC0.02SHMPx)75PLA25 specimens conditioned for less than 14 and 28 days, respectively.
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179
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Schmid J, Sieber V, Rehm B. Bacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:496. [PMID: 26074894 PMCID: PMC4443731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides which are synthesized via different biosynthesis pathways. The genes responsible for synthesis are often clustered within the genome of the respective production organism. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes is critical toward genetic, metabolic and protein-engineering approaches to produce tailor-made polymers. These designer polymers will exhibit superior material properties targeting medical and industrial applications. Exploiting the natural design space for production of a variety of biopolymer will open up a range of new applications. Here, we summarize the key aspects of microbial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and highlight the latest engineering approaches toward the production of tailor-made variants with the potential to be used as valuable renewable and high-performance products for medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Bernd Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyPalmerston North, New Zealand
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180
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Kumbhar JV, Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM. Fruit peels support higher yield and superior quality bacterial cellulose production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6677-91. [PMID: 25957154 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruit peels, also known as rinds or skins, are wastes readily available in large quantities. Here, we have used pineapple (PA) and watermelon (WM) peels as substrates in the culture media (containing 5 % sucrose and 0.7 % ammonium sulfate) for production of bacterial cellulose (BC). The bacterial culture used in the study, Komagataeibacter hansenii produced BC under static conditions as a pellicle at the air-liquid interface in standard Hestrin and Schramm (HS) medium. The yield obtained was ~3.0 g/100 ml (on a wet weight basis). The cellulosic nature of the pellicle was confirmed by CO2, H2O, N2, and SO2 (CHNS) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the pellicle revealed the presence of flat twisted ribbonlike fibrils (70-130 nm wide). X-ray diffraction analysis proved its crystalline nature (matching cellulose I) with a crystallinity index of 67 %. When K. hansenii was grown in PA and WM media, BC yields were threefolds or fourfolds higher than those obtained in HS medium. Interestingly, textural characterization tests (viz., SEM, crystallinity index, resilience, hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, shear energy and stress, and energy required for puncturing the pellicle) proved that the quality of BC produced in PA and WM media was superior to the BC produced in HS medium. These findings demonstrate the utility of the newly designed media for getting higher yields and better quality of BC, which could make fermentative production of BC more attractive on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Vasant Kumbhar
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
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181
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Pita PCDC, Pinto FCM, Lira MMDM, Melo FDAD, Ferreira LM, Aguiar JLDA. Biocompatibility of the bacterial cellulose hydrogel in subcutaneous tissue of rabbits. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:296-300. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150040000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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182
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Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM, Kumbhar JV. Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2491-511. [PMID: 25666681 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose produced by few but specific microbial genera is an extremely pure natural exopolysaccharide. Besides providing adhesive properties and a competitive advantage to the cellulose over-producer, bacterial cellulose confers UV protection, ensures maintenance of an aerobic environment, retains moisture, protects against heavy metal stress, etc. This unique nanostructured matrix is being widely explored for various medical and nonmedical applications. It can be produced in various shapes and forms because of which it finds varied uses in biomedicine. The attributes of bacterial cellulose such as biocompatibility, haemocompatibility, mechanical strength, microporosity and biodegradability with its unique surface chemistry make it ideally suited for a plethora of biomedical applications. This review highlights these qualities of bacterial cellulose in detail with emphasis on reports that prove its utility in biomedicine. It also gives an in-depth account of various biomedical applications ranging from implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering, carriers for drug delivery, wound-dressing materials, etc. that are reported until date. Besides, perspectives on limitations of commercialisation of bacterial cellulose have been presented. This review is also an update on the variety of low-cost substrates used for production of bacterial cellulose and its nonmedical applications and includes patents and commercial products based on bacterial cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rajwade
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India,
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183
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Mautner A, Lee KY, Tammelin T, Mathew AP, Nedoma AJ, Li K, Bismarck A. Cellulose nanopapers as tight aqueous ultra-filtration membranes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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184
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Blaker JJ, Lee KY, Walters M, Drouet M, Bismarck A. Aligned unidirectional PLA/bacterial cellulose nanocomposite fibre reinforced PDLLA composites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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185
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186
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Montrikittiphant T, Tang M, Lee KY, Williams CK, Bismarck A. Bacterial Cellulose Nanopaper as Reinforcement for Polylactide Composites: Renewable Thermoplastic NanoPaPreg. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1640-5. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanit Montrikittiphant
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus; SW7 2AZ London UK
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus; SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Min Tang
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus; SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University College London; Torrington Place WC1E 7JE London UK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus; SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus; SW7 2AZ London UK
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) group; Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Währinger Strasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
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187
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Lee KY, Shamsuddin SR, Fortea-Verdejo M, Bismarck A. Manufacturing of robust natural fiber preforms utilizing bacterial cellulose as binder. J Vis Exp 2014:51432. [PMID: 24893649 PMCID: PMC4206245 DOI: 10.3791/51432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose and short sisal fibers are dispersed into a water suspension containing bacterial cellulose. The fiber and nanocellulose suspension is then filtered (using vacuum or gravity) and the wet filter cake pressed to squeeze out any excess water, followed by a drying step. This will result in the hornification of the bacterial cellulose network, holding the loose natural fibers together. Our method is specially suited for the manufacturing of rigid and robust preforms of hydrophilic fibers. The porous and hydrophilic nature of such fibers results in significant water uptake, drawing in the bacterial cellulose dispersed in the suspension. The bacterial cellulose will then be filtered against the surface of these fibers, forming a bacterial cellulose coating. When the loose fiber-bacterial cellulose suspension is filtered and dried, the adjacent bacterial cellulose forms a network and hornified to hold the otherwise loose fibers together. The introduction of bacterial cellulose into the preform resulted in a significant increase of the mechanical properties of the fiber preforms. This can be attributed to the high stiffness and strength of the bacterial cellulose network. With this preform, renewable high performance hierarchical composites can also be manufactured by using conventional composite production methods, such as resin film infusion (RFI) or resin transfer molding (RTM). Here, we also describe the manufacturing of renewable hierarchical composites using double bag vacuum assisted resin infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon-Yang Lee
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, University of Vienna; Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London;
| | - Siti Rosminah Shamsuddin
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London
| | - Marta Fortea-Verdejo
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, University of Vienna
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, University of Vienna; Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London;
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188
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Lee KY, Blaker JJ, Murakami R, Heng JYY, Bismarck A. Phase behavior of medium and high internal phase water-in-oil emulsions stabilized solely by hydrophobized bacterial cellulose nanofibrils. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:452-460. [PMID: 24400918 DOI: 10.1021/la4032514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Water-in-oil emulsions stabilized solely by bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNs), which were hydrophobized by esterification with organic acids of various chain lengths (acetic acid, C2-; hexanoic acid, C6-; dodecanoic acid, C12-), were produced and characterized. When using freeze-dried C6-BCN and C12-BCN, only a maximum water volume fraction (ϕw) of 60% could be stabilized, while no emulsion was obtained for C2-BCN. However, the maximum ϕw increased to 71%, 81%, and 77% for C2-BCN, C6-BCN, and C12-BCN, respectively, 150 h after the initial emulsification, thereby creating high internal phase water-in-toluene emulsions. The observed time-dependent behavior of these emulsions is consistent with the disentanglement and dispersion of freeze-dried modified BCN bundles into individual nanofibers with time. These emulsions exhibited catastrophic phase separation when ϕw was increased, as opposed to catastrophic phase inversion observed for other Pickering emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon-Yang Lee
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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