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Vernillo G, Doucende G, Cassirame J, Mourot L. Energetically optimal stride frequency is maintained with fatigue in trained ultramarathon runners. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1054-1058. [PMID: 31029549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES At a given running speed, humans naturally endeavor to achieve an optimal stride frequency that minimizes metabolic cost. Research has suggested that runners select this near optimal stride frequency in some process of self-optimization even during fatiguing tasks up to 1-h of high-intensity running. Here, we studied whether runners demonstrate a similar self-optimizing capability after an ultramarathon of 6 h. DESIGN Controlled pre-post study. METHOD We collected temporal stride kinematics and metabolic data in nine (experimental group) male runners before and after 6 h of running and in six (control group) male ultramarathon runners who did not run, but stayed awake and performed normal, daily physical activities avoiding strenuous exercises over the 6-h period. For each participant, preferred and optimal stride frequencies were measured, where stride frequency was systematically varied above and below PSF (±4% and ±8%). RESULTS Preferred and optimal stride frequencies across time and group showed no significant differences (p ≥ 0.276). Furthermore, neither the overall relationship between metabolic cost and stride frequency, nor the energetically optimal stride frequency changed substantially after several hours of running. CONCLUSIONS Similar dynamics of stride frequency adjustments in the experimental group occurred as those found in a non-fatigued state. This suggests that after an ultramarathon of 6 h, runners were still able to optimize their gait, and automatically adjust it in order to converge on the energetically optimal gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude (LEPSA), France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Santé et Société, Exercise and Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France; Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia
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152
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Zifchock R, Parker R, Wan W, Neary M, Song J, Hillstrom H. The relationship between foot arch flexibility and medial-lateral ground reaction force distribution. Gait Posture 2019; 69:46-49. [PMID: 30660951 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse running injury susceptibility has previously been associated with the magnitude and slope of ground reaction force profiles, most often in the vertical axis. However, despite the implications of excessive pronation and supination on injury susceptibility, very little research has examined the factors that might affect distribution of force in the medial-lateral directions. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to consider how foot structure, specifically arch flexibility, affects the distribution of ground reaction force between the medial-lateral and vertical planes of motion. METHODS Twenty-five participants were classified as having stiff or flexible arches, and three dimensional kinetic data were gathered while the volunteers ran at 7 mph on an instrumented treadmill. A mixed-effects ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of arch flexibility type on distribution of ground reaction force impulse in the medial and lateral directions. RESULTS The results suggest that individuals with relatively stiff arches experience a greater proportion of ground reaction force in the medial-lateral plane of motion, as compared with those with more flexible arches (p = 0.03). Further, the results suggest that most individuals, regardless of foot structure, experience greater impulse of force in the lateral than in the medial direction (p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE Considering previously explored relationships between ground reaction force, foot pronation/supination, and chronic running injuries, the results of this study suggest that arch flexibility could be used as a criterion for assessing injury susceptibility. Further, conclusions drawn from this study add to the discussion on the pros and cons of training or using devices to increase or restrict arch flexibility while running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Zifchock
- Civil & Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States.
| | - Regina Parker
- Civil & Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Willahelm Wan
- Civil & Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Michael Neary
- Providence Community Health Centers, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jinsup Song
- Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Howard Hillstrom
- Leon Root, MD Motion Analysis Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
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153
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O Sullivan IJ, Johnson MI, Hind K, Breen S, Francis P. Are changes in running economy associated with changes in performance in runners? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1521-1533. [PMID: 30810467 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1575177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in running economy (RE) are thought to lead to improvements in running performance (P). Multiple interventions have been designed with the aim of improving RE in middle and long-distance runners. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of interventions of at least 2-weeks' duration on RE and P and to determine whether there is a relationship between changes in RE (ΔRE) and changes in running performance (ΔP). A database search was carried out in Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. In accordance with a PRISMA checklist 10 studies reporting 12 comparisons between interventions and controls were included in the review. There was no correlation between percentage ΔRE and percentage ΔP (r = 0.46, P = 0.936, 12 comparisons). There was a low risk of reporting bias but an unclear risk of bias for other items. Meta-analyses found no statistically significant differences between interventions and controls for RE (SMD (95% CI) = -0.37 (-1.43, 0.69), 204 participants, p = 0.49) or for P (SMD (95% CI) = -0.65 (-26.02, 24.72, 204 participants, p = 0.99). There is a need for studies of greater statistical power, methodological quality, duration and homogeneity of intervention and population. Standardised measures of performance and greater control over non-intervention training are also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J O Sullivan
- a Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK
| | - Mark I Johnson
- b Centre for Pain Research, Leeds Beckett University, School of Clinical and Applied Science , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK
| | - Karen Hind
- c Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK
| | - Sarah Breen
- d School of Health and Human Performance , Northern Michigan University , Marquette , MI , USA
| | - Peter Francis
- a Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK
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154
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Lussiana T, Patoz A, Gindre C, Mourot L, Hébert-Losier K. The implications of time on the ground on running economy: less is not always better. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.192047. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A lower duty factor (DF) reflects a greater relative contribution of leg swing to ground contact time during the running step. Increasing time on the ground has been reported in the scientific literature to both increase and decrease the energy cost (EC) of running, with DF reported to be highly variable in runners. As increasing running speed aligns running kinematics more closely with spring-mass model behaviors and re-use of elastic energy, we compared the centre of mass (COM) displacement and EC between runners with a low (DFlow) and high (DFhigh) duty factor at typical endurance running speeds. Forty well-trained runners were divided in two groups based on their mean DF measured across a range of speeds. EC was measured from 4-min treadmill runs at 10, 12, and 14 km·h−1 using indirect calorimetry. Temporal characteristics and COM displacement data of the running step were recorded from 30-s treadmill runs at 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 km·h−1. Across speeds, DFlow exhibited more symmetrical patterns between braking and propulsion phases in terms of time and vertical COM displacement than DFhigh. DFhigh limited global vertical COM displacements in favor of horizontal progression during ground contact. Despite these running kinematics differences, no significant difference in EC was observed between groups. Therefore, both DF strategies seem energetically efficient at endurance running speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Company, Chaveria, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Prognostic markers and regulatory factors of cardiovascular diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Sports Science, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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155
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Tam N, Tucker R, Santos-Concejero J, Prins D, Lamberts RP. Running Economy: Neuromuscular and Joint-Stiffness Contributions in Trained Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:16-22. [PMID: 29809077 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is debated whether running biomechanics make good predictors of running economy, with little known about the neuromuscular and joint-stiffness contributions to economical running gait. PURPOSE To understand the relationship between certain neuromuscular and spatiotemporal biomechanical factors associated with running economy. METHODS Thirty trained runners performed a 6-min constant-speed running set at 3.3 m·s-1, where oxygen consumption was assessed. Overground running trials were also performed at 3.3 m·s-1 to assess kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity. Spatiotemporal gait variables, joint stiffness, preactivation, and stance-phase muscle activity (gluteus medius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius lateralis and medius) were variables of specific interest and thus determined. In addition, preactivation and ground contact of agonist-antagonist coactivation were calculated. RESULTS More economical runners presented with short ground-contact times (r = .639, P < .001) and greater stride frequencies (r = -.630, P < .001). Lower ankle and greater knee stiffness were associated with lower oxygen consumption (r = .527, P = .007 and r = .384, P = .043, respectively). Only lateral gastrocnemius-tibialis anterior coactivation during stance was associated with lower oxygen cost of transport (r = .672, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Greater muscle preactivation and biarticular muscle activity during stance were associated with more economical runners. Consequently, trained runners who exhibit greater neuromuscular activation prior to and during ground contact, in turn optimizing spatiotemporal variables and joint stiffness, will be the most economical runners.
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156
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Verheul J, Gregson W, Lisboa P, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Whole-body biomechanical load in running-based sports: The validity of estimating ground reaction forces from segmental accelerations. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:716-722. [PMID: 30594457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unlike physiological loads, the biomechanical loads of training in running-based sports are still largely unexplored. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the validity of estimating ground reaction forces (GRF), as a measure of external whole-body biomechanical loading, from segmental accelerations. METHODS Fifteen team-sport athletes performed accelerations, decelerations, 90° cuts and straight running at different speeds including sprinting. Full-body kinematics and GRF were recorded with a three-dimensional motion capture system and a single force platform respectively. GRF profiles were estimated as the sum of the product of all fifteen segmental masses and accelerations, or a reduced number of segments. RESULTS Errors for GRF profiles estimated from fifteen segmental accelerations were low (1-2Nkg-1) for low-speed running, moderate (2-3Nkg-1) for accelerations, 90° cuts and moderate-speed running, but very high (>4Nkg-1) for decelerations and high-speed running. Similarly, impulse (2.3-11.1%), impact peak (9.2-28.5%) and loading rate (20.1-42.8%) errors varied across tasks. Moreover, mean errors increased from 3.26±1.72Nkg-1 to 6.76±3.62Nkg-1 across tasks when the number of segments was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Accuracy of estimated GRF profiles and loading characteristics was dependent on task, and errors substantially increased when the number of segments was reduced. Using a direct mechanical approach to estimate GRF from segmental accelerations is thus unlikely to be a valid method to assess whole-body biomechanical loading across different dynamic and high-intensity activities. Researchers and practitioners should, therefore, be very cautious when interpreting accelerations from one or several segments, as these are unlikely to accurately represent external whole-body biomechanical loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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157
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Warne J, Moran KA, Warrington GD. Small Step Frequency Changes Due to Footwear Condition Have No Effect on Running Economy. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E41-E45. [PMID: 30539116 PMCID: PMC6225962 DOI: 10.1055/a-0620-8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine if small increases to step frequency associated with minimal footwear can influence Running Economy (RE). Twelve club-level runners with eight weeks of minimal footwear experience were recruited (age, 41±9 years; stature, 177.2±10.4 cm; body mass, 72.6±10.2 kg; V˙O 2max , 52.1±7.5 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ). Two 6-min RE tests, one in minimal footwear and one in conventional running shoes were performed at 11 km·h -1 . Two more 6-min tests were completed during which step frequency was controlled using a metronome at the cadence of the opposite footwear condition (RE revSF ). Comparisons were completed between the same footwear using repeated measures ANCOVA. The increase in step frequency for minimal footwear vs. conventional running shoes was 7.3±2.3 steps per minute (3.9% difference; 95% CI of difference [5.87 to 8.80 steps/min]; p≤0.001; Cohen's d=0.70). No significant differences were identified between RE and RE revSF for minimal footwear (40.72±4.08 vs. 41.09±4.19 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ; 95% CI of difference [-1.71 to 0.97]; p=0.55; Cohen's d=0.09), or conventional running shoes (42.04±4.68 vs. 41.74±5.09 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ; 95% CI of difference [-0.78 to 1.37]; p=0.55; Cohen's d=0.06). Small changes in step frequency (~4%) did not have any significant impact on RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Warne
- Institute of Technology Tallaght, Applied Science, Dublin, Ireland.,Setanta College, Tipperary, Ireland
| | - Kieran Andrew Moran
- Dublin City University, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giles D Warrington
- University of Limerick Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, Education and Health Sciences, Limerick, Ireland
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158
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Ehrström S, Gruet M, Giandolini M, Chapuis S, Morin JB, Vercruyssen F. Acute and Delayed Neuromuscular Alterations Induced by Downhill Running in Trained Trail Runners: Beneficial Effects of High-Pressure Compression Garments. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1627. [PMID: 30555337 PMCID: PMC6282050 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine, from a crossover experimental design, whether wearing high-pressure compression garments (CGs) during downhill treadmill running affects soft-tissue vibrations, acute and delayed responses in running economy (RE), neuromuscular function, countermovement jump, and perceived muscle soreness. Methods: Thirteen male trail runners habituated to regular eccentric training performed two separate 40-min downhill running (DHR, -8.5°) sessions while wearing either CGs (15-20 mmHg for quadriceps and calves) or control garments (CON) at a velocity associated with ∼55% of VO2max , with a set of measurements before (Pre-), after (Post-DHR), and 1 day after (Post-1D). No CGs was used within the recovery phase. Perceived muscle soreness, countermovement jump, and neuromuscular function (central and peripheral components) of knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF) were assessed. Cardiorespiratory responses (e.g., heart rate, ventilation) and RE, as well as soft-tissue vibrations (root mean square of the resultant acceleration, RMS Ar ) for vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis were evaluated during DHR and in Post-1D. Results: During DHR, mean values in RMS Ar significantly increased over time for the vastus lateralis only for the CON condition (+11.6%). RE and cardiorespiratory responses significantly increased (i.e., alteration) over time in both conditions. Post, small to very large central and peripheral alterations were found for KE and PF in both conditions. However, the deficit in voluntary activation (VA) was significantly lower for KE following CGs (-2.4%), compared to CON (-7.9%) conditions. No significant differences in perceived muscle soreness and countermovement jump were observed between conditions whatever the time period. Additionally, in Post-1D, the CGs condition showed reductions in neuromuscular peripheral alterations only for KE (from -4.4 to -7.7%) and perceived muscle soreness scores (-8.3%). No significant differences in cardiorespiratory and RE responses as well as countermovement jump were identified between conditions in Post-1D. Discussion: Wearing high-pressure CGs (notably on KE) during DHR was associated with beneficial effects on soft-tissue vibrations, acute and delayed neuromuscular function, and perceived muscle soreness. The use of CGs during DHR might contribute to the enhanced muscle recovery by exerting an exercise-induced "mechanical protective effect."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Giandolini
- Amer Sports Footwear Innovation and Sport Sciences Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Serge Chapuis
- Amer Sports Gear and Apparel Innovation and Sport Sciences Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
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159
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Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1117-1149. [PMID: 29249083 PMCID: PMC5889786 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Middle- and long-distance running performance is constrained by several important aerobic and anaerobic parameters. The efficacy of strength training (ST) for distance runners has received considerable attention in the literature. However, to date, the results of these studies have not been fully synthesized in a review on the topic. Objectives This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive critical commentary on the current literature that has examined the effects of ST modalities on the physiological determinants and performance of middle- and long-distance runners, and offer recommendations for best practice. Methods Electronic databases were searched using a variety of key words relating to ST exercise and distance running. This search was supplemented with citation tracking. To be eligible for inclusion, a study was required to meet the following criteria: participants were middle- or long-distance runners with ≥ 6 months experience, a ST intervention (heavy resistance training, explosive resistance training, or plyometric training) lasting ≥ 4 weeks was applied, a running only control group was used, data on one or more physiological variables was reported. Two independent assessors deemed that 24 studies fully met the criteria for inclusion. Methodological rigor was assessed for each study using the PEDro scale. Results PEDro scores revealed internal validity of 4, 5, or 6 for the studies reviewed. Running economy (RE) was measured in 20 of the studies and generally showed improvements (2–8%) compared to a control group, although this was not always the case. Time trial (TT) performance (1.5–10 km) and anaerobic speed qualities also tended to improve following ST. Other parameters [maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{ \hbox{max} }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max, blood lactate, body composition] were typically unaffected by ST. Conclusion Whilst there was good evidence that ST improves RE, TT, and sprint performance, this was not a consistent finding across all works that were reviewed. Several important methodological differences and limitations are highlighted, which may explain the discrepancies in findings and should be considered in future investigations in this area. Importantly for the distance runner, measures relating to body composition are not negatively impacted by a ST intervention. The addition of two to three ST sessions per week, which include a variety of ST modalities are likely to provide benefits to the performance of middle- and long-distance runners.
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160
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Does an increase in energy return and/or longitudinal bending stiffness shoe features reduce the energetic cost of running? Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:429-439. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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161
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Aubry RL, Power GA, Burr JF. An Assessment of Running Power as a Training Metric for Elite and Recreational Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2258-2264. [PMID: 29912073 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aubry, RL, Power, GA, and Burr, JF. An assessment of running power as a training metric for elite and recreational runners. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2258-2264, 2018-Power, as a testing and training metric to quantify effort, is well accepted in cycling, but is not commonly used in running to quantify effort or performance. This study sought to investigate a novel training tool, the Stryd Running Power Meter, and the applicability of running power (and its individually calculated run mechanics) to be a useful surrogate of metabolic demand (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), across different running surfaces, within different caliber runners. Recreational (n = 13) and elite (n = 11) runners completed a test assessing V[Combining Dot Above]O2 at 3 different paces, while wearing a Stryd Power Meter on both an indoor treadmill and an outdoor track, to investigate relationships between estimated running power and metabolic demand. A weak but significant relationship was found between running power and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 considering all participants as a homogenous group (r = 0.29); however, when assessing each population individually, no significant relationship was found. Examination of the individual mechanical components of power revealed that a correlative decrease in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 representing improved efficiency was associated with decreased ground contact time (r = 0.56), vertical oscillation (r = 0.46), and cadence (r = 0.37) on the treadmill in the recreational group only. Although metabolic demand differed significantly between surfaces at most speeds, run power did not accurately reflect differences in metabolic cost between the 2 surfaces. Running power, calculated via the Stryd Power Meter, is not sufficiently accurate as a surrogate of metabolic demand, particularly in the elite population. However, in a recreational population, this training tool could be useful for feedback on several running dynamics known to influence running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Aubry
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoff A Power
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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162
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Breiner TJ, Ortiz ALR, Kram R. Level, uphill and downhill running economy values are strongly inter-correlated. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:257-264. [PMID: 30357515 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise economy is not solely an intrinsic physiological trait because economy in one mode of exercise (e.g., running) does not strongly correlate with economy in another mode (e.g. cycling). Economy also reflects the skill of an individual in a particular mode of exercise. Arguably, level, uphill and downhill running constitute biomechanically different modes of exercise. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that level running economy (LRE), uphill running economy (URE) and downhill running economy (DRE) would not be strongly inter-correlated. METHODS We measured the oxygen uptakes of 19 male trained runners during three different treadmill running speed and grade conditions: 238 m/min, 0%; 167 m/min, + 7.5%; 291 m/min, - 5%. Mean oxygen uptakes were 46.8 (SD 3.9), 48.0 (3.4) and 46.9 (3.7) ml/kg/min for level, uphill and downhill running, respectively, indicating that the three conditions were of similar aerobic intensity. RESULTS We reject our hypothesis based on the strong correlations of r = 0.909, r = 0.901 and r = 0.830, respectively, between LRE vs. URE, LRE vs. DRE and URE vs. DRE. CONCLUSION Economical runners on level surfaces are also economical on uphill and downhill grades. Inter-individual differences in running economy reflect differences in both intrinsic physiology and skill. Individuals who have experience with level, uphill and downhill running appear to be equally skilled in all three modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Joseph Breiner
- Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,, 1478 Milltown Rd., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | | | - Rodger Kram
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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163
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Schücker L, Parrington L. Thinking about your running movement makes you less efficient: attentional focus effects on running economy and kinematics. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:638-646. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1522697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schücker
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lucy Parrington
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
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164
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Hoenig T, Hamacher D, Braumann KM, Zech A, Hollander K. Analysis of running stability during 5000 m running . Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:413-421. [PMID: 30257130 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1519040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the analysis of human walking, the assessment of local dynamic stability (LDS) has been widely used to determine gait stability. To extend the concepts of LDS to the analysis of running biomechanics, this study aimed to compare LDS during exhaustive running between competitive and recreational runners. Fifteen recreational and fifteen competitive runners performed an exhaustive 5000 m run. Inertial measurement units at foot, pelvis, and thorax were used to determine local dynamic running stability as quantified by the largest Lyapunov exponent. In addition, we measured running velocity, lactate levels, perceived exertion, and foot strike patterns. LDS at the start, mid, and end of a 5000 m run was compared between the two groups by a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Local dynamic stability increased during the run (thorax, pelvis) in both recreational and competitive runners (PThorax = 0.006; PPelvis = 0.001). During the whole run, competitive runners showed a significantly higher LDS (P = 0.029) compared to recreational runners at the foot kinematics. In conclusion, exhaustive running can lead to improvements in LDS, indicating a higher local dynamic stability of the running technique with increasing exhaustion. Furthermore, LDS of the foot differs between the two groups at all measurement points. The results of this study show the value of determining LDS in athletes as it can give a better understanding into the biomechanics of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hoenig
- a Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Hamacher
- b Institute of Sport Science , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Braumann
- a Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- b Institute of Sport Science , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- a Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.,c Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine , BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
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165
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Dingenen B, Barton C, Janssen T, Benoit A, Malliaras P. Test-retest reliability of two-dimensional video analysis during running. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 33:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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166
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Roca-Dols A, Losa-Iglesias ME, Sánchez-Gómez R, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, López-López D, Rodríguez-Sanz D, Martínez-Jiménez EM, Calvo-Lobo C. Effect of the cushioning running shoes in ground contact time of phases of gait. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:196-200. [PMID: 30179793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to know how five different cushioning shoes may interfere in ground contact times of each gait phase of walking and running in contrast with barefoot condition. Thirty healthy sport recreational male runners participated in this study. They played over a treadmill wearing minimalist, Boost®, Ethyl-vinyl-acetate (EVA), Air® chamber and pronation-control cushioning shoes technologies and under barefoot condition, recording the last 30 s of walking and running at 5.17 km/h and 9 km/h respectively, while ground contact time duration of each phase of gait was recorded with circular standard pressure sensors located on plantar feet. During walking, the heel contact phase was the station that increased significantly ground contact times wearing all sole cushioning shoes (p < 0.001), excepting no sole shoes (minimalist), versus barefoot condition, being Air® chamber the model that showed the highest times of contact floor versus barefoot (0.28 ± 0.08 ms and 0.23 ± 0.12 ms vs 0.12 ± 0.07 ms and 0.18 ± 0.07 ms in heel contact during midstance phases, respectively). During running, propulsion phase was the station that showed the highest spent times on ground contact with the floor under all shoe conditions, even with minimalist, being again Air® chamber the model with higher significant times in two of three phases versus barefoot (0.11 ± 0.04 ms and 0.16 ± 0.11 ms vs 0.09 ± 0.03 ms and 0.10 ± 0.02 ms in midstance and propulsion phases respectively). Air chamber® was the model too with the most switch ratio to forefoot strike pattern (0.07 ± 0.10 ms to 0.16 ± 0.11 from heel contact to propulsion phase, respectively). In conclusion, a ground contact times increase using all cushioning running shoes compared with barefoot condition was shown in both walking and running test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rubén Sánchez-Gómez
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña, Spain.
| | - David Rodríguez-Sanz
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - César Calvo-Lobo
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, University de León, Ponferrada, León, Spain.
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167
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Balsalobre-Fernández C, Romero-Moraleda B, Cupeiro R, Peinado AB, Butragueño J, Benito PJ. The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy, rating of perceived exertion and running mechanics in elite distance runners: A double-blinded, randomized study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200517. [PMID: 29995952 PMCID: PMC6040767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation has been extensively used to increase exercise economy in different populations. However, its use in elite distance runners, and its potential effects on biomechanical aspects of running have not been properly investigated. This study aims to analyze the potential effects of 15 days of beetroot juice supplementation on physiological, psychological and biomechanical variables in elite runners. Methods Twelve elite middle and long-distance runners (age = 26.3 ± 5.1yrs, VO2Max = 71.8±5.2 ml*kg-1*min-1) completed an incremental running test to exhaustion on a treadmill before and after a 15-days supplementation period, in which half of the group (EG) consumed a daily nitrate-rich beetroot juice and the other group (PG) consumed a placebo drink. Time to exhaustion (TEx), running economy, vastus lateralis oxygen saturation (SmO2), leg stiffness and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at 15, 17.1 and 20 km/h during the incremental test. Results Likely to very likely improvements in EG were observed for the RPE (Standardized mean difference (SMD) = -2.17, 90%CI = -3.23, -1.1), SmO2 (SMD = 0.72, 90%CI = 0.03, 1.41) and TEx (SMD = 1.18, 90%CI = -0.14, 2.5) in comparison with PG. No other physiological or biomechanical variable showed substantial improvements after the supplementation period. Conclusions Fifteen days of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation produced substantial improvements in the time to exhaustion in elite runners; however, it didn’t produce meaningful improvements in running economy, VO2Max or mechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Peinado
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Butragueño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Benito
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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168
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Frank BS, Hackney AC, Battaglini CL, Blackburn T, Marshall SW, Clark M, Padua DA. Movement profile influences systemic stress and biomechanical resilience to high training load exposure. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:35-41. [PMID: 29983354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine the influence of movement profile on systemic stress and mechanical loading before and after high training load exposure. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS 43 physically active, college-aged field or court sport female athletes participated in this study. Participants were assigned to a "excellent" (n=22; age=20.5±1.9yrs, height=1.67±0.67m, mass=64.5±7.8kg) or "poor" (n=21; age=20.4±1.3yrs, height=1.69±0.67m, mass=60.9±6.1kg) movement group defined by The Landing Error Scoring System. Participants completed five cycles of high training load exercise of 5-min treadmill-running at a speed coincident with 100-120% ventilatory threshold and 10 jump-landings from a 30-cm box. Jump-landing vertical ground reaction force and serum cortisol were evaluated prior to and following exercise. Vertical ground reaction force ensemble averages and 95% confidence interval waveforms were generated for pre-exercise, post-exercise, and pre-post exercise changes. A two-way mixed model ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of movement profile on systemic stress before and after exercise. RESULTS There was no significant difference in changes in serum cortisol between the poor and excellent groups (p=0.69) in response to exercise. Overall, individuals in the poor group exhibited a higher serum cortisol level (p<0.05, d=0.85 [0.19,1.48]). The poor group exhibited higher magnitude vertical ground reaction force prior to (d=1.02-1.26) and after exercise (d=1.15) during a majority of the stance phase. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with poor movement profiles experience greater mechanical loads compared to individuals with excellent movement profiles. A poor movement profile is associated with greater overall concentrations of circulating cortisol, representative of greater systemic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnett S Frank
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Claudio L Battaglini
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Troy Blackburn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Darin A Padua
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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169
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Napier C, MacLean CL, Maurer J, Taunton JE, Hunt MA. Kinetic risk factors of running-related injuries in female recreational runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2164-2172. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Napier
- Department of Physical Therapy; Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Fortius Lab; Fortius Institute; Burnaby BC Canada
| | - C. L. MacLean
- Department of Physical Therapy; Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Fortius Lab; Fortius Institute; Burnaby BC Canada
| | - J. Maurer
- Fortius Lab; Fortius Institute; Burnaby BC Canada
| | - J. E. Taunton
- Fortius Lab; Fortius Institute; Burnaby BC Canada
- Division of Sports Medicine; Department of Family Practice; Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - M. A. Hunt
- Department of Physical Therapy; Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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170
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Clermont CA, Benson LC, Osis ST, Kobsar D, Ferber R. Running patterns for male and female competitive and recreational runners based on accelerometer data. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:204-211. [PMID: 29920155 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1488518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to classify runners in sex-specific groups as either competitive or recreational based on center of mass (CoM) accelerations. Forty-one runners participated in the study (25 male and 16 female), and were labeled as competitive or recreational based on age, sex, and race performance. Three-dimensional acceleration data were collected during a 5-minute treadmill run, and 24 features were extracted. Support vector machine classification models were used to examine the utility of the features in discriminating between competitive and recreational runners within each sex-specific subgroup. Competitive and recreational runners could be classified with 82.63 % and 80.4 % in the male and female models, respectively. Dominant features in both models were related to regularity and variability, with competitive runners exhibiting more consistent running gait patterns, but the specific features were slightly different in each sex-specific model. Therefore, it is important to separate runners into sex-specific competitive and recreational subgroups for future running biomechanical studies. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the ability to analyze running biomechanics in competitive and recreational runners using only CoM acceleration patterns. A runner, clinician, or coach may use this information to monitor how running patterns change as a result of training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren C Benson
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Sean T Osis
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Running Injury Clinic , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Running Injury Clinic , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Faculty of Nursing , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
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171
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the size and mass of the thoracic segment, understanding its neuromotor control demand during over ground running at different speeds is important in the rehabilitation and research setting. This study describes key kinematics characteristics as proxy measures for thoracic neuromotor control. We hypothesized that thoracic kinematics would differ significantly when running at different running speeds and that speed related thoracic kinematic changes would not differ between gender. METHODS Three-dimensional thoracic kinematics of 19 healthy runners were recorded using an optical 3D motion capture system. We compared peak kinematic angles and range of motion of the thorax in each anatomical plane, in three running speeds during the stance phase. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to analyse thoracic kinematics differences across different speeds. RESULTS There was increased group peak kinematic angles and total range of motion during slower and faster than self-selected pace compared to self-selected pace in all three planes. There were gender differences in the changes in kinematic measures at different running speeds. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the differences in thoracic kinematics as a result of non-self-selected running speed may be due either to the increased neuromotor demands inherent to that running speed or due to the individual's adjustment to running at an unfamiliar speed. Further investigation is required to determine whether protocols that require participants to run at speeds other than self-selected pace confound the results. We therefore recommend normative data set protocols that avoid potential confounding by employing only self-selected pace. Our findings further suggest kinematic changes due to speed differed across gender, most notably in the transverse plane. Thus, we propose that gender specific normative data sets may be required.
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172
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Effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 32:227-234. [PMID: 29870922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy (Tecar) and passive rest on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners when performed shortly after an exhausting training session. DESIGN Randomized controlled crossover trial. SETTING University biomechanical research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen trained male runners MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physiological (running economy, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration) and biomechanical (step length; stride angle, height, frequency, and contact time; swing time; contact phase; support phase; push-off phase) parameters were measured during two incremental treadmill running tests performed two days apart after an exhaustive training session. RESULTS When running at 14 km/h and 16 km/h, the Tecar treatment group presented greater increases in stride length (p < 0.001), angle (p < 0.05) and height (p < 0.001) between the first and second tests than the control group and, accordingly, greater decreases in stride frequency (p < 0.05). Physiological parameters were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that a Tecar therapy intervention enhances biomechanical parameters in recreational runners after an exhaustive training session more than passive rest, generating a more efficient running pattern without affecting selected physiological parameters.
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Abstract
Stiffness describes the resistance of a body to deformation. In regard to athletic performance, a stiffer leg-spring would be expected to augment performance by increasing utilisation of elastic energy. Two-dimensional spring-mass and torsional spring models can be applied to model whole-body (vertical and/or leg stiffness) and joint stiffness. Various tasks have been used to characterise stiffness, including hopping, gait, jumping, sledge ergometry and change of direction tasks. Appropriate levels of reliability have been reported in most tasks, although they vary between investigations. Vertical stiffness has demonstrated the strongest reliability across tasks and may be more sensitive to changes in high-velocity running performance than leg stiffness. Joint stiffness demonstrates the weakest reliability, with ankle stiffness more reliable than knee stiffness. Determination of stiffness has typically necessitated force plate analyses; however, validated field-based equations permit determination of whole-body stiffness without force plates. Vertical, leg and joint stiffness measures have all demonstrated relationships with performance measures. Greater stiffness is typically demonstrated with increasing intensity (i.e., running velocity or hopping frequency). Greater stiffness is observed in athletes regularly subjecting the limb to high ground reaction forces (i.e., sprinters). Careful consideration should be given to the most appropriate assessment of stiffness on a team/individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Maloney
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire , Bedford, UK
| | - Iain M Fletcher
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire , Bedford, UK
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174
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Lima LCR, Bassan NM, Cardozo AC, Gonçalves M, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Isometric pre-conditioning blunts exercise-induced muscle damage but does not attenuate changes in running economy following downhill running. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 60:1-9. [PMID: 29751254 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Running economy (RE) is impaired following unaccustomed eccentric-biased exercises that induce muscle damage. It is also known that muscle damage is reduced when maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) are performed at a long muscle length 2-4 days prior to maximal eccentric exercise with the same muscle, a phenomenon that can be described as isometric pre-conditioning (IPC). We tested the hypothesis that IPC could attenuate muscle damage and changes in RE following downhill running. Thirty untrained men were randomly assigned into experimental or control groups and ran downhill on a treadmill (-15%) for 30 min. Participants in the experimental group completed 10 MVIC in a leg press machine two days prior to downhill running, while participants in the control group did not perform IPC. The magnitude of changes in muscle soreness determined 48 h after downhill running was greater for the control group (122 ± 28 mm) than for the experimental group (92 ± 38 mm). Isometric peak torque recovered faster in the experimental group compared with the control group (3 days vs. no full recovery, respectively). No significant effect of IPC was found for countermovement jump height, serum creatine kinase activity or any parameters associated with RE. These results supported the hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in markers of muscle damage. The hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in RE was not supported by our data. It appears that the mechanisms involved in changes in markers of muscle damage and parameters associated with RE following downhill running are not completely shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP 13607-339, Brazil; Faculty of Physical Education, Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo, Rua Baronesa Geraldo Resende, 330, Campinas, SP 13075-270, Brazil.
| | - Natália M Bassan
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Adalgiso C Cardozo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Gonçalves
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
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175
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Thompson MA. Physiological and Biomechanical Mechanisms of Distance Specific Human Running Performance. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:293-300. [PMID: 28859414 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Running events range from 60-m sprints to ultra-marathons covering 100 miles or more, which presents an interesting diversity in terms of the parameters for successful performance. Here, we review the physiological and biomechanical variations underlying elite human running performance in sprint to ultramarathon distances. Maximal running speeds observed in sprint disciplines are achieved by high vertical ground reaction forces applied over short contact times. To create this high force output, sprint events rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism, as well as a high number and large cross-sectional area of type II fibers in the leg muscles. Middle distance running performance is characterized by intermediates of biomechanical and physiological parameters, with the possibility of unique combinations of each leading to high-level performance. The relatively fast velocities in mid-distance events require a high mechanical power output, though ground reaction forces are less than in sprinting. Elite mid-distance runners exhibit local muscle adaptations that, along with a large anaerobic capacity, provide the ability to generate a high power output. Aerobic capacity starts to become an important aspect of performance in middle distance events, especially as distance increases. In distance running events, V˙O2max is an important determinant of performance, but is relatively homogeneous in elite runners. V˙O2 and velocity at lactate threshold have been shown to be superior predictors of elite distance running performance. Ultramarathons are relatively new running events, as such, less is known about physiological and biomechanical parameters that underlie ultra-marathon performance. However, it is clear that performance in these events is related to aerobic capacity, fuel utilization, and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Thompson
- Exercise Science Department, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA
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176
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Ogueta-Alday A, Morante JC, Gómez-Molina J, García-López J. Similarities and differences among half-marathon runners according to their performance level. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191688. [PMID: 29364940 PMCID: PMC5783408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the similarities and differences among half-marathon runners in relation to their performance level. Forty-eight male runners were classified into 4 groups according to their performance level in a half-marathon (min): Group 1 (n = 11, < 70 min), Group 2 (n = 13, < 80 min), Group 3 (n = 13, < 90 min), Group 4 (n = 11, < 105 min). In two separate sessions, training-related, anthropometric, physiological, foot strike pattern and spatio-temporal variables were recorded. Significant differences (p<0.05) between groups (ES = 0.55–3.16) and correlations with performance were obtained (r = 0.34–0.92) in training-related (experience and running distance per week), anthropometric (mass, body mass index and sum of 6 skinfolds), physiological (VO2max, RCT and running economy), foot strike pattern and spatio-temporal variables (contact time, step rate and length). At standardized submaximal speeds (11, 13 and 15 km·h-1), no significant differences between groups were observed in step rate and length, neither in contact time when foot strike pattern was taken into account. In conclusion, apart from training-related, anthropometric and physiological variables, foot strike pattern and step length were the only biomechanical variables sensitive to half-marathon performance, which are essential to achieve high running speeds. However, when foot strike pattern and running speeds were controlled (submaximal test), the spatio-temporal variables were similar. This indicates that foot strike pattern and running speed are responsible for spatio-temporal differences among runners of different performance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ogueta-Alday
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (FCAFD), University of León, León, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Carlos Morante
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (FCAFD), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Josué Gómez-Molina
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Juan García-López
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (FCAFD), University of León, León, Spain
- High Sport Performance Centre of León (CAR-León), Spanish Council of Sports (CSD), León, Spain
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178
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Gómez-Molina J, Ogueta-Alday A, Camara J, Stickley C, García-lópez J. Effect of 8 weeks of concurrent plyometric and running training on spatiotemporal and physiological variables of novice runners. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:162-169. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1404133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josué Gómez-Molina
- Faculty of Education and Sport, Sport and Physical Education Department, Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ana Ogueta-Alday
- Faculty of Education and Sport, Sport and Physical Education Department, Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Jesus Camara
- Faculty of Education and Sport, Sport and Physical Education Department, Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Christopher Stickley
- Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, College of Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Juan García-lópez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Tamura K, Radzak KN, Vogelpohl RE, Wisthoff BA, Oba Y, Hetzler RK, Stickley CD. The effects of ankle braces and taping on lower extremity running kinematics and energy expenditure in healthy, non-injured adults. Gait Posture 2017; 58:108-114. [PMID: 28772129 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ankle braces and taping are commonly used to prevent ankle sprains and allow return to play following injury, however, it is unclear how passive restriction of joint motion may effect running gait kinematics and energy expenditure during exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different types of ankle supports on lower extremity kinematics and energy expenditure during continuous running. Thirteen healthy physically active adults ran at self-selected speed on the treadmill for 30min in four different ankle support conditions: semi-rigid hinged brace, lace-up brace, tape and control. Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics and energy expenditure were recorded every five minutes. The semi-rigid hinged brace was most effective in restricting frontal plane ankle motion. The lace-up brace and tape restricted sagittal plane ankle motion, while semi-rigid hinged bracing allowed for normal sagittal plane ankle kinematics. Kinematic changes from all three ankle supports were generally persistent through 25-30min of exercise. Only tape influenced knee kinematics, limiting flexion velocity and flexion-extension excursion. Small but significant increased in energy expenditure was found in tape and semi-rigid hinged brace conditions; however, the increases were not to any practically significant level (<0.5kcal/min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Tamura
- Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1337 Lower Campus Road, PE/A Complex, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States.
| | - Kara N Radzak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S/Maryland Parkway, Box 453034, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, United States.
| | - Rachele E Vogelpohl
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Northern Kentucky University, 109 HC Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, United States.
| | - Bethany A Wisthoff
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, 547 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Yukiya Oba
- Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1337 Lower Campus Road, PE/A Complex, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States.
| | - Ronald K Hetzler
- Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1337 Lower Campus Road, PE/A Complex, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States.
| | - Christopher D Stickley
- Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1337 Lower Campus Road, PE/A Complex, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States.
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180
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Schulze S, Schwesig R, Edel M, Fieseler G, Delank KS, Hermassi S, Laudner KG. Treadmill based reference running data for healthy subjects is dependent on speed and morphological parameters. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:269-275. [PMID: 28886463 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain spatiotemporal and dynamic running parameters of healthy participants and to identify relationships between running parameters, speed, and physical characteristics. METHOD A dynamometric treadmill was used to collect running data among 417 asymptomatic subjects during speeds ranging from 10 to 24km/h. Spatiotemporal and dynamic running parameters were calculated and measured. RESULTS Results of the analyses showed that assessing running parameters is dependent on running speed. Body height correlated with stride length (r=0.5), cadence (r=-0.5) and plantar forefoot force (r=0.6). Body mass also had a strong relationship to plantar forefoot forces at 14 and 24km/h and plantar midfoot forces at 14 and 24km/h. CONCLUSION This reference data base can be used in the kinematic and kinetic evaluation of running under a wide range of speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schulze
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Edel
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Georg Fieseler
- Division for Shoulder Surgery and Sports Medicine, Helios Clinic, Warburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Stefan Delank
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Souhail Hermassi
- Research Unit, Sport Performance & Health, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kevin G Laudner
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, IL 61790, USA.
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181
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Abstract
Certain homogeneous running subgroups demonstrate distinct kinematic patterns in running; however, the running mechanics of competitive and recreational runners are not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether we could separate and classify competitive and recreational runners according to gait kinematics using multivariate analyses and a machine learning approach. Participants were allocated to the 'competitive' (n = 20) or 'recreational' group (n = 15) based on age, sex, and recent race performance. Three-dimensional (3D) kinematic data were collected during treadmill running at 2.7 m/s. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to determine if the groups were separable and classifiable based on kinematic time point variables as well as principal component (PC) scores. A cross-fold classification accuracy of 80% was found between groups using the top 5 ranked time point variables, and the groups could be separated with 100% cross-fold classification accuracy using the top 14 ranked PCs explaining 60.29% of the variance in the data. The features were primarily related to pelvic tilt, as well as knee flexion and ankle eversion in late stance. These results suggest that competitive and recreational runners have distinct, 'typical' running patterns that may help explain differences in injury mechanisms.
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182
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Girard O, Millet GP, Morin JB, Brocherie F. Does "Live High-Train Low (and High)" Hypoxic Training Alter Running Mechanics In Elite Team-sport Players? J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16:328-332. [PMID: 28912649 PMCID: PMC5592283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate if "Live High-Train Low (and High)" hypoxic training alters constant-velocity running mechanics. While residing under normobaric hypoxia (≥14 h·d-1; FiO2 14.5-14.2%) for 14 days, twenty field hockey players performed, in addition to their usual training in normoxia, six sessions (4 × 5 × 5-s maximal sprints; 25 s passive recovery; 5 min rest) under either normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 ~14.5%, n = 9) or normoxia (FiO2 20.9%, n = 11). Before and immediately after the intervention, their running pattern was assessed at 10 and 15 km·h-1 as well as during six 30-s runs at ~20 km·h-1 with 30-s passive recovery on an instrumented motorised treadmill. No clear changes in running kinematics and spring-mass parameters occurred globally either at 10, 15 or ~20 km·h-1, with also no significant time × condition interaction for any parameters (p > 0.14). Independently of the condition, heart rate (all p < 0.05) and ratings of perceived exertion decreased post-intervention (only at 15 km·h-1, p < 0.05). Despite indirect signs for improved psycho-physiological responses, no forthright change in stride mechanical pattern occurred after "Live High-Train Low (and High)" hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Franck Brocherie
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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183
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Schütte KH, Sackey S, Venter R, Vanwanseele B. Energy cost of running instability evaluated with wearable trunk accelerometry. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:462-472. [PMID: 28751372 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00429.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining stability under dynamic conditions is an inherent challenge to bipedal running. This challenge may impose an energetic cost (Ec) thus hampering endurance running performance, yet the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Wireless triaxial trunk accelerometry is a simple tool that could be used to unobtrusively evaluate these mechanisms. Here, we test a cost of instability hypothesis by examining the contribution of trunk accelerometry-based measures (triaxial root mean square, step and stride regularity, and sample entropy) to interindividual variance in Ec (J/m) during treadmill running. Accelerometry and indirect calorimetry data were collected concurrently from 30 recreational runners (16 men; 14 women) running at their highest steady-state running speed (80.65 ± 5.99% V̇o2max). After reducing dimensionality with factor analysis, the effect of dynamic stability features on Ec was evaluated using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Three accelerometry-based measures could explain an additional 10.4% of interindividual variance in Ec after controlling for body mass, attributed to anteroposterior stride regularity (5.2%), anteroposterior root mean square ratio (3.2%), and mediolateral sample entropy (2.0%). Our results lend support to a cost of instability hypothesis, with trunk acceleration waveform signals that are 1) more consistent between strides anteroposterioly, 2) larger in amplitude variability anteroposterioly, and 3) more complex mediolaterally and are energetically advantageous to endurance running performance. This study shows that wearable trunk accelerometry is a useful tool for understanding the Ec of running and that running stability is important for economy in recreational runners. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study evaluates and more directly lends support to a cost of instability hypothesis between runners. Moreover, this hypothesis was tested using a minimalist setup including a single triaxial trunk mounted accelerometer, with potential transferability to biomechanical and performance analyses in typical outdoor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt H Schütte
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium.,Movement Laboratory, Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Saint Sackey
- Movement Laboratory, Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Rachel Venter
- Movement Laboratory, Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
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184
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Pellegrini B, Zoppirolli C, Boccia G, Bortolan L, Schena F. Cross-country skiing movement factorization to explore relationships between skiing economy and athletes' skills. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017. [PMID: 28649805 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationships between the biomechanics of the double poling (DP) technique in cross-country skiing, its economy, and athletes' skill. To this aim, skiers' motion has been factorized into components through principal component analysis (PCA). Eight high-level (HL) and eight regional level (RL) male cross-country skiers performed a 5-minute submaximal DP trial while roller skiing on a treadmill at 14 km h-1 and 2° incline. Whole-body kinematics was recorded with a motion capture system. PCA was applied to markers coordinates to extract principal movements (PMk ), which were ranked by their variance. Energy cost (EC) of locomotion was calculated from ergospirometric measurements. Results showed that 96.7%±0.6% of total skiing pattern variance can be described with the first three PMk. (Shoulder and trunk flexion-extension are described PM1 and PM2 and elbow flexion-extension are mainly represented in PM2 and PM3. The variance of further components, consisting of residual movements (eg, slow postural changes or high-frequency vibrations), was greater for the RL than the HL skiers (4.0%±0.5% vs 2.6%±0.3%; P<.001) and was positively correlated with EC (R2 =.646; P<.001). PCA permitted to describe the biomechanics of the DP technique through a limited set of principal movements. Skiing skills and economy appeared to be related to a skier's ability to simplify movement complexity, suggesting that an efficient skier is better able to reduce superfluous movement components during DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pellegrini
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Boccia
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - L Bortolan
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Schena
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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185
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Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the validity of an iPhone application (Runmatic) for measuring running mechanics. To do this, 96 steps from 12 different runs at speeds ranging from 2.77–5.55 m·s−1 were recorded simultaneously with Runmatic, as well as with an opto-electronic device installed on a motorized treadmill to measure the contact and aerial time of each step. Additionally, several running mechanics variables were calculated using the contact and aerial times measured, and previously validated equations. Several statistics were computed to test the validity and reliability of Runmatic in comparison with the opto-electronic device for the measurement of contact time, aerial time, vertical oscillation, leg stiffness, maximum relative force, and step frequency. The running mechanics values obtained with both the app and the opto-electronic device showed a high degree of correlation (r = .94–.99, p < .001). Moreover, there was very close agreement between instruments as revealed by the ICC (2,1) (ICC = 0.965–0.991). Finally, both Runmatic and the opto-electronic device showed almost identical reliability levels when measuring each set of 8 steps for every run recorded. In conclusion, Runmatic has been proven to be a highly reliable tool for measuring the running mechanics studied in this work.
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186
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Lussiana T, Gindre C, Mourot L, Hébert-Losier K. Do subjective assessments of running patterns reflect objective parameters? Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:847-857. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1325072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lussiana
- Research unit EA4660, Culture Sport Health Society and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Company, Chaveria, France
| | - Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Company, Chaveria, France
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Suisse Company, Leysin, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Clinical Investigation Centre, INSERM CIT 808, CHRU, Besançon, France
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Sports Science, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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187
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Fukuchi RK, Fukuchi CA, Duarte M. A public dataset of running biomechanics and the effects of running speed on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3298. [PMID: 28503379 PMCID: PMC5426356 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goals of this study were (1) to present the set of data evaluating running biomechanics (kinematics and kinetics), including data on running habits, demographics, and levels of muscle strength and flexibility made available at Figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4543435); and (2) to examine the effect of running speed on selected gait-biomechanics variables related to both running injuries and running economy. METHODS The lower-extremity kinematics and kinetics data of 28 regular runners were collected using a three-dimensional (3D) motion-capture system and an instrumented treadmill while the subjects ran at 2.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s, and 4.5 m/s wearing standard neutral shoes. RESULTS A dataset comprising raw and processed kinematics and kinetics signals pertaining to this experiment is available in various file formats. In addition, a file of metadata, including demographics, running characteristics, foot-strike patterns, and muscle strength and flexibility measurements is provided. Overall, there was an effect of running speed on most of the gait-biomechanics variables selected for this study. However, the foot-strike patterns were not affected by running speed. DISCUSSION Several applications of this dataset can be anticipated, including testing new methods of data reduction and variable selection; for educational purposes; and answering specific research questions. This last application was exemplified in the study's second objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo K Fukuchi
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudiane A Fukuchi
- Neuroscience and Cognition Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Duarte
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Cognition Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
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188
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HUNTER IAIN, LEE KELLY, WARD JARED, TRACY JAMES. Self-optimization of Stride Length Among Experienced and Inexperienced Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2017; 10:446-453. [PMID: 28515840 PMCID: PMC5421982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Experienced runners appear to naturally select a stride length which is optimal for minimizing oxygen uptake. However, whether this ability is naturally built into the human body or whether it is learned through experience has not been previously tested. This study investigated whether inexperienced runners are as capable as experienced runners of self-optimizing stride length to minimize oxygen uptake. Thirty-three subjects (nineteen experienced and fourteen inexperienced) ran for twenty-minutes while preferred and economical stride lengths were measured. A t-test checked for differences between the experienced and inexperienced groups in the percent increase of oxygen uptake due to not running at the most economical stride length. No difference was found between groups with the increase in oxygen uptake due to not being optimized (p=0.47). The average percent increase in oxygen uptake above the most economical for inexperienced and experienced runners was 1.8% and 1.2% respectively. We concluded that inexperienced and experienced runners are equally capable of matching preferred stride length to economical stride length, thus athletes and coaches do not need to alter runner's stride length when economy is the main concern.
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189
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Paquette MR, Peel SA, Schilling BK, Melcher DA, Bloomer RJ. Soreness-related changes in three-dimensional running biomechanics following eccentric knee extensor exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:546-554. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1290140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max R. Paquette
- The University of Memphis, School of Health Studies, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shelby A. Peel
- The University of Memphis, School of Health Studies, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brian K. Schilling
- The University of Memphis, School of Health Studies, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Dan A. Melcher
- The University of Memphis, School of Health Studies, Memphis, TN, USA
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190
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Joyner MJ. Physiological limits to endurance exercise performance: influence of sex. J Physiol 2017; 595:2949-2954. [PMID: 28028816 DOI: 10.1113/jp272268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief review summarizes factors associated with elite endurance performance, trends in distance running training, and participation by men and more recently women. It is framed in the context of key ideas about the physiological determinants of endurance performance but also touches on some historical and sociological factors relevant to the overall topic. Historical trends that served to increase women's participation in elite endurance events are also discussed as is the role of increased volume and intensity of training. The rapid improvement in women's world record marathon times in the 1970s and 80s are emblematic of these trends and represent a combination of increased training volume and intensity and more competitive opportunities. This occurred as bans on participation by women in endurance events were lifted. For men these same trends evolved over a much longer time frame. The main physiological factor responsible for 10-12% slower times in women compared to men at the elite level are also considered and probably centre aroundV̇O2 max .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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191
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Townshend AD, Franettovich Smith MM, Creaby MW. The energetic cost of gait retraining: A pilot study of the acute effect. Phys Ther Sport 2017; 23:113-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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192
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Tanji F, Shirai Y, Tsuji T, Shimazu W, Nabekura Y. Relation between 1,500-m running performance and running economy during high-intensity running in well-trained distance runners. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Tanji
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yusuke Shirai
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Institute of Sports Science and Nutrition, Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen
| | - Toshiki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Wataru Shimazu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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