151
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Chiu WC, Juang JM, Chang SN, Wu CK, Tsai CT, Tseng CD, Tseng YZ, Su MJ, Chiang FT. Differential baseline expression and angiotensin II-stimulation of leukemia-associated RhoGEF in vascular smooth muscle cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5929-39. [PMID: 23233801 PMCID: PMC3518287 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s36700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies to explore angiotensin II (Ang II) and its downstream signaling pathways via Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and RhoA signaling are crucial to understanding the mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction leading to hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the Ang II–induced expression of RhoGEFs in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and to identify the possible regulator associated with hypertension. Methods Cultured VSMCs of the aorta from SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with or without Ang II or Ang II plus Ang II type 2 receptor antagonists. The expression levels of RhoGEF messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were determined. To evaluate the changes of aortic ring contractile force in response to Ang II, a nonviral carrier system was adopted to deliver the leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG) small interfering RNA via nanoparticles into aortic rings. Results The baseline mRNA levels of three RhoGEFs in cultured VSMCs of WKY rats did not increase with age, but they were significantly higher in 12-week-old SHRs than in 5-week-old SHRs. Expression levels of LARG mRNA were higher in SHRs than in age-matched WKY rats. The baseline LAGR protein of 12-week-old SHRs was about four times higher than that of WKY rats of the same age. After Ang II–stimulation, LAGR protein expression was significantly increased in 12-week-old WKY rats but remained unchanged in 12-week-old SHRs. LARG small interfering RNA was successfully delivered into aortic rings using nanoparticles. LARG knockdown resulted in 12-week-old SHRs showing the greatest reduction in aortic ring contraction. Conclusion There were differences in age-related RhoGEF expression at baseline and in response to Ang II–stimulation between SHRs and WKY rats in this study. Nanotechnology can assist in studying the silencing of LARG in tissue culture. The findings of this study indicate that LARG gene expression may be associated with the genesis of hypertension in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chiao Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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152
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Oliveira MF, Guimarães PPG, Gomes ADM, Suárez D, Sinisterra RD. Strategies to target tumors using nanodelivery systems based on biodegradable polymers, aspects of intellectual property, and market. J Chem Biol 2012; 6:7-23. [PMID: 24294318 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-012-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michele F Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
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153
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Zhang H, Schwartz C, De Donatis GM, Guo P. "Push through one-way valve" mechanism of viral DNA packaging. Adv Virus Res 2012; 83:415-65. [PMID: 22748815 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394438-2.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds)DNA viruses package their genomic DNA into a procapsid using a force-generating nanomotor powered by ATP hydrolysis. Viral DNA packaging motors are mainly composed of the connector channel and two DNA packaging enzymes. In 1998, it was proposed that viral DNA packaging motors exercise a mechanism similar to the action of AAA+ ATPases that assemble into ring-shaped oligomers, often hexamers, with a central channel (Guo et al. Molecular Cell, 2:149). This chapter focuses on the most recent findings in the bacteriophage ϕ29 DNA packaging nanomotor to address this intriguing notion. Almost all dsDNA viruses are composed entirely of protein, but in the unique case of ϕ29, packaging RNA (pRNA) plays an intermediate role in the packaging process. Evidence revealed that DNA packaging is accomplished via a "push through one-way valve" mechanism. The ATPase gp16 pushes dsDNA through the connector channel section by section into the procapsid. The dodecameric connector channel functions as a one-way valve that only allows dsDNA to enter but not exit the procapsid during DNA packaging. Although the roles of the ATPase gp16 and the motor connector channel are separate and independent, pRNA bridges these two components to ensure the coordination of an integrated motor. ATP induces a conformational change in gp16, leading to its stronger binding to dsDNA. Furthermore, ATP hydrolysis led to the departure of dsDNA from the ATPase/dsDNA complex, an action used to push dsDNA through the connector channel. It was found unexpectedly that by mutating the basic lysine rings of the connector channel or by changing the pH did not measurably impair DNA translocation or affect the one-way traffic property of the channel, suggesting that the positive charges in the lysine ring are not essential in gearing the dsDNA. The motor channel exercises three discrete, reversible, and controllable steps of gating, with each step altering the channel size by 31% to control the direction of translocation of dsDNA. Many DNA packaging models have been contingent upon the number of base pairs packaged per ATP relative to helical turns for B-type DNA. Both 2 and 2.5 bp per ATP have been used to argue for four, five, or six discrete steps of DNA translocation. The "push through one-way valve" mechanism renews the perception of dsDNA packaging energy calculations and provides insight into the discrepancy between 2 and 2.5 bp per ATP. Application of the DNA packaging motor in nanotechnology and nanomedicine is also addressed. Comparison with nine other DNA packaging models revealed that the "push through one-way valve" is the most agreeable mechanism to interpret most of the findings that led to historical models. The application of viral DNA packaging motors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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154
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Kesharwani P, Gajbhiye V, Jain NK. A review of nanocarriers for the delivery of small interfering RNA. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7138-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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155
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Recent advances in the rational design of silica-based nanoparticles for gene therapy. Ther Deliv 2012. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has attracted much attention in modern society and provides a promising approach for treating genetic disorders, diseases and cancers. Safe and effective vectors are vital tools to deliver genetic molecules to cells. This review summarizes recent advances in the rational design of silica-based nanoparticles and their applications in gene therapy. An overview of different types of genetic agents available for gene therapy is provided. The engineering of various silica nanoparticles is described, which can be used as versatile complexation tools for genetic agents and advanced gene therapy. Several challenges are raised and future research directions in the area of gene therapy using silica-based nanoparticles are proposed.
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156
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Daka A, Peer D. RNAi-based nanomedicines for targeted personalized therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1508-21. [PMID: 22975009 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has just made it through the pipeline to clinical trials. However, in order for RNAi to serve as an ideal personalized therapeutics and be clinically approved-safe, specific, and potent strategies must be devised for efficient delivery of RNAi payloads to specific cell types, which despite the immense potential, remains a challenge. Through evaluating the recent reported studies in this field, we introduce the progress in designing targeted nano-scaled strategies that are anticipated to overcome the delivery drawbacks and along with the exciting "omics" discipline to personalize RNAi-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Daka
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Israel
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157
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Liu XQ, Xiong MH, Shu XT, Tang RZ, Wang J. Therapeutic delivery of siRNA silencing HIF-1 alpha with micellar nanoparticles inhibits hypoxic tumor growth. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2863-74. [PMID: 22924580 DOI: 10.1021/mp300193f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The particular characteristics of the tumor microenvironment have the potential to strongly promote tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis and induce drug resistance. Therefore, the development of effective, systemic therapeutic approaches specifically based on the tumor microenvironment is highly desirable. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an attractive therapeutic target because it is a key transcription factor in tumor development and only accumulates in hypoxic tumors. We report here that a cationic mixed micellar nanoparticle (MNP) consisting of amphiphilic block copolymers poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(2-aminoethylethylene phosphate) (PCL(29)-b-PPEEA(21)) and poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL(40)-b-PEG(45)) was a suitable carrier for HIF-1α siRNA to treat hypoxic tumors, which showed an average diameter of 58.0 ± 3.4 nm. The complex MNP(siRNA), formed by the interaction of MNP and siRNA, was transfected into PC3 prostate cancer cells efficiently, while the inhibition of HIF-1α expression by MNP loaded with HIF-1α siRNA (MNP(siHIF)) blocked PC3 cell proliferation, suppressed cell migration and disturbed angiogenesis under in vitro hypoxic mimicking conditions. It was further demonstrated that systemic delivery of MNP(siHIF) effectively inhibited tumor growth in a PC3 prostate cancer xenograft murine model without activating innate immune responses. Moreover, delivery of MNP(siHIF) sensitized PC3 tumor cells to doxorubicin chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo by downregulating MDR1 gene expression which was induced by hypoxia. The underlying concept of use of MNP(siHIF) to block HIF-1α holds promise as an example of a clinical approach using specific siRNA therapy for cancer treatment aimed at the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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158
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Guzman-Villanueva D, El-Sherbiny IM, Herrera-Ruiz D, Vlassov AV, Smyth HDC. Formulation approaches to short interfering RNA and MicroRNA: challenges and implications. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4046-66. [PMID: 22927140 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference has emerged as a potentially powerful tool in the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases by delivering short interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) to target genes, resulting in their silencing. However, many physicochemical and biological barriers have to be overcome to obtain efficient in vivo delivery of siRNA and miRNA molecules to the organ/tissue of interest, thereby enabling their effective clinical therapy. This review discusses the challenges associated with the use of siRNA and miRNA and describes the nonviral delivery strategies used in overcoming these barriers. More specifically, emphasis has been placed on those technologies that have progressed to clinical trials for both local and systemic siRNA and miRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Guzman-Villanueva
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712-0120, USA
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159
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Sun P, Yu H, Zhang WQ, Hu M, Lv R. Lentivirus-mediated siRNA targeting VEGF inhibits gastric cancer growth in vivo. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1687-92. [PMID: 22895814 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a crucial promoter of blood vessel growth, not only stimulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration and survival, but also increases vascular permeability. The promotion of angiogenesis is a well-known prerequisite for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Evidence has shown that VEGF is overexpressed in many types of tumor tissues. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting VEGF may effectively suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in tumor cells. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether lentivirus-mediated siRNA targeting VEGF inhibits gastric cancer growth in vivo. The transfection of VEGF siRNA into SGC7901 human gastric cancer cells downregulated the expression of VEGF and Bcl-2, but upregulated the expression of p21. In a nude mouse model of subcutaneous xenografts, 24 days after VEGF siRNA treatment, the tumor volume and weight were significantly smaller in the VEGF siRNA group compared to the control scrambled siRNA group. Furthermore, the expression of VEGF, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), survivin and Bcl-2 was downregulated, whereas the expression of p53 and p21 was upregulated in the tumor cells, indicating that VEGF siRNA induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by inhibiting SIRT1 expression, leading to p53 transcriptional upregulation and the activation of downstream p21, while suppressing Bcl-2 and survivin expression. Our results demonstrate that lentivirus-mediated siRNA targeting VEGF offers a potential strategy to prevent the growth of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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160
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Guo P, Haque F, Hallahan B, Reif R, Li H. Uniqueness, advantages, challenges, solutions, and perspectives in therapeutics applying RNA nanotechnology. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012. [PMID: 22913595 DOI: 10.1201/b15152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of RNA nanotechnology is rapidly emerging. RNA can be manipulated with the simplicity characteristic of DNA to produce nanoparticles with a diversity of quaternary structures by self-assembly. Additionally RNA is tremendously versatile in its function and some RNA molecules display catalytic activities much like proteins. Thus, RNA has the advantage of both worlds. However, the instability of RNA has made many scientists flinch away from RNA nanotechnology. Other concerns that have deterred the progress of RNA therapeutics include the induction of interferons, stimulation of cytokines, and activation of other immune systems, as well as short pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. This review will provide some solutions and perspectives on the chemical and thermodynamic stability, in vivo half-life and biodistribution, yield and production cost, in vivo toxicity and side effect, specific delivery and targeting, as well as endosomal trapping and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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161
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Miele E, Spinelli GP, Miele E, Di Fabrizio E, Ferretti E, Tomao S, Gulino A. Nanoparticle-based delivery of small interfering RNA: challenges for cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3637-57. [PMID: 22915840 PMCID: PMC3418108 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades there have been remarkable advances and profound changes in cancer therapy. Many therapeutic strategies learned at the bench, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors, have been used at the bedside, leading to important successes. One of the most important advances in biology has been the discovery that small interfering RNA (siRNA) is able to regulate the expression of genes, by a phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is one of the most rapidly growing fields of research in biology and therapeutics. Much research effort has gone into the application of this new discovery in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. However, even though these molecules may have potential and strong utility, some limitations make their clinical application difficult, including delivery problems, side effects due to off-target actions, disturbance of physiological functions of the cellular machinery involved in gene silencing, and induction of the innate immune response. Many researchers have attempted to overcome these limitations and to improve the safety of potential RNAi-based therapeutics. Nanoparticles, which are nanostructured entities with tunable size, shape, and surface, as well as biological behavior, provide an ideal opportunity to modify current treatment regimens in a substantial way. These nanoparticles could be designed to surmount one or more of the barriers encountered by siRNA. Nanoparticle drug formulations afford the chance to improve drug bioavailability, exploiting superior tissue permeability, payload protection, and the “stealth” features of these entities. The main aims of this review are: to explain the siRNA mechanism with regard to potential applications in siRNA-based cancer therapy; to discuss the possible usefulness of nanoparticle-based delivery of certain molecules for overcoming present therapeutic limitations; to review the ongoing relevant clinical research with its pitfalls and promises; and to evaluate critically future perspectives and challenges in siRNA-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Miele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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162
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Gavrilov K, Saltzman WM. Therapeutic siRNA: principles, challenges, and strategies. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 85:187-200. [PMID: 22737048 PMCID: PMC3375670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a remarkable endogenous regulatory pathway that can bring about sequence-specific gene silencing. If harnessed effectively, RNAi could result in a potent targeted therapeutic modality with applications ranging from viral diseases to cancer. The major barrier to realizing the full medicinal potential of RNAi is the difficulty of delivering effector molecules, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), in vivo. An effective delivery strategy for siRNAs must address limitations that include poor stability and non-targeted biodistribution, while protecting against the stimulation of an undesirable innate immune response. The design of such a system requires rigorous understanding of all mechanisms involved. This article reviews the mechanistic principles of RNA interference, its potential, the greatest challenges for use in biomedical applications, and some of the work that has been done toward engineering delivery systems that overcome some of the hurdles facing siRNA-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Gavrilov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Kseniya Gavrilov, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sterling Hall of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., Room B-147, P.O. Box 208026, New Haven, CT 06520;
| | - W. Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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163
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Fathabadi EG, Shelling AN, Al-Kassas R. Nanocarrier systems for delivery of siRNA to ovarian cancer tissues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:743-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.683173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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164
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Laing BM, Bergstrom DE. Evaluation of end-capped DNA modules for pRNA capture and functionalization. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:683-7. [PMID: 22443238 DOI: 10.1021/bc200371t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of packaging RNA (pRNA) from the phi29 DNA packaging motor to form nanoassemblies and nanostructures has been exploited for the development of the nascent field of RNA nanotechnology and subsequent applications in nanomedicine. For applications in nanomedicine, it is necessary to modify the pRNA structure for the conjugation of active molecules. We have investigated end-capped double-stranded DNA segments as reversible capture reagents for pRNA. These capture agents can be designed to allow the conjugation of any desired molecule for pRNA functionalization. The results of model studies presented in this report show that 5- to 7-nucleotide overhangs on a target RNA can provide efficient handles for the high-affinity association to capped double-stranded DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Laing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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165
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Kooijmans SAA, Vader P, van Dommelen SM, van Solinge WW, Schiffelers RM. Exosome mimetics: a novel class of drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1525-41. [PMID: 22619510 PMCID: PMC3356169 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of extracellular phospholipid vesicles as conveyors of cellular information has created excitement in the field of drug delivery. Biological therapeutics, including short interfering RNA and recombinant proteins, are prone to degradation, have limited ability to cross biological membranes, and may elicit immune responses. Therefore, delivery systems for such drugs are under intensive investigation. Exploiting extracellular vesicles as carriers for biological therapeutics is a promising strategy to overcome these issues and to achieve efficient delivery to the cytosol of target cells. Exosomes are a well studied class of extracellular vesicles known to carry proteins and nucleic acids, making them especially suitable for such strategies. However, the considerable complexity and the related high chance of off-target effects of these carriers are major barriers for translation to the clinic. Given that it is well possible that not all components of exosomes are required for their proper functioning, an alternative strategy would be to mimic these vesicles synthetically. By assembly of liposomes harboring only crucial components of natural exosomes, functional exosome mimetics may be created. The low complexity and use of well characterized components strongly increase the pharmaceutical acceptability of such systems. However, exosomal components that would be required for the assembly of functional exosome mimetics remain to be identified. This review provides insights into the composition and functional properties of exosomes, and focuses on components which could be used to enhance the drug delivery properties of exosome mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A A Kooijmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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166
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Chen KJ, Garcia MA, Wang H, Tseng HR. Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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167
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Meluzzi D, Olson KE, Dolan GF, Arya G, Müller UF. Computational prediction of efficient splice sites for trans-splicing ribozymes. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 18:590-602. [PMID: 22274956 PMCID: PMC3285945 DOI: 10.1261/rna.029884.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Group I introns have been engineered into trans-splicing ribozymes capable of replacing the 3'-terminal portion of an external mRNA with their own 3'-exon. Although this design makes trans-splicing ribozymes potentially useful for therapeutic application, their trans-splicing efficiency is usually too low for medical use. One factor that strongly influences trans-splicing efficiency is the position of the target splice site on the mRNA substrate. Viable splice sites are currently determined using a biochemical trans-tagging assay. Here, we propose a rapid and inexpensive alternative approach to identify efficient splice sites. This approach involves the computation of the binding free energies between ribozyme and mRNA substrate. We found that the computed binding free energies correlate well with the trans-splicing efficiency experimentally determined at 18 different splice sites on the mRNA of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase. In contrast, our results from the trans-tagging assay correlate less well with measured trans-splicing efficiency. The computed free energy components suggest that splice site efficiency depends on the following secondary structure rearrangements: hybridization of the ribozyme's internal guide sequence (IGS) with mRNA substrate (most important), unfolding of substrate proximal to the splice site, and release of the IGS from the 3'-exon (least important). The proposed computational approach can also be extended to fulfill additional design requirements of efficient trans-splicing ribozymes, such as the optimization of 3'-exon and extended guide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Meluzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Karen E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Gregory F. Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Gaurav Arya
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Ulrich F. Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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168
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Aliabadi HM, Landry B, Sun C, Tang T, Uludağ H. Supramolecular assemblies in functional siRNA delivery: Where do we stand? Biomaterials 2012; 33:2546-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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169
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Ye X, Hemida M, Zhang HM, Hanson P, Ye Q, Yang D. Current advances in Phi29 pRNA biology and its application in drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2012; 3:469-81. [PMID: 22362726 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage 29 (Phi29) packaging RNA (pRNA) is one of the key components in the viral DNA-packaging motor. It contains two functional domains facilitating the translocation of DNA into the viral capsid by interacting with other elements in the motor and promoting adenosine triphosphates hydrolysis. Through the connection between interlocking loops in adjacent pRNA monomers, pRNA functions in the form of multimer ring in the motor. Previous studies have addressed the unique structure and conformation of pRNA. However, there are different DNA-packaging models proposed for the viral genome transportation mechanism. The DNA-packaging ability and the unique features of pRNA have been attracting efforts to study its potential applications in nanotechnology. The pRNA has been proved to be a promising tool for delivering nucleic acid-based therapeutic molecules by covalent linkage with ribozymes, small interfering RNAs, aptamers, and artificial microRNAs. The flexibility in constructing dimers, trimers, and hexamers enables the assembly of polyvalent nanoparticles to carry drug molecules for therapeutic purposes, cell ligands for target delivery, image detector for drug entry monitoring, and endosome disrupter for drug release. Besides these fascinating pharmacological advantages, pRNA-based drug delivery has also been demonstrated to prolong the drug half life with minimal induction of immune response and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- The Institute for Heart and Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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170
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Chang CI, Lee TY, Kim S, Sun X, Hong SW, Yoo JW, Dua P, Kang HS, Kim S, Li CJ, Lee DK. Enhanced intracellular delivery and multi-target gene silencing triggered by tripodal RNA structures. J Gene Med 2012; 14:138-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae Yeon Lee
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Korea
| | - Sera Kim
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Korea
| | | | - Sun Woo Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineeering; Dongguk University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jae Wook Yoo
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Korea
| | - Pooja Dua
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Korea
| | - Hye Suk Kang
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineeering; Dongguk University; Seoul; Korea
| | | | - Dong-Ki Lee
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Korea
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172
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Al-Qadi S, Grenha A, Remuñán-López C. Chitosan and its derivatives as nanocarriers for siRNA delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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173
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Mahmoudi M, Hofmann H, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Assessing the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2011; 112:2323-38. [PMID: 22216932 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Powder Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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174
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Lobovkina T, Jacobson GB, Gonzalez EG, Hickerson RP, Leake D, Kaspar RL, Contag CH, Zare RN. In vivo sustained release of siRNA from solid lipid nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2011; 5:9977-83. [PMID: 22077198 PMCID: PMC3246574 DOI: 10.1021/nn203745n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a highly potent drug in gene-based therapy with a challenge of being delivered in a sustained manner. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems allow for incorporating and controlled release of therapeutic payloads. We demonstrate that solid lipid nanoparticles can incorporate and provide sustained release of siRNA. Tristearin solid lipid nanoparticles, made by nanoprecipitation, were loaded with siRNA (4.4-5.5 wt % loading ratio) using a hydrophobic ion pairing approach that employs the cationic lipid DOTAP. Intradermal injection of these nanocarriers in mouse footpads resulted in prolonged siRNA release over a period of 10-13 days. In vitro cell studies showed that the released siRNA retained its activity. Nanoparticles developed in this study offer an alternative approach to polymeric nanoparticles for encapsulation and sustained delivery of siRNA with the advantage of being prepared from physiologically well-tolerated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Lobovkina
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080 USA
| | - Gunilla B. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080 USA
| | - Emilio Gonzalez Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
- Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
| | | | - Devin Leake
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dharmacon Products, 2650 Crescent Drive, Lafayette, CO 80026, USA
| | - Roger L. Kaspar
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
- TransDerm Inc., 2161 Delaware Ave., Suite D, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
- Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
- Departments of Radiology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080 USA
- Address correspondence to
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175
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Potyrailo R, Rajan K, Stoewe K, Takeuchi I, Chisholm B, Lam H. Combinatorial and high-throughput screening of materials libraries: review of state of the art. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:579-633. [PMID: 21644562 DOI: 10.1021/co200007w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational materials design based on prior knowledge is attractive because it promises to avoid time-consuming synthesis and testing of numerous materials candidates. However with the increase of complexity of materials, the scientific ability for the rational materials design becomes progressively limited. As a result of this complexity, combinatorial and high-throughput (CHT) experimentation in materials science has been recognized as a new scientific approach to generate new knowledge. This review demonstrates the broad applicability of CHT experimentation technologies in discovery and optimization of new materials. We discuss general principles of CHT materials screening, followed by the detailed discussion of high-throughput materials characterization approaches, advances in data analysis/mining, and new materials developments facilitated by CHT experimentation. We critically analyze results of materials development in the areas most impacted by the CHT approaches, such as catalysis, electronic and functional materials, polymer-based industrial coatings, sensing materials, and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav Potyrailo
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Krishna Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Combinatorial Discovery, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Stoewe
- Universität des Saarlandes, Technische Chemie, Campus C4.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bret Chisholm
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Hubert Lam
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
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176
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Lee VY, Havenstrite K, Tjio M, McNeil M, Blau HM, Miller RD, Sly J. Nanogel star polymer architectures: a nanoparticle platform for modular programmable macromolecular self-assembly, intercellular transport, and dual-mode cargo delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4509-4515. [PMID: 21901765 PMCID: PMC3324179 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melia Tjio
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Melanie McNeil
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Helen M. Blau
- School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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177
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Chen Y, Chu C, Zhou Y, Ru Y, Chen H, Chen F, He Q, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Shi J. Reversible pore-structure evolution in hollow silica nanocapsules: large pores for siRNA delivery and nanoparticle collecting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2935-44. [PMID: 21901827 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effective modulation of pore sizes for nanoporous silica nanoparticles still remains a great challenge not satisfactorily solved. In this paper, the pore sizes in the shell of hollow silica nanocapsules are well-tuned by a reversible Si-O bond breakage and reformation process under mildly alkaline conditions (e.g., Na(2) CO(3) solution). The pores in nanosized hollow silica capsules can be modulated from 3.2 nm to larger than 10 nm by a novel, surfactant-directing alkaline-etching (SDAE) strategy. Interestingly, the pores can be fully filled through the regrowth of the dissoluted silicates by bonding to silanols (Si-OH) on the wall surface to generate the nonporous hollow silica nanocapsules. The large-sized pore hollow silica nanocapsules exhibit excellent siRNA-loading capabilities and intracellular transfection efficiencies in vitro. In addition, the large pores in the shell of hollow silica nanocapsules are explored as channels for collecting superparamagnetic, small-sized Fe(3) O(4) nanoparticles as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, initiating a special approach towards pore-size modulation and multifunctionalization of silica-based nanostructural materials for nanobiomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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178
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Kurosaki T, Higuchi N, Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Nakamura T, Kitahara T, Hashida M, Sasaki H. Self-assemble gene delivery system for molecular targeting using nucleic acid aptamer. Gene 2011; 491:205-9. [PMID: 22001405 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel vector constructed with pDNA, polyethylenimine (PEI), and mucin 1 (MUC1) aptamer for tumor-targeted gene delivery. The MUC1 aptamer and non-specific aptamer were employed to coat the pDNA/PEI complexes electrostatically and stable nanoparticles were formed. The addition of a non-specific aptamer to the pDNA/PEI complex decreased gene expression in the human lung cancer cell line, A549 cells expressing MUC1 regularly. At the same time, the pDNA/PEI/MUC1 aptamer complex showed higher gene expression than pDNA/PEI/non-specific aptamer complex. Furthermore, the pDNA/PEI/MUC1 aptamer complex showed markedly high gene expression in tumor-bearing mice; thus, pDNA/PEI/MUC1 aptamer complexes are useful as a tumor-targeted gene delivery system with high transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Kurosaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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179
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Chaturvedi K, Ganguly K, Kulkarni AR, Kulkarni VH, Nadagouda MN, Rudzinski WE, Aminabhavi TM. Cyclodextrin-based siRNA delivery nanocarriers: a state-of-the-art review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1455-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.610790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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180
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Ogris M, Wagner E. To Be Targeted: Is the Magic Bullet Concept a Viable Option for Synthetic Nucleic Acid Therapeutics? Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:799-807. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Ogris
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 81377, Germany
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181
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Kim SJ, Oh JS, Shin JY, Lee KD, Sung KW, Nam SJ, Chun KH. Development of microRNA-145 for therapeutic application in breast cancer. J Control Release 2011; 155:427-34. [PMID: 21723890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, are key regulators of tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis through inhibition of gene expression. Therefore, there is increasing interest in developing anti-cancer therapies using microRNAs. In this study, we determined the therapeutic potency of microRNA-145(miR-145) against breast cancer. We found a reverse-correlation between the expression of miR-145 and its target genes, such as fascin-1, c-myc, SMAD2/3 and IGF-1R in breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer patient tissues. Transfected miR-145 mimicking double-stranded oligonucleotides was directly reduced cell proliferation and motility via interaction with 3'UTR of target gene and also indirectly regulates Wnt signaling. An inhibitor of miR-145 nullified this decreasing effect of miR-145 on cell proliferation and motility. We prepared an adenoviral constructed miR-145(Ad-miR-145) and subjected it to breast cancer cells in vitro and orthotopic breast cancer mice in vivo. Ad-miR-145 suppressed cell growth and motility in both the in vitro and in vivo systems. Furthermore, a treatment combining Ad-miR-145 with 5-FU significantly showed anti-tumor effects, compared to treating alone. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that miR-145 suppresses tumor growth by inhibition of multiple tumor survival effectors, and more we suppose that miR-145 is potentially useful in the therapy of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Division of Translational & Clinical Research I, National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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182
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton B. Iliuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - W. Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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183
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Laing BM, Guo P, Bergstrom DE. Optimized method for the synthesis and purification of adenosine--folic acid conjugates for use as transcription initiators in the preparation of modified RNA. Methods 2011; 54:260-6. [PMID: 21163352 PMCID: PMC3090705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an optimized synthetic strategy for the attachment of molecules to 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which can then be used to label the 5'-end of RNA by T7 RNA polymerase mediated in vitro transcription. Through the use of a boronate affinity gel, we have developed an efficient route to the preparation of folate conjugated AMP with high yields and purity. Affi-Gel boronate is an affinity resin that selectively binds nucleoside and nucleoside derivatives at pH>7.5 and releases them at pH<6.5. This resin is used to efficiently bind and purify ribonucleotides such as AMP. This allows for the addition of a large excess of reactants and reagents in order to drive the reaction to completion and then allow easy purification without HPLC. The synthesis can be successfully scaled up to produce large quantities of AMP conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Laing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering/College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Donald E. Bergstrom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46208
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184
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Lyubchenko YL, Shlyakhtenko LS, Ando T. Imaging of nucleic acids with atomic force microscopy. Methods 2011; 54:274-83. [PMID: 21310240 PMCID: PMC3114274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a key tool of nanotechnology with great importance in applications to DNA nanotechnology and to the recently emerging field of RNA nanotechnology. Advances in the methodology of AFM now enable reliable and reproducible imaging of DNA of various structures, topologies, and DNA and RNA nanostructures. These advances are reviewed here with emphasis on methods utilizing modification of mica to prepare the surfaces enabling reliable and reproducible imaging of DNA and RNA nanostructures. Since the AFM technology for DNA is more mature, AFM imaging of DNA is introduced in this review to provide experience and background for the improvement of AFM imaging of RNA. Examples of imaging different structures of RNA and DNA are discussed and illustrated. Special attention is given to the potential use of AFM to image the dynamics of nucleic acids at the nanometer scale. As such, we review recent advances with the use of time-lapse AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
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185
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Yang HN, Park JS, Woo DG, Jeon SY, Do HJ, Lim HY, Kim JH, Park KH. C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β-mediated adipogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using PLGA nanoparticles complexed with poly(ethyleneimmine). Biomaterials 2011; 32:5924-33. [PMID: 21600648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, to drive efficient adipogenic differentiation, the adipogenic transcription factors C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP) were complexed with poly-ethyleneimine (PEI) coupled with biodegradable PLGA nanospheres and delivered to human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC). FACS analysis revealed that the transfection efficiency of C/EBP-α, C/EBP-β, or both genes complexed with PEI-coated PLGA nanospheres was 12.59%, 21.74%, and 28.96% of hMSCs. Expression and localization of C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β were confirmed by Western blotting and confocal laser microscopy. Overexpression of exogenous C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β significantly elevated adipogenic differentiation processes as indicated by RT-PCR, real-time PCR, Western blotting, histology, and immunofluorescence microscopy. During adipogenesis, PEI-coupled PLGA nanospheres complexed with C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β greatly increased the adipogenic capability of in vitro cultured cells, as well of in vivo transplanted cells. The expression of genes and proteins specific to adipogenic differentiation in hMSCs was significantly elevated compared to the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Na Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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186
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Gao Y, Liu XL, Li XR. Research progress on siRNA delivery with nonviral carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1017-25. [PMID: 21720513 PMCID: PMC3124387 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is a powerful method for the knockdown of pathologically relevant genes. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been widely demonstrated as effective biomedical genetic-therapy applications for many diseases. Unfortunately, siRNA duplexes are not ideal drug-like molecules. Problems hindering their effective application fundamentally lie in their delivery, stability, and off-target effects. Delivery systems provide solutions to many of the challenges facing siRNA therapeutics. Due to some fatal disadvantages of viral vectors, nonviral carriers have been studied extensively. Aside from liposomes, nanoparticles and cationic polymer carriers have exhibited improved in vivo stability, better biocompatibility, and efficiency for gene silencing with less cellular toxicity. They may represent a promising strategy for siRNA-based therapies, especially as nanomaterials. The present review also summarizes other methods of siRNA delivery and the side effects of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China
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187
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Abdelmawla S, Guo S, Zhang L, Pulukuri SM, Patankar P, Conley P, Trebley J, Guo P, Li QX. Pharmacological characterization of chemically synthesized monomeric phi29 pRNA nanoparticles for systemic delivery. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1312-22. [PMID: 21468004 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the packaging RNA (pRNA) of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor folds into a compact structure, constituting a RNA nanoparticle that can be modularized with functional groups as a nanodelivery system. pRNA nanoparticles can also be self-assembled by the bipartite approach without altering folding property. The present study demonstrated that 2'-F-modified pRNA nanoparticles were readily manufactured through this scalable bipartite strategy, featuring total chemical synthesis and permitting diverse functional modularizations. The RNA nanoparticles were chemically and metabolically stable and demonstrated a favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in mice (half-life (T(1/2)): 5-10 hours, clearance (Cl): <0.13 l/kg/hour, volume of distribution (V(d)): 1.2 l/kg). It did not induce an interferon (IFN) response nor did it induce cytokine production in mice. Repeat intravenous administrations in mice up to 30 mg/kg did not result in any toxicity. Fluorescent folate-pRNA nanoparticles efficiently and specifically bound and internalized to folate receptor (FR)-bearing cancer cells in vitro. It also specifically and dose-dependently targeted to FR(+) xenograft tumor in mice with minimal accumulation in normal tissues. This first comprehensive pharmacological study suggests that the pRNA nanoparticle had all the preferred pharmacological features to serve as an efficient nanodelivery platform for broad medical applications.
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188
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Patil ML, Zhang M, Minko T. Multifunctional triblock Nanocarrier (PAMAM-PEG-PLL) for the efficient intracellular siRNA delivery and gene silencing. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1877-87. [PMID: 21322531 PMCID: PMC3062392 DOI: 10.1021/nn102711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel triblock poly(amido amine)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly-l-lysine (PAMAM-PEG-PLL) nanocarrier was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for the delivery of siRNA. The design of the nanocarrier is unique and provides a solution to most of the common problems associated with the delivery and therapeutic applications of siRNA. Every component in the triblock nanocarrier plays a significant role and performs multiple functions: (1) tertiary amine groups in the PAMAM dendrimer work as a proton sponge and play a vital role in the endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA; (2) PEG, a linker connecting PLL and PAMAM dendrimers renders nuclease stability and protects siRNA in human plasma; (3) PLL provides primary amines to form polyplexes with siRNA through electrostatic interaction and also acts as penetration enhancer; and (4) conjugation to PEG and PAMAM reduced toxicity of PLL and the entire triblock nanocarrier PAMAM-PEG-PLL. The data obtained show that the polyplexes resulted from the conjugation of siRNA, and the proposed nanocarriers were effectively taken up by cancer cells and induced the knock down of the target BCL2 gene. In addition, triblock nanocarrier/siRNA polyplexes showed excellent stability in human plasma.
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189
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Nakanishi M, Patil R, Ren Y, Shyam R, Wong P, Mao HQ. Enhanced stability and knockdown efficiency of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polyphosphoramidate/siRNA micellar nanoparticles by co-condensation with sodium triphosphate. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1723-1732. [PMID: 21387148 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles are a promising vehicle for siRNA delivery but suffer from low stability under physiological conditions. An effective stabilization method is essential for the success of polycationic nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery. In this study, sodium triphosphate (TPP), an ionic crosslinking agent, is used to stabilize siRNA-containing nanoparticles by co-condensation. METHODS siRNA and TPP were co-encapsulated into a block copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polyphosphoramidate (PEG-b-PPA), to form ternary nanoparticles. Physicochemical characterization was performed by dynamic light scattering and gel electrophoresis. Gene silencing efficiency in cell lines was assessed by dual luciferase assay system. RESULTS The PEG-b-PPA/siRNA/TPP ternary nanoparticles exhibited high uniformity with smaller size (80-100 nm) compared with PEG-b-PPA/siRNA nanoparticles and showed increased stability in physiological ionic strength and serum-containing medium, due to the stabilization effect from ionic crosslinks between negatively charged TPP and cationic PPA segment. Transfection and gene silencing efficiency of the TPP-crosslinked nanoparticles were markedly improved over PEG-b-PPA/siRNA complexes in serum-containing medium. No significant difference in cell viability was observed between nanoparticles prepared with and without TPP co-condensation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the effectiveness of TPP co-condensation in compacting polycation/siRNA nanoparticles, improving nanoparticle stability and enhancing the transfection and knockdown efficiency in serum-containing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakanishi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA 101E Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Rajesh Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA 101E Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA 101E Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Rishab Shyam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA 101E Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Philip Wong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA 101E Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Hai Quan Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA 101E Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Shu Y, Cinier M, Shu D, Guo P. Assembly of multifunctional phi29 pRNA nanoparticles for specific delivery of siRNA and other therapeutics to targeted cells. Methods 2011; 54:204-14. [PMID: 21320601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA nanotechnology have led to the emergence of a new field and brought vitality to the area of therapeutics [P. Guo, The emerging field of RNA nanotechnology, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2010]. Due to the complementary nature of the four nucleotides and its special catalytic activity, RNA can be manipulated with simplicity characteristic of DNA, while possessing versatile structure and diverse function similar to proteins. Loops and tertiary architecture serve as mounting dovetails or wedges to eliminate external linking dowels. Unique features in transcription, termination, self-assembly, self-processing, and acid-resistance enable in vivo production of nanoparticles harboring aptamer, siRNA, ribozyme, riboswitch, or other regulators for therapy, detection, regulation, and intracellular computation. The unique property of noncanonical base-pairing and stacking enables RNA to fold into well-defined structures for constructing nanoparticles with special functionalities. Bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor is geared by a ring consisting of six packaging RNA (pRNA) molecules. pRNA is able to form a multimeric complex via the interaction of two reengineered interlocking loops. This unique feature makes it an ideal polyvalent vehicle for nanomachine fabrication, pathogen detection, and delivery of siRNA or other therapeutics. This review describes methods in using pRNA as a building block for the construction of RNA dimers, trimers, and hexamers as nanoparticles in medical applications. Methods for industrial-scale production of large and stable RNA nanoparticles will be introduced. The unique favorable PK (pharmacokinetics) profile with a half life (T(1/2)) of 5-10h comparing to 0.25 of conventional 2'-F siRNA, and advantageous in vivo features such as non-toxicity, non-induction of interferons or non-stimulating of cytokine response in animals will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shu
- Nanobiomedical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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