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Knez D, Sosič I, Mitrović A, Pišlar A, Kos J, Gobec S. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-based anti-Alzheimer multimodal agents. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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152
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Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134621. [PMID: 32610577 PMCID: PMC7370071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an ineluctable law of life. During the process of aging, the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders is prevalent in the elderly population and the predominant type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The clinical symptoms of AD include progressive memory loss and impairment of cognitive functions that interfere with daily life activities. The predominant neuropathological features in AD are extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of hyperphosphorylated Tau. Because of its complex pathobiology, some tangible treatment can only ameliorate the symptoms, but not prevent the disease altogether. Numerous drugs during pre-clinical or clinical studies have shown no positive effect on the disease outcome. Therefore, understanding the basic pathophysiological mechanism of AD is imperative for the rational design of drugs that can be used to prevent this disease. Drosophilamelanogaster has emerged as a highly efficient model system to explore the pathogenesis and treatment of AD. In this review we have summarized recent advancements in the pharmacological research on AD using Drosophila as a model species, discussed feasible treatment strategies and provided further reference for the mechanistic study and treatment of age-related AD.
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153
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Taxonomic Distribution of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cue to Novel Drugs. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7603015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder manifested by decline in memory and mild cognitive impairment leading to dementia. Despite global occurrence of AD, the severity and hence onset of dementia vary among different regions, which was correlated with the customary use of medicinal herbs and exposure level to the causatives. In spite of execution of versatile therapeutic strategies to combat AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, success is only limited to symptomatic treatment. The role of natural remedies remained primitive and irreplaceable in all ages. In some examples, the extracted drugs failed to show comparable results due to lack of micro ingredients. Micro ingredients impart a peerless value to natural remedies which are difficult to isolate and/or determine their precise role during treatment. A variety of plants have been used for memory enhancement and other dementia-related complications since ages. Acetyl choline esterase inhibition, antioxidant potential, neuroprotection, mitochondrial energy restoration, and/or precipitated protein clearance put a vast taxonomic variety into a single group of anti-AD plants. Secondary metabolites derived from these medicinal plants have the potential to treat AD and other brain diseases of common pathology. This review summarizes the potential of taxonomically diverse medicinal plants in the treatment of AD serving as a guide to further exploration.
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154
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The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1415-1429. [PMID: 32506322 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element in cells; it can act as either a recipient or a donor of electrons, participating in various reactions. However, an excess of copper ions in cells is detrimental as these copper ions can generate free radicals and increase oxidative stress. In multicellular organisms, copper metabolism involves uptake, distribution, sequestration, and excretion, at both the cellular and systemic levels. Mammalian enterocytes take in bioavailable copper ions from the diet in a Ctr1-dependent manner. After incorporation, cuprous ions are delivered to ATP7A, which pumps Cu+ from enterocytes into the blood. Copper ions arrive at the liver through the portal vein and are incorporated into hepatocytes by Ctr1. Then, Cu+ can be secreted into the bile or the blood via the Atox1/ATP7B/ceruloplasmin route. In the bloodstream, this micronutrient can reach peripheral tissues and is again incorporated by Ctr1. In peripheral tissue cells, cuprous ions are either sequestrated by molecules such as metallothioneins or targeted to utilization pathways by chaperons such as Atox1, Cox17, and CCS. Copper metabolism must be tightly controlled in order to achieve homeostasis and avoid disorders. A hereditary or acquired copper unbalance, including deficiency, overload, or misdistribution, may cause or aggravate certain diseases such as Menkes disease, Wilson disease, neurodegenerative diseases, anemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. A full understanding of copper metabolism and its roles in diseases underlies the identification of novel effective therapies for such diseases.
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155
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Chung YS, Choo BKM, Ahmed PK, Othman I, Shaikh MF. A Systematic Review of the Protective Actions of Cat's Whiskers (Misai Kucing) on the Central Nervous System. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:692. [PMID: 32477146 PMCID: PMC7237571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) or Orthosiphon aristatus var. aristatus (OAA) is commonly known as cat's whiskers or "misai kucing". It is an herbaceous shrub that is popular in many different traditional and complementary medicinal systems. Its popularity has been justified by the plethora of studies that have shown that the secondary metabolites of the plant has effects that range from anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective to anorexic and antihypertensive. As such, OS could also be a potential treatment for Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders. However, a cohesive synthesis of the protective actions of OS was lacking. This systematic review was therefore commenced to elaborate on the various protective mechanisms of OS in the CNS. The PRISMA model was used and five databases (Google Scholar, SCOPUS, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and PubMed) were searched with relevant keywords to finally identify four articles that met the inclusion criteria. The articles described the protective effects of OS extracts on Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, learning and memory, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity. All the articles found were experimental or preclinical studies on animal models or in vitro systems. The reported activities demonstrated that OS could be a potential neuroprotective agent and might improve CNS conditions like neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Sir Chung
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Brandon Kar Meng Choo
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Pervaiz Khalid Ahmed
- School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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156
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Anti-stress, Glial- and Neuro-differentiation Potential of Resveratrol: Characterization by Cellular, Biochemical and Imaging Assays. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030671. [PMID: 32121454 PMCID: PMC7146125 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress, exhaustive industrialization and the use of chemicals in our daily lives contribute to increasing incidence of cancer and other pathologies. Although the cancer treatment has revolutionized in last 2–3 decades, shortcomings such as (i) extremely high cost of treatment, (ii) poor availability of drugs, (iii) severe side effects and (iv) emergence of drug resistance have prioritized the need of developing alternate natural, economic and welfare (NEW) therapeutics reagents. Identification and characterization of such anti-stress NEW drugs that not only limit the growth of cancer cells but also reprogram them to perform their specific functions are highly desired. We recruited rat glioma- and human neuroblastoma-based assays to explore such activities of resveratrol, a naturally occurring stilbenoid. We demonstrate that nontoxic doses of resveratrol protect cells against a variety of stresses that are largely involved in age-related brain pathologies. These included oxidative, DNA damage, metal toxicity, heat, hypoxia, and protein aggregation stresses. Furthermore, it caused differentiation of cells to functional astrocytes and neurons as characterized by the upregulation of their specific protein markers. These findings endorse multiple bioactivities of resveratrol and encourage them to be tested for their benefits in animal models and humans.
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157
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Bhattacharjee A, Ghosh S, Chatterji A, Chakraborty K. Neuron-glia: understanding cellular copper homeostasis, its cross-talk and their contribution towards neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2020; 12:1897-1911. [PMID: 33295934 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the mechanism of copper homeostasis in various organ systems has gained importance. This is owing to the involvement of copper in a wide range of genetic disorders, most of them involving neurological symptoms. This highlights the importance of copper and its tight regulation in a complex organ system like the brain. It demands understanding the mechanism of copper acquisition and delivery to various cell types overcoming the limitation imposed by the blood brain barrier. The present review aims to investigate the existing work to understand the mechanism and complexity of cellular copper homeostasis in the two major cell types of the CNS - the neurons and the astrocytes. It investigates the mechanism of copper uptake, incorporation and export by these cell types. Furthermore, it brings forth the common as well as the exclusive aspects of neuronal and glial copper homeostasis including the studies from copper-based sensors. Glia act as a mediator of copper supply between the endothelium and the neurons. They possess all the qualifications of acting as a 'copper-sponge' for supply to the neurons. The neurons, on the other hand, require copper for various essential functions like incorporation as a cofactor for enzymes, synaptogenesis, axonal extension, inhibition of postsynaptic excitotoxicity, etc. Lastly, we also aim to understand the neuronal and glial pathology in various copper homeostasis disorders. The etiology of glial pathology and its contribution towards neuronal pathology and vice versa underlies the complexity of the neuropathology associated with the copper metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhattacharjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700135, India.
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158
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Cassidy L, Fernandez F, Johnson JB, Naiker M, Owoola AG, Broszczak DA. Oxidative stress in alzheimer's disease: A review on emergent natural polyphenolic therapeutics. Complement Ther Med 2019; 49:102294. [PMID: 32147039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to review the literature on Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a focus on polyphenolics as antioxidant therapeutics. DESIGN This review included a search of the literature up to and including September 2019 in PubMed and MEDLINE databases using search terms that included: Alzheimer's Disease, Aβ peptide, tau, oxidative stress, redox, oxidation, therapeutic, antioxidant, natural therapy, polyphenol. Any review articles, case studies, research reports and articles in English were identified and subsequently interrogated. Citations within relevant articles were also examined for consideration in this review. RESULTS Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is clinically characterised by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and drastic changes in behaviour and personality. Due to the significant presence of oxidative damage associated with abnormal Aβ accumulation and neurofibrillary tangle deposition in AD patients' brains, antioxidant drug therapy has been investigated as potential AD treatment. In particular, naturally occurring compounds, such as plant polyphenols, have been suggested to have potential neuroprotective effects against AD due to their diverse array of physiological actions, which includes potent antioxidant effects. CONCLUSIONS The impact of oxidative stress and various mechanisms of pathogenesis in AD pathophysiology was demonstrated along with the therapeutic potential of emergent antioxidant drugs to address such mechanism of oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Cassidy
- School of Behavioural & Health Sciences, Faculty of Heath Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- School of Behavioural & Health Sciences, Faculty of Heath Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia.
| | - Joel B Johnson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, 630 Ibis Ave, North Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia.
| | - Mani Naiker
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, 630 Ibis Ave, North Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia.
| | - Akeem G Owoola
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000, QLD, Australia; Tissue Repair & Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Daniel A Broszczak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000, QLD, Australia; Tissue Repair & Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
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159
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Teixeira JP, de Castro AA, Soares FV, da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC. Future Therapeutic Perspectives into the Alzheimer's Disease Targeting the Oxidative Stress Hypothesis. Molecules 2019; 24:E4410. [PMID: 31816853 PMCID: PMC6930470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is usually accompanied by aging, increasingly being the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. This disorder is characterized by the accumulation of beta amyloid plaques (Aβ) resulting from impaired amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, together with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. The exacerbated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggers the process called oxidative stress, which increases neuronal cell abnormalities, most often followed by apoptosis, leading to cognitive dysfunction and dementia. In this context, the development of new therapies for the AD treatment is necessary. Antioxidants, for instance, are promising species for prevention and treatment because they are capable of disrupting the radical chain reaction, reducing the production of ROS. These species have also proven to be adjunctive to conventional treatments making them more effective. In this sense, several recently published works have focused their attention on oxidative stress and antioxidant species. Therefore, this review seeks to show the most relevant findings of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssika P. Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.P.T.); (A.A.d.C.); (F.V.S.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Alexandre A. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.P.T.); (A.A.d.C.); (F.V.S.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.P.T.); (A.A.d.C.); (F.V.S.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.P.T.); (A.A.d.C.); (F.V.S.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.P.T.); (A.A.d.C.); (F.V.S.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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160
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Jomová K, Hudecova L, Lauro P, Simunkova M, Alwasel SH, Alhazza IM, Valko M. A Switch between Antioxidant and Prooxidant Properties of the Phenolic Compounds Myricetin, Morin, 3',4'-Dihydroxyflavone, Taxifolin and 4-Hydroxy-Coumarin in the Presence of Copper(II) Ions: A Spectroscopic, Absorption Titration and DNA Damage Study. Molecules 2019; 24:E4335. [PMID: 31783535 PMCID: PMC6930463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of polyphenols, predominantly in the context of oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological conditions including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, have been documented by a number of papers and reviews. The antioxidant/prooxidant properties of phenolic compounds are related mainly to the number and positions of hydroxyl groups and to their redox metal (Cu, Fe) chelating capacity. In this work we studied structurally distinct phenolic molecules such as myricetin, morin, 3',4'-dihydroxy-flavone, taxifolin and 4-hydroxycoumarin, either alone or as interacting with Cu2+ ions. EPR and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed that the effective binding of cupric ions to phenolic compounds requires the presence of the 3-OH and 4-CO groups on the flavonoid C ring and unsaturated C2-C3 bond of the C-ring, which permits through-conjugation with the B-ring. An ABTS assay revealed that radical scavenging activities of phenolic compounds are related to their number of hydroxyl groups, planarity of the molecular skeleton, extent of delocalization and they decrease in the order: myricetin > morin > 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone ~ 4-hydroxy coumarin > taxifolin. Absorption titrations indicate that copper ions can modulate the DNA binding affinity of flavonoids via the formation of their Cu-chelates. Gel electrophoresis measurements indicated that the protective effect of the phenolic compounds decreases in the order: 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone > 4-OH coumarin > morin > taxifolin ~ myricetin. This can be explained by the fact that myricetin, taxifolin and morin form stable Cu(II) complexes capable of causing DNA damage via interaction with DNA and ROS formation via the Fenton reaction. Application of ROS scavengers revealed the formation of singlet oxygen, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and their concerted synergistic effect on the DNA. The overall results suggest that the most pronounced DNA damage has been observed for flavonoids containing higher number of hydroxyl groups (including 3-OH group of the C ring), such as myricetin (six hydroxyl groups), morin and taxifolin (five hydroxyl groups) in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The proposed mechanism of action by which Cu(II) complexes of myricetin, morin and taxifolin interact with DNA predispose these substances to act as potential anticancer agents. The anticancer activity of phenolic compounds can be explained by their moderate prooxidant properties, which can boost ROS formation and kill cancer cells. Alternatively, slight prooxidant properties may activate antioxidant systems, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular antioxidants such as glutathione and thus act as preventive anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Jomová
- Department of Chemistry, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; (K.J.); (L.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Lenka Hudecova
- Department of Chemistry, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; (K.J.); (L.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Peter Lauro
- Department of Chemistry, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; (K.J.); (L.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Miriama Simunkova
- Faculty Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Saleh H. Alwasel
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (I.M.A.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Alhazza
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (I.M.A.)
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (I.M.A.)
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