151
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Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG. C1 neurons: a nodal point for stress? Exp Physiol 2017; 103:332-336. [PMID: 29080216 DOI: 10.1113/ep086435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The C1 neurons (C1) innervate sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons plus numerous brain nuclei implicated in stress, arousal and autonomic regulations. We consider here the contribution of C1 to stress-induced responses. What advances does it highlight? C1 activation is required for blood pressure stability during hypoxia and mild hemorrhage which exemplifies their homeostatic function. During restraint stress, C1 activate the splenic anti-inflammatory pathway resulting in tissue protection against ischemic injury. This effect, along with glucose release and, possibly, arousal are examples of adaptive non-homeostatic responses to stress that are also mediated by C1. The C1 cells are catecholaminergic and glutamatergic neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Collectively, these neurons innervate sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and countless brain structures involved in autonomic regulation, arousal and stress. Optogenetic inhibition of rostral C1 neurons has little effect on blood pressure (BP) at rest in conscious rats but produces large reductions in BP when the animals are anaesthetized or exposed to hypoxia. Optogenetic C1 stimulation increases BP and produces arousal from non-rapid eye movement sleep. C1 cell stimulation mimics the effect of restraint stress to attenuate kidney injury caused by renal ischaemia-reperfusion. These effects are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system through the spleen and eliminated by silencing the C1 neurons. These few examples illustrate that, depending on the nature of the stress, the C1 cells mediate adaptive responses of a homeostatic or allostatic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Stornetta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patrice G Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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152
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Herkenham M, Kigar SL. Contributions of the adaptive immune system to mood regulation: Mechanisms and pathways of neuroimmune interactions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:49-57. [PMID: 27613155 PMCID: PMC5339070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and basic studies of functional interactions between adaptive immunity, affective states, and brain function are reviewed, and the neural, humoral, and cellular routes of bidirectional communication between the brain and the adaptive immune system are evaluated. In clinical studies of depressed populations, lymphocytes-the principal cells of the adaptive immune system-exhibit altered T cell subtype ratios and CD4+ helper T cell polarization profiles. In basic studies using psychological stress to model depression, T cell profiles are altered as well, consistent with stress effects conveyed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. Lymphocytes in turn have effects on behavior and CNS structure and function. CD4+ T cells in particular appear to modify affective behavior and rates of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurogenesis. These observations force the question of how such actions are carried out. CNS effects may occur via cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby effector memory T cells and the cytokine profiles they produce in the blood interact with the blood-brain barrier in ways that remain to be clarified. Understanding the mechanisms by which T cells polarize and interact with the brain to alter mood states is key to advances in the field, and may permit development of therapies that target cells in the periphery, thus bypassing problems associated with bioavailability of drugs within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Stacey L Kigar
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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153
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Santos-Almeida FM, Domingos-Souza G, Meschiari CA, Fávaro LC, Becari C, Castania JA, Lopes A, Cunha TM, Moraes DJA, Cunha FQ, Ulloa L, Kanashiro A, Tezini GCSV, Salgado HC. Carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation in conscious rats attenuates systemic inflammation via chemoreceptor activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6265. [PMID: 28740186 PMCID: PMC5524712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated a critical functional connection between the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous and the immune systems. The carotid sinus nerve (CSN) conveys electrical signals from the chemoreceptors of the carotid bifurcation to the central nervous system where the stimuli are processed to activate sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent signals. Here, we reported that chemoreflex activation via electrical CSN stimulation, in conscious rats, controls the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide attenuating the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). By contrast, the chemoreflex stimulation increases the plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). This chemoreflex anti-inflammatory network was abrogated by carotid chemoreceptor denervation and by pharmacological blockade of either sympathetic - propranolol - or parasympathetic - methylatropine – signals. The chemoreflex stimulation as well as the surgical and pharmacological procedures were confirmed by real-time recording of hemodynamic parameters [pulsatile arterial pressure (PAP) and heart rate (HR)]. These results reveal, in conscious animals, a novel mechanism of neuromodulation mediated by the carotid chemoreceptors and involving both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gean Domingos-Souza
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - César A Meschiari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Campos Fávaro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Christiane Becari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Jaci A Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation. Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Geisa C S V Tezini
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.
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154
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Consolim-Colombo FM, Sangaleti CT, Costa FO, Morais TL, Lopes HF, Motta JM, Irigoyen MC, Bortoloto LA, Rochitte CE, Harris YT, Satapathy SK, Olofsson PS, Akerman M, Chavan SS, MacKay M, Barnaby DP, Lesser ML, Roth J, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Galantamine alleviates inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome in a randomized trial. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93340. [PMID: 28724799 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an obesity-driven condition of pandemic proportions that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, though inflammation has been implicated in MetS pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of galantamine, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with antiinflammatory properties, on markers of inflammation implicated in insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, and other metabolic and cardiovascular indices in subjects with MetS. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, subjects with MetS (30 per group) received oral galantamine 8 mg daily for 4 weeks, followed by 16 mg daily for 8 weeks or placebo. The primary outcome was inflammation assessed through plasma levels of cytokines and adipokines associated with MetS. Secondary endpoints included body weight, fat tissue depots, plasma glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL), triglycerides, BP, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS Galantamine resulted in lower plasma levels of proinflammatory molecules TNF (-2.57 pg/ml [95% CI -4.96 to -0.19]; P = 0.035) and leptin (-12.02 ng/ml [95% CI -17.71 to -6.33]; P < 0.0001), and higher levels of the antiinflammatory molecules adiponectin (2.71 μg/ml [95% CI 1.93 to 3.49]; P < 0.0001) and IL-10 (1.32 pg/ml, [95% CI 0.29 to 2.38]; P = 0.002) as compared with placebo. Galantamine also significantly lowered plasma insulin and HOMA-IR values, and altered HRV. CONCLUSION Low-dose galantamine alleviates inflammation and insulin resistance in MetS subjects. These findings support further study of galantamine in MetS therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02283242. FUNDING Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil, and the NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Consolim-Colombo
- University of Sao Paulo, Hypertension Unit, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), PPG, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carine T Sangaleti
- University of Sao Paulo, Hypertension Unit, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Midwestern State University (UNICENTRO), Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Heno F Lopes
- University of Sao Paulo, Hypertension Unit, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), PPG, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Yael Tobi Harris
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Sanjaya K Satapathy
- Methodist University Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Center for Biomedical Science, and.,Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Center for Biomedical Science, and.,Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan MacKay
- Center for Autoimmune & Musculoskeletal Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Douglas P Barnaby
- Department of Emergency Medicine of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-related Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science, and.,Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Center for Biomedical Science, and.,Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
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155
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Hoover DB. Cholinergic modulation of the immune system presents new approaches for treating inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 179:1-16. [PMID: 28529069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system and immune system have broad and overlapping distributions in the body, and interactions of these ubiquitous systems are central to the field of neuroimmunology. Over the past two decades, there has been explosive growth in our understanding of neuroanatomical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that mediate central modulation of immune functions through the autonomic nervous system. A major catalyst for growth in this field was the discovery that vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) caused a prominent attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response evoked by endotoxin in experimental animals. This effect was mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) stimulation of nicotinic receptors on splenic macrophages. Hence, the circuit was dubbed the "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway". Subsequent work identified the α7 nicotinic ACh receptor (α7nAChR) as the crucial target for attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages and dendritic cells. Further investigation made the important discovery that cholinergic T cells within the spleen and not cholinergic nerve cells were the source of ACh that stimulated α7 receptors on splenic macrophages. Given the important role that inflammation plays in numerous disease processes, cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanisms are under intensive investigation from a basic science perspective and in translational studies of animal models of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. This basic work has already fostered several clinical trials examining the efficacy of VNS and cholinergic therapeutics in human inflammatory diseases. This review provides an overview of basic and translational aspects of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response and relevant pharmacology of drugs acting at the α7nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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156
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NGF and Its Receptors in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051028. [PMID: 28492466 PMCID: PMC5454940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the complex relationship between the nervous and immune systems and how its alteration can affect homeostasis and result in the development of inflammatory diseases. A key mediator in cross-talk between the two systems is nerve growth factor (NGF), which can influence both neuronal cell function and immune cell activity. The up-regulation of NGF described in inflamed tissues of many diseases can regulate innervation and neuronal activity of peripheral neurons, inducing the release of immune-active neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, but can also directly influence innate and adaptive immune responses. Expression of the NGF receptors tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is dynamically regulated in immune cells, suggesting a varying requirement for NGF depending on their state of differentiation and functional activity. NGF has a variety of effects that can be either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. This apparent contradiction can be explained by considering NGF as part of an endogenous mechanism that, while activating immune responses, also activates pathways necessary to dampen the inflammatory response and limit tissue damage. Decreases in TrkA expression, such as that recently demonstrated in immune cells of arthritis patients, might prevent the activation by NGF of regulatory feed-back mechanisms, thus contributing to the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation.
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157
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Yocum GT, Turner DL, Danielsson J, Barajas MB, Zhang Y, Xu D, Harrison NL, Homanics GE, Farber DL, Emala CW. GABA A receptor α 4-subunit knockout enhances lung inflammation and airway reactivity in a murine asthma model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L406-L415. [PMID: 28473323 PMCID: PMC5582940 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00107.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that hypnotic anesthetics affect immune function. Many anesthetics potentiate γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR) activation, and these receptors are expressed on multiple subtypes of immune cells, providing a potential mechanistic link. Like immune cells, airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells also express GABAARs, particularly isoforms containing α4-subunits, and activation of these receptors leads to ASM relaxation. We sought to determine if GABAAR signaling modulates the ASM contractile and inflammatory phenotype of a murine allergic asthma model utilizing GABAAR α4-subunit global knockout (KO; Gabra40/0 ) mice. Wild-type (WT) and Gabra4 KO mice were sensitized with house dust mite (HDM) antigen or exposed to PBS intranasally 5 days/wk for 3 wk. Ex vivo tracheal rings from HDM-sensitized WT and Gabra4 KO mice exhibited similar magnitudes of acetylcholine-induced contractile force and isoproterenol-induced relaxation (P = not significant; n = 4). In contrast, in vivo airway resistance (flexiVent) was significantly increased in Gabra4 KO mice (P < 0.05, n = 8). Moreover, the Gabra4 KO mice demonstrated increased eosinophilic lung infiltration (P < 0.05; n = 4) and increased markers of lung T-cell activation/memory (CD62L low, CD44 high; P < 0.01, n = 4). In vitro, Gabra4 KO CD4+ cells produced increased cytokines and exhibited increased proliferation after stimulation of the T-cell receptor as compared with WT CD4+ cells. These data suggest that the GABAAR α4-subunit plays a role in immune cell function during allergic lung sensitization. Thus GABAAR α4-subunit-specific agonists have the therapeutic potential to treat asthma via two mechanisms: direct ASM relaxation and inhibition of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene T Yocum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York;
| | - Damian L Turner
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, New York
| | | | - Matthew B Barajas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Dingbang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Neil L Harrison
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurobiology, and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, New York.,Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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158
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Le Maître E, Revathikumar P, Estelius J, Lampa J. Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28447988 DOI: 10.3791/54890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a local response to infection and tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells that release cytokines and other mediators of inflammation. For a long time, humoral and cellular mechanisms have been studied for their role in regulating the immune response, but recent advances in the field of immunology and neuroscience have also unraveled specific neural mechanisms with interesting therapeutic potential. The so-called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) has been described to control innate immune responses and inflammation in a very potent manner. In the early 2000s, Tracey and collaborators developed a technique that stimulates the vagus nerve and mimics the effect of the pathway. The methodology is based on the electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve at low voltage and frequency, in order to avoid any side effects of overstimulation, such as deregulation of heart rate variability. Electrical devices for stimulation are now available, making it easy to set up the methodology in the laboratory. The goal of this research was to investigate the potential involvement of prostaglandins in the CAP. Unfortunately, based on earlier attempts, we failed to use the original protocol, as the induced inflammatory response either was too high or was not suitable for enzymatic metabolism properties. The different settings of the original surgery protocol remained mostly unchanged, but the conditions regarding inflammatory induction and the time point before sacrifice were improved to fit our purposes (i.e., to investigate the involvement of the CAP in more limited inflammatory responses). The modified version of the original protocol, presented here, includes a longer time range between vagus nerve stimulation and analysis, which is associated with a lower induction of inflammatory responses. Additionally, while decreasing the level of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to inject, we also came across new observations regarding mechanistic properties in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Le Maître
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital;
| | - Priya Revathikumar
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital
| | - Johanna Estelius
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital
| | - Jon Lampa
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital
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159
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Abe C, Inoue T, Inglis MA, Viar KE, Huang L, Ye H, Rosin DL, Stornetta RL, Okusa MD, Guyenet PG. C1 neurons mediate a stress-induced anti-inflammatory reflex in mice. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:700-707. [PMID: 28288124 PMCID: PMC5404944 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
C1 neurons (C1), located in the medulla oblongata, mediate adaptive autonomic responses to physical stressors (e.g. hypotension, hemorrhage, lipopolysaccharide). We describe here a powerful effect of restraint stress mediated by C1: protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Restraint stress or optogenetic C1 stimulation (10 min) protected mice from IRI. The protection was reproduced by injecting splenic T-cells pre-incubated with noradrenaline or splenocytes harvested from stressed mice. Stress-induced IRI protection was absent in α7nAChR−/− mice and greatly reduced by destroying or transiently inhibiting C1. The protection conferred by C1 stimulation was eliminated by splenectomy, ganglionic blocker administration, or β2-adrenergic receptor blockade. Although C1 stimulation elevated plasma corticosterone and increased both vagal and sympathetic nerve activity, C1-mediated IRI protection persisted after subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or corticosterone receptor blockade. In conclusion, acute stress attenuates IRI by activating a cholinergic, predominantly sympathetic, anti-inflammatory pathway. C1 neurons are necessary and sufficient to mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mabel A Inglis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth E Viar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Diane L Rosin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ruth L Stornetta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrice G Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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160
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Sun P, Li L, Zhao C, Pan M, Qian Z, Su X. Deficiency of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Mol Med 2017; 23:34-39. [PMID: 28283678 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR, coded by Chrna7) is indispensible in dampening proinflammatory responses. However, whether α7 nAChR would play a role in regulating bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis is less investigated. Here, we intratracheally challenged wildtype and Chrna7-/- mice with BLM to elicit lung fibrosis. Taken advantage of this model, we measured body weight loss, lung fibrogenic genes (Acta2, Col1a1, Fsp1, and Fstl1), histology, Masson's trichrome staining, hydroxyproline levels, and expression of α-SMA at protein levels in the BLM-challenged lung for evaluating severity of lung fibrosis. We also pretreated human fibroblasts (MRC5 cell line) and isolated mouse lung fibroblasts with GTS-21 (an α7 nAChR agonist) to study its effects on TGF-β-stimulated profibrotic profiles. We found that lung Chrna7 expression and CD4+CHAT+ (Choline acetyltransferase, an enzyme for local acetylcholine synthesis) cells were 12-fold and 4.5-fold respectively elevated in the early stage of lung fibrosis. Deletion of Chrna7 prevented body weight loss and reduced lung fibrogenic genes (Acta2, Col1a1, Fsp1, and Fstl1) and Arg 1 (coding arginase 1). Deletion of Chrna7 attenuated lung arginase 1+Ly6C+ cells, Masson's trichrome staining, hydroxyproline levels, and expression of α-SMA at protein levels in BLM-challenged mice. Mechanistically, activation of α7 nAChR in human fibroblasts increased TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and transcription of fibrogenic genes (Acta2, Col1a1). In isolated mouse lung fibroblasts, activation of α7 nAChR also enhanced TGF-β induced-transcription of fibrogenic genes; however, deletion of Chrna7 diminished these effects. Taken together, deficiency of α7 nAChR could suppress the development of BLM-induced lung fibrosis. Thus, α7 nAChR might be a novel therapeutic target for treating lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Sun
- Life and Environment Science College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Caiqi Zhao
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mengyao Pan
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhikang Qian
- Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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161
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Browning KN, Verheijden S, Boeckxstaens GE. The Vagus Nerve in Appetite Regulation, Mood, and Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:730-744. [PMID: 27988382 PMCID: PMC5337130 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal tract contains intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a significant degree of independent control over gastrointestinal functions, the central nervous system provides extrinsic neural inputs that modulate, regulate, and integrate these functions. In particular, the vagus nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation to the gastrointestinal tract, coordinating the complex interactions between central and peripheral neural control mechanisms. This review discusses the physiological roles of the afferent (sensory) and motor (efferent) vagus in regulation of appetite, mood, and the immune system, as well as the pathophysiological outcomes of vagus nerve dysfunction resulting in obesity, mood disorders, and inflammation. The therapeutic potential of vagus nerve modulation to attenuate or reverse these pathophysiological outcomes and restore autonomic homeostasis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen N. Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Science Penn State College of Medicine 500 University Drive MC H109 Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Translational Research Center of Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E. Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center of Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology University Hospital Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Address of correspondence: Prof. dr. Guy Boeckxstaens,
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162
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Payne P, Fiering S, Leiter JC, Zava DT, Crane-Godreau MA. Effectiveness of a Novel Qigong Meditative Movement Practice for Impaired Health in Flight Attendants Exposed to Second-Hand Cigarette Smoke. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 28270757 PMCID: PMC5318411 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This single-arm non-randomized pilot study explores an intervention to improve the health of flight attendants (FA) exposed to second-hand cigarette smoke prior to the smoking ban on commercial airlines. This group exhibits an unusual pattern of long-term pulmonary dysfunction. We report on Phase I of a two-phase clinical trial; the second Phase will be a randomized controlled trial testing digital delivery of the intervention. Subjects were recruited in the Northeastern US; testing and intervention were administered in 4 major cities. The intervention involved 12 h of training in Meditative Movement practices. Based on recent research on the effects of nicotine on fear learning, and the influence of the autonomic nervous system on immune function, our hypothesis was that this training would improve autonomic function and thus benefit a range of health measures. Primary outcomes were the 6-min walk test and blood levels of C-reactive protein. Pulmonary, cardiovascular, autonomic, and affective measures were also taken. Fourteen participants completed the training and post-testing. There was a 53% decrease in high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (p ≤ 0.05), a 7% reduction in systolic blood pressure (p ≤ 0.05), a 13% increase in the 6-min walk test (p ≤ 0.005), and significant positive changes in several other outcomes. These results tend to confirm the hypothesized benefits of MM training for this population, and indicate that autonomic function may be important in the etiology and treatment of their symptoms. No adverse effects were reported. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02612389/), and is supported by a grant from the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Payne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - James C Leiter
- Department of Molecular and System Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Mardi A Crane-Godreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, NH, USA
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163
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Effect of Tobacco Smoking on The Clinical, Histopathological, and Serological Manifestations of Sjögren's Syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170249. [PMID: 28166540 PMCID: PMC5293551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the association of smoking habits with the clinical, serological, and histopathological manifestations of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and non-Sjögren’s sicca (non-SS sicca). Methods Cross-sectional case-control study of 1288 patients with sicca symptoms (587 SS and 701 non-SS sicca) evaluated in a multi-disciplinary research clinic. Smoking patterns were obtained from questionnaire data and disease-related clinical and laboratory data were compared between current, past, ever, and never smokers. Results Current smoking rates were 4.6% for SS patients compared to 14.1% in non-SS sicca (p = 5.17x10E-09), 18% in a local lupus cohort (p = 1.13x10E-14) and 16.8% in the community (p = 4.12x10E-15). Current smoking was protective against SS classification (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.22–0.56, FDR q = 1.9E10-05), focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (OR 0.26, 95%CI 0.15–0.44, FDR q = 1.52x10E-06), focus score ≥1 (OR 0.22, 95%CI 0.13–0.39, FDR q = 1.43x10E-07), and anti-Ro/SSA(+) (OR 0.36, 95%CI 0.2–0.64, FDR q = 0.0009); ever smoking was protective against the same features and against anti-La/SSB(+) (OR 0.52, 95%CI 0.39–0.70, FDR q = 5.82x10E-05). Duration of smoking was inversely correlated with SS even after controlling for socioeconomic status, BMI, alcohol and caffeine consumption. Conclusions Current tobacco smoking is negatively and independently associated with SS, protecting against disease-associated humoral and cellular autoimmunity. The overall smoking rate amongst SS patients is significantly lower than in matched populations and the effects of smoking are proportional to exposure duration. In spite of the protective effects of tobacco on SS manifestations, it is associated with other serious comorbidities such as lung disease, cardiovascular risk and malignancy, and should thus be strongly discouraged in patients with sicca.
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164
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Sun LX, Lin ZB, Lu J, Li WD, Niu YD, Sun Y, Hu CY, Zhang GQ, Duan XS. The improvement of M1 polarization in macrophages by glycopeptide derived from Ganoderma lucidum. Immunol Res 2017; 65:658-665. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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165
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Neural regulation of immunity: molecular mechanisms and clinical translation. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:156-166. [PMID: 28092663 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies bridging neuroscience and immunology have identified neural pathways that regulate immunity and inflammation. Recent research using methodological advances in molecular genetics has improved our understanding of the neural control of immunity. Here we outline mechanistic insights, focusing on translational relevance and conceptual developments. We also summarize findings from recent clinical studies of bioelectronic neuromodulation in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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166
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Abnormal CD161 + immune cells and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt-mediate enhanced IL-17F expression in the setting of genetic hypertension. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:809-821.e3. [PMID: 28093217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is considered an immunologic disorder. However, the role of the IL-17 family in genetic hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that enhanced TH17 programming and IL-17 expression in abundant CD161+ immune cells in SHRs represent an abnormal proinflammatory adaptive immune response. Furthermore, we propose that this response is driven by the master regulator retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and a nicotinic proinflammatory innate immune response. METHODS We measured expression of the CD161 surface marker on splenocytes in SHRs and normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats from birth to adulthood. We compared expression of IL-17A and IL-17F in splenic cells under different conditions. We then determined the functional effect of these cytokines on vascular reactivity. Finally, we tested whether pharmacologic inhibition of RORγt can attenuate hypertension in SHRs. RESULTS SHRs exhibited an abnormally large population of CD161+ cells at birth that increased with age, reaching more than 30% of the splenocyte population at 38 weeks. The SHR splenocytes constitutively expressed more RORγt than those of WKY rats and produced more IL-17F on induction. Exposure of WKY rat aortas to IL-17F impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation, whereas IL-17A did not. Moreover, in vivo inhibition of RORγt by digoxin decreased systolic blood pressure in SHRs. CONCLUSIONS SHRs have a markedly enhanced potential for RORγt-driven expression of proinflammatory and prohypertensive IL-17F in response to innate immune activation. Increased RORγt and IL-17F levels contribute to SHR hypertension and might be therapeutic targets.
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167
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The gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis? NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017. [PMID: 28649603 PMCID: PMC5445611 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-016-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The state of the intestinal environment can have profound effects on the activity of the central nervous system through the physiological contributions of the microbiota, regulation of intestinal barrier function, and altered activity of peripheral neurons. The common language employed for much of the gut-brain communication is the modulation of immune activity. Chronic proinflammatory immune activity is increasingly being recognized as a fundamental element of neurodegenerative disorders, and in Parkinson's disease, inflammation in the intestine appears particularly relevant in pathogenesis. We review the evidence that intestinal dysfunction is present in Parkinson's disease and that it may reflect the earliest manifestations of Parkinson's disease pathology, and we link these findings to dysregulated immune activity. Based on this, we present a model for Parkinson's disease pathogenesis in which the disorder originates in the intestine and progresses with inflammation as its underlying mechanism. More in-depth investigations into the physiological mechanisms underlying peripheral pre-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease are expected to lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic measures that can slow or limit progression of the disease to more advanced stages involving debilitating motor and cognitive symptoms.
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168
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Dalli J, Colas RA, Arnardottir H, Serhan CN. Vagal Regulation of Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and the Immunoresolvent PCTR1 Controls Infection Resolution. Immunity 2017; 46:92-105. [PMID: 28065837 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering mechanisms that control immune responses in the resolution of bacterial infections is critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies that resolve infectious inflammation without unwanted side effects. We found that disruption of the vagal system in mice delayed resolution of Escherichia coli infection. Dissection of the right vagus decreased peritoneal group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) numbers and altered peritoneal macrophage responses. Vagotomy resulted in an inflammatory peritoneal lipid mediator profile characterized by reduced concentrations of pro-resolving mediators, including the protective immunoresolvent PCTR1, along with elevated inflammation-initiating eicosanoids. We found that acetylcholine upregulated the PCTR biosynthetic pathway in ILC3s. Administration of PCTR1 or ILC3s to vagotomized mice restored tissue resolution tone and host responses to E. coli infections. Together these findings elucidate a host protective mechanism mediated by ILC3-derived pro-resolving circuit, including PCTR1, that is controlled by local neuronal output to regulate tissue resolution tone and myeloid cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Lipid Mediator Unit, Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Romain A Colas
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Lipid Mediator Unit, Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hildur Arnardottir
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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169
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Tasiemski A, Salzet M. Neuro-immune lessons from an annelid: The medicinal leech. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:33-42. [PMID: 27381717 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An important question that remains unanswered is how the vertebrate neuroimmune system can be both friend and foe to the damaged nervous tissue. Some of the difficulty in obtaining responses in mammals probably lies in the conflation in the central nervous system (CNS), of the innate and adaptive immune responses, which makes the vertebrate neuroimmune response quite complex and difficult to dissect. An alternative strategy for understanding the relation between neural immunity and neural repair is to study an animal devoid of adaptive immunity and whose CNS is well described and regeneration competent. The medicinal leech offers such opportunity. If the nerve cord of this annelid is crushed or partially cut, axons grow across the lesion and conduction of signals through the damaged region is restored within a few days, even when the nerve cord is removed from the animal and maintained in culture. When the mammalian spinal cord is injured, regeneration of normal connections is more or less successful and implies multiple events that still remain difficult to resolve. Interestingly, the regenerative process of the leech lesioned nerve cord is even more successful under septic than under sterile conditions suggesting that a controlled initiation of an infectious response may be a critical event for the regeneration of normal CNS functions in the leech. Here are reviewed and discussed data explaining how the leech nerve cord sensu stricto (i.e. excluding microglia and infiltrated blood cells) recognizes and responds to microbes and mechanical damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR8198, Unité d'Evolution, Ecologie et Paléontologie (EEP), Species Interactions and Comparative Immunology (SPICI) Team, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université de Lille, INSERM U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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170
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Cholinergic Protection in Ischemic Brain Injury. SPRINGER SERIES IN TRANSLATIONAL STROKE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45345-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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171
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Halaris A. Inflammation-Associated Co-morbidity Between Depression and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 31:45-70. [PMID: 27830572 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is exceedingly high worldwide. Depressive illness is a serious psychiatric illness that afflicts a significant portion of the world population. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the high co-morbidity between these two disease entities. The co-morbidity is bidirectional and the mechanisms responsible for it are complex and multifaceted. In addition to genetic, biological systems, psychosocial, and behavioral factors that are involved include the central and autonomic nervous systems, the neuroendocrine, immune, and the vascular and hematologic systems. Specific pathophysiologic factors across these systems include homeostatic imbalance between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems with loss of heart rate variability (HRV) in depression, sympathoadrenal activation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, immune system dysregulation resulting in a pro-inflammatory status, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction. These abnormalities have been demonstrated in most individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and probably in other psychiatric disorders. A likely common instigator underlying the co-morbidity between cardiovascular pathology and depression is mental stress. Chronic stress shifts the homeostatic balance in the autonomic nervous system with sustained sympathetic overdrive and diminished vagal tone. Diminished vagal tone contributes to a pro-inflammatory status with associated sequelae. Stress hormones and certain pro-inflammatory substances released by macrophages and microglia upregulate the rate-limiting enzymes in the metabolic pathway of tryptophan (TRP). This enzymatic upregulation stimulates the kynurenine (KYN) pathway resulting in the formation of neurotoxic metabolites. Inflammation occurs in cardiac, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular pathology independent of the presence or absence of depression. Inflammation is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction, a preamble to atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction has been detected in depression and may prove to be a trait marker for this illness. Thus understanding vascular biology in conjunction with psychiatric co-morbidity will be of critical importance. Antidepressant drug therapy is of definite benefit to patients with medical and psychiatric co-morbidity and may reverse the pro-inflammatory status associated with depression. There is, however, an urgent need to develop novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches to benefit a much larger proportion of patients suffering from these disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago and Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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172
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Therapeutic potential and limitations of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in sepsis. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:1-8. [PMID: 27979692 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the main causes of mortality in hospitalized patients. Despite the recent technical advances and the development of novel generation of antibiotics, severe sepsis remains a major clinical and scientific challenge in modern medicine. Unsuccessful efforts have been dedicated to the search of therapeutic options to treat the deleterious inflammatory components of sepsis. Recent findings on neuronal networks controlling immunity raised expectations for novel therapeutic strategies to promote the regulation of sterile inflammation, such as autoimmune diseases. Interesting studies have dissected the anatomical constituents of the so-called "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway", suggesting that electrical vagus nerve stimulation and pharmacological activation of beta-2 adrenergic and alpha-7 nicotinic receptors could be alternative strategies for improving inflammatory conditions. However, the literature on infectious diseases, such as sepsis, is still controversial and, therefore, the real therapeutic potential of this neuroimmune pathway is not well defined. In this review, we will discuss the beneficial and detrimental effects of neural manipulation in sepsis, which depend on the multiple variables of the immune system and the nature of the infection. These observations suggest future critical studies to validate the clinical implications of vagal parasympathetic signaling in sepsis treatment.
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173
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Selmi C, Barin JG, Rose NR. Current trends in autoimmunity and the nervous system. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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174
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Bacou E, Haurogné K, Mignot G, Allard M, De Beaurepaire L, Marchand J, Terenina E, Billon Y, Jacques J, Bach JM, Mormède P, Hervé J, Lieubeau B. Acute social stress-induced immunomodulation in pigs high and low responders to ACTH. Physiol Behav 2016; 169:1-8. [PMID: 27867043 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pig husbandry is known as an intensive breeding system, piglets being submitted to multiple stressful events such as early weaning, successive mixing, crowding and shipping. These stressors are thought to impair immune defences and might contribute, at least partly, to the prophylactic use of antibiotics. Robustness was recently defined as the ability of an individual to express a high-production potential in a wide variety of environmental conditions. Increasing robustness thus appears as a valuable option to improve resilience to stressors and could be obtained by selecting piglets upon their adrenocortical activity. In this study, we aimed at depicting the consequences of an acute social stress on the immune capacity of piglets genetically selected upon divergent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity. For this purpose, we monitored neuroendocrine and immune parameters, in high- (HPAhi) and low- (HPAlo) responders to ACTH, just before and immediately after a one-hour mixing with unfamiliar conspecifics. As expected, stressed piglets displayed higher levels of circulating cortisol and norepinephrine. Blood cell count analysis combined to flow cytometry revealed a stress-induced leukocyte mobilization in the bloodstream with a specific recruitment of CD8α+ lymphocytes. Besides, one-hour mixing decreased LPS-induced IL-8 and TNFα secretions in whole-blood assays (WBA) and reduced mononuclear cell phagocytosis. Altogether, our data demonstrate that acute social stress alters immune competence of piglets from both groups, and bring new insights in favour of good farming practices. While for most parameters high- and low-responders to ACTH behaved similarly, HPAhi piglets displayed higher number of CD4+ CD8α- T cells, as well as increased cytokine production in WBA (LPS-induced TNFα and PIL-induced IL-8), which could confer them increased resistance to pathogens. Finally, a principal component analysis including all parameters highlighted that overall stress effects were less pronounced on piglets with a strong HPA axis. Thus, selection upon adrenocortical axis activity seems to reduce the magnitude of response to stress and appears as a good tool to increase piglet robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bacou
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Karine Haurogné
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Grégoire Mignot
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marie Allard
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Laurence De Beaurepaire
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Jordan Marchand
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Elena Terenina
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yvon Billon
- GenESI, INRA, Le Magneraud, F-17700 Saint-Pierre-d'Amilly, France
| | | | - Jean-Marie Bach
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Pierre Mormède
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julie Hervé
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - Blandine Lieubeau
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université de Nantes, LUNAM, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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175
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Abstract
Depression and fatigue are common after stroke and negatively impact the quality of life of stroke survivors. The biological bases of these symptoms are unknown, but an abundance of data point to a role for inflammation. This review highlights evidence supporting the contribution of inflammation to poststroke depression and poststroke fatigue. Potential treatments for poststroke depression and poststroke fatigue are explored, with a special emphasis on those that modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra J Becker
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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176
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Kwan H, Garzoni L, Liu HL, Cao M, Desrochers A, Fecteau G, Burns P, Frasch MG. Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Inflammation: Systematic Review of Animal Models and Clinical Studies. Bioelectron Med 2016. [DOI: 10.15424/bioelectronmed.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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177
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Prinz and colleagues (2016) describe an unexpected mechanism underlying the role of type I interferon in the initiation of cognitive impairment and sickness behavior during viral infection through induction of chemokine CXCL10 in central nervous system epithelial and endothelial cells.
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178
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Abstract
Neuroimmunologists seek to understand the interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system, both under homeostatic conditions and in diseases. Unanswered questions include those relating to the diversity and specificity of the meningeal T cell repertoire; the routes taken by immune cells that patrol the meninges under healthy conditions and invade the parenchyma during pathology; the opposing effects (beneficial or detrimental) of these cells on CNS function; the role of immune cells after CNS injury; and the evolutionary link between the two systems, resulting in their tight interaction and interdependence. This Review summarizes the current standing of and challenging questions related to interactions between adaptive immunity and the CNS and considers the possible directions in which these aspects of neuroimmunology will be heading over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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179
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Martelli D, Farmer DGS, Yao ST. The splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway: could it be the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex? Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1245-1252. [PMID: 27377300 DOI: 10.1113/ep085559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
What is the topic of this review? We review the current literature on the neural reflex termed the 'inflammatory reflex' that inhibits an excessive release of inflammatory mediators in response to an immune challenge. What advances does it highlight? The original model proposed that the inflammatory reflex is a vago-vagal reflex that controls immune function. We posit that, in the endotoxaemic animal model, the vagus nerves do not appear to play a role. The evidence suggests that the efferent motor pathway, termed here the 'splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway', is purely sympathetic, travelling via the greater splanchnic nerves to regulate the ensuing inflammatory response to immune challenges. Exposure to immune challenges results in the development of inflammation. An insufficient inflammatory response can be life-threatening, whereas an exaggerated response is also detrimental because it causes tissue damage and, in extreme cases, septic shock that can lead to death. Hence, inflammation must be finely regulated. It is generally accepted that the brain inhibits inflammation induced by an immune challenge in two main ways: humorally, by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to release glucocorticoids; and neurally, via a mechanism that has been termed the 'inflammatory reflex'. The efferent arm of this reflex (the neural-to-immune link) was thought to be the 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway'. Here, we discuss data that support the hypothesis that the vagus nerves play no role in the control of inflammation in the endotoxaemic animal model. We have shown and posit that it is the greater splanchnic nerves that are activated in response to the immune challenge and that, in turn, drive postganglionic sympathetic neurons to inhibit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martelli
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - D G S Farmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - S T Yao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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180
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Zádori ZS, Tóth VE, Fehér Á, Al-Khrasani M, Puskár Z, Kozsurek M, Timár J, Tábi T, Helyes Z, Hein L, Holzer P, Gyires K. Inhibition of α2A-Adrenoceptors Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Acute Intestinal Inflammation in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:483-91. [PMID: 27418171 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that α2-adrenoceptors (α2-ARs) may be involved in the pathomechanism of colitis; however, the results are conflicting because both aggravation and amelioration of colonic inflammation have been described in response to α2-AR agonists. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the role of α2-ARs in acute murine colitis. The experiments were carried out in wild-type, α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-AR knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice. Colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2%); alpha2-AR ligands were injected i.p. The severity of colitis was determined both macroscopically and histologically. Colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and proteome profiler array, respectively. The nonselective α2-AR agonist clonidine induced a modest aggravation of DSS-induced colitis. It accelerated the disease development and markedly enhanced the weight loss of animals, but did not influence the colon shortening, tissue MPO levels, or histologic score. Clonidine induced similar changes in α2B- and α2C-AR KO mice, whereas it failed to affect the disease activity index scores and caused only minor weight loss in α2A-AR KO animals. In contrast, selective inhibition of α2A-ARs by BRL 44408 significantly delayed the development of colitis; reduced the colonic levels of MPO and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), CXCL13, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; and elevated that of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1. In this work, we report that activation of α2-ARs aggravates murine colitis, an effect mediated by the α2A-AR subtype, and selective inhibition of these receptors reduces the severity of gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Viktória E Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Ágnes Fehér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Zita Puskár
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Márk Kozsurek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Júlia Timár
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Lutz Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Peter Holzer
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
| | - Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine (Z.S.Z., V.E.T., Á.F., M.A.-K., J.T., K.G.), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, János Szentágothai Laboratory (Z.P., M.K.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics (T.T.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary (Z.H.); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (L.H.); and Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (P.H.)
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Margolis KG, Gershon MD, Bogunovic M. Cellular Organization of Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:487-501. [PMID: 27289177 PMCID: PMC5003109 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest immune organ; in vertebrates, it is the only organ whose function is controlled by its own intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS), but it is additionally regulated by extrinsic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation. The GI nervous and immune systems are highly integrated in their common goal, which is to unite digestive functions with protection from ingested environmental threats. This review discusses the physiological relevance of enteric neuroimmune integration by summarizing the current knowledge of evolutionary and developmental pathways, cellular organization, and molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interactions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael David Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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182
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Arsenijevic D, Cajot JF, Fellay B, Dulloo AG, Van Vliet BN, Montani JP. Uninephrectomy-Induced Lipolysis and Low-Grade Inflammation Are Mimicked by Unilateral Renal Denervation. Front Physiol 2016; 7:227. [PMID: 27378937 PMCID: PMC4906570 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uninephrectomy (UniNX) in rats on a fixed food intake leads to increased lipolysis and a low-grade inflammation with an increased subset of circulating cytokines. Because UniNX ablates renal nerves on the side of the removed kidney, we tested the contribution of unilateral renal denervation in the phenotype of UniNX. We compared Sham-operated controls, left nephrectomy (UniNX) and unilateral left kidney denervation (uDNX) in rats 4 weeks after surgery. uDNX did not affect kidney weight and function. In general, the uDNX phenotype was similar to the UniNX phenotype especially for lipolysis in fat pads and increased low-grade inflammation. uDNX led to decreased fat pad weight and increased hormone sensitive lipase and adipocyte triglyceride lipase mRNA levels in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue, as well as increased circulating lipolysis markers β-hydroxybutyrate and glycerol. Measured circulating hormones such as leptin, T3 and insulin were similar amongst the three groups. The lipolytic cytokines interferon-gamma and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor were increased in the circulation of both uDNX and UniNX groups. These two cytokines were also elevated in the spleen of both groups, but contrastingly they were decreased in fat pads, liver, and kidneys. Both uDNX and UniNX similarly increased noradrenaline content in fat pads and spleen. Melanocortin 4 receptor mRNA levels were increased in the brains of both uDNX and UniNX compared to Sham and may contribute to increased tissue noradrenaline levels. In addition, the farnesoid x receptor (FXR) may contribute to changes in tissue metabolism and inflammation, as anti-inflammatory FXR was decreased in the spleen but increased in other tissues in uDNX and UniNX compared to Sham. In summary, both uDNX and UniNX in rats promote metabolic and immunological alterations by mechanisms that seem to implicate modification of unilateral renal nerve pathways as well as central and peripheral neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Arsenijevic
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research (Kidney.CH)Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Cajot
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Fellay
- Chemistry/Hematology Laboratory, Fribourg Hospital Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bruce N Van Vliet
- BioMedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research (Kidney.CH)Zurich, Switzerland
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183
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Liao WH, Henneberg M, Langhans W. Immunity-Based Evolutionary Interpretation of Diet-Induced Thermogenesis. Cell Metab 2016; 23:971-979. [PMID: 27304499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) has often been argued to be a physiological defense against obesity, but no empirical proof of its effectiveness in limiting human body weight gain is available. We here propose an immune explanation of DIT-i.e., that it results from the coevolution of host and gut microbiota (especially Firmicutes) that ferment ingested food and proliferate, causing periodic, vagally mediated increases in thermogenesis aimed at curtailing their expansion. Because of this evolutionary adaptive significance related to the immune system, DIT is not effective as an "adaptation" to maintain a certain body mass. Were DIT an effective adaptation to prevent obesity, the current obesity epidemic might not have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hui Liao
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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184
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Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Pellissier S. Anti-inflammatory properties of the vagus nerve: potential therapeutic implications of vagus nerve stimulation. J Physiol 2016; 594:5781-5790. [PMID: 27059884 DOI: 10.1113/jp271539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain and viscera interplay within the autonomic nervous system where the vagus nerve (VN), containing approximately 80% afferent and 20% efferent fibres, plays multiple key roles in the homeostatic regulations of visceral functions. Recent data have suggested the anti-inflammatory role of the VN. This vagal function is mediated through several pathways, some of them still debated. The first one is the anti-inflammatory hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which is stimulated by vagal afferent fibres and leads to the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands. The second one, called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, is mediated through vagal efferent fibres that synapse onto enteric neurons which release acetylcholine (ACh) at the synaptic junction with macrophages. ACh binds to α-7-nicotinic ACh receptors of those macrophages to inhibit the release of tumour necrosis (TNF)α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. The last pathway is the splenic sympathetic anti-inflammatory pathway, where the VN stimulates the splenic sympathetic nerve. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) released at the distal end of the splenic nerve links to the β2 adrenergic receptor of splenic lymphocytes that release ACh. Finally, ACh inhibits the release of TNFα by spleen macrophages through α-7-nicotinic ACh receptors. Understanding of these pathways is interesting from a therapeutic point of view, since they could be targeted in various ways to stimulate anti-inflammatory regulation in TNFα-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Among others, VN stimulation, either as an invasive or non-invasive procedure, is becoming increasingly frequent and several clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the potential effectiveness of this therapy to alleviate chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- University Clinic of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, F-38000, Grenoble, France. .,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Inserm, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Valérie Sinniger
- University Clinic of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Inserm, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sonia Pellissier
- University Clinic of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Department of Psychology, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, F-73011, Chambéry, France
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185
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Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Pellissier S. Vagal tone: effects on sensitivity, motility, and inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:455-62. [PMID: 27010234 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve (VN) is a key element of the autonomic nervous system. As a mixed nerve, the VN contributes to the bidirectional interactions between the brain and the gut, i.e., the brain-gut axis. In particular, after integration in the central autonomic network of peripheral sensations such as inflammation and pain via vagal and spinal afferents, an efferent response through modulation of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and/or preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord is able to modulate gastrointestinal nociception, motility, and inflammation. A low vagal tone, as assessed by heart rate variability, a marker of the sympatho-vagal balance, is observed in functional digestive disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. To restore a normal vagal tone appears as a goal in such diseases. Among the therapeutic tools, such as drugs targeting the cholinergic system and/or complementary medicine (hypnosis, meditation…), deep breathing, physical exercise, VN stimulation (VNS), either invasive or non-invasive, appears as innovative. There is new evidence in the current issue of this Journal supporting the role of VNS in the modulation of gastrointestinal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bonaz
- University Clinic of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Stress and Neuro-Digestive Interactions, Inserm U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - V Sinniger
- University Clinic of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Stress and Neuro-Digestive Interactions, Inserm U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - S Pellissier
- Stress and Neuro-Digestive Interactions, Inserm U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.,Department of Psychology, LIP/PC2S, Savoie University, Chambéry, France
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186
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Chelimsky G, Simpson P, McCabe N, Zhang L, Chelimsky T. Autonomic Testing in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain. J Urol 2016; 196:429-34. [PMID: 27026035 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined whether abnormal autonomic nervous system innervation of the bladder underlies IC (interstitial cystitis)/BPS (bladder pain syndrome) differently than other chronic pelvic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this institutional review board approved protocol 39 healthy controls and 134 subjects were enrolled, including 36 with IC/BPS, 14 with myofascial pelvic pain and 42 with IC/BPS plus myofascial pelvic pain. Three subjects were excluded from study. Autonomic nervous system evaluations included deep breathing, the Valsalva maneuver, and the tilt table and sudomotor tests. The latter evaluates autonomic neuropathy. A modified validated composite autonomic laboratory score was applied. RESULTS Median age in the IC/BPS group was 47.5 years (range 21 to 78), greater than in healthy controls (34 years, range 20 to 75, p = 0.006), the myofascial pelvic pain group (33 years, range 22 to 56, p = 0.004) and the IC/BPS plus myofascial pelvic pain group (38 years, range 18 to 64, p = 0.03). Body mass index did not significantly differ but the myofascial pelvic pain and IC/BPS plus myofascial pelvic pain groups had a higher body mass index than healthy controls (p = 0.05 and 0.03, respectively). Cardiovascular and adrenergic indexes did not differ. The tilt table test showed more orthostatic intolerance in all chronic pelvic pain groups. Tilt table test diagnoses (orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome and reflex syncope) were rare. Baseline heart rate was higher in all chronic pelvic pain groups (p = 0.004). Compared to healthy controls all myofascial pelvic pain groups showed significantly more clear-cut autonomic neuropathy, defined as a sweat score of 3 or greater (vs IC/BPS plus myofascial pelvic pain p = 0.007 and vs myofascial pelvic pain p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Some chronic pelvic pain types show autonomic neuropathy and some show vagal withdrawal. In all types orthostatic intolerance likely reflects central sensitization and perhaps catastrophizing. Some of these findings suggest novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Chelimsky
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Case Western Reserve University (NM), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Case Western Reserve University (NM), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Noel McCabe
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Case Western Reserve University (NM), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Case Western Reserve University (NM), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas Chelimsky
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Case Western Reserve University (NM), Cleveland, Ohio.
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187
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Bonaz B. Autonomic Dysfunction: A Predictive Factor of Risk to Develop Rheumatoid Arthritis? EBioMedicine 2016; 6:20-21. [PMID: 27211540 PMCID: PMC4856772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- University Clinic of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, F-38000 Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, GIN, Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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188
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Sun F, Johnson SR, Jin K, Uteshev VV. Boosting Endogenous Resistance of Brain to Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2045-2059. [PMID: 26910820 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most survivors of ischemic stroke remain physically disabled and require prolonged rehabilitation. However, some stroke victims achieve a full neurological recovery suggesting that the human brain can defend itself against ischemic injury, but the protective mechanisms are unknown. This study used selective pharmacological agents and a rat model of cerebral ischemic stroke to detect endogenous brain protective mechanisms that require activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This endogenous protection was found to be (1) limited to less severe injuries; (2) significantly augmented by intranasal administration of a positive allosteric modulator of α7 nAChRs, significantly reducing brain injury and neurological deficits after more severe ischemic injuries; and (3) reduced by inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase-II. The physiological role of α7 nAChRs remains largely unknown. The therapeutic activation of α7 nAChRs after cerebral ischemia may serve as an important physiological responsibility of these ubiquitous receptors and holds a significant translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Sun
- Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | | | - Kunlin Jin
- Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Victor V Uteshev
- Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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189
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Kwan H, Garzoni L, Liu HL, Cao M, Desrochers A, Fecteau G, Burns P, Frasch MG. Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Inflammation: Systematic Review of Animal Models and Clinical Studies. Bioelectron Med 2016; 3:1-6. [PMID: 29308423 PMCID: PMC5756070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been used since 1997 for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. More recently, an off-label use of VNS has been explored in animal models and clinical trials for treatment of a number of conditions involving the innate immune system. The underlying premise has been the notion of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway (CAP), mediated by the vagus nerves. While the macroanatomic substrate - the vagus nerve - is understood, the physiology of the pleiotropic VNS effects and the "language" of the vagus nerve, mediated brain-body communication, remain an enigma. Tackling this kind of enigma is precisely the challenge for and promise of bioelectronic medicine. We review the state of the art of this emerging field as it pertains to developing strategies for use of the endogenous CAP to treat inflammation and infection in various animal models and human clinical trials. This is a systematic PubMed review for the MeSH terms "vagus nerve stimulation AND inflammation." We report the diverse profile of currently used VNS antiinflammatory strategies in animal studies and human clinical trials. This review provides a foundation and calls for devising systematic and comparable VNS strategies in animal and human studies for treatment of inflammation. We discuss species-specific differences in the molecular genetics of cholinergic signaling as a framework to understand the divergence in VNS effects between species. Brain-mapping initiatives are needed to decode vagus-carried brain-body communication before hypothesis-driven treatment approaches can be devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harwood Kwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luca Garzoni
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hai Lun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mingju Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andre Desrochers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Burns
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin G Frasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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