151
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Zhang S, Xie R, Wan F, Ye F, Guo D, Lei T. Identification of U251 glioma stem cells and their heterogeneous stem-like phenotypes. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1649-1655. [PMID: 24260059 PMCID: PMC3834304 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and lethal type of intracranial tumor, is characterized by extensive heterogeneity at the cellular and molecular levels. The discovery of glioma stem cells (GSCs) lends support to a new paradigm in tumor biology. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the validity of using U251 glioma cells as a source of GSC culture and critically evaluate the heterogeneous stem-like phenotypes of these cells when grown under various culture conditions. The findings suggested that U251 cells (U251-Adh, U251-SC-Sph and U251-SC-Adh) showed distinctive growth patterns and self-renewal capacity. The U251 glioma cell line is endowed with certain GSC phenotypes that may be moderately enriched in vitro when transferred into stem cell culture conditions, although this is not sustainable and reproducible in vivo. Notably, glioma cells are plastic in response to their environment. The reversible adaptive plasticity contributes to the GSC heterogeneity, which may lead to the heterogeneity of glioblastoma and the differing responses to current therapies. Therefore, an improved understanding of GSC heterogeneity is urgently required for designing more effective therapies against this highly malignant brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hebei 430030, P.R. China
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152
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A ‘tête-à tête’ between cancer stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesis. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:115-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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153
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Natarajan S, Li Y, Miller EE, Shih DJ, Taylor MD, Stearns TM, Bronson RT, Ackerman SL, Yoon JK, Yun K. Notch1-induced brain tumor models the sonic hedgehog subgroup of human medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5381-90. [PMID: 23852537 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While activation of the Notch pathway is observed in many human cancers, it is unknown whether elevated Notch1 expression is sufficient to initiate tumorigenesis in most tissues. To test the oncogenic potential of Notch1 in solid tumors, we expressed an activated form of Notch1 (N1ICD) in the developing mouse brain. N1ICD;hGFAP-cre mice were viable but developed severe ataxia and seizures, and died by weaning age. Analysis of transgenic embryo brains revealed that N1ICD expression induced p53-dependent apoptosis. When apoptosis was blocked by genetic deletion of p53, 30% to 40% of N1ICD;GFAP-cre;p53(+/-) and N1ICD;GFAP-cre;p53(-/-) mice developed spontaneous medulloblastomas. Interestingly, N1ICD-induced medulloblastomas most closely resembled the sonic hedgehog subgroup of human medulloblastoma at the molecular level. Surprisingly, N1ICD-induced tumors do not maintain high levels of the Notch pathway gene expression, except for Notch2, showing that initiating oncogenic events may not be decipherable by analyzing growing tumors in some cases. In summary, this study shows that Notch1 has an oncogenic potential in the brain when combined with other oncogenic hits, such as p53 loss, and provides a novel mouse model of medulloblastoma. Cancer Res; 73(17); 5381-90. ©2013 AACR.
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154
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Yu SD, Liu FY, Wang QR. Notch inhibitor: a promising carcinoma radiosensitizer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5345-51. [PMID: 23317182 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important part of modern cancer management for many malignancies, and enhancing the radiosensitivity of tumor cells is critical for effective cancer therapies. The Notch signaling pathway plays a key role in regulation of numerous fundamental cellular processes. Further, there is accumulating evidence that dysregulated Notch activity is involved in the genesis of many human cancers. As such, Notch inhibitors are attractive therapeutic agents, although as for other anticancer agents, they exhibit significant and potential side effects. Thus, Notch inhibitors may be best used in combination with other agents or therapy. Herein, we describe evidence supporting the use of Notch inhibitors as novel and potent radiosensitizers in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Dong Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.
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155
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. Its prevalence is still on the rise in the developing countries due to the ageing population. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory provides a new insight into the interpretation of tumor initiation, aggressive growth, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer, as well as the development of new strategies for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the progress of biomarkers and signaling pathways of CSCs, the complex crosstalk networks between the microenvironment and CSCs, and the development of therapeutic approaches against CSCs, predominantly focusing on GC.
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156
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Kristoffersen K, Villingshøj M, Poulsen HS, Stockhausen MT. Level of Notch activation determines the effect on growth and stem cell-like features in glioblastoma multiforme neurosphere cultures. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:625-37. [PMID: 23792644 PMCID: PMC3742492 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.24595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain cancer stem-like cells (bCSC) are cancer cells with neural stem cell (NSC)-like properties found in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and they are assigned a central role in tumor initiation, progression and relapse. The Notch pathway is important for maintenance and cell fate decisions in the normal NSC population. Notch signaling is often deregulated in GBM and recent results suggest that this pathway plays a significant role in bCSC as well. We therefore wished to further elucidate the role of Notch activation in GBM-derived bCSC. METHODS Human-derived GBM xenograft cells were cultured as NSC-like neurosphere cultures. Notch modulation was accomplished either by blocking the pathway using the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT or by activating it by transfecting the cells with the constitutive active Notch-1 receptor. RESULTS GBM neurosphere cultures with high endogenous Notch activation displayed sensitivity toward Notch inhibition with regard to tumorigenic features as demonstrated by increased G0/G1 population and reduced colony formation capacity. Of the NSC-like characteristics, only the primary sphere forming potential was affected, while no effect was observed on self-renewal or differentiation. In contrast, when Notch signaling was activated a decrease in the G0/G1 population and an enhanced capability of colony formation was observed, along with increased self-renewal and de-differentiation. CONCLUSION Based on the presented results we propose that active Notch signaling plays a role for cell growth and stem cell-like features in GBM neurosphere cultures and that Notch-targeted anti-bCSC treatment could be feasible for GBM patients with high endogenous Notch pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kristoffersen
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center, Section 6321; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Villingshøj
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center, Section 6321; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Skovgaard Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center, Section 6321; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-Thérése Stockhausen
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center, Section 6321; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
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Takao S, Ding Q, Matsubara S. Pancreatic cancer stem cells: regulatory networks in the tumor microenvironment and targeted therapy. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2013; 19:614-20. [PMID: 22878838 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-012-0547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that the existence of a cancer stem cell (CSC) subset in a solid tumor is responsible for the progression and relapse of cancer as well as its resistance to current therapies. Over the past decade, CSC research on pancreatic cancer has progressed. A fundamental understanding of pancreatic CSCs may improve therapies and deepen insight into the role of cell-cell interactions within a tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer progression. This review focuses on the impact of pancreatic CSCs on the regulatory networks in the tumor microenvironment, and the implications of targeting CSCs to treat pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonshin Takao
- Frontier Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
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158
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Chu Q, Orr BA, Semenkow S, Bar EE, Eberhart CG. Prolonged inhibition of glioblastoma xenograft initiation and clonogenic growth following in vivo Notch blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3224-33. [PMID: 23630166 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of clinically relevant pharmacologic Notch inhibition on glioblastoma xenografts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Murine orthotopic xenografts generated from temozolomide-sensitive and -resistant glioblastoma neurosphere lines were treated with the γ-secretase inhibitor MRK003. Tumor growth was tracked by weekly imaging, and the effects on animal survival and tumor proliferation were assessed, along with the expression of Notch targets, stem cell, and differentiation markers, and the biology of neurospheres isolated from previously treated xenografts and controls. RESULTS Weekly MRK003 therapy resulted in significant reductions in growth as measured by imaging, as well as prolongation of survival. Microscopic examination confirmed a statistically significant reduction in cross-sectional tumor area and mitotic index in a MRK003-treated cohort as compared with controls. Expression of multiple Notch targets was reduced in the xenografts, along with neural stem/progenitor cell markers, whereas glial differentiation was induced. Neurospheres derived from MRK003-treated xenografts exhibited reduced clonogenicity and formed less aggressive secondary xenografts. Neurospheres isolated from treated xenografts remained sensitive to MRK003, suggesting that therapeutic resistance does not rapidly arise during in vivo Notch blockade. CONCLUSIONS Weekly oral delivery of MRK003 results in significant in vivo inhibition of Notch pathway activity, tumor growth, stem cell marker expression, and clonogenicity, providing preclinical support for the use of such compounds in patients with malignant brain tumors. Some of these effects can persist for some time after in vivo therapy is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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159
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Capaccione KM, Pine SR. The Notch signaling pathway as a mediator of tumor survival. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1420-30. [PMID: 23585460 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved and responsible for cell fate determination in the developing embryo and mature tissue. At the molecular level, ligand binding activates Notch signaling by liberating the Notch intracellular domain, which then translocates into the nucleus and activates gene transcription. Despite the elegant simplicity of this pathway, which lacks secondary messengers or a signaling cascade, Notch regulates gene expression in a highly context- and cell-type-dependent manner. Notch signaling is frequently dysregulated, most commonly by overactivation, across many cancers and confers a survival advantage on tumors, leading to poorer outcomes for patients. Recent studies demonstrate how Notch signaling increases tumor cell proliferation and provide evidence that active Notch signaling maintains the cancer stem-cell pool, induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes chemoresistance. These studies imply that pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling may refine control of cancer therapy and improve patient survival. Gamma secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are drugs that inhibit Notch signaling and may be successful in controlling cancer cell growth in conjunction with standard chemotherapy, but substantial side effects have hampered their widespread use. Recent efforts have been aimed at the development of antibodies against specific Notch receptors and ligands with the hope of limiting side effects while providing the same therapeutic benefit as GSIs. Together, studies characterizing Notch signaling and modulation have offered hope that refined methods targeting Notch may become powerful tools in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Capaccione
- Department of Medicine, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, UMDNJ/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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160
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Rivera M, Sukhdeo K, Yu J. Ionizing radiation in glioblastoma initiating cells. Front Oncol 2013; 3:74. [PMID: 23579692 PMCID: PMC3619126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults with a median survival of 12-15 months with treatment consisting of surgical resection followed by ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy. Even aggressive treatment is often palliative due to near universal recurrence. Therapeutic resistance has been linked to a subpopulation of GBM cells with stem cell-like properties termed GBM initiating cells (GICs). Recent efforts have focused on elucidating resistance mechanisms activated in GICs in response to IR. Among these, GICs preferentially activate the DNA damage response (DDR) to result in a faster rate of double-strand break (DSB) repair induced by IR as compared to the bulk tumor cells. IR also activates NOTCH and the hepatic growth factor (HGF) receptor, c-MET, signaling cascades that play critical roles in promoting proliferation, invasion, and resistance to apoptosis. These pathways are preferentially activated in GICs and represent targets for pharmacologic intervention. While IR provides the benefit of improved survival, it paradoxically promotes selection of more malignant cellular phenotypes of GBM. As reviewed here, finding effective combinations of radiation and molecular inhibitors to target GICs and non-GICs is essential for the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz Rivera
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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161
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Soda Y, Myskiw C, Rommel A, Verma IM. Mechanisms of neovascularization and resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies in glioblastoma multiforme. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:439-48. [PMID: 23512266 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and highly resistant to intensive combination therapies. GBM is one of the most vascularized tumors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced by tumor cells is a major factor regulating angiogenesis. Successful results of preclinical studies of anti-angiogenic therapies using xenograft mouse models of human GBM cell lines encouraged clinical studies of anti-angiogenic drugs, such as bevacizumab (Avastin), an anti-VEGF antibody. However, these clinical studies have shown that most patients become resistant to anti-VEGF therapy after an initial response. Recent studies have revealed some resistance mechanisms against anti-VEGF therapies involved in several types of cancer. In this review, we address mechanisms of angiogenesis, including unique features in GBMs, and resistance to anti-VEGF therapies frequently observed in GBM. Enhanced invasiveness is one such resistance mechanism and recent works report the contribution of activated MET signaling induced by inhibition of VEGF signaling. On the other hand, tumor cell-originated neovascularization including tumor-derived endothelial cell-induced angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry has been suggested to be involved in the resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Therefore, these mechanisms should be targeted in addition to anti-angiogenic therapies to achieve better results for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Soda
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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162
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Lathia JD, Li M, Hall PE, Gallagher J, Hale JS, Wu Q, Venere M, Levy E, Rani MRS, Huang P, Bae E, Selfridge J, Cheng L, Guvenc H, McLendon RE, Nakano I, Sloan AE, Phillips HS, Lai A, Gladson CL, Bredel M, Bao S, Hjelmeland AB, Rich JN. Laminin alpha 2 enables glioblastoma stem cell growth. Ann Neurol 2013; 72:766-78. [PMID: 23280793 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastomas (GBMs) are lethal cancers that display cellular hierarchies parallel to normal brain. At the apex are GBM stem cells (GSCs), which are relatively resistant to conventional therapy. Interactions with the adjacent perivascular niche are an important driver of malignancy and self-renewal in GSCs. Extracellular matrix (ECM) cues instruct neural stem/progenitor cell-niche interactions, and the objective of our study was to elucidate its composition and contribution to GSC maintenance in the perivascular niche. METHODS We interrogated human tumor tissue for immunofluorescence analysis and derived GSCs from tumor tissues for functional studies. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted by mining publicly available databases. RESULTS We find that laminin ECM proteins are localized to the perivascular GBM niche and inform negative patient prognosis. To identify the source of laminins, we characterized cellular elements within the niche and found that laminin α chains were expressed by nonstem tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells (ECs). RNA interference targeting laminin α2 inhibited GSC growth and self-renewal. In co-culture studies of GSCs and ECs, laminin α2 knockdown in ECs resulted in decreased tumor growth. INTERPRETATION Our studies highlight the contribution of nonstem tumor cell-derived laminin juxtracrine signaling. As laminin α2 has recently been identified as a molecular marker of aggressive ependymoma, we propose that the brain vascular ECM promotes tumor malignancy through maintenance of the GSC compartment, providing not only a molecular fingerprint but also a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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163
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Cancer stem cells and their role in metastasis. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:285-93. [PMID: 23384596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which comprise a small fraction of cancer cells, are believed to constitute the origin of most human tumors. Considerable effort has been focused on identifying CSCs in multiple tumor types and identifying genetic signatures that distinguish CSCs from normal tissue stem cells. Many studies also suggest that CSCs serve as the basis of metastases. Yet, experimental evidence that CSCs are the basis of disseminated metastases has lagged behind the conceptual construct of CSCs. Recent work, however, has demonstrated that CSCs may directly or indirectly contribute to the generation of metastasis. Moreover, CSC heterogeneity may be largely responsible for the considerable complexity and organ specificity of metastases. In this review, we discuss the role of CSCs in metastasis and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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164
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Filatova A, Acker T, Garvalov BK. The cancer stem cell niche(s): The crosstalk between glioma stem cells and their microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2496-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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165
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Chen X, Chen L, Zhang R, Yi Y, Ma Y, Yan K, Jiang X, Wang X. ADAM17 regulates self-renewal and differentiation of U87 glioblastoma stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 537:44-9. [PMID: 23356982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) play an important role in the progression and recurrence of malignant glioblastoma because of their potential for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation and tumor initiation. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of Notch within its extracellular domain leading to the activation of Notch signaling, which is involved in the formation and maintenance of GSCs. Here, we show that glioma cells expressing the stem cell marker CD133 coexpress higher levels of ADAM17 than matched CD133-glioma cells. Knockdown of the ADAM17 gene in U87 GSCs down-regulated the expression of CD133, inhibited secondary neurosphere formation and induced multi-lineage differentiation. Furthermore, knockdown of ADAM17 inhibited Hes1 and Hes5 and activated Notch1 expression, which may explain the ADAM17 shRNA-induced suppression of self-renewal and differentiation of U87 GSCs. Our results suggest that ADAM17 may maintain the stemness of GSCs by promoting their self-renewal and inhibiting their differentiation via Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
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166
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Maugeri-Saccà M, Di Martino S, De Maria R. Biological and clinical implications of cancer stem cells in primary brain tumors. Front Oncol 2013; 3:6. [PMID: 23355974 PMCID: PMC3555082 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains a lethal disease. The infiltrative nature of this disease and the presence of a cellular population resistant to current medical treatments account for the poor prognosis of these patients. Growing evidence indicates the existence of a fraction of cancer cells sharing the functional properties of adult stem cells, including self-renewal and a greater ability to escape chemo-radiotherapy-induced death stimuli. Therefore, these cells are commonly defined as cancer stem cells (GBM-SCs). The initial GBM-SC concept has been challenged, and refined according to the emerging molecular taxonomy of GBM. This allowed to postulate the existence of multiple CSC types, each one driving a given molecular entity. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that GBM-SCs thrive through a dynamic and bidirectional interaction with the surrounding microenvironment. In this article, we discuss recent advances in GBM-SC biology, mechanisms through which these cells adapt to hostile conditions, pharmacological strategies for selectively killing GBM-SCs, and how novel CSC-associated endpoints have been investigated in the clinical setting.
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167
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Srikanth M, Das S, Berns EJ, Kim J, Stupp SI, Kessler JA. Nanofiber-mediated inhibition of focal adhesion kinase sensitizes glioma stemlike cells to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:319-29. [PMID: 23328812 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common glioma in adults and carries a poor prognosis, due to tumor recurrence despite aggressive treatment. Such relapse has been attributed to the persistence of glioma stemlike cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of glioma cells with stem cell properties. Thus, targeting these cells will be critical to achieving meaningful improvement in glioblastoma multiforme survival. We investigated the role of β1-integrin signaling as one such potential target. METHODS We used GSCs isolated from primary human gliomas and maintained in stem cell conditions. We manipulated β1-integrin signaling using a self-assembling peptide amphiphile (PA) displaying the IKVAV (isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine) epitope as well as lentiviral overexpression, and we assayed the effects on downstream effectors and apoptosis using immunofluorescence. RESULTS We show that β1-integrin expression correlates with decreased survival in glioma patients and that β1-integrin is highly expressed by GSCs. The IKVAV PA potently increases immobilized β1-integrin at the GSC membrane, activating integrin-linked kinase while inhibiting focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The IKVAV PA induces striking apoptosis in GSCs via this FAK inhibition, which is enhanced in combination with inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Conversely, lentiviral overexpression of β1-integrin renders GSCs resistant to EGFR inhibition, which was overcome by FAK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These observations reveal a role for β1-integrin signaling through FAK in GSC treatment resistance and introduce self-assembling PAs as a novel new therapeutic approach for overcoming this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Srikanth
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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168
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Kondo T. Molecular markers of glioma initiating cells. Inflamm Regen 2013. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.33.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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169
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Abstract
Glioma is a heterogeneous disease process with differential histology and treatment response. It was previously thought that the histological features of glial tumors indicated their cell of origin. However, the discovery of continuous neuro-gliogenesis in the normal adult brain and the identification of brain tumor stem cells within glioma have led to the hypothesis that these brain tumors originate from multipotent neural stem or progenitor cells, which primarily divide asymmetrically during the postnatal period. Asymmetric cell division allows these cell types to concurrently self-renew whilst also producing cells for the differentiation pathway. It has recently been shown that increased symmetrical cell division, favoring the self-renewal pathway, leads to oligodendroglioma formation from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In contrast, there is some evidence that asymmetric cell division maintenance in tumor stem-like cells within astrocytoma may lead to acquisition of treatment resistance. Therefore cell division mode in normal brain stem and progenitor cells may play a role in setting tumorigenic potential and the type of tumor formed. Moreover, heterogeneous tumor cell populations and their respective cell division mode may confer differential sensitivity to therapy. This review aims to shed light on the controllers of cell division mode which may be therapeutically targeted to prevent glioma formation and improve treatment response.
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170
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Kyo S. Endometrial Cancer Stem Cells: Are They a Possible Therapeutic Target? CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-012-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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171
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The implications of cancer stem cells for cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16636-57. [PMID: 23443123 PMCID: PMC3546712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are universally recognized as the most effective anti-cancer therapies. Despite significant advances directed towards elucidating molecular mechanisms and developing clinical trials, cancer still remains a major public health issue. Recent studies have showed that cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subpopulation of tumor cells, can generate bulk populations of nontumorigenic cancer cell progeny through the self-renewal and differentiation processes. As CSCs are proposed to persist in tumors as a distinct population and cause relapse and metastasis by giving rise to new tumors, development of CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies holds new hope for improving survival and quality of life in patients with cancer. Therapeutic innovations will emerge from a better understanding of the biology and environment of CSCs, which, however, are largely unexplored. This review summarizes the characteristics, evidences and development of CSCs, as well as implications and challenges for cancer treatment.
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Abstract
Glioblastomas are heterogeneous neoplasms that are driven by complex signalling pathways, and are among the most aggressive and challenging cancers to treat. Despite standard treatment with resection, radiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with glioblastomas remains poor. An increasing understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastomas has stimulated the development of novel therapies, including the use of molecular-targeted agents. Identification and validation of diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers has led to the advancement of clinical trial design, and identification of glioblastoma subgroups with a more-favourable prognosis and response to therapy. In this Review, we discuss common molecular alterations relevant to the biology of glioblastomas, targeted, antiangiogenic and immunotherapies that have impacted on the treatment of this disease, and the challenges and pitfalls associated with these therapies. In addition, we emphasize current biomarkers relevant to the management of patients with glioblastoma.
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173
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Katsoulakis E, Beal K, Yamada Y. Image guidance in malignant gliomas: a focused strategy. CNS Oncol 2012; 1:131-6. [PMID: 25057863 DOI: 10.2217/cns.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for malignant gliomas is maximal surgical cytoreduction followed by concurrent chemoradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Chemotherapy adds a modest improvement in overall survival. Unfortunately, tumor recurrence is the rule and typically occurs at the initial site of disease. Salvage reirradiation may be a useful approach in selected patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Image-guided technology coupled with highly conformal treatment planning techniques have allowed the safe delivery of high-dose radiotherapy in the setting of tumor recurrence. Defining the optimal combination of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with chemotherapy is under investigation. In this perspective, we examine the role of image guidance in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Katsoulakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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174
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Simmons MJ, Serra R, Hermance N, Kelliher MA. NOTCH1 inhibition in vivo results in mammary tumor regression and reduced mammary tumorsphere-forming activity in vitro. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R126. [PMID: 22992387 PMCID: PMC4053103 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction NOTCH activation has been recently implicated in human breast cancers, associated with a poor prognosis, and tumor-initiating cells are hypothesized to mediate resistance to treatment and disease relapse. To address the role of NOTCH1 in mammary gland development, transformation, and mammary tumor-initiating cell activity, we developed a doxycycline-regulated mouse model of NOTCH1-mediated mammary transformation. Methods Mammary gland development was analyzed by using whole-mount analysis and by flow cytometry in nulliparous transgenic mice maintained in the presence/absence of doxycycline (or intracellular NOTCH1). Mammary tumors were examined histologically and immunophenotyped by staining with antibodies followed by flow cytometry. Tumors were transplanted into mammary fat pads under limiting dilution conditions, and tumor-initiating cell frequency was calculated. Mammary tumor cells were also plated in vitro in a tumorsphere assay in the presence/absence of doxycycline. RNA was isolated from mammary tumor cell lines cultured in the presence/absence of doxycycline and used for gene-expression profiling with Affymetrix mouse arrays. NOTCH1-regulated genes were identified and validated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mammary tumor-bearing mice were treated with doxycycline to suppress NOTCH1 expression, and disease recurrence was monitored. Results Similar to published studies, we show that constitutive expression of human intracellular NOTCH1 in the developing mouse mammary gland inhibits side branching and promotes luminal cell fate. These mice develop mammary adenocarcinomas that express cytokeratin (CK) 8/18. In vivo limiting-dilution analyses revealed that these mammary tumors exhibit functional heterogeneity and harbor a rare (1/2,978) mammary tumor-initiating cell population. With this dox-regulated NOTCH1 mammary tumor model, we demonstrate that NOTCH1 inhibition results in mammary tumor regression in vivo and prevents disease recurrence in four of six tumors tested. Consistent with the in vivo data, NOTCH1 inhibition reduces mammary tumorsphere activity in vitro. We also identify the embryonic stem cell transcription factor Nanog as a novel NOTCH1-regulated gene in tumorspheres and in mouse and human breast cancer cell lines. Conclusions These data indicate that NOTCH1 inhibition results in mammary tumor regression in vivo and interferes with disease recurrence. We demonstrate that NOTCH1-transformed mouse mammary tumors harbor a rare mammary tumor-initiating population and that NOTCH1 contributes to mammary tumor-initiating activity. This work raises the possibility that NOTCH therapeutics may target mammary tumor-initiating cells in certain human breast cancer subtypes.
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175
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Ribatti D, Ranieri G, Basile A, Azzariti A, Paradiso A, Vacca A. Tumor endothelial markers as a target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1215-25. [PMID: 22978444 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.725047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several anti-angiogenic agents have been developed and some of them have been clinically applied in the tumor therapy. Anti-angiogenic therapy faces some hurdles: inherent or acquired resistance, increased invasiveness, and lack of biomarkers. Characterization of tumor endothelial markers may help to target endothelium and to identify potential predictive factors of response to anti-angiogenic therapies. Numerous surrogates, angiogenic and endothelium markers have emerged from recent pre-clinical studies, including physiological and soluble molecules in plasma and from platelets, circulating cells, tumor tissue factors and imaging markers. However, no wholly validated biomarkers currently exist to predict the success or the failure of the anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer. Therefore, the research of suitable and validate biomarkers is currently ongoing. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the status of our knowledge concerning tumor endothelial markers, therapeutics targeting, possible resistance mechanisms and predictive value of these biomarkers and discuss future strategies to use and identify them in the anti-angiogenic therapy. EXPERT OPINION Anti-angiogenesis is a milestone to improve the treatment of several types of cancer and predictive biomarkers for a response to anti-endothelium therapy are one of the most important challenges for anti-angiogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- University of Bari Medical School, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, Bari, Italy.
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176
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Won H, Lee J, Shin D, Park J, Nam J, Kim H, Kong G. Loss of Mel‐18 enhances breast cancer stem cell activity and tumorigenicity through activating Notch signaling mediated by the Wnt/TCF pathway. FASEB J 2012; 26:5002-13. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-209247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee‐Young Won
- Department of PathologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Yeon Lee
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical ResearchHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Hui Shin
- Department of PathologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Hye Park
- Department of PathologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Seok Nam
- Laboratory of Tumor SuppressorLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and ScienceIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyoung‐Chin Kim
- Biomedical Mouse Resource CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Gu Kong
- Department of PathologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical ResearchHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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177
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178
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Ni C, Huang J. Dynamic regulation of cancer stem cells and clinical challenges. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:253-8. [PMID: 22926945 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A small population of cancer cells referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs) have received particular attention, as they have been revealed to acquire stem cell-like properties and become the main cause of tumor propagation, metastasis and drug resistance. The CSC theory of tumor formation was believed to follow the hierarchical model initially, and therefore many CSC-targeted therapy methods were expected to cure cancer by eradicating CSCs. However, subsequent CSC research has revealed that rather than a distinct entity, the CSC is a dynamic status that can be continually dedifferentiated from progenitor or differentiated cancer cells. Elucidation of this bidirectional transition mechanism would help perfect the CSC theory and be of great value in the development of more effective anti-cancer drugs. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms of reciprocal conversion between non-CSCs and CSCs. Moreover, several approaches of target CSCs and non-CSCs together with unbiased eradication of all cancer cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ni
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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179
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Wei B, Han XY, Qi CL, Zhang S, Zheng ZH, Huang Y, Chen TF, Wei HB. Coaction of spheroid-derived stem-like cells and endothelial progenitor cells promotes development of colon cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39069. [PMID: 22745705 PMCID: PMC3383752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some studies described the characteristics of colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in neovascularization, it is still controversial whether an interaction exists or not between CSCs and EPCs. In the present study, HCT116 and HT29 sphere models, which are known to be the cells enriching CSCs, were established to investigate the roles of this interaction in development and metastasis of colon cancer. Compared with their parental counterparts, spheroid cells demonstrated higher capacity of invasion, higher tumorigenic and metastatic potential. Then the in vitro and in vivo relationship between CSCs and EPCs were studied by using capillary tube formation assay and xenograft models. Our results showed that spheroid cells could promote the proliferation, migration and tube formation of EPCs through secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Meanwhile, the EPCs could increase tumorigenic capacity of spheroid cells through angiogenesis. Furthermore, higher microvessel density was detected in the area enriching cancer stem cells in human colon cancer tissue. Our findings indicate that spheroid cells possess the characteristics of cancer stem cells, and the coaction of CSCs and EPCs may play an important role in the development of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Han
- Central Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Ling Qi
- Institute of Vascular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zong-Heng Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tu-Feng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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180
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Ng FSL, Toh TB, Ting EHL, Koh GRH, Sandanaraj E, Phong M, Wong SS, Leong SH, Kon OL, Tucker-Kellogg G, Ng WH, Ng I, Tang C, Ang BT. Progenitor-like Traits Contribute to Patient Survival and Prognosis in Oligodendroglial Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4122-35. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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181
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Jones C, Perryman L, Hargrave D. Paediatric and adult malignant glioma: close relatives or distant cousins? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2012; 9:400-13. [PMID: 22641364 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas in children differ from their adult counterparts by their distribution of histological grade, site of presentation and rate of malignant transformation. Although rare in the paediatric population, patients with high-grade gliomas have, for the most part, a comparably dismal clinical outcome to older patients with morphologically similar lesions. Molecular profiling data have begun to reveal the major genetic alterations underpinning these malignant tumours in children. Indeed, the accumulation of large datasets on adult high-grade glioma has revealed key biological differences between the adult and paediatric disease. Furthermore, subclassifications within the childhood age group can be made depending on age at diagnosis and tumour site. However, challenges remain on how to reconcile clinical data from adult patients to tailor novel treatment strategies specifically for paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
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182
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Heddleston JM, Hitomi M, Venere M, Flavahan WA, Yang K, Kim Y, Minhas S, Rich JN, Hjelmeland AB. Glioma stem cell maintenance: the role of the microenvironment. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:2386-401. [PMID: 21827414 DOI: 10.2174/138161211797249260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are highly lethal cancers for which conventional therapies provide only palliation. The cellular heterogeneity of glioblastomas is manifest in genetic and epigenetic variation with both stochastic and hierarchical models informing cellular phenotypes. At the apex of the hierarchy is a self-renewing, tumorigenic, cancer stem cell (CSC). The significance of CSCs is underscored by their resistance to cytotoxic therapies, invasive potential, and promotion of angiogenesis. Thus, targeting CSCs may offer therapeutic benefit and sensitize tumors to conventional treatment, demanding elucidation of CSC regulation. Attention has been paid to intrinsic cellular systems in CSCs, but recognition of extrinsic factors is evolving. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are enriched in functional niches--prominently the perivascular space and hypoxic regions. These niches provide instructive cues to maintain GSCs and induce cellular plasticity towards a stem-like phenotype. GSC-maintaining niches may therefore offer novel therapeutic targets but also signal additional complexity with perhaps different pools of GSCs governed by different molecular mechanisms that must be targeted for tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Heddleston
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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183
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Gürsel DB, Berry N, Boockvar JA. The contribution of Notch signaling to glioblastoma via activation of cancer stem cell self-renewal: the role of the endothelial network. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:N19-21. [PMID: 22251985 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000410937.38828.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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184
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Hu Y, Fu L. Targeting cancer stem cells: a new therapy to cure cancer patients. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:340-356. [PMID: 22679565 PMCID: PMC3365812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been defined as cells within tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. They have been identified in blood, breast, brain, colon, melanoma, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, lung cancers and so on. It is often considered to be associated with chemo-resistance and radio-resistance that lead to the failure of traditional therapies. Most therapies are directed at the fast growing tumor mass but not the slow dividing cancer stem cells. Eradicating cancer stem cells, the root of cancer origin and recurrence, has been thought as a promising approach to improve cancer survival or even to cure cancer patients. Understanding the characteristics of cancer stem cells will help to develop novel therapies to eliminate the initiating cancer stem cell, and the relevant patents on the cancer stem cell and cancer therapy by cancer stem cells will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510060, China
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185
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Gu JW, Rizzo P, Pannuti A, Golde T, Osborne B, Miele L. Notch signals in the endothelium and cancer "stem-like" cells: opportunities for cancer therapy. Vasc Cell 2012; 4:7. [PMID: 22487493 PMCID: PMC3348040 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis agents and the identification of cancer stem-like cells (CSC) are opening new avenues for targeted cancer therapy. Recent evidence indicates that angiogenesis regulatory pathways and developmental pathways that control CSC fate are intimately connected, and that endothelial cells are a key component of the CSC niche. Numerous anti-angiogenic therapies developed so far target the VEGF pathway. However, VEGF-targeted therapy is hindered by clinical resistance and side effects, and new approaches are needed. One such approach may be direct targeting of tumor endothelial cell fate determination. Interfering with tumor endothelial cells growth and survival could inhibit not only angiogenesis but also the self-replication of CSC, which relies on signals from surrounding endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment. The Notch pathway is central to controlling cell fate both during angiogenesis and in CSC from several tumors. A number of investigational Notch inhibitors are being developed. Understanding how Notch interacts with other factors that control endothelial cell functions and angiogenesis in cancers could pave the way to innovative therapeutic strategies that simultaneously target angiogenesis and CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Gu
- University of Mississippi Cancer Institute, Jackson, MS, USA.
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186
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Shimizu F, Hovinga KE, Metzner M, Soulet D, Tabar V. Organotypic explant culture of glioblastoma multiforme and subsequent single-cell suspension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 3:Unit3.5. [PMID: 22135084 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc0305s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain tumors. GBM cell lines used in laboratory studies are frequently passaged in various culture media at high proliferation rates, resulting in significant genetic and molecular alterations. Thus, data obtained in cell lines are often inapplicable to patient tumors. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that there is a stem cell-like hierarchy among GBM cell populations and a crucial role for tumor vasculature in stem cells, as well as tumor growth, which cannot be reproduced in cell line cultures. Our laboratory has developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) organotypic "explant" system of surgical GBM specimens that preserves tumor cells in their original milieu, as well as the cytoarchitecture of the tumor stroma. Our previous study on the role of Notch inhibition has demonstrated a definitive effect on the tumor endothelium that could only be highlighted by this system. In this unit, we describe a detailed protocol for preparing GBM explants, and discuss strengths, as well as limitations of the explant system as an in vitro 3D model of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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187
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Abstract
Properties of the small group of cancer cells called tumor-initiating or cancer stem cells (CSCs) involved in drug resistance, metastasis and relapse of cancers can significantly affect tumor therapy. Importantly, tumor drug resistance seems to be closely related to many intrinsic or acquired properties of CSCs, such as quiescence, specific morphology, DNA repair ability and overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins, drug efflux transporters and detoxifying enzymes. The specific microenvironment (niche) and hypoxic stability provide additional protection against anticancer therapy for CSCs. Thus, CSC-focused therapy is destined to form the core of any effective anticancer strategy. Nanomedicine has great potential in the development of CSC-targeting drugs, controlled drug delivery and release, and the design of novel gene-specific drugs and diagnostic modalities. This review is focused on tumor drug resistance-related properties of CSCs and describes current nanomedicine approaches, which could form the basis of novel combination therapies for eliminating metastatic and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Vinogradov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Drug Delivery & Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
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188
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Cancer stem cells: in the line of fire. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:589-98. [PMID: 22469558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most tumours appear to contain a sub-population(s) of self-renewing and expanding stem cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The CSC model proposes that CSCs are at the apex of a hierarchically organized cell population, somewhat akin to normal tissue organization. Selection pressures may also facilitate the stochastic clonal expansion of sub-sets of cancer cells that may co-exist with CSCs and their progeny, moreover the trait of stemness may be more fluid than hitherto expected, and cells may switch between the stem and non-stem cell state. A large body of evidence points to the fact that CSCs are particularly resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this review we discuss the basis of such resistance that highlights the roles of ABC transporters, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, intracellular signalling pathways, the DNA damage response, hypoxia and proliferative quiescence as being significant determinants. In the light of such observations, we outline strategies for the successful eradication of CSCs, including targeting the self-renewal controlling pathways (Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog), ALDH activity and ABC transporters, blocking epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), differentiation therapy and niche targeting.
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189
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Ribatti D. Cancer stem cells and tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:13-7. [PMID: 22388173 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in several human solid and hematological tumors. They are able to initiate tumor formation and metastasis and express specific cell surface markers. CSC tend to be more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy than more mature cell types from the same tissue because of increased expression of antiapoptotic proteins. In this context, the development of agents that eliminate or control CSC may be an effective strategy for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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190
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Stem cell niche dynamics: from homeostasis to carcinogenesis. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:367567. [PMID: 22448171 PMCID: PMC3289927 DOI: 10.1155/2012/367567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell microenvironment is involved in regulating the fate of the stem cell with respect to self-renewal, quiescence, and differentiation. Mathematical models are helpful in understanding how key pathways regulate the dynamics of stem cell maintenance and homeostasis. This tight regulation and maintenance of stem cell number is thought to break down during carcinogenesis. As a result, the stem cell niche has become a novel target of cancer therapeutics. Developing a quantitative understanding of the regulatory pathways that guide stem cell behavior will be vital to understanding how these systems change under conditions of stress, inflammation, and cancer initiation. Predictions from mathematical modeling can be used as a clinical tool to guide therapy design. We present a survey of mathematical models used to study stem cell population dynamics and stem cell niche regulation, both in the hematopoietic system and other tissues. Highlighting the quantitative aspects of stem cell biology, we describe compelling questions that can be addressed with modeling. Finally, we discuss experimental systems, most notably Drosophila, that can best be used to validate mathematical predictions.
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191
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Zhang K, Wong P, Zhang L, Jacobs B, Borden EC, Aster JC, Bedogni B. A Notch1-neuregulin1 autocrine signaling loop contributes to melanoma growth. Oncogene 2012; 31:4609-18. [PMID: 22249266 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Notch pathway is an evolutionary conserved signaling cascade that has an essential role in melanoblast and melanocyte stem cell homeostasis. Notch signaling is emerging as a key player in melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer. In melanoma, Notch1 is inappropriately reactivated and contributes to melanoma tumorigenicity. Here, we propose a novel mechanism by which Notch1 promotes the disease. We found that Notch1 directly regulates the transcription of neuregulin1 (NRG1) by binding to its promoter region. NRG1 is the ligand for ERBB3 and 4, members of the epidermal growth factor family of receptors that are involved in the genesis and progression of a number of cancers. Notch1 and NRG1 expression are associated in melanoma and inhibition of NRG1 signaling leads to melanoma cell growth inhibition and tumor growth delay. Mechanistically, these effects are associated with the inhibition of the PI3Kinase/Akt signaling pathway and with the accumulation of p27(Kip1). On the other end, addition of recombinant NRG1 can partially restore melanoma cell growth that is inhibited by Notch1 ablation. Taken together, our findings underline a new, previously undescribed autocrine signaling loop between Notch1 and NRG1 that controls melanoma growth and provide experimental evidence that the targeting of Notch and ERBB signaling may represent a novel potential therapeutic approach in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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192
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Yoon CH, Kim MJ, Kim RK, Lim EJ, Choi KS, An S, Hwang SG, Kang SG, Suh Y, Park MJ, Lee SJ. c-Jun N-terminal kinase has a pivotal role in the maintenance of self-renewal and tumorigenicity in glioma stem-like cells. Oncogene 2012; 31:4655-66. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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193
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Glioblastoma angiogenesis: VEGF resistance solutions and new strategies based on molecular mechanisms of tumor vessel formation. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 29:73-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-011-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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194
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Weis SM, Cheresh DA. Tumor angiogenesis: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. Nat Med 2011; 17:1359-70. [PMID: 22064426 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1269] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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195
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Hjelmeland AB, Lathia JD, Sathornsumetee S, Rich JN. Twisted tango: brain tumor neurovascular interactions. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:1375-81. [PMID: 22030548 PMCID: PMC3615423 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a complicated organ with complexity derived from cellular and microenvironmental interactions. Similarly, brain tumor cells actively modify and are regulated by their microenvironment. Brain tumors are highly heterogeneous and frequently show a cellular hierarchy with self-renewing tumorigenic brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) at the apex. Although BTSCs are distinct from neural stem cells, they share characteristics, including bidirectional interplay with supportive vasculature critical for maintenance of undifferentiated states and survival. BTSCs stimulate angiogenesis through growth factor secretion and are enriched in perivascular niches. Microenvironmental conditions, including hypoxia, drive expression of stem cell genes and proangiogenic factors, further linking cellular hierarchy regulation and instructive stromal elements. BTSCs may also directly contribute to tumor vasculature through plasticity toward an endothelial lineage. Interrogating the codependence of BTSCs and the perivascular niche may directly inform clinical approaches for brain tumor therapy through targeting of highly angiogenic and tumorigenic cellular subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Liu SK, Bham SAS, Fokas E, Beech J, Im J, Cho S, Harris AL, Muschel RJ. Delta-like ligand 4-notch blockade and tumor radiation response. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1778-98. [PMID: 22010178 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microenvironment plays an important role in regulating tumor response to radiotherapy. Ionizing radiation can disrupt tumor vasculature, and Notch pathway inhibition can interfere with functional angiogenesis. We explored the potential cooperativity between Notch inhibition and ionizing radiation in delaying tumor growth. METHODS Human colorectal carcinoma LS174T cells, which express the Notch ligand delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4), and human head and neck cancer FaDu cells, which do not, were grown as subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice. The mice were treated with dibenzazepine (DBZ), a γ-secretase inhibitor that blocks all Notch signaling, or a DLL4-specific blocking monoclonal antibody, alone or in combination with ionizing radiation (n = 5-10 mice per group), and response was assessed by tumor growth delay. Microbubble contrast Doppler ultrasound was used to measure tumor blood flow. Tumor Notch activity was monitored by in vivo bioluminescence from a Notch luciferase reporter. Vessel density was assessed using Chalkley vessel counting. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS In LS174T xenografts, the average time for tumor volumes to reach four times the starting volume was longer for mice treated with the DLL4 monoclonal antibody than for mice treated with DBZ (16.4 vs 9.5 days, difference = 6.9 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.7 to 10.1 days, P < .001). Both Notch inhibitors suppressed tumor Notch activity within 24 hours of administration compared with vehicle (change in luciferase activity, vehicle vs DBZ: 103% vs 28%, difference = 75%, 95% CI = 39% to 109%, P = .002; vehicle vs DLL4 antibody: 172% vs 26%, difference = 146%, 95% CI = 86% to 205%, P < .001). Administration of the DLL4 antibody or DBZ after ionizing radiation resulted in a supra-additive growth delay compared with vehicle (vehicle vs DLL4 antibody + ionizing radiation: 6.8 vs 44.3 days, difference = 37.5 days, 95% CI = 32 to 43 days, P < .001; vehicle vs DBZ + ionizing radiation: 7.1 vs 24.4 days, difference = 17.3 days, 95% CI = 15.9 to 18.6 days, P < .001). Treatment of mice with the DLL4 antibody alone or in combination with ionizing radiation increased tumor vessel density but reduced tumor blood flow. Combination therapy with DLL4 antibody and ionizing radiation resulted in extensive tumor necrosis in LS174T xenografts and enhanced tumor growth delay in FaDu xenografts. CONCLUSION The combination of specific DLL4-Notch blockade and ionizing radiation impairs tumor growth by promoting nonfunctional tumor angiogenesis and extensive tumor necrosis, independent of tumor DLL4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley K Liu
- DPhil, Molecular Oncology Unit, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Huynh C, Poliseno L, Segura MF, Medicherla R, Haimovic A, Menendez S, Shang S, Pavlick A, Shao Y, Darvishian F, Boylan JF, Osman I, Hernando E. The novel gamma secretase inhibitor RO4929097 reduces the tumor initiating potential of melanoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25264. [PMID: 21980408 PMCID: PMC3182998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have demonstrated a role for aberrant NOTCH signaling in melanoma genesis and progression, prompting us to explore if targeting this pathway is a valid therapeutic approach against melanoma. We targeted NOTCH signaling using RO4929097, a novel inhibitor of gamma secretase, which is a key component of the enzymatic complex that cleaves and activates NOTCH. The effects of RO4929097 on the oncogenic and stem cell properties of a panel of melanoma cell lines were tested both in vitro and in vivo, using xenograft models. In human primary melanoma cell lines, RO4929097 decreased the levels of NOTCH transcriptional target HES1. This was accompanied by reduced proliferation and impaired ability to form colonies in soft agar and to organize in tridimensional spheres. Moreover, RO4929097 affected the growth of human primary melanoma xenograft in NOD/SCID/IL2gammaR-/- mice and inhibited subsequent tumor formation in a serial xenotransplantation model, suggesting that inhibition of NOTCH signaling suppresses the tumor initiating potential of melanoma cells. In addition, RO4929097 decreased tumor volume and blocked the invasive growth pattern of metastatic melanoma cell lines in vivo. Finally, increased gene expression of NOTCH signaling components correlated with shorter post recurrence survival in metastatic melanoma cases. Our data support NOTCH inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanh Huynh
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Poliseno
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Miguel F. Segura
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ratna Medicherla
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adele Haimovic
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Silvia Menendez
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shulian Shang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Pavlick
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Farbod Darvishian
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John F. Boylan
- Discovery Oncology, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Iman Osman
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EH); (IO)
| | - Eva Hernando
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EH); (IO)
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Jijiwa M, Demir H, Gupta S, Leung C, Joshi K, Orozco N, Huang T, Yildiz VO, Shibahara I, de Jesus JA, Yong WH, Mischel PS, Fernandez S, Kornblum HI, Nakano I. CD44v6 regulates growth of brain tumor stem cells partially through the AKT-mediated pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24217. [PMID: 21915300 PMCID: PMC3167830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of stem cell-like brain tumor cells (brain tumor stem-like cells; BTSC) has gained substantial attention by scientists and physicians. However, the mechanism of tumor initiation and proliferation is still poorly understood. CD44 is a cell surface protein linked to tumorigenesis in various cancers. In particular, one of its variant isoforms, CD44v6, is associated with several cancer types. To date its expression and function in BTSC is yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate the presence and function of the variant form 6 of CD44 (CD44v6) in BTSC of a subset of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Patients with CD44high GBM exhibited significantly poorer prognoses. Among various variant forms, CD44v6 was the only isoform that was detected in BTSC and its knockdown inhibited in vitro growth of BTSC from CD44high GBM but not from CD44low GBM. In contrast, this siRNA-mediated growth inhibition was not apparent in the matched GBM sample that does not possess stem-like properties. Stimulation with a CD44v6 ligand, osteopontin (OPN), increased expression of phosphorylated AKT in CD44high GBM, but not in CD44low GBM. Lastly, in a mouse spontaneous intracranial tumor model, CD44v6 was abundantly expressed by tumor precursors, in contrast to no detectable CD44v6 expression in normal neural precursors. Furthermore, overexpression of mouse CD44v6 or OPN, but not its dominant negative form, resulted in enhanced growth of the mouse tumor stem-like cells in vitro. Collectively, these data indicate that a subset of GBM expresses high CD44 in BTSC, and its growth may depend on CD44v6/AKTpathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Jijiwa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Habibe Demir
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Snehalata Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Crystal Leung
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kaushal Joshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Orozco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Huang
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vedat O. Yildiz
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ichiyo Shibahara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. de Jesus
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William H. Yong
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Harley I. Kornblum
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The Neurovascular Link in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Neuron 2011; 71:406-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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