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Hou H, Yu X, Dong B, Hu J. Residues and Safety Evaluation of Etoxazole, Bifenazate and Its Metabolite Bifenazate-diazene in Citrus Under Open-Field Conditions. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:281-288. [PMID: 34264365 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The residues of bifenazate (sum of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene) and etoxazole in whole citrus and pulp collected from twelve regions of China were monitored and their chronic dietary risk to consumer were also evaluated. The citrus samples were extracted by a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of target compounds were ranged from 83 to 100% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.59-11.8%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for three analytes were 0.01 mg/kg. At the interval to harvest of 20 and 30 days, the residues of total bifenazate and etoxazole were from below 0.02 to 0.26 mg/kg and from below 0.01 to 0.30 mg/kg in citrus samples. The chronic risk quotients (RQs) were below 100%, indicating no unacceptable risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bizhang Dong
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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152
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Kanu AB. Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462444. [PMID: 34380070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article compares and contrasts sample preparation techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and describes applications developed in biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene in the last two decades. The proper sample preparation technique can offer valued data for a targeted application when coupled to HPLC and a suitable detector. Improvements in sample preparation techniques in the last two decades have resulted in efficient extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration in a single step, thus providing a pathway to tackle complex matrix applications. Applications such as biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, environmental/industrial hygiene, forensics, glycan cleanup, etc., have been significantly enhanced due to improved sample preparation techniques. This review looks at the early sample preparation techniques. Further, it describes eight sample preparation technique coupled to HPLC that has gained prominence in the last two decades. They are (1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), (2) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), (3) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (4) Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), (5) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), (6) ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), and (7) microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MWASE). SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be used offline and online with HPLC. UASE and MWASE can be used offline with HPLC but have also been combined with the online automated techniques of SPE, LLE, GPC, or QuEChERS for targeted analysis. Three application areas of biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene are reviewed for the eight sample preparation techniques. Three hundred and twenty references on the eight sample preparation techniques published over the last two decades (2001-2021) are provided. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, United States.
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153
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Shen H, Zhang Y, Schramm KW. Analytical aspects of meet-in-metabolite analysis for molecular pathway reconstitution from exposure to adverse outcome. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 87:101006. [PMID: 34304900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To explore the etiology of diseases is one of the major goals in epidemiological study. Meet-in-metabolite analysis reconstitutes biomonitoring-based adverse outcome (AO) pathways from environmental exposure to a disease, in which the chemical exposome-related metabolism responses are transmitted to incur the AO-related metabolism phenotypes. However, the ongoing data-dependent acquisition of non-targeted biomonitoring by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is biased against the low abundance molecules, which forms the major of molecular internal exposome, i.e., the totality of trace levels of environmental pollutants and/or their metabolites in human samples. The recent development of data-independent acquisition protocols for HRMS screening has opened new opportunities to enhance unbiased measurement of the extremely low abundance molecules, which can encompass a wide range of analytes and has been applied in metabolomics, DNA, and protein adductomics. In addition, computational MS for small molecules is urgently required for the top-down exposome databases. Although a holistic analysis of the exposome and endogenous metabolites is plausible, multiple and flexible strategies, instead of "putting one thing above all" are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, PR China.
| | - Yike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Molecular EXposomics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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154
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A fatal poisoning case of acetone cyanohydrin and citalopram. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101937. [PMID: 34233261 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) is a readily available source of cyanide and is widely used in basic and applied sciences. In toxicology, ACH is classified as extremely hazardous as it readily decomposes on contact with water, with the potential rapid release of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). We report the case of a young woman found dead from the intentional ingestion of ACH and citalopram, an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. The autopsy findings included bright reddish-purple hypostasis and mild pulmonary edema. As ACH can decompose to acetone and HCN, we quantified the concentration of each compound and thiocyanate separately in various body fluids and organs and determined their whole-body distributions by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We observed high concentrations of both acetone and cyanide in the blood (0.63 mg/mL and 17.99 mM, respectively) and gastric contents (9.76 mg/mL and 472.44 mM). The whole-body distributions of acetone and cyanide were similar (i.e., the concentration of each compound was the highest in the lung, followed by the heart, and then the liver). Our results suggest that not only the route of administration but also the dose taken could greatly affect the body distributions of cyanide in humans. In addition, as toxicological screening detected citalopram, which was not prescribed to the deceased, we performed a chiral analysis by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We determined that only (S)-citalopram was ingested antemortem; its concentration was 0.36 μg/mL, which is in the toxic range.
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155
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Mahdavi V, Eslami Z, Golmohammadi G, Tajdar-oranj B, Keikavousi Behbahan A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Simultaneous determination of multiple pesticide residues in Iranian saffron: A probabilistic health risk assessment. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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156
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Argüeso-Mata M, Bolado S, Jiménez JJ, López-Serna R. Determination of antibiotics and other veterinary drugs in the solid phase of pig manure. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130039. [PMID: 33640746 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of residues of veterinary pharmaceuticals in farm wastewaters such as pig slurry represents a problem that needs to be tackled to avoid further contamination of environmental waters and the development of resistant bacteria. For their monitoring and control, it is necessary the existence of reliable analytical tools. The present paper describes for the first time the development and optimization by statistical experimental design of a specifically designed analytical method for the analysis of 21 veterinary drugs, including 18 antibiotics of several families (β-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, macrolides, among others), 1 antiparasitic, 1 analgesic and 1 hormone, in a complex environmental matrix such as the fresh solid phase of pig slurry. The resulting method, consisted of an ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) combined with in-situ dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) from a 0.3 g of freeze-dried sample aliquot followed by a preconcentration step by compact solid phase extraction (c-SPE) and subsequent instrumental analysis by ultra-high-performance-liquid-chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (MS/MS) by a triple quadrupole, was successfully validated as a very sensitive (method limit of quantification in the low ng g-1) and reliable method (relative recoveries around 100% and method repeatability featured by a general relative standard deviation below 20%). Provided raw data was intended to be processed by matrix-matched quantification approach. The resulting methodology was applied to the characterization of several pig manures from different Spanish farms sampled across breeding season between 2018 and 2019. Sample precedence showed to have a high impact in the positives, its frequency and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Argüeso-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Silvia Bolado
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan José Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rebeca López-Serna
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
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157
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Luís C, Algarra M, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070157. [PMID: 34357900 PMCID: PMC8309855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children's toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Luís
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Unidade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-291-705-224
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158
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Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Podogrocki M, Ceremuga M, Gorniak L, Stela M, Bijak M. The Existing Methods and Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins' Detection. Molecules 2021; 26:3981. [PMID: 34210086 PMCID: PMC8271920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent a wide range of secondary, naturally occurring and practically unavoidable fungal metabolites. They contaminate various agricultural commodities like cereals, maize, peanuts, fruits, and feed at any stage in pre- or post-harvest conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. The risk that is posed to public health have prompted the need to develop methods of analysis and detection of mycotoxins in food products. Mycotoxins wide range of structural diversity, high chemical stability, and low concentrations in tested samples require robust, effective, and comprehensible detection methods. This review summarizes current methods, such as chromatographic and immunochemical techniques, as well as novel, alternative approaches like biosensors, electronic noses, or molecularly imprinted polymers that have been successfully applied in detection and identification of various mycotoxins in food commodities. In order to highlight the significance of sampling and sample treatment in the analytical process, these steps have been comprehensively described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Marcin Podogrocki
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland;
| | - Leslaw Gorniak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela “Montera” 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
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159
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Song H, Wang X, Hou S, Zhang Y, Luo X, Li T, Ji S. Economical irregular silica as an effective dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent for the quantification of calcitriol in soft capsules. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114227. [PMID: 34198196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol is an active product of vitamin D produced by the liver and kidney hydroxylase metabolism with strong physiological activity. It is the preferred form of medicine for patients with insufficient bone mineralization due to chronic kidney disease. Calcitriol soft capsule is one of the common preparation forms, the main drug content of which is very low (1.55 μg g-1), and the pharmaceutical excipients interfere greatly, especially the oily matrix medium-chain triglycerides. Therefore, removing the interference of oily matrix is the main challenge in the content determination. At present, the commonly used sample purification method for the determination of calcitriol in soft capsules is liquid-liquid extraction, but it usually consumes a lot of toxic organic solvents and it is costly. The adoption of SPE purification method, on the one hand, requires specific experimental equipment, and on the other hand, the organic solvent used in the experiment may cause the dissolution of SPE column tube materials, which will interfere with the subsequent detection. Herein, in order to achieve a cost-effective and reliable determination of calcitriol soft capsule content, we developed a dispersive solid-phase (DSPE) extraction method that directly uses irregular silica as sorbent, which is followed by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a UV detector(HPLC-UV)analysis. Selective retention of calcitriol is achieved by the polar interaction between calcitriol and silica, what's more, sufficient contact between washing solvent and sorbent can be guaranteed. Therefore, after pretreatment with DSPE, the interference of oily matrix on detection can be mostly removed and then improve the accuracy of the method compared to the SPE method. Under the optimal conditions of DSPE, calcitriol showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0.15-2.99 μg g-1, the R2 was 0.997. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 101.1%-102.0% for calcitriol were achieved in the oily matrix at the levels of 0.75, 1.50 and 2.24 μg g-1. And the intra-day and inter-day RSD were less than 2.5 % and 3.2 %. Meanwhile, the LOD and LOQ of calcitriol was 0.01 μg g-1 and 0.02 μg g-1, which is in full compliance with the regulatory level fixed by the EU, China or other countries. This method was further verified to determine the content of calcitriol in commercial calcitriol soft capsules and the recoveries of three batches of products was 86.2 %-94.4 %. Based on these characteristics, the proposed method makes it possible to determine the low content of weakly polar drugs in the oily matrix in a simple, low-cost and reliable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Siyu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1, Bei-er-tiao, Zhong-guan-cun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shunli Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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160
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Ramos S, Homem V, Santos L. Modified dispersive solid-phase extraction and cleanup followed by GC-MS/MS analysis to quantify ultraviolet filters and synthetic musk compounds in soil samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3107-3116. [PMID: 34081839 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the analysis of 13 synthetic musk compounds and six ultraviolet filters in soil samples was developed using a modified dispersive solid-phase methodology known as "Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe," followed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The methodology was validated by assessing linearity ranges, detection limits, precision, and accuracy. The method detection limit ranged between 0.01 and 10.00 ng/g dry weight and accuracy from 81 to 122%. A good precision was achieved, with relative standard deviation <10%. The applicability of the methodology was tested using different types of soils. Both synthetic musks and ultraviolet filters were detected in all soil samples. The most frequently detected compounds were benzophenone, octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, and galaxolide. Higher levels were detected for benzophenone (maximum value of 158 ng/g dry weight) and octocrylene (137 ng/g dry weight). In comparison with conventional techniques, this method uses lower amounts of solvents and sorbents, producing less waste ("greener" technique) and comparable performances. In addition, it presents as main advantages the simplicity, speed (short extraction/cleaning time), low cost, and minimum handling of extracts, which can minimize the possibility of samples cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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161
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Yao S, Zhao Z, Lu W, Dong X, Hu J, Liu X. Evaluation of Dissipation Behavior, Residues, and Dietary Risk Assessment of Fludioxonil in Cherry via QuEChERS Using HPLC-MS/MS Technique. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113344. [PMID: 34199388 PMCID: PMC8199599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical fungicide fludioxonil is widely used to control post-harvest fungal disease in cherries. This study was implemented to investigate the dissipation behaviours and residues of fludioxonil on cherries. A reliable and efficient analytical method was established. Cherry samples from four product areas were analyzed by QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS methods with acceptable linearity (R2 > 0.99), accuracy (recoveries of 81–94%), and precision (relative standard deviation of 2.5–11.9%). The limits of quantification (LOQs) and limits of detection (LODs) of cherries were 0.01 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg. The dissipation of fludioxonil on cherries followed first order kinetics with half-lives of 33.7–44.7 days. The terminal residues of fludioxonil were all lower than 5.00 mg/kg, which is the MRL recommended by the European Commission. According to Chinese dietary patterns and terminal residue distributions, the risk quotient (RQs) of fludioxonil was 0.61%, revealing that the evaluated cherries exhibited an acceptably low dietary risk to consumers.
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162
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Simultaneous determination of N-methyl carbamate residues in pork tissues based on ultrasound assisted QuEChERS-dSPE extraction followed by reversed phase LC-FLD analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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163
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Dang HNP, Quirino JP. Analytical Separation of Carcinogenic and Genotoxic Alkenylbenzenes in Foods and Related Products (2010-2020). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060387. [PMID: 34071244 PMCID: PMC8228529 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkenylbenzenes are potentially toxic (genotoxic and carcinogenic) compounds present in plants such as basil, tarragon, anise star and lemongrass. These plants are found in various edible consumer products, e.g., popularly used to flavour food. Thus, there are concerns about the possible health consequences upon increased exposure to alkenylbenzenes especially due to food intake. It is therefore important to constantly monitor the amounts of alkenylbenzenes in our food chain. A major challenge in the determination of alkenylbenzenes in foods is the complexity of the sample matrices and the typically low amounts of alkenylbenzenes present. This review will therefore discuss the background and importance of analytical separation methods from papers reported from 2010 to 2020 for the determination of alkenylbenzenes in foods and related products. The separation techniques commonly used were gas and liquid chromatography (LC). The sample preparation techniques used in conjunction with the separation techniques were various variants of extraction (solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid phase extraction) and distillation (steam and hydro-). Detection was by flame ionisation and mass spectrometry (MS) in gas chromatography (GC) while in liquid chromatography was mainly by spectrophotometry.
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Validation of a Method Scope Extension for the Analysis of POPs in Soil and Verification in Organic and Conventional Farms of the Canary Islands. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9050101. [PMID: 34063303 PMCID: PMC8147449 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are among the most relevant and dangerous contaminants in soil, from where they can be transferred to crops. Additionally, livestock animals may inadvertently consume relatively high amounts of soil attached to the roots of the vegetables while grazing, leading to indirect exposure to humans. Therefore, periodic monitoring of soils is crucial; thus, simple, robust, and powerful methods are needed. In this study, we have tested and validated an easy QuEChERS-based method for the extraction of 49 POPs (8 PBDEs, 12 OCPs, 11 PAHs, and 18 PCBs) in soils and their analysis by GC-MS/MS. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, and accuracy, and a matrix effect study was performed. The limits of detection (LOD) were established between 0.048 and 3.125 ng g−1 and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were between 0.5 and 20 ng g−1, except for naphthalene (50 ng g−1). Then, to verify the applicability of the validated method, we applied it to a series of 81 soil samples from farms dedicated to mixed vegetable cultivation and vineyards in the Canary Islands, both from two modes of production (organic vs. conventional) where residues of OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs were found.
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165
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Silva C, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. A high-throughput analytical strategy based on QuEChERS-dSPE/HPLC–DAD–ESI-MSn to establish the phenolic profile of tropical fruits. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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166
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Sun R, Yang W, Li Y, Sun C. Multi-residue analytical methods for pesticides in teas: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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167
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Figueiredo DM, Krop EJM, Duyzer J, Gerritsen-Ebben RM, Gooijer YM, Holterman HJ, Huss A, Jacobs CMJ, Kivits CM, Kruijne R, Mol HJGJ, Oerlemans A, Sauer PJJ, Scheepers PTJ, van de Zande JC, van den Berg E, Wenneker M, Vermeulen RCH. Pesticide Exposure of Residents Living Close to Agricultural Fields in the Netherlands: Protocol for an Observational Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e27883. [PMID: 33908892 PMCID: PMC8116989 DOI: 10.2196/27883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Application of pesticides in the vicinity of homes has caused concern regarding possible health effects in residents living nearby. However, the high spatiotemporal variation of pesticide levels and lack of knowledge regarding the contribution of exposure routes greatly complicates exposure assessment approaches. Objective The objective of this paper was to describe the study protocol of a large exposure survey in the Netherlands assessing pesticide exposure of residents living close (<250 m) to agricultural fields; to better understand possible routes of exposure; to develop an integrative exposure model for residential exposure; and to describe lessons learned. Methods We performed an observational study involving residents living in the vicinity of agricultural fields and residents living more than 500 m away from any agricultural fields (control subjects). Residential exposures were measured both during a pesticide use period after a specific application and during the nonuse period for 7 and 2 days, respectively. We collected environmental samples (outdoor and indoor air, dust, and garden and field soils) and personal samples (urine and hand wipes). We also collected data on spraying applications as well as on home characteristics, participants' demographics, and food habits via questionnaires and diaries. Environmental samples were analyzed for 46 prioritized pesticides. Urine samples were analyzed for biomarkers of a subset of 5 pesticides. Alongside the field study, and by taking spray events and environmental data into account, we developed a modeling framework to estimate environmental exposure of residents to pesticides. Results Our study was conducted between 2016 and 2019. We assessed 96 homes and 192 participants, including 7 growers and 28 control subjects. We followed 14 pesticide applications, applying 20 active ingredients. We collected 4416 samples: 1018 air, 445 dust (224 vacuumed floor, 221 doormat), 265 soil (238 garden, 27 fields), 2485 urine, 112 hand wipes, and 91 tank mixtures. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study on residents’ exposure to pesticides addressing all major nondietary exposure sources and routes (air, soil, dust). Our protocol provides insights on used sampling techniques, the wealth of data collected, developed methods, modeling framework, and lessons learned. Resources and data are open for future collaborations on this important topic. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/27883
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda J M Krop
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Duyzer
- TNO Urban Environment and Safety, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henk J Holterman
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cor M J Jacobs
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Roel Kruijne
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans J G J Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Arné Oerlemans
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J J Sauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan C van de Zande
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik van den Berg
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Wenneker
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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168
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Le LHT, Tran-Lam TT, Cam TQ, Nguyen TN, Dao YH. Pesticides in edible mushrooms in Vietnam. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:139-148. [PMID: 33899691 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1908434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides have been established for edible mushrooms in order to control quality and ensure benefits of consumers in numerous countries, especially areas comprising Europe. In this study, by means of optimising extract purification conditions, a high sensitivity and reliability method to simultaneously determine 180 pesticides in mushrooms has been proposed. Matrix effects were minimised by combining QuEChERS extraction and a mixed mode of SPE cleaned up with different adsorbent materials after sample preparation. The method was completely validated following the requirements of SANTE/12682/2019. The LOQs ranged from 2 to 5 μg/kg, well below the MRLs as regulated by the EU (10-50 μg/kg). Both relative standard deviation of repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR) were less than 20% and recoveries varied from 70 to 120%. Therefore, this method was considered to be suitable for routine analysis of multi-pesticide residues in edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Hai Thi Le
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Thien Tran-Lam
- Laboratory of Environmental and bioorganic chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Mechanics and Marine Environment, Institute of Mechanics and Applied Informatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Quan Cam
- Department of Analytical Engineering, Viet Tri University of Industry (VUI), Viet TrI, Phu Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tung Ngoc Nguyen
- Technology Development and Measurement Services Department, Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRETECH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yen Hai Dao
- Laboratory of Environmental and bioorganic chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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169
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Lin Z, Lin Y, Lin J, Zhang Y, Fang S. Trace Analysis of Fenbutatin Oxide in Soil and Plant- and Animal-Derived Foods Using Modified QuEChERS Coupled with HPLC-MS/MS. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10260-10265. [PMID: 34056180 PMCID: PMC8153780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS method in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was first developed for the determination of fenbutatin oxide in six types of samples (soil, tobacco, rice, milk, pork liver, and pork). Fenbutatin oxide was extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid (v/v) and purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction using primary secondary amine (PSA) and quantitatively analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. In the range of 0.005-1 mg/kg, a good linear relationship exists between the concentration of fenbutatin oxide and the peak area, giving a coefficient of determination (R 2) of >0.99. The recoveries of fenbutatin oxide at three spiked levels were 79.04-97.12% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.30-10.96%, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.007 mg/kg. In addition, the developed method is consistent with the reference method (R 2 = 0.9896, n = 40). The method is demonstrated to be convenient and reliable for the routine monitoring of fenbutatin oxide in soil and plant- and animal-derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lin
- Sanming
Tobacco Company of Fujian Province, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Yingnan Lin
- Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Tobacco Research, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jianqi Lin
- Sanming
Tobacco Company of Fujian Province, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Tobacco Research, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Song Fang
- Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Tobacco Research, Qingdao 266101, China
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170
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Chen X, Li W, Li J, Fan S, Shi Z. Rapid determination of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants in milk by using modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique, solid‐phase extraction, and HPLC‐MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2269-2278. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Chen
- School of Public Health Capital Medical University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Engineering Research Center of High Performance Polymer and Molding Technology Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014) China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment Beijing P. R. China
| | - Sai Fan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health Capital Medical University Beijing P. R. China
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171
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Wei-Qi K, Yuan Z, Yu Z, Xue-Song F. An Overview of Pretreatment and Analysis of Nucleotides in Different Samples (Update since 2010). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1624-1643. [PMID: 33840326 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1907173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides, which are important low-molecular-weight compounds present in organisms, are precursors of nucleic acids and participate in various regulatory and metabolic functions. Sensitive and valid methods for monitoring and determining nucleotides and nucleosides in different samples are urgently required. Due to the presence of numerous endogenous interferences in complex matrices and the high polarity of the molecules of the phosphate moiety, the determination of nucleotide content is challenging. This review summarizes the pretreatment and analysis methods of nucleotides in different samples. Advanced pretreatment methods, including different microextraction methods, solid-phase extraction based on novel materials, QuEChERS, are clearly displayed, and continuous progress which has been made in LC, LC-MS/MS and capillary electrophoresis methods are discussed. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses of different methods are discussed and compared. Highlight:Advanced pretreatment and detection methods of nucleotides were critically reviewed.Microextraction technology was one of the trends of nucleotides pretreatment in the future.Applications of novel materials and supercritical fluid were highlighted.The evolution and advance of HRMS analyzers were in detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wei-Qi
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhang Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xue-Song
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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172
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Acosta-Dacal A, Rial-Berriel C, Díaz-Díaz R, Bernal-Suárez MDM, Zumbado M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Luzardo OP. An Easy Procedure to Quantify Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Soils. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9040083. [PMID: 33920262 PMCID: PMC8068861 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction was validated for the extraction of seven coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) and 36 pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) residues in soil samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The aim of this work was to develop a method for the monitoring of these compounds in agricultural lands as well as in forensic applications for the determination of ARs poisoning. As far as is known, this is the first time that a QuEChERS-based method is used for the extraction of ARs in soil, as well as on such a quantity of PhACs. A matrix effect study was carried out on samples of soil devoted to agriculture in the midland area of the Canary Islands (clay loam type). It was in house validated (accuracy, precision, and linearity) at seven spiked levels between 0.5 and 50 ng g−1. The limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged between 0.5 and 50.0 ng g−1 and the limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.024 to 6.25 ng g−1. The method was then successfully used for both the determination of the target analytes in the soils from the agricultural plots that had been irrigated with regenerated water, and in the soil collected from underneath wild bird carcasses (which had been the subject of forensic investigation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (A.A.-D.); (C.R.-B.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.)
| | - Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (A.A.-D.); (C.R.-B.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.)
| | - Ricardo Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/Los Cactus No 68, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, 35118 Las Palmas, Spain; (R.D.-D.); (M.d.M.B.-S.)
| | - María del Mar Bernal-Suárez
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/Los Cactus No 68, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, 35118 Las Palmas, Spain; (R.D.-D.); (M.d.M.B.-S.)
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (A.A.-D.); (C.R.-B.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (A.A.-D.); (C.R.-B.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio P. Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (A.A.-D.); (C.R.-B.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-928-451-424; Fax: +34-928-451-416
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173
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Ferracane A, Zoccali M, Cacciola F, Salerno TMG, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Determination of multi-pesticide residues in vegetable products using a "reduced-scale" Quechers method and flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462126. [PMID: 33848657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was the development of an analytical method for the determination of multi-pesticide residues (88 target analytes) in four vegetable products (tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet red peppers and iceberg lettuce) using a "reduced-scale" QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction method and flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. In particular, the suitability of flow modulation [with relatively high second-dimension gas flow conditions (8 mL min-1)] for trace analyte determination was evaluated. The samples were prepared according to the QuEChERS procedure as reported by the official European Union method, namely EN 15662:2018, based on the use of 3 g of vegetable product. Matrix-matched calibration processes were carried out for all the samples. The figures-of-merit determined were recovery, linearity, precision, limits of detection (LoDs), and limits of quantification (LoQs). Specifically, recoveries were in the 53-160% range, regression coefficients were between 0.9156 and 0.9999, the LoDs were in the 0.1-6.3 μg kg-1 range, the LoQs were in the 3.0-21.0 μg kg-1 range, and coefficients of variation were between 1 and 28% (at the 50 μg kg-1 level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ferracane
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tania Maria Grazia Salerno
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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174
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Michlig N, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR, Beldoménico H, Repetti MR. Validation of a high-throughput method for analysis of pesticide residues in hemp and hemp products. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462097. [PMID: 33848664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemp has been an agricultural commodity for millennia, and it has been undergoing a resurgence in interest and production due to its high content of cannabinoids, protein, fiber and other ingredients. For legal possession and use throughout the USA, hemp and hemp products must have delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration < 0.3%. As with most crops, pesticides may be applied when farming hemp, which need to be monitored in food, feed, and medicinal products. The aim of this work was to evaluate and validate the recently developed "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust" (QuEChERSER) sample preparation mega-method to determine pesticide residues in hemp plants, flowers, powders, oils, and pellets. High-throughput analysis of final extracts for 106 targeted pesticides and metabolites from North American monitoring lists entailed: 1) ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with column back-flushing, and 2) instrument-top sample preparation + low-pressure gas chromatography (ITSP+LPGC-MS/MS). In QuEChERSER, 2 g sample is extracted with 10 mL 4/1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water by mechanical shaking for 10 min, followed by 3 min centrifugation. For LC, 0.2 mL of extract is taken and solvent exchanged into initial mobile phase followed by 5 min ultra-centrifugation prior to the 10 min analysis. For GC-amenable pesticides, the remaining initial extract is partitioned with 4/1 (w/w) anh. MgSO4/NaCl, and 1 mL is taken for automated ITSP cleanup in parallel with 10 min LPGC analysis. In the former case, the UHPLC column is back-flushed with 1/1 (v/v) methanol/acetonitrile for 3 min between each injection to keep the system clean and avoid ghost peaks. Multi-level, multi-day validation results achieved 70-120% recoveries with RSDs < 20% for more than 80% of the analytes in hemp protein powder, oil, pellets, and fresh plant (dried hemp plant and flower were too complex). Limits of quantification (LOQs) were < 10 ng/g were achieved for nearly all pesticides, yielding 2.8% false negatives among >13,000 analyte results in the spiked samples. The QuEChERSER method was demonstrated to meet the challenge for several complex hemp matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Michlig
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA; Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Horacio Beldoménico
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Repetti
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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175
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Wang K, Zhao L, Zhang C, Zhang H, Lian K. Determination of 12 insect growth regulator residues in foods of different matrixes by modified QuEChERS and UPLC-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12162-12171. [PMID: 35423783 PMCID: PMC8697085 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 12 insect growth regulators (IGRs) (buprofezin, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, flonicamid, tolfenpyrad, chlorantraniliprole, RH-5849, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, tebufenozide, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb) in foods collected from different matrixes by modified QuEChERS and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.5% formic acid, and different QuEChERS purification conditions were optimized for different matrixes (vegetable oil, fruit and tea). 12 IGRs were separated on a Plus C18 column, and detected by MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision. Acceptable recoveries of IGRs in three different substrates (vegetable oil, tea and fruit) at three spiked levels were in the range of 65.47-95.17%, 80.55-110.15%, and 62.02-96.50%, respectively, with RSDs less than 11.58%. The method showed a good linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.9994) for all analytes in the range of 0.2-200 μg L-1. The LODs (S/N = 3) and LOQs (S/N = 10) of the method were 0.04-0.40 μg kg-1, and 0.13-1.24 μg kg-1, respectively. Owing to the advantages of simple operation, high accuracy and sensitivity, this method is suitable for the rapid and simultaneous detection of 12 IGRs in vegetable oil, tea and fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050011 China
- Shijiazhuang Technology Innovation Center for Chemical Poison Detection and Risk Early Warning Shijiazhuang 050011 China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050011 China
| | - Can Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050011 China
- Shijiazhuang Technology Innovation Center for Chemical Poison Detection and Risk Early Warning Shijiazhuang 050011 China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
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176
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González-Jartín JM, Rodríguez-Cañás I, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Gomes A, Ramos I, Botana LM. Multianalyte method for the determination of regulated, emerging and modified mycotoxins in milk: QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Food Chem 2021; 356:129647. [PMID: 33813202 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the quantification of 40 mycotoxins in milk was developed. This method is based on a QuEChERS extraction followed by the ultra-high liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection, and allows the simultaneous analysis of regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins. A sample treatment procedure was optimized to include a concentration step for the analysis of some compounds such as aflatoxin M1. The method was in-house validated in terms of limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), linearity, recoveries, and precision. LOQs lower than 10 ng/mL were obtained, and recoveries ranged from 61% to 120% with a precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation, lower than 15%. Therefore, acceptable performance characteristics were obtained fulfilling European regulations. The method was successfully applied for the quantification of mycotoxins in raw milk. It can be highlighted high occurrence of beauvericin and enniatins were found in low amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Inés Rodríguez-Cañás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - María J Sainz
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Proyectos de Ingeniería, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Ana Gomes
- Cooperativa Agrícola de Vila do Conde, R. da Lapa 293, 4480-848 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Ramos
- Cooperativa Agrícola de Vila do Conde, R. da Lapa 293, 4480-848 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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177
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Stringhini FM, Ribeiro LC, Rocha GI, de B. Kuntz JD, Zanella R, Prestes OD, Adaime MB. Dilution of QuEChERS Extracts Without Cleanup Improves Results in the UHPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Tomato. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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178
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Determination of maytansinoids in Trewia nudiflora using QuEChERS extraction combined with HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:113993. [PMID: 33677280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three maytansinoids with strong cytotoxicities, dehydrotrewiasine, maytanbutine, and trewiasine, were isolated and identified from Trewia nudiflora, and maytanbutine was obtained from this plant for the first time. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established to determine the three maytansinoids in T. nudiflora. The effects of major factors on the extraction efficiency of the QuEChERS method were evaluated and the optimal conditions using acetonitrile-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) as the extraction solvent and PestiCarb as the clean-up sorbents were established. Compared with Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), the QuEChERS method was easy-to-operate and afforded a cleaner extract. A phenomenex HyperClone BDS C18 column was used for HPLC analysis. Methanol-acetonitrile-water was chosen as mobile phase for gradient elution. Method validation showed that all analytes showed good linearity (r > 0.999) over the investigated ranges and satisfactory recoveries ranging from 95.0% to 105.0%. The developed QuEChERS-HPLC method was simple, efficient, and applicable to the determination of maytansinoids in T. nudiflora.
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179
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Wu L, He Q, Zhang J, Li Y, Yang W, Sun C. QuEChERS with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1255-1263. [PMID: 33617642 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted worldwide attention due to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation characteristics. Therefore, the sensitive, reliable, and rapid detection of PAHs in sediment is of great importance.
Objective
To develop a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection after Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) treatment for simultaneous determination of 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs in sediment samples.
Method
The samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetone and then the supernatant was purified with a modified QuEChERS method. After centrifugation, the supernatant was injected into the HPLC system for analysis. The separation was accomplished on a ZORBAX Eclipse PAH column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) and the column temperature was set at 30 °C. The flow rate of the mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile in gradient elution mode was fixed at 0.9 mL/min. Detection was conducted on an ultraviolet detector and a fluorescence detector simultaneously. The qualitative analysis was based on retention time and the quantification was based on standard curves.
Results
Under the optimal conditions, this method showed good linearities in the range of 10–200 μg/L with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9993. The method had LODs ranging from 0.00108 to 0.314 ng/g. The mean recoveries ranged from 78.4 to 117% with intra-day and inter-day RSDs of 0.592–10.7% and 1.01–13.0%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the detection of 16 PAHs in sediment samples collected from the Funan River in Chengdu, China with total contents of 431–2143 ng/g·dw.
Conclusions
The established method is simple, rapid, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. It can be applied to the analysis of 16 PAHs in sediment samples.
Highlights
A method of QuEChERS with ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with HPLC has been established for the analysis of 16 PAHs in sediment samples and the proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis PAHs in real sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiurong He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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180
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Saito-Shida S, Nemoto S, Akiyama H. Multiresidue method for determining multiclass acidic pesticides in agricultural foods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:894-902. [PMID: 33491688 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A reliable multiresidue method was developed for determining multiclass acidic pesticides in cereal grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. The target pesticides comprise 75 compounds, including phenoxy acid, sulfonylurea, imidazoline, and triazolopyrimidine herbicides, with acidic dissociation constant (pKa) values of 1.9-5.9. The method includes extraction with acidified acetonitrile, salting out, cleanup with octadecyl silica and primary secondary amine cartridges, and subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical performance of the developed method was validated for nine foods (i.e., brown rice, soybeans, peanuts, spinach, cabbage, eggplant, potatoes, apples, and oranges) at a concentration of 0.01 mg kg-1. Because matrix effects were negligible for most pesticide and food combinations, solvent-based calibration curves were used for quantification purposes. Most of the target compounds exhibited satisfactory analytical performance with trueness values of 70-100% and relative standard deviations below 14%. The high selectivity of the developed method was evidenced by the absence of interfering peaks near those of the target analytes. With the exception of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, for which linearity was observed at 2.5-100 ng mL-1, linear calibration curves were constructed for the target compounds in the 1-100 ng mL-1 range, with coefficients of determination exceeding 0.995. The limits of detection were 3 μg kg-1 or below in the examined matrices. The results demonstrate that the developed method is suitable for monitoring acidic pesticides in a variety of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Saito-Shida
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
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181
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Pang X, Liu X, Peng L, Chen Z, Qiu J, Su X, Yu C, Zhang J, Weng R. Wide-scope multi-residue analysis of pesticides in beef by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 351:129345. [PMID: 33647691 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing pesticide contamination in foods of animal origin has made the wide-scope multi-residue analysis of pesticides an international concern. In this study, a sensitive and reliable multi-residue pesticide analysis method for beef was developed with the use of 129 pesticides to demonstrate the full scope of the method. The pesticides were extracted and purified using a modified QuEChERS technique and analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. An orthogonal array design was employed for optimisation of the method, significantly scientising and simplifying the process. Method validation revealed satisfactory sensitivity with limits of quantification values ranging from 0.003 to 11.37 µg∙kg-1. Matrix effects ranged from 83.85% to 120.66%. Recovery at three spiking levels (20, 50, and 100 µg∙kg-1) were 70.51-128.12% and the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 20%, indicating good accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Risk Assessment for Tobacco and Aromatic Plant Products (Qingdao) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Liangrui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Risk Assessment for Tobacco and Aromatic Plant Products (Qingdao) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Su
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Risk Assessment for Tobacco and Aromatic Plant Products (Qingdao) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Rui Weng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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182
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Ajibola AS, Amoniyan OA, Ekoja FO, Ajibola FO. QuEChERS Approach for the Analysis of Three Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics in Wastewater: Concentration Profiles and Ecological Risk in Two Nigerian Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plants. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:389-401. [PMID: 33247335 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater is regarded as a primary and very important source of antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Studies on the analysis, occurrence, and ecological risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in wastewater are still limited in Africa. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method was optimized and applied for determination of three fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin) in wastewater from two Nigerian hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and effluent receiving water. Separation, detection, and quantification of target fluoroquinolone antibiotics were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ecological risk of the three fluoroquinolone antibiotics was evaluated for three trophic levels: fish, daphnid, and algae. The method LODs were 4.1 µg L-1, 7.0 µg L-1, and 18.5 µg L-1 for ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries and precisions were achieved, in addition to the correlation coefficients of greater than 0.993. Target fluoroquinolones were quantified in influents up to 228 µg L-1 (UCH influent) for ciprofloxacin, 561 µg L-1 (Ijaiye influent) for norfloxacin, and 198 µg L-1 (UCH influent) for ofloxacin. Norfloxacin had the highest concentration (386 µg L-1) in effluent receiving water. All three fluoroquinolones posed low risk to fish, whereas ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin presented moderate risk to daphnid and algae. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first data on the occurrence and risk assessment of the target fluoroquinolones in wastewater from Nigerian hospital WWTPs. The findings revealed the importance of developing local and nationwide surveys of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the Nigerian aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinranti S Ajibola
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwasegun A Amoniyan
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Faith O Ekoja
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Florence O Ajibola
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology (Ecotoxicology), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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183
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Baroudi F, Al-Alam J, Delhomme O, Chimjarn S, Fajloun Z, Millet M. The use of Pinus nigra as a biomonitor of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lebanon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10283-10291. [PMID: 33447982 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Among the various species of vegetation, conifers play an important role as a biomonitor of air pollution. The current study presents the determination of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 15 conifer samples collected in August 2018 (summer season) from different regions in north Lebanon (Tripoli, Koura, Bcharre, and Akkar). Pollutants were extracted based on QuEChERS-SPME followed by liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the samples collected from Bcharre region had the lowest concentration in both pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a total concentration of 50 and 66 ng g-1, while the samples collected from the regions widely known by their agriculture (Akkar, Tripoli, and Koura areas) were the most polluted with concentrations of 231 and 422 ng g-1, 192 and 370 ng g-1, and 127 and 98 ng g-1 for pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons respectively. This study revealed that conifers are suggested to be efficient biomonitors of contamination levels in the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Baroudi
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS) - Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LAB3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
| | - Josephine Al-Alam
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Olivier Delhomme
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS) - Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Supansa Chimjarn
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS) - Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LAB3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska, Tripoli, 1352, Lebanon
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS) - Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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184
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Acosta-Dacal A, Rial-Berriel C, Díaz-Díaz R, Bernal-Suárez MDM, Luzardo OP. Optimization and validation of a QuEChERS-based method for the simultaneous environmental monitoring of 218 pesticide residues in clay loam soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142015. [PMID: 33207465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS method was optimized, validated and verified for the extraction of 218 pesticide residues in agricultural soil samples. The 218 analytes are extracted using a single step, without clean-up, with matrix-matched calibration, and two complementary techniques: liquid and gas chromatography tandem triple quad mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS). Some of the parameters such as salts, acidity of the extraction solvent, sample moisture and some mechanical changes in the procedure were optimized to improve the overall performance for the target compounds and the soil matrix. The method was fully validated on a representative agricultural soil sample of the Canary Islands (clay loam soil) in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision. To avoid matrix effects, matrix-matched calibration curves (R2 ≥ 0.99) were used for all target analytes. 100% of the compounds can be quantified with limits of quantification (LOQ) lower than the limit typically used in soils (50 ng g-1), with 92% of compounds presenting a LOQ that is at least 10 times lower than that normally required. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged between 0.024 and 6.25 ng g-1. The validated method was applied to a series of actual samples of agricultural soil (n = 18). In addition, as a further verification of its potential, the results of the application of the method in the investigation of clay loam soil samples that were obtained from underneath wildlife carcasses in the context of an environmental forensic investigation are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ricardo Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/Los Cactus no 68 35118, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Bernal-Suárez
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/Los Cactus no 68 35118, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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185
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Li C, Chen Z, Qin D, Liu R, Li L, Li W, He Y, Yuan L. Simultaneous determination of the herbicide bixlozone and its metabolites in plant and animal samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:822-832. [PMID: 33289303 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tracing the herbicide bixlozone and its metabolites in food is necessary to assess their risks to human health. In the study, a rapid and effective analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the simultaneous determination of bixlozone and its metabolites (2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-propanamide-bixlozone, and 5'-hydroxy-bixlozone) in plant and animal samples (tomato, cucumber, apple, wheat flour, meat, milk, and egg) was developed based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated based on the linearity (R2 > 0.99), sensitivity (limit of quantification = 0.01 mg/kg), recovery (70.2-115.1%), and precision (intraday 1.2-17.6%, interday 0.3-16.0%). Detection was achieved within 6.0 min. The method is reliable for the determination of four target compounds in all seven matrices. The satisfactory validation criteria and successful application show that the proposed methodology is suitable for the detection of four target compounds in real matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Qin
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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186
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A multi-residue pesticide determination in fatty food commodities by modified QuEChERS approach and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 353:129039. [PMID: 33812161 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) based multi-residue method has been developed and validated for the extraction and determination of pesticides in fatty matrices by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Extraction and clean-up were performed according to QuEChERS principles widely used for non-fatty matrices, with main difference, a higher solvent/sample- ratio followed by a 6-fold preconcentration step, ensuring good extractability and sensitivity. A validation according to SANTE guidelines was performed using a olive and sunflower oils mixture 1:1, w/w as representative matrix, at 2 concentration levels (5 and 50 µg/kg) targeting 176 GC-amenable pesticides. Most compounds fulfilled the validation criteria, with a limit of quantification of 5 µg/kg for 137 compounds , and of 50 µg/kg for 24 compounds. Afterwards, the method performance was tested in six different fatty matrices with 73-90% of the analytes fulfilling the performance criteria at 5 µg/kg depending on the matrix.
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187
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Lu XY, Ouyang YQ, Zeng WY, Lin CQ, Xiao LH, Luo GH, Zhan RT, Yan P. Effect of Pretreatment on Detection of 37 Pesticide Residues in Chrysanthemum indicum. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:8854025. [PMID: 34925934 PMCID: PMC8677409 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8854025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a method, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for detecting 37 pesticides in Chrysanthemum indicum (C. indicum) and investigating the decrease in the matrix-induced enhancement effect. The influence of QuEChERS extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared. extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared to decrease the ME. The cleanup sorbents, volume and type of solvent, and treatment time were optimized. The accuracy (as recovery), precision (as relative standard deviation, RSD), linearity, limit of quantitation, and limit of detection were determined. The recoveries at the three levels using mixed standard solution ranged between 76% and 120% with RSD ≤15%, and 76% and 120% with RSD ≤11% for MSPD and QuEChERS extraction, respectively. The results suggested that the ME for 21 pesticides was in the range of 80%-120% after MSPD and 15% after QuEChERS extraction. QuEChERS extraction was simpler and faster than MSPD. This methodology was applied in the analysis of 27 C. indicum samples; phorate was most frequently detected (63.0% of the sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qin Ouyang
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Wei-Ya Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cui-Qing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lu-Hua Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gui-Hua Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruo-Ting Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
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188
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Campêlo JDM, Rodrigues TB, Costa JL, Santos JM. Optimization of QuEChERS extraction for detection and quantification of 20 antidepressants in postmortem blood samples by LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 319:110660. [PMID: 33385954 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensively optimization of QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method using design of experiments (DOE) was conducted to evaluate the best conditions to obtain the most effective extraction. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed to identify and quantify the antidepressants, with electrospray ionization acquired in positive mode. The method was validated for all analytes; the calibration curves were linear from 10-1000ng/mL, with R2>0.98, and with LOD and LOQ defined as 10ng/mL. Method imprecision and bias were less than 14.3% and 18.9%, respectively. Neither carryover nor interferences were observed. Overall, the optimized method was applied in postmortem real sample analysis to quantify the antidepressants. This study showed a viable method that can be applied for routine forensic analysis, with a quick and easy sample preparation and a rapid total run time of 8min for each analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de M Campêlo
- Chemistry Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Taís B Rodrigues
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose L Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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189
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Câmara JS, Albuquerque BR, Aguiar J, Corrêa RCG, Gonçalves JL, Granato D, Pereira JAM, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Food Bioactive Compounds and Emerging Techniques for Their Extraction: Polyphenols as a Case Study. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010037. [PMID: 33374463 PMCID: PMC7823739 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have provided convincing evidence that food bioactive compounds (FBCs) have a positive biological impact on human health, exerting protective effects against non-communicable diseases (NCD) including cancer and cardiovascular (CVDs), metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). These benefits have been associated with the presence of secondary metabolites, namely polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, vitamins, and fibres, among others, derived from their antioxidant, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, and vasodilator properties. Polyphenols as one of the most abundant classes of bioactive compounds present in plant-based foods emerge as a promising approach for the development of efficacious preventive agents against NCDs with reduced side effects. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive and deep insights into the potential of polyphenols, from their chemical structure classification and biosynthesis to preventive effects on NCDs, namely cancer, CVDs, and NDDS. The challenge of polyphenols bioavailability and bioaccessibility will be explored in addition to useful industrial and environmental applications. Advanced and emerging extraction techniques will be highlighted and the high-resolution analytical techniques used for FBCs characterization, identification, and quantification will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (J.A.M.P.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.S.C.); (L.B.); Tel.: +351-29170-5112 (J.S.C.); +351-2-7333-0901 (L.B.)
| | - Bianca R. Albuquerque
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.R.A.); (R.C.G.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- REQUIMTE—Science Chemical Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira N° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joselin Aguiar
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - Rúbia C. G. Corrêa
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.R.A.); (R.C.G.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Program of Master in Clean Technologies, Cesumar Institute of Science Technology and Innovation (ICETI), Cesumar University—UniCesumar, Parana 87050-390, Brazil
| | - João L. Gonçalves
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - Daniel Granato
- Food Processing and Quality, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.R.A.); (R.C.G.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.C.); (L.B.); Tel.: +351-29170-5112 (J.S.C.); +351-2-7333-0901 (L.B.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.R.A.); (R.C.G.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
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190
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Lasarte-Aragonés G, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction-One Decade of Developments. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246053. [PMID: 33371453 PMCID: PMC7767422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersive microextraction techniques are key in the analytical sample treatment context as they combine a favored thermodynamics and kinetics isolation of the target analytes from the sample matrix. The dispersion of the extractant in the form of tiny particles or drops, depending on the technique, into the sample enlarges the contact surface area between phases, thus enhancing the mass transference. This dispersion can be achieved by applying external energy sources, the use of chemicals, or the combination of both strategies. Effervescence-assisted microextraction emerged in 2011 as a new alternative in this context. The technique uses in situ-generated carbon dioxide as the disperser, and it has been successfully applied in the solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction fields. This minireview explains the main fundamentals of the technique, its potential and the main developments reported.
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191
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Lu Z, Pan H. Preparative isolation of the major metabolite NK-1375 of diamide insecticide cyclaniliprole and its application to pertinent residue analysis in plant-origin foods using UHPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5056. [PMID: 33341091 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NK-1375 is a major metabolite of the diamide insecticide cyclaniliprole (CYCP) with toxicological significance. It is formed in various transformation pathways of CYCP, including photolysis and plant metabolism. In the present study, NK-1375 was produced employing the liquid-phase photolysis of CYCP followed by isolation using preparative liquid chromatography. The structure of the isolated substance was confirmed using MS and 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and its purity was measured to be 95.9% using HPLC. As its application, a residue analysis method was first developed for the simultaneous determination of CYCP and NK-1375 in six representative plant-origin foods using fast multi-plug filtration cleanup and UHPLC-MS/MS. Excellent linearity (r > 0.999) was obtained over the calibration range from 0.001 to 0.1 μg mL-1 . The recoveries (intra-day and inter-day) of CYCP and NK-1375 from different matrices ranged from 74 to 112%, with corresponding relative standard deviations less than 13%. The limits of quantitation of these two compounds were defined at 0.01 mg kg-1 . This study can be useful for the subsequent analytical or toxicological research on this important pesticide metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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192
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Dinh QT, Munoz G, Vo Duy S, Tien Do D, Bayen S, Sauvé S. Analysis of sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, triphenylmethane dyes and other veterinary drug residues in cultured and wild seafood sold in Montreal, Canada. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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193
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Lehner AF, Zyskowski J, Fulton RM, Buchweitz JP. Haloxyfop determination by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in eggs. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8895. [PMID: 32662916 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Haloxyfop is a pre/post-emergence herbicide with known organ toxicities and teratogenic effects in mammals. The European Union Commission on Food Safety has an established maximum residue limit of 10 μg/kg in all agricultural products including eggs. A sensitive highly specific method would be of value in determination of haloxyfop residues in foodstuffs such as eggs. METHODS The Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab (MSU VDL) developed a method for the extraction of haloxyfop from eggs based on popular QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) methodologies, essentially providing acetonitrile extracts following treatment with high ionic strength additives. Extracts derivatized with trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups were examined by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using developed multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) methodology. RESULTS The MSU VDL received eggs from chickens exposed to 760 μg/kg haloxyfop in flaxseed. Haloxyfop-TMS m/z 374→73 MRM setting enabled quantitation across the 1-50 ppb range in comparison with an ibuprofen MRM transition as internal standard. CONCLUSIONS The determined limit of quantitation was 2.5 ng/g, and the method successfully identified haloxyfop residues in five of six batches of the chicken eggs, with nonzero values ranging from 2.7 to 14.5 ng/g. These values were consistent with flaxseed incorporation into the diet at 4-7% and known excretion into eggs at 2-3% of daily haloxyfop exposure, and establish the utility of the method in identifying regulatory noncompliance and adulteration of food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910, USA
| | - Justin Zyskowski
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910, USA
| | - Richard M Fulton
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910, USA
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910, USA
| | - John P Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910, USA
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910, USA
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194
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Lupo SA, Romesberg RL, Lu X. Automated inline pigment removal for the analysis of pesticide residues in spinach by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461477. [PMID: 32823011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An automated inline sample preparation (ILSP) method has been developed for pesticide residue analysis in spinach by LC-MS/MS. Chlorophyll pigments and other matrix constituents were removed from the sample extract using a UHPLC system equipped with an auxiliary pump, 6-port high pressure switching valve, and dual-directional ILSP cartridge containing bonded silica. The new procedure was evaluated as an entirely separate workflow using a simple solid-liquid extraction and as part of a cleanup strategy in conjunction with QuEChERS. Accuracy and precision experiments were conducted in spinach at two concentration levels (n = 6). Of the 63 pesticides tested, 86% (0.005 mg/kg) and 100% (0.05 mg/kg) displayed average recoveries within 70-120% and RSD values ≤20% for the ILSP method. In addition, low to moderate matrix effects (<50%) were calculated for 95% of the analytes. Overall performance of the proposed method was found to be better or comparable to a traditional QuEChERS procedure utilizing AOAC formulated salts and dSPE sorbents, while significantly reducing the amount of pigments reaching the MS source. The ILSP workflow is a simpler procedure with fewer steps that require less time than traditional extraction and cleanup techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Lupo
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | | | - Xiaoning Lu
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA.
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195
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Nicácio AE, Rodrigues CA, Visentainer JV, Maldaner L. Evaluation of the QuEChERS method for the determination of phenolic compounds in yellow (Brassica alba), brown (Brassica juncea), and black (Brassica nigra) mustard seeds. Food Chem 2020; 340:128162. [PMID: 33027718 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies about the phenolic composition of yellow (Brassica alba), brown (Brassica juncea), and black (Brassica nigra) mustard seeds are still scarce in the literature. Hence, this study describes, for the first time, the use of the QuEChERS extraction method followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis for phenolic compound determination in the seeds of these mustard species. Under the optimized extraction and analysis conditions, twenty-one phenolic compounds were evaluated. Six, eleven, and seven were found in B. alba, B. juncea, and B. nigra seeds, respectively. The most abundant phenolic compound was sinapic acid, which was found in amounts ranging from 44 to 82 times higher than the other major compounds found in the mustard seeds, ferulic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids. Overall, these results are an important contribution to the characterization of the phenolic composition of the three in natura mustard seeds species, and support future reliable phenolic compounds determination with the QuEChERS method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liane Maldaner
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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196
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Zhao W, Shi Y. Simultaneous quantification of three tropane alkaloids in goji berries by cleanup of the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3636-3645. [PMID: 32662173 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method was established for simultaneous determination of atropine, anisodamine, and scopolamine in goji berries by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids were prepared and first applied as a cleanup adsorbent. Compared to classical cleanup adsorbent (C18 ), the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids as adsorbent had better extraction efficiency for the detection of analytes. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed analytical method achieved satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.995), and obtained desirable recoveries ranged from 77.4 to 94.0% with the relative standard deviation of 1.2-6.1% at the concentration levels of 3.2-13.4 µg/kg. The limits of quantitation of atropine, anisodamine, and scopolamine were, respectively, 3.2, 4.6, and 4.5 µg/kg with linearity ranged from 3.2 to 25.4 µg/kg. The modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample preparation with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully applied to evaluate the safety of goji berries collected from 30 plant areas in China, suggesting its applicability and suitability for the routine analysis of three tropane alkaloids in goji berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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197
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Pallarés N, Berrada H, Fernández-Franzón M, Ferrer E. Risk Assessment and Mitigation of the Mycotoxin Content in Medicinal Plants by the Infusion Process. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:362-368. [PMID: 32388807 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are often consumed as infusions with boiled water. Scarce information is available in the literature about the migration of mycotoxins into the resulting beverage and/or the effects of the infusion procedure on the final mycotoxin contents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the infusion process on mycotoxin contents during medicinal plant preparation. For this purpose, the contents of aflatoxins (AFs) [aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2)], zearalenone (ZEA), enniatins (ENNs) [enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1)] and beauvericin (BEA) were analyzed in 224 samples of medicinal plants and in their resulting beverages. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction method (QuEChERS) was applied to the medicinal plants while the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure (DLLME) was applied to their infusions, and the mycotoxins were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS-IT). The results revealed that ZEA, ENNB, ENNB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were detected in the beverages with incidences of ≤6% and at concentrations from less than the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 82.2 μg/L. Mycotoxins reduction ranged from 74 to 100% after the infusion process. The risk assessment revealed that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) obtained for ZEA, ENNB and ENNB1 were far below the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pallarés
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mónica Fernández-Franzón
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilia Ferrer
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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198
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Wang J, Duan HL, Fan L, Zhang J, Zhang ZQ. A magnetic fluorinated multi-walled carbon nanotubes-based QuEChERS method for organophosphorus pesticide residues analysis in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Food Chem 2020; 338:127805. [PMID: 32798814 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to meet the requirements of pesticide residues' detection in complex matrix samples, the magnetic fluorinated multi-wall carbon nanotubes (M-F-MWCNTs) were prepared and applied as new QuEChERS clean-up materials. Combined with GC-MS, an improved QuEChERS method was successfully developed for the detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues. The results showed that the M-F-MWCNTs could effectively remove the interfering substances in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (L. ruthenicum) samples. The recoveries of 10 tested targets were 74.9% to 113.5% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.9-14.7%. The experiment results pointed out that the M-F-MWCNTs were qualified as QuEChERS clean-up materials and expected to be applied to other complex matrix samples and pesticide targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, China
| | - Hui-Ling Duan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Li Fan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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199
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Hidalgo-Serrano M, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. Simple method for determining phthalate diesters and their metabolites in seafood species using QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 336:127722. [PMID: 32771902 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article we describe a new and simple analytical method based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe technique followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up with C18 and Lipifiltr® and LC-HRMS for simultaneously extracting six phthalate diesters and six of their metabolites (phthalate monoesters) from highly consumed seafood species. The method was validated for seafood with high and low lipid contents. Apparent recoveries were up to 79% for all compounds. Matrix effect values ranged from -8 to -48% for all compounds in both types of matrices. Method limits of detection were 1-25 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.) for most compounds. Five seafood species were analysed using this method, and several phthalate diesters and monoesters were successfully quantified. Phthalate diesters were found at concentrations of up to 982 ng g-1 (d.w.) and phthalate monoesters were found at concentrations of up to 178 ng g-1 (d.w.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Hidalgo-Serrano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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Feng C, Xu Q, Qiu X, Jin Y, Ji J, Lin Y, Le S, Wang G, Lu D. Comprehensive strategy for analysis of pesticide multi-residues in food by GC–MS/MS and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap. Food Chem 2020; 320:126576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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