1
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Piovesana M, Wood AKM, Smith DP, Deery MJ, Bayliss R, Carrera E, Wellner N, Kosik O, Napier JA, Kurup S, Matthes MC. A point mutation in the kinase domain of CRK10 leads to xylem vessel collapse and activation of defence responses in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:3104-3121. [PMID: 36869735 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are a large family of plasma membrane-bound receptors ubiquitous in higher plants. However, despite their prominence, their biological roles have remained largely elusive so far. In this study we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant named crk10-A397T in which alanine 397 has been replaced by a threonine in the αC helix of the kinase domain of CRK10, known to be a crucial regulatory module in mammalian kinases. The crk10-A397T mutant is a dwarf that displays collapsed xylem vessels in the root and hypocotyl, whereas the vasculature of the inflorescence develops normally. In situ phosphorylation assays with His-tagged wild type and crk10-A397T versions of the CRK10 kinase domain revealed that both alleles are active kinases capable of autophosphorylation, with the newly introduced threonine acting as an additional phosphorylation site in crk10-A397T. Transcriptomic analysis of wild type and crk10-A397T mutant hypocotyls revealed that biotic and abiotic stress-responsive genes are constitutively up-regulated in the mutant, and a root-infection assay with the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum demonstrated that the mutant has enhanced resistance to this pathogen compared with wild type plants. Taken together our results suggest that crk10-A397T is a gain-of-function allele of CRK10, the first such mutant to have been identified for a CRK in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Piovesana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Streatham Campus, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Ana K M Wood
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Daniel P Smith
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Esther Carrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | | | - Ondrej Kosik
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Smita Kurup
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Michaela C Matthes
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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2
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Alhijjaj M, Belton P, Fábián L, Wellner N, Reading M, Qi S. Novel Thermal Imaging Method for Rapid Screening of Drug–Polymer Miscibility for Solid Dispersion Based Formulation Development. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5625-5636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muqdad Alhijjaj
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
- College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - László Fábián
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, U.K
| | - Mike Reading
- Cyversa, 12 Stanmore Road, Norwich, Norfolk NR7 0HB, U.K
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
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3
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Wu J, Collins SRA, Elliston A, Wellner N, Dicks J, Roberts IN, Waldron KW. Release of cell wall phenolic esters during hydrothermal pretreatment of rice husk and rice straw. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:162. [PMID: 29991964 PMCID: PMC5994648 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice husk and rice straw represent promising sources of biomass for production of renewable fuels and chemicals. For efficient utilisation, lignocellulosic components must first be pretreated to enable efficient enzymatic saccharification and subsequent fermentation. Existing pretreatments create breakdown products such as sugar-derived furans, and lignin-derived phenolics that inhibit enzymes and fermenting organisms. Alkali pretreatments have also been shown to release significant levels of simple, free phenolics such as ferulic acid that are normally esterified to cell wall polysaccharides in the intact plant. These phenolics have recently been found to have considerable inhibitory properties. The aim of this research has been to establish the extent to which such free phenolic acids are also released during hydrothermal pretreatment of rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH). RESULTS RS and RH were subjected to hydrothermal pretreatments over a wide range of severities (1.57-5.45). FTIR analysis showed that the pretreatments hydrolysed and solubilised hemicellulosic moieties, leading to an enrichment of lignin and crystalline cellulose in the insoluble residue. The residues also lost the capacity for UV autofluorescence at pH 7 or pH 10, indicating the breakdown or release of cell wall phenolics. Saponification of raw RS and RH enabled identification and quantification of substantial levels of simple phenolics including ferulic acid (tFA), coumaric acid (pCA) and several diferulic acids (DiFAs) including 8-O-4'-DiFA, 8,5'-DiFA and 5,5'-DiFA. RH had higher levels of pCA and lower levels of tFA and DiFAs compared with RS. Assessment of the pretreatment liquors revealed that pretreatment-liberated phenolics present were not free but remained as phenolic esters (at mM concentrations) that could be readily freed by saponification. Many were lost, presumably through degradation, at the higher severities. CONCLUSION Differences in lignin, tFA, DiFAs and pCA between RS and RH reflect differences in cell wall physiology, and probably contribute to the higher recalcitrance of RH compared with RS. Hydrothermal pretreatments, unlike alkali pretreatments, release cinnamic acid components as esters. The potential for pretreatment-liberated phenolic esters to be inhibitory to fermenting microorganisms is not known. However, the present study shows that they are found at concentrations that could be significantly inhibitory if released as free forms by enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wu
- The Biorefinery Centre, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Samuel R. A. Collins
- The Biorefinery Centre, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Adam Elliston
- The Biorefinery Centre, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Jo Dicks
- The National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Ian N. Roberts
- The National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- The Biorefinery Centre, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
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4
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Miller CN, Harper AL, Trick M, Wellner N, Werner P, Waldron KW, Bancroft I. Dissecting the complex regulation of lodging resistance in Brassica napus. Mol Breed 2018; 38:30. [PMID: 29568228 PMCID: PMC5842258 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-018-0781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lodging continues to be a major cause of yield loss in important crop species such as Brassica napus. Understanding the genetic regulation of lodging resistance is therefore of key interest to breeders worldwide. Current strategies aimed at minimising lodging risk involve the incorporation of dwarfing genes or the application of plant growth regulators. However, despite these efforts, lodging continues to be a persistent problem and it is therefore of high interest that novel, complimentary strategies for lodging control are implemented. One approach would be to focus on understanding the genetic properties underlying stem mechanical strength. With this in mind, we screened a training genetic diversity panel of B. napus accession for variation in stem mechanical strength and related traits. Using Associative Transcriptomics, we identified molecular markers for a suite of valuable traits. Using an independent test genetic diversity panel, we show that the methods employed are robust for identification of predictive markers. Furthermore, based on conserved synteny with Arabidopsis thaliana, we are able to provide a biological context to the marker associations detected and provide evidence for a role in pectin methylesterification in contributing to stem mechanical strength in Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea L. Harper
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
- Present Address: Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Martin Trick
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Peter Werner
- KWS UK Ltd., 56 Church Street, Thriplow, Hertfordshire, SG8 7RE UK
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Ian Bancroft
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
- Present Address: Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
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5
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Wood IP, Garcia-Gutierrez E, Wellner N, Waldron KW. Feedstock selection for polymer and chemical production: feedstock-specific recalcitrance. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:391-402. [PMID: 28682402 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall materials derived from a range of waste biomass sources have great potential as a source of sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals. Perhaps the most straightforward way of realising this potential would be to hydrolyse the most efficiently fermentable polymers into their constituent sugars and use yeast to ferment these into useful chemicals. However, it also makes sense to pre-extract components which have a greater value in polymeric form. This is particularly true for non-cellulosic polymers, which are rich in poorly-fermentable pentose sugars. Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment can be used to extract non-cellulosic carbohydrates in a cost-effective manner, leaving a cellulose-rich substrate which is easier to hydrolyse using commercial cellulases. However, inherent differences in the plant cell wall structure and composition mean that some biomass sources may be more suitable for exploitation than others. Here, we examine eight different feedstocks (two each from hardwood, softwood, cereal straws and dicotyledonous crops), expose them to 26 different LHW pretreatment conditions and hydrolyse the entire pretreated slurry with a commercial cellulase. This enables side-by-side comparisons, in terms of saccharification yield, of the feedstocks. The results clearly demonstrate considerable differences in suitability between the feedstocks, in relation to the quantity of products released and the processes needed to obtain them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Wood
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR47UA, UK.
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6
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Man AL, Gicheva N, Regoli M, Rowley G, De Cunto G, Wellner N, Bassity E, Gulisano M, Bertelli E, Nicoletti C. CX3CR1+ Cell-Mediated Salmonella Exclusion Protects the Intestinal Mucosa during the Initial Stage of Infection. J Immunol 2016; 198:335-343. [PMID: 27895168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal CX3CR1+ cells can either extend transepithelial cellular processes to sample luminal bacteria or, very early after infection, migrate into the intestinal lumen to capture bacteria. However, until now, the biological relevance of the intraluminal migration of CX3CR1+ cells remained to be determined. We addressed this by using a combination of mouse strains differing in their ability to carry out CX3CR1-mediated sampling and intraluminal migration. We observed that the number of S. Typhimurium traversing the epithelium did not differ between sampling-competent/migration-competent C57BL/6 and sampling-deficient/migration-competent BALB/c mice. In contrast, in sampling-deficient/migration-deficient CX3CR1-/- mice the numbers of S. Typhimurium penetrating the epithelium were significantly higher. However, in these mice the number of invading S. Typhimurium was significantly reduced after the adoptive transfer of CX3CR1+ cells directly into the intestinal lumen, consistent with intraluminal CX3CR1+ cells preventing S. Typhimurium from infecting the host. This interpretation was also supported by a higher bacterial fecal load in CX3CR1+/gfp compared with CX3CR1gfp/gfp mice following oral infection. Furthermore, by using real-time in vivo imaging we observed that CX3CR1+ cells migrated into the lumen moving through paracellular channels within the epithelium. Also, we reported that the absence of CX3CR1-mediated sampling did not affect Ab responses to a noninvasive S. Typhimurium strain that specifically targeted the CX3CR1-mediated entry route. These data showed that the rapidly deployed CX3CR1+ cell-based mechanism of immune exclusion is a defense mechanism against pathogens that complements the mucous and secretory IgA Ab-mediated system in the protection of intestinal mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Man
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Nadezhda Gicheva
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Mari Regoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gary Rowley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna De Cunto
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth Bassity
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bertelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom; .,Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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7
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Pereira PHF, Oliveira TÍS, Rosa MF, Cavalcante FL, Moates GK, Wellner N, Waldron KW, Azeredo HM. Pectin extraction from pomegranate peels with citric acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:373-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Oliveira TÍS, Zea-Redondo L, Moates GK, Wellner N, Cross K, Waldron KW, Azeredo HMC. Pomegranate peel pectin films as affected by montmorillonite. Food Chem 2015; 198:107-12. [PMID: 26769511 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production of pomegranate juice has been favored by its alleged health benefits derived from its antioxidant properties. The processing of pomegranate juice involves squeezing juice from the fruit with the seeds and the peels together, leaving a pomace consisting of approximately 73 wt% peels. In this study, pectin was extracted from pomegranate peels, and used to produce films with different contents of montmorillonite (MMT) as a nanoreinforcement material. The nanoreinforcement improved the tensile strength and modulus of films when added at up to 6 wt%, while the further addition of MMT (to 8 wt%) reduced the reinforcement effect, probably because of dispersion problems. The elongation was decreased with increasing MMT concentrations. The water vapor permeability decreased with increasing MMT contents up to 8 wt% MMT, indicating that the increased tortuosity of the permeant path was effective on barrier properties of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luna Zea-Redondo
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Graham K Moates
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Kathryn Cross
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Keith W Waldron
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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9
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Alhijjaj M, Bouman J, Wellner N, Belton P, Qi S. Creating Drug Solubilization Compartments via Phase Separation in Multicomponent Buccal Patches Prepared by Direct Hot Melt Extrusion–Injection Molding. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4349-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muqdad Alhijjaj
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, U.K., NR4 7TJ
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Jacob Bouman
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Physics
and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Institute
of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, U.K., NR4 7UA
| | - Peter Belton
- School of
Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, U.K., NR4 7TJ
| | - Sheng Qi
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, U.K., NR4 7TJ
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10
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Azeredo HM, Kontou-Vrettou C, Moates GK, Wellner N, Cross K, Pereira PH, Waldron KW. Wheat straw hemicellulose films as affected by citric acid. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Weight CM, Jones EJ, Horn N, Wellner N, Carding SR. Elucidating pathways of Toxoplasma gondii invasion in the gastrointestinal tract: involvement of the tight junction protein occludin. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:698-709. [PMID: 26183539 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite infecting one third of the world's population. The small intestine is the parasite's primary route of infection, although the pathway of epithelium transmigration remains unclear. Using an in vitro invasion assay and live imaging we showed that T. gondii (RH) tachyzoites infect and transmigrate between adjacent intestinal epithelial cells in polarized monolayers without altering barrier integrity, despite eliciting the production of specific inflammatory mediators and chemokines. During invasion, T. gondii co-localized with occludin. Reducing the levels of endogenous cellular occludin with specific small interfering RNAs significantly reduced the ability of T. gondii to penetrate between and infect epithelial cells. Furthermore, an in vitro invasion and binding assays using recombinant occludin fragments established the capacity of the parasite to bind occludin and in particular to the extracellular loops of the protein. These findings provide evidence for occludin playing a role in the invasion of T. gondii in small intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Weight
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Emily J Jones
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Nikki Horn
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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12
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Liu D, Wellner N, Parker ML, Morris VJ, Cheng F. In situ mapping of the effect of additional mutations on starch granule structure in amylose-extender (ae) maize kernels. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 118:199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Wood IP, Wellner N, Elliston A, Wilson DR, Bancroft I, Waldron KW. Effect of Brassica napus cultivar on cellulosic ethanol yield. Biotechnol Biofuels 2015; 8:99. [PMID: 26185525 PMCID: PMC4504093 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraspecific variations in biomass composition are likely to influence their suitability for biorefining. This may be particularly important in species such as Brassica napus, which contain many different crop types bred for different purposes. Here, straw derived from 17 B. napus cultivars, of varying crop types, were steam exploded, saccharified and fermented to establish differences in biomass composition relevant to cellulosic ethanol production. RESULTS Despite being grown and processed in the same manner, straw from the various cultivars produced different saccharification and fermentation yields after processing. Fermentation inhibitor abundances released by steam explosion also varied between genotypes. Cultivars with glucan-rich straw did not necessarily produce higher saccharification or ethanol yields after processing. Instead, the compositions of non-cellulosic components were more reliable indicators of substrate quality. The abundance of pectins and arabinogalactans had the greatest influence on saccharification efficiency between straw genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In dicotyledonous species, such as B. napus, variations in the abundance of pectins between crop cultivars are likely to influence processing efficiency for bioethanol production. Knowledge of these genotypic variants provides targets for plant breeding and could aid in the development of improved cellulase cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Wood
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- />Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Adam Elliston
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - David R. Wilson
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Ian Bancroft
- />Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
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14
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Elliston A, Wilson DR, Wellner N, Collins SRA, Roberts IN, Waldron KW. Effect of steam explosion on waste copier paper alone and in a mixed lignocellulosic substrate on saccharification and fermentation. Bioresour Technol 2015; 187:136-143. [PMID: 25846183 PMCID: PMC4504980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated steam (SE) explosion on the saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of waste copier paper. SE resulted in a colouration, a reduction in fibre thickness and increased water absorption. Changes in chemical composition were evident at severities greater than 4.24 resulting in a loss of xylose and the production of breakdown products known to inhibit fermentation (particularly formic acid and acetic acid). SE did not improve final yields of glucose or ethanol, and at severities 4.53 and 4.83 reduced yields probably due to the effect of breakdown products and fermentation inhibitors. However, at moderate severities of 3.6 and 3.9 there was an increase in initial rates of hydrolysis which may provide a basis for reducing processing times. Co-steam explosion of waste copier paper and wheat straw attenuated the production of breakdown products, and may also provide a basis for improving SSF of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Elliston
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - David R Wilson
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel R A Collins
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Ian N Roberts
- The National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Keith W Waldron
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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15
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Zhao X, Moates G, Wellner N, Collins S, Coleman M, Waldron K. Chemical characterisation and analysis of the cell wall polysaccharides of duckweed (Lemna minor). Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:410-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Collins SRA, Wellner N, Martinez Bordonado I, Harper AL, Miller CN, Bancroft I, Waldron KW. Variation in the chemical composition of wheat straw: the role of tissue ratio and composition. Biotechnol Biofuels 2014; 7:121. [PMID: 25426162 PMCID: PMC4243778 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat straw is an attractive substrate for second generation ethanol production because it will complement and augment wheat production rather than competing with food production. However, like other sources of lignocellulosic biomass, even from a single species, it is heterogeneous in nature due to the different tissues and cell types, and this has implications for saccharification efficiency. The aim of this study has been to use Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Partial least squares (PLS) modelling to rapidly screen wheat cultivars for the levels of component tissues, the carbohydrate composition and lignin content, and the levels of simple cross-linking phenolics such as ferulic and diferulic acids. RESULTS FTIR spectroscopy and PLS modelling was used to analyze the tissue and chemical composition of wheat straw biomass. Predictive models were developed to evaluate the variability in the concentrations of the cell wall sugars, cell wall phenolics and acid-insoluble lignin. Models for the main sugars, phenolics and lignin were validated and then used to evaluate the variation in total biomass composition across 90 cultivars of wheat grown over two seasons. CONCLUSIONS Whilst carbohydrate and lignin components varied across the varieties, this mainly reflected differences in the ratios of the component tissues rather than differences in the composition of those tissues. Further analysis indicated that on a mol% basis, relative levels of sugars within the tissues varied to only a small degree. There were no clear associations between simple phenolics and tissues. The results provide a basis for improving biomass quality for biofuels production through selection of cultivars with appropriate tissue ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel RA Collins
- />Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- />Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | | | - Andrea L Harper
- />John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
- />Present address: Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - Ian Bancroft
- />John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
- />Present address: Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Keith W Waldron
- />Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
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17
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Wellner N, Scholl S. Kontinuierliche Entwässerung ionischer Flüssigkeiten im Fallfilmverdampfer. CHEM-ING-TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201250668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Zhang Y, Butelli E, De Stefano R, Schoonbeek HJ, Magusin A, Pagliarani C, Wellner N, Hill L, Orzaez D, Granell A, Jones J, Martin C. Anthocyanins double the shelf life of tomatoes by delaying overripening and reducing susceptibility to gray mold. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1094-100. [PMID: 23707429 PMCID: PMC3688073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shelf life is an important quality trait for many fruit, including tomatoes. We report that enrichment of anthocyanin, a natural pigment, in tomatoes can significantly extend shelf life. Processes late in ripening are suppressed by anthocyanin accumulation, and susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important postharvest pathogens, is reduced in purple tomato fruit. We show that reduced susceptibility to B. cinerea is dependent specifically on the accumulation of anthocyanins, which alter the spreading of the ROS burst during infection. The increased antioxidant capacity of purple fruit likely slows the processes of overripening. Enhancing the levels of natural antioxidants in tomato provides a novel strategy for extending shelf life by genetic engineering or conventional breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Eugenio Butelli
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rosalba De Stefano
- Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Magusin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco TO, Italy
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jonathan D.G. Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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19
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Liu D, Parker ML, Wellner N, Kirby AR, Cross K, Morris VJ, Cheng F. Structural variability between starch granules in wild type and in ae high-amylose mutant maize kernels. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 97:458-68. [PMID: 23911471 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starch granule structure within wild-type and ae high-amylose mutant maize kernels has been mapped in situ using light, electron and atomic force microscopy, and both Raman and infra-red spectroscopy. The population of wild-type starch granules is found to be homogenous. The ae mutant granule population is heterogeneous. Heterogeneity in chemical and physical structure is observed within individual granules, between granules within cells, and spatially within the kernel. The highest level of heterogeneity is observed in the region where starch is first deposited during kernel development. Light microscopy demonstrates structural diversity through use of potassium iodide/iodine staining and polarised microscopy. Electron and atomic force microscopy, and infra-red and Raman spectroscopy defined the nature of the structural changes within granules. The methodology provides novel information on the changes in starch structure resulting from kernel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, 310058 PR China
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20
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Toole GA, Selvatico E, Salt LJ, Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Wellner N, Shewry PR, Mills ENC. Effect of dough mixing on wheat endosperm cell walls. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:2522-2529. [PMID: 23414565 DOI: 10.1021/jf304677u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dough-derived cell wall fragments isolated by ultracentrifugation were largely derived from the starchy endosperm, with some fragments deriving from the aleurone and outer layers, as indicated by fluorescence microscopy. Dough mixing had little effect on the structure and composition of cell wall fragments compared to thin grain sections, as determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These analyses confirmed that the fragments largely comprised water-unextractable arabinoxylan and β-glucan. FTIR microspectroscopy of dough-derived cell wall fragments prepared from five bread wheat cultivars showed that two largely comprised highly substituted arabinoxylan (cv. Manital and San Pastore), one comprised a mixture of low, medium, and highly substituted arabinoxylan (cv. Hereward), and the remaining two comprised a greater proportion of low substituted arabinoxylan (cv. Claire and Yumai 34). Yumai 34 yielded a greater mass of cell wall material, and its cell walls comprised a high proportion of medium substituted arabinoxylan. Such methods will allow for the impact of bakery ingredients and processing on endosperm cells, including the addition of xylanases, to be investigated in the future to ensure any potential health benefits arising from wheat breeding are realized in the food that reaches the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine A Toole
- Institute of Food Research , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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21
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Vivekanand V, Ryden P, Horn SJ, Tapp HS, Wellner N, Eijsink VGH, Waldron KW. Impact of steam explosion on biogas production from rape straw in relation to changes in chemical composition. Bioresour Technol 2012; 123:608-15. [PMID: 22947446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An 81day trial compared the cumulative production of methane from rape straw pre-treated by steam explosion at 15 levels of severity. The final methane yields were similar. The temporal variation in production rate exhibited two peaks: maximum production occurred in the first peak at around 21days with heights that increased with severity; the height of the second peak reduced with severity and peaked between 32 and 36days. Changes in the straw composition were investigated using mid-infrared spectroscopy. These were also strongly related to the degree of severity, allowing good predictive models to be built of severity and subsequently the rate of methane production. The main spectral changes showed the degradation of cellulose and xylose-containing hemicelluloses and production of furfural-like components commonly associated with biomass pre-treatments. Only small changes to lignin were associated with increased methane generation suggesting a structural rather than chemical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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22
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Van Buggenhout S, Ahrné L, Alminger M, Andrys A, Benjamin M, Bialek L, Cleaver G, Colle I, Langton M, Larqué E, Lemmens L, Löfgren A, Lopez-Sanchez P, Pérez-Llamas F, Martínez-Tomás R, Robertson J, Schalow S, Svelander C, Wellner N, Hendrickx M, Waldron K. Structural design of natural plant-based foods to promote nutritional quality. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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24
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Wellner N, Georget DMR, Parker ML, Morris VJ. In situ Raman microscopy of starch granule structures in wild type and ae mutant maize kernels. STARCH-STARKE 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Paes SS, Yakimets I, Wellner N, Hill SE, Wilson RH, Mitchell JR. Fracture mechanisms in biopolymer films using coupling of mechanical analysis and high speed visualization technique. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Barratt DHP, Derbyshire P, Findlay K, Pike M, Wellner N, Lunn J, Feil R, Simpson C, Maule AJ, Smith AM. Normal growth of Arabidopsis requires cytosolic invertase but not sucrose synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009. [PMID: 19470642 DOI: 10.73/pnas.0900689106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of carbon from sucrose into cellular metabolism in plants can potentially be catalyzed by either sucrose synthase (SUS) or invertase (INV). These 2 routes have different implications for cellular metabolism in general and for the production of key metabolites, including the cell-wall precursor UDPglucose. To examine the importance of these 2 routes of sucrose catabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.), we generated mutant plants that lack 4 of the 6 isoforms of SUS. These mutants (sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 mutants) lack SUS activity in all cell types except the phloem. Surprisingly, the mutant plants are normal with respect to starch and sugar content, seed weight and lipid content, cellulose content, and cell-wall structure. Plants lacking the remaining 2 isoforms of SUS (sus5/sus6 mutants), which are expressed specifically in the phloem, have reduced amounts of callose in the sieve plates of the sieve elements. To discover whether sucrose catabolism in Arabidopsis requires INVs rather than SUSs, we further generated plants deficient in 2 closely related isoforms of neutral INV predicted to be the main cytosolic forms in the root (cinv1/cinv2 mutants). The mutant plants have severely reduced growth rates. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of carbon supply to the nonphotosynthetic cells of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Paul Barratt
- John Innes Centre and Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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27
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Reis K, Pereira J, Smith A, Carvalho C, Wellner N, Yakimets I. Characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-HV)/maize starch blend films. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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29
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Noel TR, Krzeminski A, Moffat J, Parker R, Wellner N, Ring SG. The deposition and stability of pectin/protein and pectin/poly-l-lysine/protein multilayers. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Yakimets I, Paes SS, Wellner N, Smith AC, Wilson RH, Mitchell JR. Effect of Water Content on the Structural Reorganization and Elastic Properties of Biopolymer Films: A Comparative Study. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:1710-22. [PMID: 17444682 DOI: 10.1021/bm070050x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of water uptake on the structural reorganization and elastic properties of three types of biopolymer films was studied. The water-biopolymer interaction for hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), gelatin, and cassava starch films prepared from aqueous solutions was studied and compared using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis with humidity generator and controller (DMTA) techniques. The FTIR spectral variations due to the water sorption were generalized into two-dimensional (2D) correlation graphs for each biopolymer, and the effect of water on the molecular conformation was compared. The water sorption isotherms were fitted with Guggenheim-Anderson-De Boer (GAB) and D'Arcy and Watt models. The water content in the mono- and multilayers predicted by both models for each biopolymer was discussed and compared. The correlation of the fitted data obtained from the sorption isotherms to the DMTA data allowed us to conclude that the elastic properties of the HPC films depended on the total water content in contrast to the elastic properties of the gelatin and cassava starch films, which decrease only with the appearance of multilayer water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Yakimets
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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31
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Laos K, Parker R, Moffat J, Wellner N, Ring S. The adsorption of globular proteins, bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin, on poly-l-lysine–furcellaran multilayers. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Gao C, Stading M, Wellner N, Parker ML, Noel TR, Mills ENC, Belton PS. Plasticization of a protein-based film by glycerol: a spectroscopic, mechanical, and thermal study. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:4611-6. [PMID: 16787005 DOI: 10.1021/jf060611w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Kafirin, the seed storage protein of the cereal sorghum, is highly homologous with the maize storage protein zein. The effects of plasticisation of a kafirin film by glycerol in the absence of water were examined by a combination of spectroscopic (NMR and infrared), rheological, and calorimetric methods. The results suggest that at low glycerol levels the glycerol is absorbed onto and possibly into the protein. Increasing the level of glycerol increases the motion of the protein and changes the protein conformation. There are corresponding changes of the mechanical properties of protein films. At 40% (w/w) of glycerol, two glass transition temperatures were observed, one of which corresponded to the glass transition temperature of pure glycerol. This result indicates that at this level of plasticizer there are sufficient glycerol/glycerol interactions occurring to allow a separate glass formation process for glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Gao
- Institute of Food Research, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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33
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Byaruhanga YB, Emmambux MN, Belton PS, Wellner N, Ng KG, Taylor JRN. Alteration of kafirin and kafirin film structure by heating with microwave energy and tannin complexation. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:4198-207. [PMID: 16756347 DOI: 10.1021/jf052942z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heating with microwave energy and tannin complexation of kafirin both increase the tensile strength of cast kafirin bioplastic films. The effects of these treatments on the molecular structure of kafirin and of kafirin in the film were investigated. SDS-PAGE of heated wet kafirin showed an increase in kafirin oligomers. Disulfide groups increased in heated kafirin and in films made from the heated kafirin. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of heated kafirin and films made from the heated kafirin indicated an increase in beta-sheet conformation. In contrast, kafirin complexation with tannic acid (TA) and sorghum condensed tannin (SCT) resulted in a slight decrease in beta-sheet conformation in the kafirin and a larger decrease in the kafirin in the films. Raman spectroscopy showed that, with TA, there was a shift in peak from 1710 to 1728 cm(-1) for kafirin-tannic acid complexes, indicating kafirin and tannic acid interaction. The protein conformational changes presumably facilitated cross-linking between kafirin molecules and/or between kafirin and the tannins. Thus, although both heating with microwave energy and tannin complexation cause cross-linking of kafirin to increase film tensile strength, their effects on kafirin structure appear to be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Byaruhanga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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34
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35
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Moreno FJ, Maldonado BM, Wellner N, Mills ENC. Thermostability and in vitro digestibility of a purified major allergen 2S albumin (Ses i 1) from white sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.). Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1752:142-53. [PMID: 16140598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A major 2S albumin allergen, Ses i 1, from white sesame seeds was purified to homogeneity, characterized and identified using proteomic techniques. Ses i 1 exhibited a molecular weight of 12062 Da, although an extensive C-terminal clipping of the small subunit was observed. In addition, the N-terminal glutamine of the small subunit had been converted to pyroglutamate and a variant of the large subunit which had lost the N-terminal glutamine was also detected. The protein was thermo-stable up to 90 degrees C at neutral and acid pH, retaining its monomeric state and showing minimal alterations, which were reversible on cooling, in a predominantly alpha-helical secondary structure, as shown by circular dichroism and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Ses i 1 was also highly resistant to digestion using a physiologically relevant in vitro gastrointestinal model system. After 2 h of gastric digestion, the allergen remained completely intact and only the small subunit was cleaved during 2 h of subsequent duodenal digestion, leaving a major IgE epitope region of this protein intact. Neither prior heating of the Ses i 1 nor the presence of the physiological surfactant phosphatidylcholine affected the pattern of proteolysis. These findings are consistent with those found for the 2S albumin allergen from Brazil nut, Ber e 1, and suggest that Ses i 1 may preserve its structure from the degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, a property thought to be crucial for both a protein to sensitise the mucosal immune system and provoke an allergic reaction in a sensitised individual.
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MESH Headings
- 2S Albumins, Plant
- Antigens, Plant/chemistry
- Antigens, Plant/metabolism
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Circular Dichroism
- Digestion/physiology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Proteomics
- Seeds/chemistry
- Sesamum/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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36
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Wellner N, Marsh JT, Savage AWJ, Halford NG, Shewry PR, Clare Mills EN, Belton PS. Comparison of Repetitive Sequences Derived from High Molecular Weight Subunits of Wheat Glutenin, an Elastomeric Plant Protein. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1096-103. [PMID: 16602726 DOI: 10.1021/bm050893t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy has been developed to create repetitive peptides incorporating substitutions in the PGQGQQGYYPTSLQQ consensus repeat sequence of high molecular weight subunits in order to investigate natural sequence variations in elastomeric proteins of wheat gluten. After introduction of glutamic and aspartic acid residues, the peptide behaved similarly to the unmodified form at low pH, but became readily water soluble at pH > 6. Substitution of Gln for Leu at position 13 resulted in only small changes to the secondary structure of the water-insoluble peptides, as did Tyr8His and Thr11Ala. The effects of proline substitutions depended on their location: Leu13Pro substitution had little effect on solubility and structure, but Gln6Pro substitution resulted in dramatic changes. Peptides with two Gln6Pro substitutions had similar properties to the water-insoluble parental peptide, but those with 6 or 10 substitutions were readily soluble. The results indicated that specific sequences influence noncovalent intermolecular interactions in wheat gluten proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Wellner
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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37
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Krzeminski A, Marudova M, Moffat J, Noel TR, Parker R, Wellner N, Ring SG. Deposition of Pectin/Poly-l-lysine Multilayers with Pectins of Varying Degrees of Esterification. Biomacromolecules 2005; 7:498-506. [PMID: 16471922 DOI: 10.1021/bm0507249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pectin esterification on the assembly of multilayers consisting of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and pectin was studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCMD). With each layer deposited, there was a progressive increase in mass. The net charge of the multilayers was positive and increased with increasing degree of esterification of the pectin. Multilayer fabrication involved a limited fractionation of the pectin preparations, with the more highly esterified pectins having a weaker affinity for PLL. The multilayers were relatively hydrated structures with estimates of solids content in the range 10-32% w/w. The more highly esterified pectins had a tendency to form more hydrated structures, which showed a strong deswelling when PLL was added to a freshly deposited pectin layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Krzeminski
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA United Kingdom
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Yakimets I, Wellner N, Smith AC, Wilson RH, Farhat I, Mitchell J. Mechanical properties with respect to water content of gelatin films in glassy state. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Mills E, Parker M, Wellner N, Toole G, Feeney K, Shewry P. Chemical imaging: the distribution of ions and molecules in developing and mature wheat grain. J Cereal Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Gao C, Taylor J, Wellner N, Byaruhanga YB, Parker ML, Mills ENC, Belton PS. Effect of preparation conditions on protein secondary structure and biofilm formation of kafirin. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:306-312. [PMID: 15656666 DOI: 10.1021/jf0492666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Various extraction and drying conditions for the isolation of kafirin from dry-milled, whole grain sorghum have been investigated, with a view to optimizing extraction of the protein for commercial food coatings and packaging films. The addition of sodium hydroxide to an aqueous ethanol extractant increased the yield and solubility of kafirin. Subsequent heat drying at 40 degrees C was shown to cause the kafirin to aggregate as indicated by an increase in intermolecular beta-sheets. Extraction of the flour using ethanol (70%, w/w) with 0.5% (w/w) sodium metabisulfite and 0.35% (w/w) sodium hydroxide at 70 degrees C followed by freeze-drying of the protein was found to produce a yield of 54% kafirin with good film-forming properties. The kafirin films were assessed for their sensory properties, tensile strength, strain, and water vapor permeability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the secondary structure of the extracted kafirins. The best films were made with kafirin containing a large proportion of nativelike alpha-helical structures with little intermolecular beta-sheet content as indicated by the Fourier transform infrared reflectance peak intensity ratios associated with these secondary structures. The principal factor affecting the secondary structure of the protein appeared to be the temperature at which the protein was dried. Heat drying resulted in a greater proportion of intermolecular beta-sheets. Any industrial-scale extraction must therefore minimize protein aggregation and maximize native alpha-helical structures to achieve optimal film quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Gao
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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41
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Wellner N, Mills ENC, Brownsey G, Wilson RH, Brown N, Freeman J, Halford NG, Shewry PR, Belton PS. Changes in Protein Secondary Structure during Gluten Deformation Studied by Dynamic Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2004; 6:255-61. [PMID: 15638528 DOI: 10.1021/bm049584d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in the secondary structure of wheat prolamins, the main components of gluten, during mechanical deformation in a series of cycles of extension and relaxation. A sample derived from protein bodies isolated from developing grain showed a buildup of persistent beta-sheet structure. In gluten, the ratio of beta-sheet to random and beta-turn structures changed on extension. After the applied force was released, the sample recovered some of its original shape and structure, but the material became stiffer in consecutive extension cycles. The relationship between gluten structure and mechanical properties is discussed in terms of a model in which conversion of beta-turn to beta-sheet structure is a response to extension and a means by which elastic energy is stored in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Wellner
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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42
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Moreno FJ, Jenkins JA, Mellon FA, Rigby NM, Robertson JA, Wellner N, Clare Mills EN. Mass spectrometry and structural characterization of 2S albumin isoforms from Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2004; 1698:175-86. [PMID: 15134650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic approaches have been used to characterise the main 2S albumin isoforms from Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa). Whilst most isoforms ( approximately 10 discrete protein species) exhibited molecular masses of around 12 kDa with a high amino acid sequence homology, important charge heterogeneity was found, with pIs varying between 4.6 and 6.6, with one >or=7.0. Proteomic analysis showed that these corresponded to a total of six National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) accessions and that three isoforms had been purified to homogeneity corresponding to gi/384327, 112754 and 99609. The latter sequence corresponds to an isoform, previously only identified at the nucleotide sequence level, had a slightly higher molecular weight (13.4 kDa), and with noticeable differences in the primary structure. Proteins corresponding to six different NCBI accessions were identified, the heterogeneity of which had been increased by posttranslational processing. Evidence was found of cyclization of the N-terminal glutamine residue in two isoforms, together with ragged C-termini, indicative of carboxypeptidase activity within the vacuole following posttranslational processing. No evidence of glycosylation was found. Circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated all the studied isoforms were predominantly alpha-helical in nature, but that the Mr 13400 species was structurally distinct, with a higher proportion of alpha-helical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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43
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Halford N, Savage A, Wellner N, Mills E, Belton P, Shewry P. Use of Recombinant Peptides to Explore the Molecular Mechanism of Glutenprotein Viscoelasticity. Gluten Proteins 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847552099-00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wellner N, Bianchini D, Mills ENC, Belton PS. Effect of Selected Hofmeister Anions on the Secondary Structure and Dynamics of Wheat Prolamins in Gluten. Cereal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2003.80.5.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Wellner
- Inst. of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Corresponding author. Phone: 0044 (0)1603 255012. Fax: 0044 (0)1603 507723. E-mail:
| | - David Bianchini
- Inst. of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - E. N. Clare Mills
- Inst. of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Peter S. Belton
- School of Chemical Sciences, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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45
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Feeney KA, Wellner N, Gilbert SM, Halford NG, Tatham AS, Shewry PR, Belton PS. Molecular structures and interactions of repetitive peptides based on wheat glutenin subunits depend on chain length. Biopolymers 2003; 72:123-31. [PMID: 12583015 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and recombinant peptide models of the central repetitive domain of the high molecular weight subunits of wheat glutenin with different numbers of the consensus repeat motifs PGQGQQ + GYYPTSLQQ (21, 45, 110, and 203 residues long) and a recombinant 58,000-Da relative molecular mass (M(r) 58,000) repetitive peptide from a single subunit (1Dx5) are studied using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The spectra of the dry peptides are very similar; at low water contents (<76% relative humidity) there is an increase in beta-sheet structures in all peptides. However, on further hydration the content of beta sheets decrease and more beta turns are observed. The changes during the second step of hydration are very marked in the 21 and 45 residue peptides, but they are less apparent in the longer perfect repeat peptides. In the 110 and 203 residue peptides hydration results in increased contents of intermolecular beta-sheets and less beta-turn formation. In contrast, the beta-turn content of the M(r) 58,000 peptide increases during the second hydration step. The decreased extent of structure changes with increasing chain length indicates that cumulative intermolecular interactions, in particular hydrogen bonds, are an important factor in determining the structures in the solid state. The regularity of the perfect repeat sequences in the 21, 45, 110, and 203 residue peptides may favor the formation of larger stretches of intermolecular beta sheets. In contrast, the M(r) 58,000 peptide contains imperfect repeats (in common with native glutenin subunits), which may limit its ability to form intermolecular beta sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Feeney
- IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS41 9AF, United Kingdom
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46
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Mills ENC, Marigheto NA, Wellner N, Fairhurst SA, Jenkins JA, Mann R, Belton PS. Thermally induced structural changes in glycinin, the 11S globulin of soya bean (Glycine max)--an in situ spectroscopic study. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1648:105-14. [PMID: 12758153 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal denaturation behaviour of glycinin solutions has been studied in situ as a function of ionic strength using various spectroscopic methods. Changes in secondary structure occurred at temperatures above 60 degrees C, well before the onset of gelation. Even after heating to 95 degrees C, much of the native beta-sheet structure of glycinin was retained, as indicated by the amide I peak maximum at 1635 cm(-1) in the Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. This was accompanied by an increase in the 1625 cm(-1) band, indicative of the formation of intermolecular beta-sheet associated with protein aggregation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of highly mobile regions in glycinin comprising predominantly of Gln and Glu residues, corresponding to mobile regions previously identified by crystallographic studies. There was also evidence of a hydrogen-bonded structure within this mobile region, which may correspond to an alpha-helical region from Pro(256) to (or just before) Pro(269) in proglycinin. This structure disappeared at 95 degrees C, when heat-set gel formation occurred, as indicated by a sudden broadening and weakening of the NMR signal. Otherwise the NMR spectrum changed little during heating, emphasising the remarkable thermal stability of glycinin. It is proposed that during heating the core beta-barrel structure remains intact, but that the interface between the beta-domains melts, revealing hydrophobic faces which may then form new structures in a gel-network. As Cys(45), which forms the disulfide with Cys(12) linking the acidic and basic polypeptides, is found in this interface, such a rearrangement of the individual beta-domains could be accompanied by cleavage of this disulfide bond, as is observed experimentally. Such information contributes to our understanding the aggregative behaviour of proteins, and hence develops knowledge-based strategies for controlling and manipulating it.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Clare Mills
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK.
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47
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Shewry PR, Gilbert SM, Savage AWJ, Tatham AS, Wan YF, Belton PS, Wellner N, D'Ovidio R, Békés F, Halford NG. Sequence and properties of HMW subunit 1Bx20 from pasta wheat (Triticum durum) which is associated with poor end use properties. Theor Appl Genet 2003; 106:744-750. [PMID: 12596005 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-002-1135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2002] [Accepted: 07/23/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunit 1Bx20 was isolated from durum wheat cv. Lira. It encodes a mature protein of 774 amino acid residues with an M(r) of 83,913. Comparison with the sequence of subunit 1Bx7 showed over 96% identity, the main difference being the substitution of two cysteine residues in the N-terminal domain of subunit 1Bx7 with tyrosine residues in 1Bx20. Comparison of the structures and stabilities of the two subunits purified from wheat using Fourier-transform infra-red and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed no significant differences. However, incorporation of subunit 1Bx7 into a base flour gave increased dough strength and stability measured by Mixograph analysis, while incorporation of subunit 1Bx20 resulted in small positive or negative effects on the parameters measured. It is concluded that the different effects of the two subunits could relate to the differences in their cysteine contents, thereby affecting the cross-linking and hence properties of the glutenin polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Shewry
- Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, UK.
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48
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Brett GM, Mills ENC, Bacon J, Wellner N, Husain RD, Tatham AS, Shewry PR, Morgan MRA. Temperature-dependent binding of monoclonal antibodies to C hordein. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1594:17-26. [PMID: 11825605 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The consensus octapeptide repeat motif of the barley seed storage protein C hordein, Pro-Gln-Gln-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gln-Gln, forms the epitope of two anti-prolamin monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), IFRN 0061 and 0614. The Mabs were found to exhibit unusual temperature-dependent binding characteristics, recognising C hordein and a peptide corresponding to the consensus repeat at 5 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The K(d) of IFRN 0614 for the consensus peptide was found to be 1.2x10(12) mol(-1) at 12 degrees C, but no constant could be calculated at 37 degrees C due to a lack of binding. Similar ELISA binding characteristics were observed with an anti-C hordein polyclonal antiserum and a Mab raised to the consensus peptide. Circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the protein and the consensus peptide exist in a temperature-dependent equilibrium of poly-L-proline II type structures and beta-turn conformations. Whilst thermodynamic and kinetic effects may reduce antibody binding at higher temperatures, they cannot account for the complete loss of Mab recognition at higher temperatures. It seems likely that the Mabs preferentially recognise the Pro-Gln-Gln-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gln-Gln motif when presented in a conformation which may correspond to the poly-L-proline II type conformation which dominates the CD and FTIR spectra at 4-12 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Brett
- of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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49
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Wang Y, Belton PS, Bridon H, Garanger E, Wellner N, Parker ML, Grant A, Feillet P, Noel TR. Physicochemical studies of caroubin: a gluten-like protein. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:3414-3419. [PMID: 11453784 DOI: 10.1021/jf010076u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that caroubin, a protein mixture obtained from carob seeds, has rheological properties similar to those of gluten. Comparative studies of the effects of hydration and temperature on caroubin and gluten were carried out with the aid of NMR, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The results show that caroubin has a more ordered structure than gluten and that hydration has little effect on its secondary structure when compared to gluten. Caroubin is more easily accessible to water than gluten, suggesting that caroubin is more hydrophilic in nature. On hydration, caroubin, like gluten, forms fibrillar structures and sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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50
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Wilson RH, Smith AC, Kacuráková M, Saunders PK, Wellner N, Waldron KW. The mechanical properties and molecular dynamics of plant cell wall polysaccharides studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Plant Physiol 2000; 124:397-405. [PMID: 10982452 PMCID: PMC59152 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.1.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2000] [Accepted: 05/24/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarized one- and two-dimensional infrared spectra were obtained from the epidermis of onion (Allium cepa) under hydrated and mechanically stressed conditions. By Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy, the orientation of macromolecules in single cell walls was determined. Cellulose and pectin exhibited little orientation in native epidermal cell walls, but when a mechanical stress was placed on the tissue these molecules showed distinct reorientation as the cells were elongated. When the stress was removed the tissue recovered slightly, but a relatively large plastic deformation remained. The plastic deformation was confirmed in microscopic images by retention of some elongation of cells within the tissue and by residual molecular orientation in the infrared spectra of the cell wall. Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the nature of the interaction between the polysaccharide networks during deformation. The results provide evidence that cellulose and xyloglucan associate while pectin creates an independent network that exhibits different reorientation rates in the wet onion cell walls. The pectin chains respond faster to oscillation than the more rigid cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Wilson
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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