151
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Hörmann T, Jäger N, Funke A, Mürb RK, Khinast J, Paudel A. Formulation performance and processability window for manufacturing a dual-polymer amorphous solid dispersion via hot-melt extrusion and strand pelletization. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:408-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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152
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Hu XY, Lou H, Hageman MJ. Preparation of lapatinib ditosylate solid dispersions using solvent rotary evaporation and hot melt extrusion for solubility and dissolution enhancement. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:154-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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153
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Zhang K, Jia N, Li S, Liu L. How surfactant-decorated nanoparticles contribute to thermodynamic miscibility. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:475701. [PMID: 30117810 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aadb1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mineral oil-water fluid miscibility without and with the addition of surfactant-decorated nanoparticles is experimentally and theoretically studied. First, three series of interfacial tension (IFT) tests are conducted using a spinning drop tensiometer (SDT) with the addition of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant-decorated SiO2 nanoparticles at different concentrations. Second, a new comprehensive thermodynamic model is developed to describe the fluid miscibility without and with the addition of these surfactant-decorated nanoparticles, which is also applied theoretically to reveal how the surfactant-decorated nanoparticles contribute to the thermodynamic miscibility state. The thermodynamic model developed is proven to be accurate and physically meaningful by comparing its calculated free energy of mixing with the experimental results and examples from the literature. A series of optimum conditions for the improvement of fluid miscibility by the addition of such surfactant-decorated nanoparticles are determined: a lower temperature, a higher pressure, more wetting conditions, a smaller nanoparticle radius (r NP < 40 nm), a larger surfactant concentration, and a nanoparticle concentration in the range of 0.5-0.6 wt.%. It should be noted that a higher nanoparticle concentration is required with the addition of more CTAB surfactants in order to reach the most miscible state. Moreover, the effect of surfactant concentration on the miscibility development is found to be independent of the nanoparticle radius, whereas the optimum nanoparticle concentration is reduced with increasing particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Zhang
- Petroleum Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
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154
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Romanini M, Lorente M, Schammé B, Delbreilh L, Dupray V, Coquerel G, Tamarit JL, Macovez R. Enhancement of the Physical and Chemical Stability of Amorphous Drug–Polymer Mixtures via Cryogenic Comilling. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Romanini
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Lorente
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Schammé
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives SMS-EA3233, Université de Rouen Normandie, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Laurent Delbreilh
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, CNRS, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Valérie Dupray
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives SMS-EA3233, Université de Rouen Normandie, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Gérard Coquerel
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives SMS-EA3233, Université de Rouen Normandie, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Josep Lluís Tamarit
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roberto Macovez
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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155
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Melt-based screening method with improved predictability regarding polymer selection for amorphous solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:339-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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156
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Schittny A, Ogawa H, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. A combined mathematical model linking the formation of amorphous solid dispersions with hot-melt-extrusion process parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 132:127-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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157
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Alhijjaj M, Belton P, Fábián L, Wellner N, Reading M, Qi S. Novel Thermal Imaging Method for Rapid Screening of Drug–Polymer Miscibility for Solid Dispersion Based Formulation Development. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5625-5636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muqdad Alhijjaj
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
- College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - László Fábián
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, U.K
| | - Mike Reading
- Cyversa, 12 Stanmore Road, Norwich, Norfolk NR7 0HB, U.K
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
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158
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Moseson DE, Taylor LS. The application of temperature-composition phase diagrams for hot melt extrusion processing of amorphous solid dispersions to prevent residual crystallinity. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:454-466. [PMID: 30393199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) can be used to produce amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) at temperatures below the drug's melting point if the drug and polymer exhibit melting point depression. However, the risk of residual crystallinity becomes significant. The purpose of this study was to apply the temperature-composition phase diagram to the HME process, correlating process conditions to ASD residual crystallinity, and identifying the formulation critical temperature, which defines the theoretical minimum processing temperature. The phase diagram of indomethacin (IDM) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (PVPVA) was generated using melting point depression measurements coupled with Flory-Huggins theory. Extrudates were manufactured above, at, and below the formulation critical temperature (Tc) as identified from the phase diagram, with a range of residence times, and characterized for crystallinity. Below the Tc, a fully amorphous sample could not be prepared. Above Tc, sufficient residence time led to amorphous samples. A processing operating design space diagram with three regimes was generated to correlate temperature and residence time factors with process outcome. In conclusion, phase diagrams provide a rational basis for designing hot melt extrusion processes of amorphous solid dispersions to minimize residual crystalline content, delineating the minimum processing temperature based on thermodynamic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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159
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Kozyra A, Mugheirbi NA, Paluch KJ, Garbacz G, Tajber L. Phase Diagrams of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Systems of Itraconazole/Component Immiscibility Induced by Molecular Anisotropy. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5192-5206. [PMID: 30252481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline (LC) materials and their nonmedical applications have been known for decades, especially in the production of displays; however, the pharmaceutical implications of the LC state are inadequately appreciated, and the misunderstanding of experimental data is leading to possible errors, especially in relation to the physical stability of medicines. The aim of this work was to study LC phases of itraconazole (ITZ), an azole antifungal active molecule, and for the first time, to generate full thermodynamic phase diagrams for ITZ/polymer systems, taking into account isotropic and anisotropic phases that this drug can form. It was found that supercooled ITZ does not form an amorphous but a vitrified smectic (vSm) phase with a glass transition temperature of 59.35 °C (determined using a 10 °C/min heating rate), as is evident from X-ray diffraction and thermomicroscopic (PLM) experiments. Two endothermic LC events with the onset temperature values for a smectic to nematic transition of 73.2 ± 0.4 °C and a nematic to isotropic transformation at 90.4 ± 0.35 °C and enthalpies of transition of 416 ± 34 J/mol and 842 ± 10 J/mol, respectively, were recorded. For the binary supercooled mixtures, PLM and differential scanning calorimetry showed a phase separation with birefringent vSm persistent over a wide polymer range, as noticed especially for the hypromellose acetate succinate (HAS) systems. Both, smectic and nematic, phases were detected for the supercooled ITZ/HAS and ITZ/methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EUD) mixtures, while geometric restrictions inhibited the smectic formation in the ITZ/poly(acrylic acid) (CAR) systems. The Flory-Huggins lattice theory coupled with the Maier-Saupe-McMillan approach to model anisotropic ordering of molecules was successfully utilized to create phase diagrams for all ITZ/polymer mixtures. It was concluded that in a supercooled ITR/polymer mix, if ITZ is present in a LC phase, immiscibility as a result of molecule anisotropy is afforded. This study shows that the LC nature of ITZ cannot be disregarded when designing stable formulations containing this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kozyra
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Naila A Mugheirbi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland.,Drug Product Science and Technology , Bristol-Myers Squibb , East Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Krzysztof J Paluch
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Richmond Road , Bradford , W. Yorks BD7 1DP , U.K
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution GmbH , Walther-Rathenau Strasse 49a , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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160
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Gajda M, Nartowski KP, Pluta J, Karolewicz B. The role of the polymer matrix in solvent-free hot melt extrusion continuous process for mechanochemical synthesis of pharmaceutical cocrystal. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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161
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A study to identify the contribution of Soluplus® component homopolymers to the solubilization of nifedipine and sulfamethoxazole using the melting point depression method. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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162
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An JH, Lim C, Kiyonga AN, Chung IH, Lee IK, Mo K, Park M, Youn W, Choi WR, Suh YG, Jung K. Co-Amorphous Screening for the Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Mirabegron and Investigation of Their Intermolecular Interactions and Dissolution Behaviors. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030149. [PMID: 30189645 PMCID: PMC6161252 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the screening of Mirabegron (MBR) co-amorphous was performed to produce water-soluble and thermodynamically stable MBR co-amorphous with the purpose of overcoming the water solubility problem of MBR. MBR is Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drug used for the treatment of an overreactive bladder. The co-amorphous screening was carried out by means of the vacuum evaporation crystallization technique in methanol solvent using three water-soluble carboxylic acids, characterized by a pKa difference greater than 3 with MBR such as fumaric acid (FA), l-pyroglutamic acid (PG), and citric acid (CA). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) results suggested that all solid materials produced at MBR-FA (1 equivalent (eq.)/1 equivalent (eq.)), MBR-PG (1 eq./1 eq.), and MBR-CA (1 eq./1 eq.) conditions were amorphous state solid materials. Furthermore, by means of solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H, 13C, and 2D) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, we could assess that MBR and carboxylic acid molecules were linked via ionic interactions to produce MBR co-amorphous. Besides, solid-state cross polarization (CP)/magic angle spinning (MAS) 13C-NMR analysis was conducted for additional assessment of MBR co-amorphous. Afterwards, dissolution tests of MBR co-amorphouses, MBR crystalline solid, and MBR amorphous were carried out for 12 h to evaluate and to compare their solubilities, dissolution rates, and phase transformation phenomenon. Here, the results suggested that MBR co-amorphouses displayed more than 57-fold higher aqueous solubility compared to MBR crystalline solid, and PXRD monitoring result suggested that MBR co-amorphouses were able to maintain their amorphous state for more than 12 h. The same results revealed that MBR amorphous exhibited increased solubility of approximatively 6.7-fold higher compared to MBR crystalline solid. However, the PXRD monitoring result suggested that MBR amorphous undergo rapid phase transformation to crystalline form in just 35 min and that within an hour all MBR amorphous are completely converted to crystalline solid. Accordingly, the increase in MBR co-amorphous’ solubility was attributed to the presence of ionic interactions in MBR co-amorphous molecules. Moreover, from the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) monitoring results, we predicted that the high glass transition temperature (Tg) of MBR co-amorphous compared to MBR amorphous was the main factor influencing the phase stability of MBR co-amorphous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun An
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam 13844, Korea.
| | - Changjin Lim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam 13844, Korea.
| | - Alice Nguvoko Kiyonga
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam 13844, Korea.
| | - In Hwa Chung
- R&D Center, Sungwun Pharmacopia, Seoul 05836, Korea.
| | - In Kyu Lee
- R&D Center, Sungwun Pharmacopia, Seoul 05836, Korea.
| | - Kilwoong Mo
- R&D Center, Sungwun Pharmacopia, Seoul 05836, Korea.
| | - Minho Park
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam 13844, Korea.
| | - Wonno Youn
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Won Rak Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam 13844, Korea.
| | - Kiwon Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam 13844, Korea.
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163
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Shi G, Yin X, Wu G. Thermodynamic phase analysis of acrylic polymer/hindered phenol hybrids: Effects of hydrogen bonding strength. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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164
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Novel hydrophilic matrix system with non-uniform drug distribution for zero-order release kinetics. J Control Release 2018; 287:247-256. [PMID: 30171979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A decrease in the release rate over time is typically encountered when dealing with hydrophilic matrix systems for oral prolonged release due to progressive increase of the distance the drug molecules have to cover to diffuse outwards and reduction of the area of the glassy matrix at the swelling front. In order to solve this issue, a novel formulation approach based on non-uniform distribution of the active ingredient throughout the swellable polymer matrix was proposed and evaluated. Various physical mixtures of polymer (high-viscosity hypromellose) and drug tracer (acetaminophen), having decreasing concentrations of the latter, were applied by powder-layering onto inert core seeds. The resulting gradient matrices showed to possess satisfactory physico-technological characteristics, with spherical shape and consistent thickness of the layers sequentially applied. The non-uniform matrix composition pursued was confirmed by Raman mapping analysis. As compared with a system having uniform distribution of the drug tracer, the multi-layer formulations were proved to enhance linearity of release. The simple design concept, advantageous technique, which involves no solvents nor high-impact drying operations, and the polymeric material of established use make the delivery platform hereby proposed a valuable strategy to improve the performance of hydrophilic matrix systems.
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165
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Bochmann ES, Gryczke A, Wagner KG. Validation of Model-Based Melt Viscosity in Hot-Melt Extrusion Numerical Simulation. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030132. [PMID: 30126193 PMCID: PMC6161212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A validation for the use of model-based melt viscosity in hot-melt extrusion numerical simulations was presented. Here, the melt viscosity of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was calculated by using its glass transition temperature (Tg) and the rheological flow profile of the pure polymeric matrix. All further required physical properties were taken from the pure polymer. For forming the ASDs, four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), that had not been considered in first place to establish the correlation between Tg and melt viscosity were examined. The ASDs were characterized in terms of density, specific heat capacity, melt rheology, API solubility in the polymeric matrix, and deviation from the Couchman⁻Karasz fit to, identify the influencing factors of the accuracy of the simulation using model-based melt viscosity. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the hot-melt extrusion (HME) experiments, conventional simulation, and simulation using model-based melt viscosity were compared. It was shown, with few exceptions, that the use of model-based melt viscosity in terms of the HME simulation did not reduce the accuracy of the computation outcome. The commercial one-dimensional (1D) simulation software Ludovic® was used to conduct all of the numerical computation. As model excipients, vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (COP) in combination with four APIs (celecoxib, loratadine, naproxen, and praziquantel) were investigated to form the ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Bochmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Gryczke
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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166
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Barmpalexis P, Karagianni A, Nikolakakis I, Kachrimanis K. Preparation of pharmaceutical cocrystal formulations via melt mixing technique: A thermodynamic perspective. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:130-140. [PMID: 30092346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of in-situ formation of cocrystal formulations by the melt-mixing method. Specifically, the thermodynamic mixing behaviour of carbamazepine-nicotinamide and ibuprofen-nicotinamide cocrystals prepared with the aid of Soluplus® (SOL) were evaluated using thermodynamic lattice-based solution theories. Thermodynamic miscibility of both cocrystals with SOL was predicted by calculating Gibb's free energy based on the Flory-Huggins (FH) interaction parameter (χ), while the activity coefficient of cocrystals estimated with the aid of solid-liquid equilibrium equation and FH lattice theory, showed good thermodynamic miscibility of the components at elevated temperatures used normally during melt-mixing based processes. Complete phase transition diagrams constructed with the aid of DSC measurements and FH solution theory, suggested the existence of two transition zones: (1) a stable cocrystal zone, located at the right-hand-side of the spinodal phase separation curve, where stable cocrystals are prepared and (2) an unstable cocrystal zone, located at the left-hand-side of the spinodal curve up to liquidus, where the matrixforming polymer sets a kinetic barrier to recrystallization and hence, a barrier to the formation of cocrystals. The validity of the suggested thermodynamic phase transition zones was experimentally verified by ATR-FTIR and hot-stage polarized light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barmpalexis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - A Karagianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - I Nikolakakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - K Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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167
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Pezzoli R, Lyons JG, Gately N, Higginbotham CL. Investigation of miscibility estimation methods between indomethacin and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate). Int J Pharm 2018; 549:50-57. [PMID: 30016675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the miscibility between active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) and polymeric excipients is of great interest for the formulation and development of amorphous solid dispersions, especially in the context of the prediction of the stability of these systems. Two different methods were applied to determine the miscibility between model compounds poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA) and indomethacin (IND), viz. the measurement of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the melting point depression method framed on the Flory-Huggins theory. Measurement of the glass transition temperatures of the binary blends showed the formation of an amorphous single phase system between the PVPVA and the IND regardless of the composition. Variation of Tg with the composition was well described by the Gordon-Taylor equation leading to the error of concluding lack of intermolecular interactions between the materials. Application of the Brostow-Chiu-Kalogeras-Vassilikou-Dova (BCKV) model shows a negative interaction parameter (a0) suggesting the presence of drug-drug intermolecular interactions. Application of the melting point depression method within the framework of the Flory-Huggins theory proved the miscibility of the system at temperatures close to the melting point of IND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Pezzoli
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland; Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - John G Lyons
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Noel Gately
- Applied Polymer Technology, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Clement L Higginbotham
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland; Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland.
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168
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Relative Contributions of Solubility and Mobility to the Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Poorly Soluble Drugs: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030101. [PMID: 30037083 PMCID: PMC6161151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions are considered a promising formulation strategy for the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs. The limiting factor for the applicability of this approach is the physical (in)stability of the amorphous phase in solid samples. Minimizing the risk of reduced shelf life for a new drug by establishing a suitable excipient/polymer-type from first principles would be desirable to accelerate formulation development. Here, we perform Molecular Dynamics simulations to determine properties of blends of eight different polymer–small molecule drug combinations for which stability data are available from a consistent set of literature data. We calculate thermodynamic factors (mixing energies) as well as mobilities (diffusion rates and roto-vibrational fluctuations). We find that either of the two factors, mobility and energetics, can determine the relative stability of the amorphous form for a given drug. Which factor is rate limiting depends on physico-chemical properties of the drug and the excipients/polymers. The methods outlined here can be readily employed for an in silico pre-screening of different excipients for a given drug to establish a qualitative ranking of the expected relative stabilities, thereby accelerating and streamlining formulation development.
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169
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Baghel S, Cathcart H, O’Reilly NJ. Investigation into the Solid-State Properties and Dissolution Profile of Spray-Dried Ternary Amorphous Solid Dispersions: A Rational Step toward the Design and Development of a Multicomponent Amorphous System. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3796-3812. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrawan Baghel
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Helen Cathcart
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Niall J. O’Reilly
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland
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170
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Jankovic S, Tsakiridou G, Ditzinger F, Koehl NJ, Price DJ, Ilie AR, Kalantzi L, Kimpe K, Holm R, Nair A, Griffin B, Saal C, Kuentz M. Application of the solubility parameter concept to assist with oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:441-463. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Solubility parameters have been used for decades in various scientific fields including pharmaceutics. It is, however, still a field of active research both on a conceptual and experimental level. This work addresses the need to review solubility parameter applications in pharmaceutics of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Key findings
An overview of the different experimental and calculation methods to determine solubility parameters is provided, which covers from classical to modern approaches. In the pharmaceutical field, solubility parameters are primarily used to guide organic solvent selection, cocrystals and salt screening, lipid-based delivery, solid dispersions and nano- or microparticulate drug delivery systems. Solubility parameters have been applied for a quantitative assessment of mixtures, or they are simply used to rank excipients for a given drug.
Summary
In particular, partial solubility parameters hold great promise for aiding the development of poorly soluble drug delivery systems. This is particularly true in early-stage development, where compound availability and resources are limited. The experimental determination of solubility parameters has its merits despite being rather labour-intensive because further data can be used to continuously improve in silico predictions. Such improvements will ensure that solubility parameters will also in future guide scientists in finding suitable drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jankovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Felix Ditzinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Price
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
- Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Roxana Ilie
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lida Kalantzi
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
| | - Kristof Kimpe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anita Nair
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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171
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Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions containing a polymeric component often impart improved stability against crystallization for a small molecule relative to the pure amorphous form. However, the relationship between side chain functionalities on a polymer and the ability of a polymer to stabilize against crystallization is not well understood. To shed light on this relationship, a series of polymers were functionalized from a parent batch of poly(chloromethylstyrene- co-styrene) to investigate the effect of functionality on the stability in amorphous solid dispersions without altering the physical parameters of polymers, such as the average molecular weight or backbone chain chemistry. The kinetics of the crystallization of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone from amorphous solid dispersions containing each functionalized polymer were interpreted on the basis of two interactions: hydrogen bonding between the drug and the polymer and the solubility of the polymer in the amorphous drug. It was found that hydrogen bonding between functionalized polymers and nabumetone can impart stability against crystallization, but only if the polymer shows significant solubility in amorphous nabumetone. Methylation of a protic functionality can improve the ability of a polymer to inhibit nabumetone crystallization by increasing the solubility in the drug, even when the resulting polymer lacks hydrogen bonding functionalities to interact with the pharmaceutical. Furthermore, factors, such as the glass transition temperature of pure polymers, were uncorrelated with isothermal nucleation rates. These findings inform a framework relating polymer functionality and stability deconvoluted from the polymer chain length or backbone chemistry with the potential to aid in the design of polymers to inhibit the crystallization of hydrophobic drugs from amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Frank
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science & Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam J. Matzger
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science & Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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172
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Luo Z, Wan X, Liu C, Fang L. Mechanistic insights of the controlled release properties of amide adhesive and hydroxyl adhesive. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:13-21. [PMID: 29625213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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173
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Askin S, Zhao M, Gonçalves AD, Gaisford S, Craig DQM. The Development of Quasi-isothermal Calorimetry for the Measurement of Drug–Polymer Miscibility and Crystallization Kinetics: Olanzapine-Loaded PLGA Microparticles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3332-3342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Askin
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea D. Gonçalves
- DPDD Drug Delivery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Q. M. Craig
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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174
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Chen Y, Huang W, Chen J, Wang H, Zhang S, Xiong S. The Synergetic Effects of Nonpolar and Polar Protic Solvents on the Properties of Felodipine and Soluplus in Solutions, Casting Films, and Spray-Dried Solid Dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1615-1623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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175
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A Repurposed Drug for Brain Cancer: Enhanced Atovaquone Amorphous Solid Dispersion by Combining a Spontaneously Emulsifying Component with a Polymer Carrier. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020060. [PMID: 29783757 PMCID: PMC6027483 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal central nervous system tumor. Recently, atovaquone has shown inhibition of signal transducer and activator transcription 3, a promising target for GBM therapy. However, it is currently unable to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations in the brain with the currently reported and marketed formulations. The present study sought to explore the efficacy of atovaquone against GBM as well as develop a formulation of atovaquone that would improve oral bioavailability, resulting in higher amounts of drug delivered to the brain. Atovaquone was formulated as an amorphous solid dispersion using an optimized formulation containing a polymer and a spontaneously emulsifying component (SEC) with greatly improved wetting, disintegration, dispersibility, and dissolution properties. Atovaquone demonstrated cytotoxicity against GBM cell lines as well as provided a confirmed target for atovaquone brain concentrations in in vitro cell viability studies. This new formulation approach was then assessed in a proof-of-concept in vivo exposure study. Based on these results, the enhanced amorphous solid dispersion is promising for providing therapeutically effective brain levels of atovaquone for the treatment of GBM.
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176
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Hong S, Nowak SA, Wah CL. Impact of Physicochemical Properties of Cellulosic Polymers on Supersaturation Maintenance in Aqueous Drug Solutions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1860-1868. [PMID: 29637498 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The precipitation inhibitory effect of cellulosic polymers in relation to their physicochemical properties was studied. Using a poorly water-soluble model drug, griseofulvin, the precipitation inhibitory effect of a series of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and methylcellulose polymers was studied using solvent-shift method. The extent of supersaturation maintenance of each polymer was then quantified by the parameter, supersaturation factor (SF). Partial least square (PLS) regression analysis was employed to understand the relative contribution from viscosity, hydroxypropyl content (HC), methoxyl content, methoxyl/hydroxypropyl ratio, and drug-polymer interaction parameter (χ) on SF. All grades of cellulosic polymers effectively prolonged supersaturation of griseofulvin. PLS regression analysis revealed that HC and χ appeared to have the strongest influence on SF response. A regression model of SF = 1.65-0.16 χ + 0.05 HC with a high correlation coefficient, r of 0.921, was obtained. Since the value of χ is inversely related to the strength of drug-polymer interaction, the result shows that SF increases with increasing drug-polymer interaction and increasing HC. As such, it can be implied that strong drug-polymer interaction and presence of hydroxypropyl groups in cellulosic polymers for hydrogen bonding are two key parameters for effective supersaturation maintenance. This knowledge on the relative contribution of polymer physicochemical properties on precipitation inhibition will allow the selection of suitable cellulosic polymers for systematic development of supersaturating drug delivery systems.
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177
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Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: a Physicochemical Perspective with Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Environmental Aspects. Pharm Res 2018; 35:125. [PMID: 29687226 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for solubility enhancementof poorly water-soluble drugs. The physical stability, however, remainsone of the most challenging issues for the formulation development.Many factors can affect the physical stability via different mechanisms, and therefore an in-depth understanding on these factors isrequired. METHODS In this review, we intend to summarize the physical stability of ASDsfrom a physicochemical perspective whereby factors that can influence the physical stability areclassified into thermodynamic, kinetic and environmental aspects. RESULTS The drug-polymer miscibility and solubility are consideredas the main thermodynamicfactors which may determine the spontaneity of the occurrence of the physical instabilityof ASDs. Glass-transition temperature,molecular mobility, manufacturing process,physical stabilityof amorphous drugs, and drug-polymerinteractionsareconsideredas the kinetic factors which areassociated with the kinetic stability of ASDs on aging. Storage conditions including temperature and humidity could significantly affect the thermodynamicand kineticstabilityof ASDs. CONCLUSION When designing amorphous solid dispersions, it isrecommended that these thermodynamic, kinetic and environmental aspects should be completely investigatedand compared to establish rationale formulations for amorphous solid dispersions with high physical stability.
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178
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Choi JH, Lee H, Choi HR, Cho M. Graph Theory and Ion and Molecular Aggregation in Aqueous Solutions. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2018; 69:125-149. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-050317-020915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Choi
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hochan Lee
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ran Choi
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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179
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Sousa-Batista AJ, Arruda-Costa N, Rossi-Bergmann B, Ré MI. Improved drug loading via spray drying of a chalcone implant for local treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1473-1480. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1461903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane J. Sousa-Batista
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Mines Albi, CNRS, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, Albi, France
| | - Natalia Arruda-Costa
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- Mines Albi, CNRS, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, Albi, France
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180
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Li N, Taylor LS. Tailoring supersaturation from amorphous solid dispersions. J Control Release 2018; 279:114-125. [PMID: 29654798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The maximum achievable concentration of a drug in solution is dictated by the chemical potential of the solid form. Because an amorphous solid has a higher chemical potential than the corresponding crystal form, in the absence of phase transformations, a higher transient solubility is expected. However, the chemical potential of an amorphous drug can be reduced by mixing with another component. Therefore, upon mixing with a polymer to form an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), the maximum solution concentration achieved can be potentially altered, in particular if the polymer is poorly soluble in the dissolution medium. Such changes in the chemical potential of the drug may be a critical factor in determining the maximum achievable solution concentration, and could alter the crystallization driving force of the drug. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain insights into the impact of poorly soluble polymers on the "amorphous solubility" of drugs formulated as amorphous solid dispersions. Lopinavir was selected as a model drug with a low crystallization tendency, enabling determination of the amorphous solubility as a function of ASD composition. Model polymers included cellulose acetate (CA), CA phthalate (CAP), ethylcellulose (EC), Eudragit® RL PO (EUD), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), HPMC acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and HPMC phthalate (HPMCP). The "amorphous solubility" of the drug alone was determined and then the changes in maximum achievable concentration were measured as a function of drug loading. Drug-polymer interactions were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and moisture sorption analysis. The results showed that the maximum achievable concentration ("amorphous solubility") of lopinavir varied with the extent of drug-polymer interactions, as well as the drug weight fraction in the ASD. This information is of great value when evaluating the maximum achievable concentration of amorphous systems formulated with pH responsive polymers, and should contribute to a broader understanding of drug phase behavior in the context of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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181
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Haser A, Zhang F. New Strategies for Improving the Development and Performance of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:978-990. [PMID: 29340977 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of amorphous solid dispersions has grown significantly in the past decade. This is evident from the number of approved commercial amorphous solid dispersion products. While amorphous formulation is considered an enabling technology, it has become the norm for formulating poorly soluble compounds. Despite this success, improvements can still be made that enable early development formulation decisions, to develop a rationale for selecting a manufacturing process, to overcome degradation and phase separation during processing, to help achieve physical stability during storage, and to optimize dissolution behavior. The purpose of this literature review is to present recently reported strategies for improving the development and performance of ASDs. The benefits and limitations of each strategy as well as recent relevant case studies will be presented in this review. The strategies are presented from three different aspects: (a) prediction techniques that enable formulation decisions, (b) manufacturing considerations that help produce physically and chemically stable ASDs, and
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182
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Prediction of Phase Behavior of Spray-Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Assessment of Thermodynamic Models, Standard Screening Methods and a Novel Atomization Screening Device with Regard to Prediction Accuracy. Pharmaceutics 2018. [PMID: 29518936 PMCID: PMC5874842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of drug–polymer miscibility in the early phase of drug development is essential to ensure successful amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) manufacturing. This work investigates the comparison of thermodynamic models, conventional experimental screening methods (solvent casting, quench cooling), and a novel atomization screening device based on their ability to predict drug–polymer miscibility, solid state properties (Tg value and width), and adequate polymer selection during the development of spray-dried amorphous solid dispersions (SDASDs). Binary ASDs of four drugs and seven polymers were produced at 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 (w/w). Samples were systematically analyzed using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to qualitatively assess the predictability of screening methods with regards to SDASD development. Poor correlation was found between theoretical models and experimentally-obtained results. Additionally, the limited ability of usual screening methods to predict the miscibility of SDASDs did not guarantee the appropriate selection of lead excipient for the manufacturing of robust SDASDs. Contrary to standard approaches, our novel screening device allowed the selection of optimal polymer and drug loading and established insight into the final properties and performance of SDASDs at an early stage, therefore enabling the optimization of the scaled-up late-stage development.
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183
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Yang D, Wan X, Quan P, Liu C, Fang L. The role of carboxyl group of pressure sensitive adhesive in controlled release of propranolol in transdermal patch: Quantitative determination of ionic interaction and molecular mechanism characterization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:330-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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184
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Alginate as a potential diphase solid dispersion carrier with enhanced drug dissolution and improved storage stability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 114:346-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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185
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Le Devedec F, Boucher H, Dubins D, Allen C. Factors Controlling Drug Release in Cross-linked Poly(valerolactone) Based Matrices. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1565-1577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantz Le Devedec
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 44 College Street, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hilary Boucher
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 44 College Street, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - David Dubins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 44 College Street, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 44 College Street, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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186
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Haser A, Cao T, Lubach JW, Zhang F. In Situ Salt Formation during Melt Extrusion for Improved Chemical Stability and Dissolution Performance of a Meloxicam–Copovidone Amorphous Solid Dispersion. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1226-1237. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbe Haser
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tu Cao
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph W. Lubach
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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187
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Rask MB, Knopp MM, Olesen NE, Holm R, Rades T. Comparison of two DSC-based methods to predict drug-polymer solubility. Int J Pharm 2018; 540:98-105. [PMID: 29425764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare two DSC-based methods to predict drug-polymer solubility (melting point depression method and recrystallization method) and propose a guideline for selecting the most suitable method based on physicochemical properties of both the drug and the polymer. Using the two methods, the solubilities of celecoxib, indomethacin, carbamazepine, and ritonavir in polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and Soluplus® were determined at elevated temperatures and extrapolated to room temperature using the Flory-Huggins model. For the melting point depression method, it was observed that a well-defined drug melting point was required in order to predict drug-polymer solubility, since the method is based on the depression of the melting point as a function of polymer content. In contrast to previous findings, it was possible to measure melting point depression up to 20 °C below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer for some systems. Nevertheless, in general it was possible to obtain solubility measurements at lower temperatures using polymers with a low Tg. Finally, for the recrystallization method it was found that the experimental composition dependence of the Tg must be differentiable for compositions ranging from 50 to 90% drug (w/w) so that one Tg corresponds to only one composition. Based on these findings, a guideline for selecting the most suitable thermal method to predict drug-polymer solubility based on the physicochemical properties of the drug and polymer is suggested in the form of a decision tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bille Rask
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Quality Control & Sample Management, AJ Vaccines A/S, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Erik Olesen
- Sensors, Processes & Technology, Radiometer, DK-2700 Brønshøj, Denmark
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, BE-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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188
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Katiyar RS, Jha PK. Molecular simulations in drug delivery: Opportunities and challenges. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prateek K. Jha
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIIT RoorkeeUttarakhandIndia
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189
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Metre S, Mukesh S, Samal SK, Chand M, Sangamwar AT. Enhanced Biopharmaceutical Performance of Rivaroxaban through Polymeric Amorphous Solid Dispersion. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:652-668. [PMID: 29287144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rivaroxaban (RXB) is an orally active direct inhibitor of the activated serine protease Factor Xa, given as monotherapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It has been characterized in vitro as a substrate for the active, nonsaturable efflux via P-gp transporter, limiting its high permeability. Therefore, the role of P-gp inhibiting polymers in enhancing the biopharmaceutical performance of RXB by preparing polymeric amorphous solid dispersion and subsequent improvement in solubility and permeability was investigated. Initially, solubility parameter and Flory-Huggins interaction parameter were determined for miscibility studies between drug and polymers. Binary dispersions were prepared by dissolving drug with polymers eudragit S100, eudragit L100, and soluplus in common solvent (5% v/v water in tetrahydrofuran) using spray dryer. Prepared binary dispersions were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Superior performance of binary dispersions was observed upon dissolution and solubility studies over micronized active pharmaceutical ingredient. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) prepared with soluplus showed 10-fold increase in apparent solubility and maintenance of supersaturation for 24 h compared to the crystalline RXB. Further, pharmacokinetic study performed in animals was in good correlation with the solubility data. Increases of 5.7- and 6.7-fold were observed in AUC and Cmax, respectively, for ASDs prepared with soluplus compared to those with crystalline RXB. FTIR and NMR spectroscopy unveiled the involvement of N-H group of RXB with C═O group of polymers in intermolecular interactions. The decreased drug efflux ratio was observed for ASDs prepared with eudragit S100 and soluplus in Caco-2 transport study suggesting improvement in the absorption of RXB. Hence, the present study demonstrates ASD using soluplus as a promising formulation strategy for enhancing the biopharmaceutical performance of RXB by increasing the solubility and circumventing the P-gp activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Metre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Mukesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjaya K Samal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Mahesh Chand
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
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190
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Impact of Drug-Polymer Miscibility on Enthalpy Relaxation of Irbesartan Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharm Res 2018; 35:29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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191
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Predicting Solubility/Miscibility in Amorphous Dispersions: It Is Time to Move Beyond Regular Solution Theories. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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192
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Alin J, Setiawan N, Defrese M, DiNunzio J, Lau H, Lupton L, Xi H, Su Y, Nie H, Hesse N, Taylor LS, Marsac PJ. A novel approach for measuring room temperature enthalpy of mixing and associated solubility estimation of a drug in a polymer matrix. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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193
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Enhanced Dissolution of a Porous Carrier–Containing Ternary Amorphous Solid Dispersion System Prepared by a Hot Melt Method. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:362-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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194
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Kawakami K. Pharmaceutical Applications of Thermal Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64062-8.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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195
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Jermain SV, Brough C, Williams RO. Amorphous solid dispersions and nanocrystal technologies for poorly water-soluble drug delivery – An update. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:379-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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196
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Tian Y, Jones DS, Donnelly C, Brannigan T, Li S, Andrews GP. A New Method of Constructing a Drug–Polymer Temperature–Composition Phase Diagram Using Hot-Melt Extrusion. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:1379-1391. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Conor Donnelly
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Brannigan
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Li
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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197
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Shi Q, Zhang J, Zhang C, Jiang J, Tao J, Zhou D, Cai T. Selective Acceleration of Crystal Growth of Indomethacin Polymorphs by Low-Concentration Poly(ethylene oxide). Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4694-4704. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory
of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory
of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory
of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic
Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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198
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Melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs - An integrated review. Int J Pharm 2017; 535:68-85. [PMID: 29102700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, hot melt extrusion (HME) has emerged as a successful technology for a broad spectrum of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. As indicated by multiple publications and patents, HME is mainly used for the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. This review is focused on the recent reports on the solubility enhancement via HME and provides an update for the manufacturing/scaling up aspects of melt extrusion. In addition, drug characterization methods and dissolution studies are discussed. The application of process analytical technology (PAT) tools and use of HME as a continuous manufacturing process may shorten the drug development process; as a result, the latter is becoming the most widely utilized technique in the pharmaceutical industry. The advantages, disadvantages, and practical applications of various PAT tools such as near and mid-infrared, ultraviolet/visible, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopies are summarized, and the characteristics of other techniques are briefly discussed. Overall, this review also provides an outline for the currently marketed products and analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of HME application in the pharmaceutical industry.
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199
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Kaljević O, Djuris J, Čalija B, Lavrič Z, Kristl J, Ibrić S. Application of miscibility analysis and determination of Soluplus solubility map for development of carvedilol-loaded nanofibers. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:445-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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200
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El-Shenawy AA, Ahmed MM, Mansour HF, Abd El Rasoul S. Torsemide Fast Dissolving Tablets: Development, Optimization Using Box-Bhenken Design and Response Surface Methodology, In Vitro Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Assessment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2168-2179. [PMID: 28050711 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study planed to develop new fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) of torsemide. Solid dispersions (SDs) of torsemide and sorbitol (3:1) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) k25 were prepared. The prepared SDs were evaluated for in-vitro dissolution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry for SDs revealed no drug/excipient interactions and transformation of torsemide to the amorphous form. Torsemide/sorbitol SD was selected for formulation of torsemide FDTs by direct compression method. Box-Bhenken factorial design was employed to design 15 formulations using croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone at different concentrations. The response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of changing these concentrations (independent variables) on disintegration time (Y1), percentage friability (Y2), and amount torsemide released at 10 min. The physical mixtures of torsemide and the used excipients were evaluated for angle of repose, Hausner's ratio, and Carr's index. The prepared FDTs tablets were evaluated for wetting and disintegration time, weight variation, drug content, percentage friability, thickness, hardness, and in vitro release. Based on the in-vitro results and factorial design characterization, F10 and F7 were selected for bioavailability studies following administration to Albino New Zealand rabbits. They showed significantly higher C max and (AUC0-12) and shorter T max than those obtained after administration of the corresponding ordinary commercial Torseretic ® tablets. Stability study was conducted for F10 that showed good stability upon storage at 30°C/75% RH and 40°C/75% RH for 3 months.
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