151
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152
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Hantraye P, Riche D, Maziere M, Isacson O. Intrastriatal transplantation of cross-species fetal striatal cells reduces abnormal movements in a primate model of Huntington disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:4187-91. [PMID: 1533285 PMCID: PMC525658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.9.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease is a neurological movement disorder involving massive neuronal death in the caudate-putamen region of the brain. Neither preventive nor curative therapy exists for this disease. The implantation of cross-species striatal neural precursor cells into the lesioned striatum of nonhuman primates (baboons) reduced the abnormal movements seen in the disease model. These abnormal movements reappeared after immunological rejection of the implanted striatal cells and were not modified by transplantation with nonstriatal cells. These findings encourage further experimentation toward the use of cell sources other than human fetal cells in a potential clinical application to Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hantraye
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Recherche en Imagerie, Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Orsay, France
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153
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Pantelis C, Barnes TR, Nelson HE. Is the concept of frontal-subcortical dementia relevant to schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160:442-60. [PMID: 1349250 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.160.4.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A syndrome of subcortical dementia has been described in conditions predominantly affecting the basal ganglia or thalamus, structures that have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. There are similarities between subcortical dementia and the type II syndrome of schizophrenia, in terms of clinical features, pattern of neuropsychological deficits, pathology, biochemistry and data from brain-imaging studies. These similarities raise the possibility that certain schizophrenic symptoms, particularly negative symptoms and disturbance of movement, may reflect subcortical pathology. Neuropsychological deficits of presumed frontal lobe origin have been reported in some schizophrenic subjects. The occurrence of such deficits in a condition in which frontal lobe pathology has not been clearly demonstrated may be explicable in terms of a subcortical deafferentation of the pre-frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pantelis
- Charing Cross & Westminster Medical School, Epsom, Surrey
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154
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Crossman AR. Pathophysiology of dyskinesias evidenced from experimental studies in primates. Mov Disord 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.870070507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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155
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Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ. The Connections of the Medial Part of the Subthalamic Nucleus in the Rat: Evidence for a Parallel Organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5871-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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156
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Heimer L, de Olmos J, Alheid GF, Záborszky L. "Perestroika" in the basal forebrain: opening the border between neurology and psychiatry. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1991; 87:109-65. [PMID: 1866444 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Heimer
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908
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157
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Voloshin MY. Experimental reproduction of catecholamine-depleted states and parkinsonism ? Theoretical and practical aspects. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01052641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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158
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159
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Griffiths PD, Sambrook MA, Perry R, Crossman AR. Changes in benzodiazepine and acetylcholine receptors in the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 1990; 100:131-6. [PMID: 1965202 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(90)90023-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Experiments are described in which the benzodiazepine portion of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor and the muscarinic cholinergic receptor were investigated in Parkinson's disease and control brains. Tritiated flunitrazepam and tritiated quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) were used to locate and quantify the receptors by autoradiographic and homogenate binding techniques. Densitometric analysis of autoradiographs of the basal ganglia allowed comparison of receptor densities in the post-mortem control and parkinsonian tissue, while homogenate binding experiments gave information concerning receptor affinity and maximum binding capacity. The results indicate that: 1) Binding of flunitrazepam to the benzodiazepine receptor is reduced in the lateral segment of the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. This suggest that the GABA-ergic pathway from the putamen to the lateral pallidal segment is overactive in Parkinson's disease. 2) Binding of QNB to the cholinergic receptors of the medial pallidal segment is increased in Parkinson's disease. This finding suggests underactivity of the cholinergic pathway from the pedunculopontine nucleus of the medial pallidal segment. 3) Binding of these ligands in the caudate and putamen of Parkinson's disease is not significantly different from controls. We reviewed the literature concerning the activity of these projections in parkinsonian conditions assessed by different methods and discuss here their implications for the pathogenesis of parkinsonian symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Griffiths
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Medical School, University of Manchester, U.K
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160
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Reiner A, Anderson KD. The patterns of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide co-occurrence among striatal projection neurons: conclusions based on recent findings. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1990; 15:251-65. [PMID: 1981156 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(90)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter organization of striatal projection neurons appears to be less complex than once thought. Only 4 major evolutionarily conserved populations appear to be present. The neurons of two of these populations contain SP, DYN and GABA, with one of these two populations consisting of striatonigral projection neurons and the other of striatopallidal projection neurons. The two additional major populations of striatal projection neurons consist of striatopallidal and striato-nigral neurons that both contain both ENK and GABA. Although these conclusions greatly simplify the understanding of the organization of striatal projection neurons by suggesting that only a few major populations are present, these conclusions complicate understanding of neurotransmission between these neurons and their target areas by suggesting that each neuron utilizes multiple neuroactive substances to influence target neurons. Further studies will therefore be required to explore the mechanisms of neurotransmission by which striatal neurons communicate with their target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee-Memphis 38163
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161
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Anderson KD, Reiner A. Extensive co-occurrence of substance P and dynorphin in striatal projection neurons: an evolutionarily conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. J Comp Neurol 1990; 295:339-69. [PMID: 1693632 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902950302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of different neuroactive substances have been found in striatal projection neurons and in fibers and terminals in their target areas, including substance P (SP), enkephalin (ENK), and dynorphin (DYN). In a preliminary report on birds and reptiles, we have suggested that SP and DYN are to a large extent found in the same striatal projection neurons and that ENK is found in a separate population of striatal projection neurons. In the present study, we have examined this issue in more detail in pigeons and turtles. Further, we have also explored this issue in rats to determine whether this is a phylogenetically conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. Simultaneous immunofluorescence double-labeling procedures were employed to explore the colocalization of SP and DYN, SP and ENK, and ENK and DYN in striatal neurons and in striatal, nigral, and pallidal fibers in pigeons, turtles, and rats. To guard against possible cross-reactivity of DYN and ENK antisera with each others' antigens, separate double-label studies were carried out with several different antisera that were specific for DYN peptides (e.g., dynorphin A 1-17, dynorphin B, leumorphin) or ENK peptides (leucine-enkephalin, metenkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8, methionine-enkephalin-arg6-phe7). The results showed that SP and DYN co-occur extensively in specific populations of striatal projection neurons, whereas ENK typically is present in different populations of striatal projection neurons. In pigeons, 95-99% of all striatal neurons containing DYN were found to contain SP and vice versa. In contrast, only 1-3% of the SP+ striatal neurons and no DYN neurons contained ENK. Similarly, in turtles, greater than 75% of the SP+ neurons were DYN+ and vice versa, whereas ENK was observed in fewer than 5% of the SP+ neurons and 2% of the DYN+ neurons. Finally, in rats, more than 70% of the SP+ neurons contained DYN and vice versa, but ENK was found in only 5% of the SP+ neurons and in none of the DYN+ perikarya. Fiber double-labeling in the striatum and its target areas (the pallidum and substantia nigra) was also consonant with these observations in pigeons, turtles, and rats. These results, in conjunction with studies in cats by M.-J. Besson, A.M. Graybiel, and B. Quinn (1986; Soc Neurosci. Abs. 12:876) strongly indicate that the co-occurrence of SP and DYN in large numbers of striatonigral and striatopallidal projection neurons in a phylogenetically widespread, and therefore evolutionarily conserved, feature of basal ganglia organization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis 38163
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162
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Hantraye P, Riche D, Maziere M, Isacson O. A primate model of Huntington's disease: behavioral and anatomical studies of unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the caudate-putamen in the baboon. Exp Neurol 1990; 108:91-104. [PMID: 2139853 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(90)90014-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral caudate-putamen (CP) lesions induced by the glutamate receptor agonist ibotenic acid in baboons produced a neuropathological and behavioral model of Huntington's disease (HD) in the nonhuman primate. Neuropathological evaluation of the lesioned caudate-putamen revealed a neurodegenerative pattern resembling HD. The ibotenic acid-infused CP areas showed a neuronal loss in Nissl-stained sections and a marked astrocytic gliosis by immunohistochemical staining for glial-fibrillary-acidic protein. Acetylcholinesterase fiber staining was severely reduced in the lesioned CP, while afferent dopaminergic fibers, as shown by tyrosine hydroxylase staining, were relatively spared. There was a moderate reduction of met-enkephalin staining in the globus pallidus-pars lateralis ipsilateral to the ibotenic acid lesion, indicating a partial denervation of this structure following the lesion. In the behavioral studies a dyskinetic syndrome with features in common with HD was provoked in the lesioned animals following dopamine receptor agonist administration (1-2 mg/kg apomorphine). The symptoms included hyperkinesia, chorea, dystonia, postural asymmetries, head, and orofacial dyskinesia. The apomorphine test was highly reproducible and individual animals responded with a similar set and incidence of dyskinesia in successive tests. Since the behavioral observations following excitotoxic caudate-putamen damage parallel symptoms in HD patients given dopamine stimulatory drugs, a hypothesis is presented for the observed abnormal movements suggesting that the CP lesions reduce movement thresholds while the activation of dopaminoceptive regions induces dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hantraye
- Lira-CNRS Unit 1285, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
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163
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Groenewegen HJ, Berendse HW. Connections of the subthalamic nucleus with ventral striatopallidal parts of the basal ganglia in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1990; 294:607-22. [PMID: 2341628 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902940408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to establish the precise anatomical relationship of the subthalamic nucleus (STh) with limbic lobe-afferented parts of the basal ganglia in the rat. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), injected in the STh, the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the ventral striatum, and the parafascicular thalamic nucleus, and the retrograde tracers Fluoro-Gold (FG) and cholera toxin B (CTb), injected in the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the ventral striatum, and the ventral mesencephalon, were used for this purpose. The results of these tracing experiments confirm the general notion of reciprocal connections between the STh and pallidal areas. Thus the dorsomedial part of the STh is connected with the subcommisural ventral pallidum, whereas a more ventral and lateral part of the medial STh is related to the medial globus pallidus. The lateral hypothalamic area, directly adjacent to the STh, containing neurons with a morphology quite similar to those in the STh, projects to parts of the ventral pallidum related to the olfactory tubercle. The reciprocal projection from this pallidal area to subthalamic regions appears to be very sparse. The medial STh sends strong projections to the medial part of the entopeduncular nucleus and the adjacent lateral hypothalamic area. Sparser projections from the medial STh reach the rostral and medial part of the caudate-putamen and the nucleus accumbens. The nucleus accumbens sends a very sparse projection back to the medial STh. The projections of the medial STh to the ventral mesencephalon appear also to be topographically organized. The lateral hypothalamus and a few cells in the most medial part of the STh project to the ventral tegmental area, whereas progressively more lateral parts of the ventral mesencephalon, in particular the substantia nigra, receive input from successively more lateral and caudal parts of the STh. In addition, a number of STh fibers reach the midbrain extrapyramidal area. The lateral part of the parafascicular thalamic nucleus projects to the lateral part of the STh, whereas parafascicular neurons medial to the fasciculus retroflexus project to the dorsomedial portion of the STh. The medial part of the STh and the adjacent lateral hypothalamus are intimately connected with limbic parts of the basal ganglia in a way similar and parallel to the connections of the lateral STh with motor-related parts of the basal ganglia. These findings suggest a role for the STh in nonmotor functions of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Groenewegen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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164
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Canteras NS, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, Silva BA, Ricardo JA. Afferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus: a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Brain Res 1990; 513:43-59. [PMID: 2350684 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive characterization of the afferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus of Luys (STN) is a necessary step in the unraveling of extrapyramidal mechanisms. In the present study, the STN afferents in the rat were systematically investigated with the aid of retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. The results indicate that, besides a massive input from the dorsal pallidum, the STN receives substantial projections from several districts of the cerebral cortex (the medial division of the prefrontal cortex, the first motor and primary somatosensory areas, and the granular insular territory), the ventral pallidum, the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, as well as a modest innervation from the dorsal raphe nucleus. In spite of the fact that many additional structures were found to contain retrogradely labeled neurons after tracer injections in the STN, no other projection to the latter nucleus could be effectively established in our anterograde experimental series.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Canteras
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Säo Paula, Brazil
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165
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Smith Y, Hazrati LN, Parent A. Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the squirrel monkey as studied by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method. J Comp Neurol 1990; 294:306-23. [PMID: 2332533 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902940213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the efferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus was studied in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) by using the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) as an anterograde tracer. At the level of the basal forebrain, anterogradely labeled fibers and axon terminals were mostly found in the striatopallidal complex and the substantia innominata. In cases in which the PHA-L injection sites were placed in the central or the lateral third of the subthalamic nucleus, numerous anterogradely labeled fibers were seen to arise from the injection loci and innervate massively the globus pallidus. At pallidal levels the fibers formed bands lying parallel and adjacent to the medullary laminae. The number and the complexity of the topographical organization of these bands varied with the size and the location of the PHA-L injection site. When examined at a higher magnification, the bands of subthalamopallidal fibers appeared as rich plexuses of short axon collaterals with small bulbous enlargements that closely surrounded the cell bodies and primary dendrites of pallidal cells. In contrast, PHA-L injection involving the medial tip of the subthalamic nucleus did not produce bandlike fiber patterns in the globus pallidus. Instead, the labeled fibers formed a diffuse plexus occupying the ventral part of the rostral pole of the globus pallidus as well as the subcommissural pallidal region. The substantia innominata contained a moderate number of labeled fibers and axon terminals following injection of PHA-L in the medial tip of the subthalamic nucleus. A small to moderate number of anterogradely labeled fibers were seen in the putamen after all PHA-L injections. These subthalamostriatal fibers were long, linear, and branched infrequently. At midbrain level the substantia nigra contained a significant number of anterogradely labeled fibers and axon terminals following PHA-L injection in the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamonigral fibers descended along the ventromedial part of the cerebral peduncle and swept laterally to reach their target. Most of these fibers formed small plexuses along the base of the pars reticulata, whereas a few others ascended along the cell columns of the pars compacta that impinged deeply within the pars reticulata. More caudally in the brainstem, a small number of fibers occurred in the area of the pedunculopontine nucleus and in the periaqueductal gray. These findings indicate that besides its well-known connection with the pallidum, the subthalamic nucleus gives rise to widespread projections to other components of the basal ganglia in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Smith
- Centre de recherche en neurobiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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166
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Albin RL, Reiner A, Anderson KD, Penney JB, Young AB. Striatal and nigral neuron subpopulations in rigid Huntington's disease: implications for the functional anatomy of chorea and rigidity-akinesia. Ann Neurol 1990; 27:357-65. [PMID: 1972318 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410270403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide immunohistochemistry was used to test several hypotheses of the anatomical bases of chorea and rigidity-akinesia. To test the hypothesis that elevated concentration of striatal somatostatin causes chorea, we visually compared the density of striatal neurons containing somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brains affected by choreic or rigid-akinetic Huntington's disease (HD). The density of these neurons was elevated in both rigid-akinetic and choreic HD specimens with an apparently normal total number of these neurons, indicating that elevated somatostatin concentration, by itself, does not lead to chorea. We tested the hypothesis that rigid-akinetic HD results from deficient dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurotransmission by examining tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons in the substantia nigra. In rigid-akinetic HD brains, there was no obvious reduction of nigral TH-IR neurons, indicating that rigid-akinetic HD is probably not due to loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Finally, we also examined the status of striatal projection neurons and found near total loss of all striatal neurons projecting to the lateral globus pallidus, medial globus pallidus, and substantia nigra in brains affected by rigid-akinetic HD in contrast to the preservation of neurons projecting to the medial globus pallidus in choreic HD. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chorea results from preferential loss of striatal neurons projecting to the lateral globus pallidus and that rigid-akinetic HD is a consequence of the additional loss of striatal neurons projecting to the medial segment of the pallidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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167
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Kultas-Ilinsky K, Hughes B, Fogarty JD, Ilinsky IA. GABA and benzodiazepine receptors in the cat motor thalamus after lesioning of nigro- and pallidothalamic pathways. Brain Res 1990; 511:197-208. [PMID: 2159356 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Binding parameters of [3H]muscimol ([3H]MUS) and [3H]flunitrazepam ([ 3H]FLU) were determined in the thalamic area of overlap of nigro- and pallidothalamic pathways at short- (1-10 weeks) and long-term (6-11 months) survival times after kainic acid lesioning of substantia nigra pairs reticularis (SNr) and/or entopeduncular nucleus (EPN). No statistically significant lesion-induced changes in Kd could be established in any of the lesioned groups. Bmax values for both binding sites, when corrected for nerve cell densities, revealed some changes in all but one instance (no statistically significant changes in the number of [3H]MUS binding sites were detected after SNr lesions). Significant bilateral increase in the number of [3H]MUS binding sites was found after unilateral EPN and combined EPN + SNr lesions. In the first group the changes were transient; in the second, the number of binding sites appeared to be still on the rise at 8 months postlesion. The latter increase was interpreted as resulting from plasticity type changes in GABAergic local circuit neurons in response to massive deafferentation from extrinsic inhibitory inputs. Changes in [3H]FLU binding sites were of different character and of extremely low magnitude compared to changes in [3H]MUS binding sites. Subtle, but statistically significant, ipsilateral increase in the number of [3H]FLU binding sites as a function of time postlesion was found in the SNr lesioned group. In two other lesioned groups small magnitude increase occurred bilaterally, although in the EPN lesioned group it was more pronounced on the operated side. The results are consistent with earlier suggestion that [3H]MUS and [3H]FLU binding sites in the motor thalamus appear to be associated with different types of GABAergic synapses with none of them being directly associated with the basal ganglia thalamic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kultas-Ilinsky
- Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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168
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Crossman AR. A hypothesis on the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie levodopa- or dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: implications for future strategies in treatment. Mov Disord 1990; 5:100-8. [PMID: 1970120 DOI: 10.1002/mds.870050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatment of human Parkinson's disease with levodopa or dopamine agonists is often complicated by the appearance of abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias) that are extremely difficult to control. Little is known of the cause, pathophysiological mechanisms, or possible strategies for amelioration of this manifestation of dyskinesia. A hypothesis is set forth on the neural mechanisms that mediate levodopa- or dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia (in particular chorea) as a side effect of the treatment of parkinsonism. Evidence is drawn from both clinical observations and experimental studies in a spectrum of movement disorders ranging from ballism through chorea to parkinsonism. It is proposed that (a) All forms of chorea, whatever their origin, share a common underlying neural mechanism. (b) Disordered activity of the subthalamic nucleus is central to the generation of choreic movements. In levodopa- or dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia, (c) The site of action of dopaminergic agents in causing chorea is the putamen. (d) The specific pathophysiological state conducive to the appearance of chorea is brought about by the long-term exposure of the dopamine-depleted (parkinsonian) putamen to exogenous dopaminergic agents. (e) Long-term exposure to dopaminergic agents causes (either directly or indirectly) preferential inhibition of the subpopulation of putaminal neurones that project specifically to the lateral segment of the globus pallidus. This causes disinhibition of lateral pallidal neurones, which become overactive and physiologically inhibit the subthalamic nucleus. (f) The hypothesis suggests a number of possible strategies that might be useful for the alleviation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Crossman
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Medical School, University of Manchester, England, UK
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169
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Abstract
The organization of striatopallidal projection neurons in the primate was studied by injecting horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin and fluorescent markers (latex microspheres, Fluorogold, Diamidino Yellow or Nuclear Yellow) into the globus pallidus of 20 adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Single injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin were placed so as to involve predominantly either one or both pallidal segments. In the double-tracer experiments, fluorescent tracer injections were centered in the external pallidum and deposits of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin were made in the internal pallidum. In control cases, injections were made in nearby parts of the internal capsule or striatum. Distributions of retrogradely labeled neurons in the striatum were analysed in relation to its striosomal architecture as demonstrated by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Three principal findings emerged. (1) Both the external and the internal segments of the primate pallidum receive input from both the caudate nucleus and the putamen, but different sets of striatal cells within these nuclei project to the two segments. (2) The striatopallidal projection in the primate originates mainly in the extrastriosomal matrix, although striosomes in the fields of labeling almost always contain some labeled neurons. (3) Heterogeneous groupings of striatopallidal projection neurons exist in the matrix and appear to be parts of three-dimensional projection-neuron arrays. We conclude that in the primate, separate lines of conduction lead from the striatum to the external and the internal pallidal segments, and raise the possibility that the cells of origin of these pathways form a mosaic in the extrastriosomal matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Giménez-Amaya
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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170
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Apicella P, Trouche E, Nieoullon A, Legallet E, Dusticier N. Motor impairments and neurochemical changes after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in monkeys. Neuroscience 1990; 38:655-66. [PMID: 2125332 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90059-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system were induced in five monkeys by intranigral injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Following the lesion, all monkeys showed a transient reluctance in using the contralateral forelimb, accompanied, in two monkeys by semi-flexed posture of the disabled forelimb. Three of the monkeys that had been conditioned to perform a visually triggered goal-directed arm movement, showed an increase in latency and duration of contralateral arm movements. Task performance recovered spontaneously to preoperative levels within four months in two monkeys despite significant reductions of endogenous dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid contents in the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus ipsilateral to the neurotoxic nigral injection. The third monkey exhibited a persistent increase in movement latency associated with a near complete loss of dopamine in both the putamen and the caudate nucleus. In all cases, an increase the dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid to dopamine ratio was detected in the striatum and pallidum suggesting a compensatory increase in dopamine turnover in remaining intact dopaminergic nerve terminals. The level of serotonin was changed in all monkeys consisting of either a decrease or an increase, depending on the striatopallidal regions studied. Changes in choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in the same regions were only seen in some cases. The present results show that 6-hydroxydopamine-induced partial unilateral lesion of nigral dopaminergic neurons produced predominantly contralateral hypokinesia, accompanied by reductions of dopamine content in the ipsilateral striatum and pallidum. The use of this locally applied neurotoxin appears to be a suitable method for investigating neurophysiological mechanisms underlying hypokinesia since deficits in both initiating and executing movements can be expressed independently of other behavioral symptoms. The results show more persistent deficits in starting movements than in their execution and thus suggest that motor initiation is more dependent upon the functional integrity of the nigrostriatal dopamine system than movement completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apicella
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles, CNRS, Marseille, France
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171
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Levin ED, Bushnell PJ, Baysinger CM. d-Amphetamine-induced "floating limb" syndrome in young rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990; 101:112-7. [PMID: 2343071 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute d-amphetamine administration to young rhesus monkeys (N = 10) caused a motor syndrome of hypoactivity and chorea-like postures and motor movements which we have termed "floating limb". Frequently after subcutaneous injections of 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg d-amphetamine, an affected monkey raised one or both legs or arms and held the limb(s) motionless in the air. Affected limbs were usually returned to a normal position if they appeared to enter the animal's visual field. In other cases, the monkey assumed bizarre and contorted postures which were held for prolonged periods. Such postures were often accompanied by gentle repetitive brushing of the ears and facial hair with extremities of the affected limbs. Quantification of the frequency of these movements showed that they occurred regularly for 90-150 min after d-amphetamine. Hydroxyamphetamine, a peripherally-acting amphetamine analog, did not induce floating limb, indicating that the behavior was probably mediated by central actions of d-amphetamine. A similar disorder has been reported occasionally in other studies with monkeys and cats. It may be related to the chorea that is seen in humans after the use of amphetamine and other stimulants. d-Amphetamine treatment in young monkeys may provide a viable model of human choreoathetoid disorders induced by disease or drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Levin
- Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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172
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Waddington JL. Spontaneous orofacial movements induced in rodents by very long-term neuroleptic drug administration: phenomenology, pathophysiology and putative relationship to tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990; 101:431-47. [PMID: 1975104 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While understanding of the major clinical and ethical issue of tardive dyskinesia would be greatly facilitated by the development of an isomorphic or homologous animal model, particularly in rodents, this has proved to be a highly contentious issue. The literature on orofacial function in rats administered neuroleptic drugs for substantial proportions of their adult lifespan is reviewed. It reveals the emergence of late-onset orofacial movements in a number of studies, but very early-onset movements or no effect in others. Potential explanations for these discrepancies are considered, and ways of resolving such inconsistencies are suggested. The relationship of these various orofacial phenomena to dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic function, and to clinical syndromes, is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Waddington
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
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173
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Isacson O, Hantraye P, Maziere M, Sofroniew MV, Riche D. Apomorphine-induced dyskinesias after excitotoxic caudate-putamen lesions and the effects of neural transplantation in non-human primates. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 82:523-33. [PMID: 2149770 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Isacson
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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174
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Abstract
Basal ganglia disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes with a common anatomic locus within the basal ganglia. To account for the variety of clinical manifestations associated with insults to various parts of the basal ganglia we propose a model in which specific types of basal ganglia disorders are associated with changes in the function of subpopulations of striatal projection neurons. This model is based on a synthesis of experimental animal and post-mortem human anatomic and neurochemical data. Hyperkinetic disorders, which are characterized by an excess of abnormal movements, are postulated to result from the selective impairment of striatal neurons projecting to the lateral globus pallidus. Hypokinetic disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, are hypothesized to result from a complex series of changes in the activity of striatal projection neuron subpopulations resulting in an increase in basal ganglia output. This model suggests that the activity of subpopulations of striatal projection neurons is differentially regulated by striatal afferents and that different striatal projection neuron subpopulations may mediate different aspects of motor control.
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175
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Albin RL, Aldridge JW, Young AB, Gilman S. Feline subthalamic nucleus neurons contain glutamate-like but not GABA-like or glycine-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res 1989; 491:185-8. [PMID: 2569908 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The identity of the neurotransmitter of subthalamic nucleus neurons has not been definitively established. GABA, glycine, and glutamate have all been hypothesized to be the neurotransmitter of these neurons. Immunohistochemistry with 3 well characterized antisera against glutamate, GABA, and glycine were used to study feline subthalamic nucleus neurons. These neurons were found to contain intense glutamate-like but not GABA- or glycine-like immunoreactivity. The surrounding neuropil contained glutamate-like and GABA-like but not glycine-like immunoreactivity. These results support the hypothesis that subthalamic nucleus neurons are glutamatergic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104
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176
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Garcia-Cairasco N. [Neural and ethological relations in the evaluation of motor control changes. II. Experimental models]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1989; 47:172-81. [PMID: 2688607 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1989000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As a tool for the study of normal and pathological motor manifestations, the experimental models of motor alterations are discussed. Here, we present particularly the neural and ethological characteristics of experimental models as hemiplegia, akinesia, parkinsonism and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garcia-Cairasco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paule
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177
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Hamamura T, Kazahaya Y, Otsuki S. Ceruletide suppresses endogenous dopamine release via vagal afferent system, studied by in vivo intracerebral dialysis. Brain Res 1989; 483:78-83. [PMID: 2706512 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ceruletide, a cholecystokinin-related decapeptide, has been reported to have some therapeutic effects on tardive dyskinesia and other involuntary movement disorders. In order to clarify the effects of ceruletide on dopaminergic activity in the rat striatum, we measured the release of endogenous dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) after intraperitoneal administration of ceruletide (2, 20, 200 micrograms/kg) using in vivo intracerebral dialysis techniques. After administration of ceruletide (200 micrograms/kg), extracellular DA decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) for 0.5-3 h. The maximal reduction of extracellular DA (by 29%) was observed for 2-2.5 h. Extracellular DA was reduced (21%) by 20 but not by 2 micrograms/kg ceruletide. DOPAC and HVA did not change at any dose of ceruletide. We also demonstrated that bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocked this inhibitory effect of ceruletide on DA release. These findings indicate that peripherally administered ceruletide suppresses endogenous DA release via the vagal afferent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hamamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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178
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Robertson RG, Farmery SM, Sambrook MA, Crossman AR. Dyskinesia in the primate following injection of an excitatory amino acid antagonist into the medial segment of the globus pallidus. Brain Res 1989; 476:317-22. [PMID: 2539224 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Injection of an excitatory amino acid antagonist, kynurenic acid, into the medial segment of the globus pallidus of the conscious monkey elicited dyskinesia of the contralateral limbs. In most respects the dyskinesia was indistinguishable from the disorder that is produced by ablation of the subthalamic nucleus, or injection of a GABA antagonist into the subthalamic nucleus. Injections of kynurenic acid into the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, by contrast, did not provoke dyskinesia. The effect of kynurenic acid is attributed to the blockade of neurotransmission from the subthalamic nucleus to the medial pallidal segment, and the results suggest that the neurotransmitter utilised by this pathway is an excitatory amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Robertson
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Manchester, U.K
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179
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Crossman AR. Neural mechanisms in disorders of movement. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 93:141-9. [PMID: 2568216 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Experimental models of ballism, chorea and Parkinson's disease have been developed in the primate, and the underlying neural mechanisms which mediate these disorders of movement have been investigated using the 2-deoxyglucose uptake technique. 2. In ballism, the subthalamic nucleus is either lesioned or underactive. Because of the excitatory nature of subthalamic efferent fibres, this leads to abnormal underactivity of neurons in the medical segment of the globus pallidus which project to the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus, and to the pedunculopontine nucleus of the caudal midbrain. 3. In chorea, there is underactivity of GABAergic striatal (putaminal) neurons which project to the lateral segment of the globus pallidus. This leads to overacting of lateral pallidal neurons and, thus, physiological inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus. Common neural mechanisms, therefore, underlie the appearance of dyskinesia in ballism and chorea. 4. In parkinsonism, there is overactivity of putaminal neurons projecting to the lateral pallidal segment. This results in excessive inhibition of lateral pallidal neurons and, as a consequence, disinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus. Overactivity of the subthalamic nucleus provides excessive drive upon medial pallidal neurons projecting to thalamic and pedunculopontine nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Crossman
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Medical School, University of Manchester, UK
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180
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Mitchell IJ, Clarke CE, Boyce S, Robertson RG, Peggs D, Sambrook MA, Crossman AR. Neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms based upon regional uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Neuroscience 1989; 32:213-26. [PMID: 2586750 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The 2-deoxyglucose metabolic mapping technique has been used to investigate the neural mechanisms which underlie the symptoms of Parkinsonism in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine primate model of Parkinson's disease. In six cynomolgus monkeys, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine was either (a) administered intravenously to induce generalized Parkinsonism, or (b) infused into one carotid artery to induce unilateral Parkinsonism. Post-mortem examination revealed profound cell loss from the substantia nigra, pars compacta either bilaterally or unilaterally in the two groups, respectively. In addition, there was pathological involvement of the ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus in animals receiving intravenous 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. 2-Deoxyglucose autoradiography revealed widespread changes in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the brains of parkinsonian animals when compared to controls. Most of these changes were in basal ganglia and related structures and were qualitatively similar in the two groups of experimental animals. Prominent increases in 2-deoxyglucose uptake were observed in the lateral segment of the globus pallidus (24-27%), the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus (14-22%) and the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus of the caudal midbrain (17-69%). A profound decrease (17-26%) in 2-deoxyglucose uptake was observed in the subthalamic nucleus. We propose these data to indicate that in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism there is the following pattern of abnormal neuronal activity in basal ganglia circuitry: (i) increased activity in the projection from the putamen to the lateral segment of the globus pallidus; (ii) decreased activity in the projection from the putamen to the medial segment of the globus pallidus; (iii) decreased activity in the projection from the lateral segment of the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus; (iv) increased activity in the projection from the subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus; and (v) increased activity in neurons of the medial segment of the globus pallidus projecting to the ventral anterior/ventral lateral thalamus and the pedunculopontine nucleus. These results are compared to the 2-deoxyglucose uptake findings in previous studies from this laboratory in hemiballism and hemichorea in the monkey. The central importance of the subthalamic nucleus in all three conditions is proposed, and supportive evidence for the excitatory nature of subthalamic efferent fibres is adduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Medical School, University of Manchester, U.K
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181
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Ariano MA. Long-term changes in striatal D1 dopamine receptor distribution after dopaminergic deafferentation. Neuroscience 1989; 32:203-12. [PMID: 2531300 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The morphochemical disposition of the adenylate cyclase-linked dopamine receptor (D1 type) in the rat striatum has been assessed at various time points after a neurotoxic lesion of the dopaminergic afferent pathway to the caudate nucleus. D1 receptor binding sites in the caudate nucleus were determined by in vitro autoradiography of the substituted benzazepine D1 antagonists, [3H]SCH 23390 or [125I]SCH 23982, and contrasted to the pattern of striatal immunohistochemical reactivity of the second messenger compound, cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate. The results demonstrate that the specific association of this dopamine receptor type with cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-stained neurons is abolished at 7 days following chemical interruption of the nigrostriatal pathway, and the receptor disruption is persistent for durations as long as 20 weeks. This investigation suggests that once the postsynaptic receptor pathology is produced by deafferentation, it does not recover the selective morphochemical relationship normally established with the target cell containing the second messenger. This is in contrast to modest biochemical recuperation in D1 dopamine receptor binding seen using this experimental paradigm. This change in D1 dopamine receptor morphochemistry is discussed in relation to the neurochemical deficits produced by dopaminergic denervation and in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ariano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington 05405
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182
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Vernier P, Julien JF, Rataboul P, Fourrier O, Feuerstein C, Mallet J. Similar time course changes in striatal levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase and proenkephalin mRNA following dopaminergic deafferentation in the rat. J Neurochem 1988; 51:1375-80. [PMID: 2459307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The time course changes in levels of mRNA encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and proenkephalin (PPE) was analyzed in the rat striatum following unilateral lesion of substantia nigra with 6-hydroxydopamine. The levels of both GAD and PPE mRNAs increased after the dopaminergic deafferentation, reaching concomitantly a maximal twofold increase on day 25. Thereafter, the mRNA levels declined; at 4 months, the amount of PPE mRNA remained slightly elevated whereas GAD mRNA had returned to the control value, suggesting the action of a compensatory mechanism. We also observed a rise of glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA level which reflects a reactive astrocytosis. In contrast, alpha-tubulin mRNA level remained unchanged, indicating that no significant synaptogenesis occurs in this experimental situation. No obvious modification in mRNA levels was detected in the striatum contralateral to the lesion. These results highlight the role of the modulation of gene expression in adaptive processes to dopamine deficiency in striatal efferent pathways. Its relevance to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vernier
- Département de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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183
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Calabresi P, Benedetti M, Mercuri NB, Bernardi G. Endogenous dopamine and dopaminergic agonists modulate synaptic excitation in neostriatum: intracellular studies from naive and catecholamine-depleted rats. Neuroscience 1988; 27:145-57. [PMID: 2904663 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular recordings from slices of rat neostriatum were utilized to study the effects of endogenous dopamine and of exogenous dopaminergic agonists on the excitatory synaptic potentials evoked by the local stimulation of the slice. D-Amphetamine (0.1-5 microM), as well as dopamine, produced a dose-dependent decrease of the excitatory synaptic potentials. This effect was blocked by membrane hyperpolarization. The blockade of potassium channels by intracellular cesium or by extracellular 4-aminopyridine (0.5-1 mM) did not block the voltage-dependent effect of dopamine. The effects of D-amphetamine were antagonized by (R)-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7 -ol (SCH 23390) (0.1-1 microM), an antagonist for D1 dopaminergic receptors, but not by sulpiride (0.1-1 microM), an antagonist for D2 receptors. Pretreatment of the animals with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg) or with reserpine (5 mg/kg) blocked the amphetamine-induced effect on the synaptic potentials. In reserpinized animals, the hyperpolarization of the membrane potential did not block the dopamine-induced decrease of the synaptic excitation. After reserpine pretreatment bromocryptine and lysuride, D2 agonists which in control conditions were ineffective, also mimicked the effects of dopamine. In reserpinized rats, the inhibitory effects of the dopaminergic agonists were antagonized by sulpiride, but not by SCH 23390. We conclude that in naive animals endogenous dopamine mimics the voltage-dependent reduction of synaptic excitation produced by D1 activation, while in catecholamine-depleted rats dopamine lacks its voltage-dependent effect and interacts with "supersensitive" D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calabresi
- Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica, II Universita degli Studi di Roma, Italy
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184
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Canteras NS, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, Silva BA, Ricardo JA. Somatosensory inputs to the subthalamic nucleus: a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Brain Res 1988; 458:53-64. [PMID: 2463044 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous physiological studies have shown that neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) respond to peripheral somatosensory stimulation. In an attempt to identify anatomical pathways that could mediate such responses, the possible existence of direct projections from somatosensory central territories to the STN was investigated in the rat with the aid of retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. Our main findings indicate the existence of a hitherto undescribed and relatively substantial direct projection from the primary somatosensory cortex to the ipsilateral STN. The projection appears to originate chiefly from neurons in layer Vb of the rostral half of this cortical area and to terminate basically in the dorsolateral district of the STN. Moreover, our data are compatible with the existence of very sparse direct projections from the spinal trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei to the contralateral STN, but the evidence on this point is hardly conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Canteras
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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185
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Smith Y, Parent A. Neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in primates display glutamate but not GABA immunoreactivity. Brain Res 1988; 453:353-6. [PMID: 2900056 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical studies undertaken with a highly specific antiserum raised against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-glutaraldehyde-lysyl-protein conjugate showed that cell bodies of the subthalamic nucleus in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) were closely surrounded by several GABA-positive terminals but were not themselves immunoreactive. In contrast, after incubation with a monoclonal antibody directed against carbodiimide-fixed glutamate, virtually all cell bodies of the subthalamic nucleus displayed an intense immunoreactivity. They were surrounded by various neuronal processes that also stained for glutamate. These results suggest that the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in primates utilize the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate instead of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Smith
- Département d'Anatomie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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186
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Scherman D, Darchen F, Desnos C, Henry JP. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium is a substrate of the vesicular monoamine uptake system of chromaffin granules. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 146:359-60. [PMID: 3259507 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Scherman
- Institut de Biologie Physico-chimique, Paris, France
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187
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Crossman AR, Clarke CE, Boyce S, Robertson RG, Sambrook MA. MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the monkey: neurochemical pathology, complications of treatment and pathophysiological mechanisms. Neurol Sci 1987; 14:428-35. [PMID: 3119180 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100037859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MPTP induces parkinsonism in monkeys by destruction of the substantia nigra, pars compacta. It can also damage ventral tegmental dopamine neurones and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus, both of which may be affected in Parkinson's disease. Motor symptoms in MPTP-treated monkeys respond readily to levodopa or dopamine agonist therapy. Administration of levodopa over 4-8 weeks leads to the emergence of "peak-dose" dyskinesia. Such abnormal movements are not seen following challenge doses of levodopa in animals not on long-term therapy. Radioligand studies reveal a 40-180% increase in D2 receptor binding in the striatum of parkinsonian monkeys. 2-deoxyglucose studies of regional brain metabolism indicate that MPTP-induced parkinsonism is characterised by abnormally increased activity of medial pallidal neurones which project to the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus and reduced activity of subthalamic nucleus neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Crossman
- Department of Cell & Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, U.K
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