151
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Snyder A, Morrissey MP, Hellmann MD. Use of Circulating Tumor DNA for Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6909-6915. [PMID: 31285372 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy offers a versatile, noninvasive opportunity to diagnose, characterize, and monitor disease in patients with cancer. There are particularly promising applications with which to use liquid biopsies to predict and evaluate response to immunotherapy. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can reflect the genomic state of a patient's overall disease and, thus, might identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. ctDNA might also be a proxy for a patient's overall disease burden, which could be used for early diagnosis and monitoring treatment response. These applications can enable novel trial designs, such as enrollment of early-stage patients with a high risk for relapse, and the evaluation of response patterns unique to immunotherapies. However, barriers to the widespread adoption of ctDNA assessment remain, including the absence of standardized procedures for collecting and processing ctDNA samples and relatively limited data on clinical utility. Identifying and solving these challenges could allow ctDNA to become a powerful clinical and research tool in the era of personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Snyder
- Department of Early Oncology Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.
| | - Michael P Morrissey
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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152
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Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Somatic Mutations and Clonal Hematopoiesis: Unexpected Potential New Drivers of Age-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res 2019; 122:523-532. [PMID: 29420212 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that conventional cardiovascular risk factors are incompletely predictive of cardiovascular disease, particularly in elderly individuals, suggesting that there may still be unidentified causal risk factors. Although the accumulation of somatic DNA mutations is a hallmark of aging, its relevance in cardiovascular disease or other age-related conditions has been, with the exception of cancer, largely unexplored. Here, we review recent clinical and preclinical studies that have identified acquired mutations in hematopoietic stem cells and subsequent clonal hematopoiesis as a new cardiovascular risk factor and a potential major driver of atherosclerosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the connection between somatic mutation-driven clonal hematopoiesis and cardiovascular disease will be highly relevant in the context of personalized medicine, as it may provide key information for the design of diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic strategies tailored to the effects of specific somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- From the Molecular Cardiology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- From the Molecular Cardiology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
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153
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Salk JJ, Loubet-Senear K, Maritschnegg E, Valentine CC, Williams LN, Higgins JE, Horvat R, Vanderstichele A, Nachmanson D, Baker KT, Emond MJ, Loter E, Tretiakova M, Soussi T, Loeb LA, Zeillinger R, Speiser P, Risques RA. Ultra-Sensitive TP53 Sequencing for Cancer Detection Reveals Progressive Clonal Selection in Normal Tissue over a Century of Human Lifespan. Cell Rep 2019; 28:132-144.e3. [PMID: 31269435 PMCID: PMC6639023 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-accuracy next-generation DNA sequencing promises a paradigm shift in early cancer detection by enabling the identification of mutant cancer molecules in minimally invasive body fluid samples. We demonstrate 80% sensitivity for ovarian cancer detection using ultra-accurate Duplex Sequencing to identify TP53 mutations in uterine lavage. However, in addition to tumor DNA, we also detect low-frequency TP53 mutations in nearly all lavages from women with and without cancer. These mutations increase with age and share the selection traits of clonal TP53 mutations commonly found in human tumors. We show that low-frequency TP53 mutations exist in multiple healthy tissues, from newborn to centenarian, and progressively increase in abundance and pathogenicity with older age across tissue types. Our results illustrate that subclonal cancer evolutionary processes are a ubiquitous part of normal human aging, and great care must be taken to distinguish tumor-derived from age-associated mutations in high-sensitivity clinical cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Salk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; TwinStrand Biosciences, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | | | - Elisabeth Maritschnegg
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Reinhard Horvat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adriaan Vanderstichele
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Nachmanson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kathryn T Baker
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary J Emond
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Loter
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Maria Tretiakova
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thierry Soussi
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; INSERM, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Lawrence A Loeb
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Speiser
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosa Ana Risques
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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154
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Capo-Chichi JM, Michaels P, Tremblay-Le May R, Abelson S, Hasserjian RP, Xia D. Emerging patterns in clonal haematopoiesis. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:453-459. [PMID: 31164443 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clonal haematopoiesis (CH) is defined by the presence of acquired mutations and/or cytogenetic abnormalities in haematopoietic cells. By definition, these premalignant clones do not meet criteria for haematopoietic neoplasms listed in the Revised Fourth Edition of the WHO classification. CH is fairly common in elderly individuals and is associated with higher risks for haematological cancers, in particular myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), as well as cardiovascular events. Similar small clones have also been detected during follow-up in patients with AML in morphological remission, in individuals with aplastic anaemia, and in pre-chemotherapy blood samples from patients with other types of cancers. In each of these contexts, the presence of mutations carries different clinical implications, and sometimes demonstrates unique genetic profiles. Emerging research suggests that the number and identity of mutations, the size of the mutant clones and various other factors, including age, immune status and history of exogenous drugs/toxins, are important for disease biology and progression. This review focuses specifically on the subset of CH with gene mutations detected by sequencing, and includes discussions of nomenclature and molecular technologies that detect and quantify gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip Michaels
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sagi Abelson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Xia
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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155
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Slavin TP, Coffee B, Bernhisel R, Logan J, Cox HC, Marcucci G, Weitzel J, Neuhausen SL, Mancini-DiNardo D. Prevalence and characteristics of likely-somatic variants in cancer susceptibility genes among individuals who had hereditary pan-cancer panel testing. Cancer Genet 2019; 235-236:31-38. [PMID: 31056428 PMCID: PMC6625900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) hereditary pan-cancer panel testing can identify somatic variants, which exhibit lower allele frequencies than do germline variants and may confound hereditary cancer predisposition testing. This analysis examined the prevalence and characteristics of likely-somatic variants among 348,543 individuals tested using a clinical NGS hereditary pan-cancer panel. Variants showing allele frequencies between 10% and 30% were interpreted as likely somatic and identified in 753 (0.22%) individuals. They were most frequent in TP53, CHEK2 and ATM, commonly as C-to-T transitions. Among individuals who carried a likely-somatic variant and reported no personal cancer history, 54.2% (78/144) carried a variant in TP53, CHEK2 or ATM. With a reported cancer history, this percentage increased to 81.1% (494/609), predominantly in CHEK2 and TP53. Their presence was associated with age (OR=3.1, 95% CI 2.5, 3.7; p<0.001) and personal history of cancer (OR=3.3, 95% CI 2.7, 4.0; p<0.001), particularly ovarian cancer. Germline ATM pathogenic variant carriers showed significant enrichment of likely-somatic variants (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.6, 4.9; p = 0.005), regardless of cancer status. The appearance of likely-somatic variants is consistent with clonal hematopoiesis, possibly influenced by cancer treatment. These findings highlight the precision required of diagnostic laboratories to deliver accurate germline testing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Slavin
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte, CA, USA; City of Hope, Department of Population Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Hannah C Cox
- Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- City of Hope, Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Weitzel
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte, CA, USA; City of Hope, Department of Population Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA
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156
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Chin RI, Chen K, Usmani A, Chua C, Harris PK, Binkley MS, Azad TD, Dudley JC, Chaudhuri AA. Detection of Solid Tumor Molecular Residual Disease (MRD) Using Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA). Mol Diagn Ther 2019; 23:311-331. [PMID: 30941670 PMCID: PMC6561896 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-019-00390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a component of cell-free DNA that is shed by malignant tumors into the bloodstream and other bodily fluids. Levels of ctDNA are typically low, particularly in patients with localized disease, requiring highly sophisticated methods for detection and quantification. Multiple liquid biopsy methods have been developed for ctDNA analysis in solid tumor malignancies and are now enabling detection and assessment of earlier stages of disease, post-treatment molecular residual disease (MRD), resistance to targeted systemic therapy, and tumor mutational burden. Understanding ctDNA biology, mechanisms of release, and clearance and size characteristics, in conjunction with the application of molecular barcoding and targeted error correction, have increased the sensitivity and specificity of ctDNA detection techniques. Combinatorial approaches including integration of ctDNA data with circulating protein biomarkers may further improve assay sensitivity and broaden the scope of ctDNA applications. Circulating viral DNA may be utilized to monitor disease in some virally induced malignancies. In spite of increasingly accurate methods of ctDNA detection, results need to be interpreted with caution given that somatic mosaicisms such as clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) may give rise to genetic variants in the bloodstream unrelated to solid tumors, and the limited concordance observed between different commercial platforms. Overall, highly precise ctDNA detection and quantification methods have the potential to transform clinical practice via non-invasive monitoring of solid tumor malignancies, residual disease detection at earlier timepoints than standard clinical and/or imaging surveillance, and treatment personalization based on real-time assessment of the tumor genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Re-I Chin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abul Usmani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chanelle Chua
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter K Harris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Binkley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tej D Azad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Dudley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aadel A Chaudhuri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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157
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Jann JC, Nolte F, Mossner M, Flach J, Altrock E, Schmitt N, Röhl H, Jawhar A, Neumann U, Nowak V, Danner J, Obländer J, Palme I, Hofmann WK, Nowak D. Comparative analysis of clonal hematopoiesis of multipotent stem cells in healthy elderly in blood and bone marrow. Leuk Res 2019; 82:15-18. [PMID: 31132434 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann-Christoph Jann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Florian Nolte
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mossner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Flach
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eva Altrock
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nanni Schmitt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henning Röhl
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ahmed Jawhar
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Neumann
- Department of Surgery, Community Hospital, Reichenbach, Germany
| | - Verena Nowak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Justine Danner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Obländer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Iris Palme
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Nowak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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158
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Tuval A, Shlush LI. Evolutionary trajectory of leukemic clones and its clinical implications. Haematologica 2019; 104:872-880. [PMID: 31004016 PMCID: PMC6518877 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.195289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogeny of acute myeloid leukemia is a multistep process. It is driven both by features of the malignant clone itself as well as by environmental pressures, making it a unique process in each individual. The technological advancements of recent years has increased our understanding about the different steps that take place at the genomic level. It is now clear that malignant clones evolve, expand and change even during what seem to be clinically healthy or “cured” periods. This opens a wide window for new therapeutic and monitoring opportunities. Moreover, prediction and even early prevention have become possible goals to be pursued. The aim of this review is to shed light upon recent observations in leukemia evolution and their clinical implications. We present a critical view of these concepts in order to assist clinicians when interpreting results of the ever growing myriad of genomic diagnostic tests. We wish to help clinicians incorporate genetic tests into their clinical assessment and enable them to provide genetic counseling to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Tuval
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot .,Hematology Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba
| | - Liran I Shlush
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot .,Hematology Department, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
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159
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Hartmann L, Metzeler KH. Clonal hematopoiesis and preleukemia-Genetics, biology, and clinical implications. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:828-838. [PMID: 30939217 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid neoplasms including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originate from hematopoietic stem cells through sequential acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations that ultimately cause the disease-specific phenotype of impaired differentiation and increased proliferation. It has become clear that preleukemic clonal hematopoiesis (CH), characterized by an expansion of stem and progenitor cells that carry somatic mutations but are still capable of normal differentiation, can precede the development of clinically overt myeloid neoplasia by many years. CH commonly develops in the aging hematopoietic system, yet progression to myelodysplasia or AML is rare. The discovery that myeloid neoplasms frequently develop from premalignant precursor conditions that are detectable in many healthy individuals has important consequences for the diagnosis, and potentially for the treatment of these disorders. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on CH as a precursor of myeloid cancers and the implications of CH-related gene mutations in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndrome. We will discuss the risk of progression associated with CH in healthy persons and in patients undergoing chemotherapy for a non-hematologic cancer, and the significance of CH in autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Finally, we will review the significance of preleukemic clones in AML and their persistence in patients who achieve a remission after chemotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus H Metzeler
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine III, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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160
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Castelli G, Pelosi E, Testa U. Emerging Therapies for Acute Myelogenus Leukemia Patients Targeting Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E260. [PMID: 30813354 PMCID: PMC6406361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the hematopoietic cells, characterized by impaired differentiation and uncontrolled clonal expansion of myeloid progenitors/precursors, resulting in bone marrow failure and impaired normal hematopoiesis. AML comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies, characterized by a combination of different somatic genetic abnormalities, some of which act as events driving leukemic development. Studies carried out in the last years have shown that AML cells invariably have abnormalities in one or more apoptotic pathways and have identified some components of the apoptotic pathway that can be targeted by specific drugs. Clinical results deriving from studies using B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitors in combination with standard AML agents, such as azacytidine, decitabine, low-dose cytarabine, provided promising results and strongly support the use of these agents in the treatment of AML patients, particularly of elderly patients. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors are frequently deregulated in AML patients and their targeting may represent a promising strategy for development of new treatments. Altered mitochondrial metabolism is a common feature of AML cells, as supported through the discovery of mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene and in mitochondrial electron transport chain and of numerous abnormalities of oxidative metabolism existing in AML subgroups. Overall, these observations strongly support the view that the targeting of mitochondrial apoptotic or metabolic machinery is an appealing new therapeutic perspective in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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161
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The global clonal complexity of the murine blood system declines throughout life and after serial transplantation. Blood 2019; 133:1927-1942. [PMID: 30782612 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-873059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many recent studies describe the emergence and prevalence of "clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential" in aged human populations, a systematic analysis of the numbers of clones supporting steady-state hematopoiesis throughout mammalian life is lacking. Previous efforts relied on transplantation of "barcoded" hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to track the contribution of HSC clones to reconstituted blood. However, ex vivo manipulation and transplantation alter HSC function and thus may not reflect the biology of steady-state hematopoiesis. Using a noninvasive in vivo color-labeling system, we report the first comprehensive analysis of the changing global clonal complexity of steady-state hematopoiesis during the natural murine lifespan. We observed that the number of clones (ie, clonal complexity) supporting the major blood and bone marrow hematopoietic compartments decline with age by ∼30% and ∼60%, respectively. Aging dramatically reduced HSC in vivo-repopulating activity and lymphoid potential while increasing functional heterogeneity. Continuous challenge of the hematopoietic system by serial transplantation provoked the clonal collapse of both young and aged hematopoietic systems. Whole-exome sequencing of serially transplanted aged and young hematopoietic clones confirmed oligoclonal hematopoiesis and revealed mutations in at least 27 genes, including nonsense, missense, and deletion mutations in Bcl11b, Hist1h2ac, Npy2r, Notch3, Ptprr, and Top2b.
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162
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Nicolas G, Veltman JA. The role of de novo mutations in adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:183-207. [PMID: 30478624 PMCID: PMC6513904 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genetic underpinnings of the most common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders (AOND) are complex in majority of the cases. In some families, however, the disease can be inherited in a Mendelian fashion as an autosomal-dominant trait. Next to that, patients carrying mutations in the same disease genes have been reported despite a negative family history. Although challenging to demonstrate due to the late onset of the disease in most cases, the occurrence of de novo mutations can explain this sporadic presentation, as demonstrated for severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Exome or genome sequencing of patient-parent trios allows a hypothesis-free study of the role of de novo mutations in AOND and the discovery of novel disease genes. Another hypothesis that may explain a proportion of sporadic AOND cases is the occurrence of a de novo mutation after the fertilization of the oocyte (post-zygotic mutation) or even as a late-somatic mutation, restricted to the brain. Such somatic mutation hypothesis, that can be tested with the use of novel sequencing technologies, is fully compatible with the seeding and spreading mechanisms of the pathological proteins identified in most of these disorders. We review here the current knowledge and future perspectives on de novo mutations in known and novel candidate genes identified in the most common AONDs such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum and Prion disorders. Also, we review the first lessons learned from recent genomic studies of control and diseased brains and the challenges which remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, 22, Boulevard Gambetta, 76000, 76031, Rouen Cedex, France.
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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163
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Moors I, Vandepoele K, Philippé J, Deeren D, Selleslag D, Breems D, Straetmans N, Kerre T, Denys B. Clinical implications of measurable residual disease in AML: Review of current evidence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 133:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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164
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Greenfield G, McPherson S, Mills K, McMullin MF. The ruxolitinib effect: understanding how molecular pathogenesis and epigenetic dysregulation impact therapeutic efficacy in myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Transl Med 2018; 16:360. [PMID: 30558676 PMCID: PMC6296062 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), polycythaemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) are linked by a propensity to thrombosis formation and a risk of leukaemic transformation. Activation of cytokine independent signalling through the JAK/STAT cascade is a feature of these disorders. A point mutation in exon 14 of the JAK2 gene resulting in the formation of the JAK2 V617F transcript occurs in 95% of PV patients and around 50% of ET and PMF patients driving constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Mutations in CALR or MPL are present as driving mutations in the majority of remaining ET and PMF patients. Ruxolitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor which inhibits JAK1 and JAK2. It is approved for use in intermediate and high risk PMF, and in PV patients who are resistant or intolerant to hydroxycarbamide. In randomised controlled trials it has demonstrated efficacy in spleen volume reduction and symptom burden reduction with a moderate improvement in overall survival in PMF. In PV, there is demonstrated benefit in haematocrit control and spleen volume. Despite these benefits, there is limited impact to induce complete haematological remission with normalisation of blood counts, reduce the mutant allele burden or reverse bone marrow fibrosis. Clonal evolution has been observed on ruxolitinib therapy and transformation to acute leukaemia can still occur. This review will concentrate on understanding the clinical and molecular effects of ruxolitinib in MPN. We will focus on understanding the limitations of JAK inhibition and the challenges to improving therapeutic efficacy in these disorders. We will explore the demonstrated benefits and disadvantages of ruxolitinib in the clinic, the role of genomic and clonal variability in pathogenesis and response to JAK inhibition, epigenetic changes which impact on response to therapy, the role of DNA damage and the role of inflammation in these disorders. Finally, we will summarise the future prospects for improving therapy in MPN in the JAK inhibition era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Greenfield
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Suzanne McPherson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ken Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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165
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Maher GJ, Ralph HK, Ding Z, Koelling N, Mlcochova H, Giannoulatou E, Dhami P, Paul DS, Stricker SH, Beck S, McVean G, Wilkie AOM, Goriely A. Selfish mutations dysregulating RAS-MAPK signaling are pervasive in aged human testes. Genome Res 2018; 28:1779-1790. [PMID: 30355600 PMCID: PMC6280762 DOI: 10.1101/gr.239186.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosaic mutations present in the germline have important implications for reproductive risk and disease transmission. We previously demonstrated a phenomenon occurring in the male germline, whereby specific mutations arising spontaneously in stem cells (spermatogonia) lead to clonal expansion, resulting in elevated mutation levels in sperm over time. This process, termed "selfish spermatogonial selection," explains the high spontaneous birth prevalence and strong paternal age-effect of disorders such as achondroplasia and Apert, Noonan and Costello syndromes, with direct experimental evidence currently available for specific positions of six genes (FGFR2, FGFR3, RET, PTPN11, HRAS, and KRAS). We present a discovery screen to identify novel mutations and genes showing evidence of positive selection in the male germline, by performing massively parallel simplex PCR using RainDance technology to interrogate mutational hotspots in 67 genes (51.5 kb in total) in 276 biopsies of testes from five men (median age, 83 yr). Following ultradeep sequencing (about 16,000×), development of a low-frequency variant prioritization strategy, and targeted validation, we identified 61 distinct variants present at frequencies as low as 0.06%, including 54 variants not previously directly associated with selfish selection. The majority (80%) of variants identified have previously been implicated in developmental disorders and/or oncogenesis and include mutations in six newly associated genes (BRAF, CBL, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, RAF1, and SOS1), all of which encode components of the RAS-MAPK pathway and activate signaling. Our findings extend the link between mutations dysregulating the RAS-MAPK pathway and selfish selection, and show that the aging male germline is a repository for such deleterious mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Maher
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K Ralph
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Koelling
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Hana Mlcochova
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Pawan Dhami
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk S Paul
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan H Stricker
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gilean McVean
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Goriely
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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166
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Ouwens KG, Jansen R, Tolhuis B, Slagboom PE, Penninx BW, Boomsma DI. A characterization of postzygotic mutations identified in monozygotic twins. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1393-1401. [PMID: 29980163 PMCID: PMC6175188 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Postzygotic mutations are DNA changes acquired from the zygote stage onwards throughout the lifespan. These changes lead to differences in DNA sequence among cells of an individual, potentially contributing to the etiology of complex disorders. Here we compared whole genome DNA sequence data of two monozygotic twin pairs, 40 and 100 years old, to detect somatic mosaicism. DNA samples were sequenced twice on two Illumina platforms (13X and 40X read depth) for increased specificity. Using differences in allelic ratios resulted in sets of 1,720 and 1,739 putative postzygotic mutations in the 40-year-old twin pair and 100-year-old twin pair, respectively, for subsequent enrichment analysis. This set of putative mutations was strongly (p < 4.37e-91) enriched in both twin pairs for regulatory elements. The corresponding genes were significantly enriched for genes that are alternatively spliced, and for genes involved in GTPase activity. This research shows that somatic mosaicism can be detected in monozygotic twin pairs by using allelic ratios calculated from DNA sequence data and that the mutations which are found by this approach are not randomly distributed throughout the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaasjan G. Ouwens
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Genalice Core BVNijkerkThe Netherlands
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of PsychiatryVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular EpidemiologyLeids Universitair Medisch CentrumLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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167
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Somatic variants in autosomal dominant genes are a rare cause of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1632-1639. [PMID: 30114415 PMCID: PMC6544509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction A minority of patients with sporadic early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibit de novo germ line mutations in the autosomal dominant genes such as APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2. We hypothesized that negatively screened patients may harbor somatic variants in these genes. Methods We applied an ultrasensitive approach based on single-molecule molecular inversion probes followed by deep next generation sequencing of 11 genes to 100 brain and 355 blood samples from 445 sporadic patients with AD (>80% exhibited an early onset, <66 years). Results We identified and confirmed nine somatic variants (allele fractions: 0.2%–10.8%): two APP, five SORL1, one NCSTN, and one MARK4 variants by independent amplicon-based deep sequencing. Discussion Two of the SORL1 variant might have contributed to the disease, the two APP variants were interpreted as likely benign and the other variants remained of unknown significance. Somatic variants in the autosomal dominant AD genes may not be a common cause of sporadic AD, including early onset cases.
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168
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Savola P, Lundgren S, Keränen MAI, Almusa H, Ellonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Kelkka T, Mustjoki S. Clonal hematopoiesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Blood Cancer J 2018; 8:69. [PMID: 30061683 PMCID: PMC6066480 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-018-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Savola
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofie Lundgren
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko A I Keränen
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrikki Almusa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HILIFE; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HILIFE; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tiina Kelkka
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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169
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Loh PR, Genovese G, Handsaker RE, Finucane HK, Reshef YA, Palamara PF, Birmann BM, Talkowski ME, Bakhoum SF, McCarroll SA, Price AL. Insights into clonal haematopoiesis from 8,342 mosaic chromosomal alterations. Nature 2018; 559:350-355. [PMID: 29995854 PMCID: PMC6054542 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The selective pressures that shape clonal evolution in healthy individuals are largely unknown. Here we investigate 8,342 mosaic chromosomal alterations, from 50 kb to 249 Mb long, that we uncovered in blood-derived DNA from 151,202 UK Biobank participants using phase-based computational techniques (estimated false discovery rate, 6-9%). We found six loci at which inherited variants associated strongly with the acquisition of deletions or loss of heterozygosity in cis. At three such loci (MPL, TM2D3-TARSL2, and FRA10B), we identified a likely causal variant that acted with high penetrance (5-50%). Inherited alleles at one locus appeared to affect the probability of somatic mutation, and at three other loci to be objects of positive or negative clonal selection. Several specific mosaic chromosomal alterations were strongly associated with future haematological malignancies. Our results reveal a multitude of paths towards clonal expansions with a wide range of effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ru Loh
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robert E Handsaker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hilary K Finucane
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Schmidt Fellows Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yakir A Reshef
- Department of Computer Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Brenda M Birmann
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alkes L Price
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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170
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Abelson S, Collord G, Ng SWK, Weissbrod O, Mendelson Cohen N, Niemeyer E, Barda N, Zuzarte PC, Heisler L, Sundaravadanam Y, Luben R, Hayat S, Wang TT, Zhao Z, Cirlan I, Pugh TJ, Soave D, Ng K, Latimer C, Hardy C, Raine K, Jones D, Hoult D, Britten A, McPherson JD, Johansson M, Mbabaali F, Eagles J, Miller JK, Pasternack D, Timms L, Krzyzanowski P, Awadalla P, Costa R, Segal E, Bratman SV, Beer P, Behjati S, Martincorena I, Wang JCY, Bowles KM, Quirós JR, Karakatsani A, La Vecchia C, Trichopoulou A, Salamanca-Fernández E, Huerta JM, Barricarte A, Travis RC, Tumino R, Masala G, Boeing H, Panico S, Kaaks R, Krämer A, Sieri S, Riboli E, Vineis P, Foll M, McKay J, Polidoro S, Sala N, Khaw KT, Vermeulen R, Campbell PJ, Papaemmanuil E, Minden MD, Tanay A, Balicer RD, Wareham NJ, Gerstung M, Dick JE, Brennan P, Vassiliou GS, Shlush LI. Prediction of acute myeloid leukaemia risk in healthy individuals. Nature 2018; 559:400-404. [PMID: 29988082 PMCID: PMC6485381 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) increases with age and mortality exceeds 90% when diagnosed after age 65. Most cases arise without any detectable early symptoms and patients usually present with the acute complications of bone marrow failure1. The onset of such de novo AML cases is typically preceded by the accumulation of somatic mutations in preleukaemic haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that undergo clonal expansion2,3. However, recurrent AML mutations also accumulate in HSPCs during ageing of healthy individuals who do not develop AML, a phenomenon referred to as age-related clonal haematopoiesis (ARCH)4-8. Here we use deep sequencing to analyse genes that are recurrently mutated in AML to distinguish between individuals who have a high risk of developing AML and those with benign ARCH. We analysed peripheral blood cells from 95 individuals that were obtained on average 6.3 years before AML diagnosis (pre-AML group), together with 414 unselected age- and gender-matched individuals (control group). Pre-AML cases were distinct from controls and had more mutations per sample, higher variant allele frequencies, indicating greater clonal expansion, and showed enrichment of mutations in specific genes. Genetic parameters were used to derive a model that accurately predicted AML-free survival; this model was validated in an independent cohort of 29 pre-AML cases and 262 controls. Because AML is rare, we also developed an AML predictive model using a large electronic health record database that identified individuals at greater risk. Collectively our findings provide proof-of-concept that it is possible to discriminate ARCH from pre-AML many years before malignant transformation. This could in future enable earlier detection and monitoring, and may help to inform intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Abelson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Collord
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stanley W K Ng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omer Weissbrod
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Netta Mendelson Cohen
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elisabeth Niemeyer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Barda
- Clalit Research Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shabina Hayat
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ting Ting Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iulia Cirlan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Soave
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Ng
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calli Latimer
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Claire Hardy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Keiran Raine
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - David Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Diana Hoult
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail Britten
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jenna Eagles
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Lee Timms
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Philip Awadalla
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Costa
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Scott V Bratman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Beer
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jean C Y Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristian M Bowles
- Department of Molecular Haematology, Norwich Medical School, The University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department of Haematology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Anna Karakatsani
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" University Hospital, Haidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Huerta
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Civic-M. P. Arezzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alwin Krämer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthieu Foll
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - James McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Núria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Center for Molecular Oncology and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amos Tanay
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Moritz Gerstung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France.
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Liran I Shlush
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Division of Hematology, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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171
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Prioritization of Variants Detected by Next Generation Sequencing According to the Mutation Tolerance and Mutational Architecture of the Corresponding Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061584. [PMID: 29861492 PMCID: PMC6032105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest challenge geneticists face when applying next-generation sequencing technology to the diagnosis of rare diseases is determining which rare variants, from the dozens or hundreds detected, are potentially implicated in the patient’s phenotype. Thus, variant prioritization is an essential step in the process of rare disease diagnosis. In addition to conducting the usual in-silico analyses to predict variant pathogenicity (based on nucleotide/amino-acid conservation and the differences between the physicochemical features of the amino-acid change), three important concepts should be borne in mind. The first is the “mutation tolerance” of the genes in which variants are located. This describes the susceptibility of a given gene to any functional mutation and depends on the strength of purifying selection acting against it. The second is the “mutational architecture” of each gene. This describes the type and location of mutations previously identified in the gene, and their association with different phenotypes or degrees of severity. The third is the mode of inheritance (inherited vs. de novo) of the variants detected. Here, we discuss the importance of each of these concepts for variant prioritization in the diagnosis of rare diseases. Using real data, we show how genes, rather than variants, can be prioritized by calculating a gene-specific mutation tolerance score. We also illustrate the influence of mutational architecture on variant prioritization using five paradigmatic examples. Finally, we discuss the importance of familial variant analysis as final step in variant prioritization.
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172
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Xu C. A review of somatic single nucleotide variant calling algorithms for next-generation sequencing data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:15-24. [PMID: 29552334 PMCID: PMC5852328 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of somatic mutations holds great potential in cancer treatment and has been a very active research field in the past few years, especially since the breakthrough of the next-generation sequencing technology. A collection of variant calling pipelines have been developed with different underlying models, filters, input data requirements, and targeted applications. This review aims to enumerate these unique features of the state-of-the-art variant callers, in the hope to provide a practical guide for selecting the appropriate pipeline for specific applications. We will focus on the detection of somatic single nucleotide variants, ranging from traditional variant callers based on whole genome or exome sequencing of paired tumor-normal samples to recent low-frequency variant callers designed for targeted sequencing protocols with unique molecular identifiers. The variant callers have been extensively benchmarked with inconsistent performances across these studies. We will review the reference materials, datasets, and performance metrics that have been used in the benchmarking studies. In the end, we will discuss emerging trends and future directions of the variant calling algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Life Science Research and Foundation, Qiagen Sciences, Inc., 6951 Executive Way, Frederick, Maryland 21703, USA
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173
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Liu Z, Liu H, Shi M, Ahmed HAW, Huo L, Zhang Y, Kong D, Wen M, Wang F, Chen M, Murphy WJ, Sun K. Donor HSCs with a preexisting ASXL1-mutation led to the development of FLT3-ITD positive AML in the donor and FLT3-ITD negative AML in the recipient after unrelated transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:499-502. [PMID: 29330388 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-017-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Liu
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, #7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Division, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Hebei, 065201, China
| | - Mingyue Shi
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, #7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Hafiz Abdul Waqas Ahmed
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, #7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Lei Huo
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, #7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Henan Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Dai Kong
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, #7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Meiying Wen
- Henan Provincial Center for China Marrow Donor Program (CMDP), #32 Zheng-qi Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Division, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Hebei, 065201, China
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, BioCenter, 2330 Inwood Rd. EB3.234 A, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, #7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
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174
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Abstract
DNA mutations are inevitable. Despite proficient DNA repair mechanisms, somatic cells accumulate mutations during development and aging, generating cells with different genotypes within the same individual, a phenomenon known as somatic mosaicism. While the existence of somatic mosaicism has long been recognized, in the last five years, advances in sequencing have provided unprecedented resolution to characterize the extent and nature of somatic genetic variation. Collectively, these new studies are revealing a previously uncharacterized aging phenotype: the accumulation of clones with cancer driver mutations. Here, we summarize the most recent findings, which converge in the novel notion that cancer-associated mutations are prevalent in normal tissue and accumulate with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Risques
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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175
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Wilfert AB, Sulovari A, Turner TN, Coe BP, Eichler EE. Recurrent de novo mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders: properties and clinical implications. Genome Med 2017; 9:101. [PMID: 29179772 PMCID: PMC5704398 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is now more accessible to clinicians and researchers. As a result, our understanding of the genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has rapidly advanced over the past few years. NGS has led to the discovery of new NDD genes with an excess of recurrent de novo mutations (DNMs) when compared to controls. Development of large-scale databases of normal and disease variation has given rise to metrics exploring the relative tolerance of individual genes to human mutation. Genetic etiology and diagnosis rates have improved, which have led to the discovery of new pathways and tissue types relevant to NDDs. In this review, we highlight several key findings based on the discovery of recurrent DNMs ranging from copy number variants to point mutations. We explore biases and patterns of DNM enrichment and the role of mosaicism and secondary mutations in variable expressivity. We discuss the benefit of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) over whole-exome sequencing (WES) to understand more complex, multifactorial cases of NDD and explain how this improved understanding aids diagnosis and management of these disorders. Comprehensive assessment of the DNM landscape across the genome using WGS and other technologies will lead to the development of novel functional and bioinformatics approaches to interpret DNMs and drive new insights into NDD biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Wilfert
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Arvis Sulovari
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tychele N Turner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bradley P Coe
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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176
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Abstract
Age-related alterations in the human blood system occur in B cells, T cells, cells of the innate system, as well as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Interestingly, age-related, reduced genetic diversity can be identified at the stem cell level and also independently in B cells and T cells. This reduced diversity is most probably related to somatic mutations or to changes in the microenvironmental niche. Either process can select for specific clones or cause repeated evolutionary bottlenecks. This review discusses the age-related clonal expansions in the human HSPC pool, which was termed in the past age-related clonal hematopoiesis (ARCH). ARCH is defined as the gradual, clonal expansion of HSPCs carrying specific, disruptive, and recurrent genetic variants, in individuals without clear diagnosis of hematological malignancies. ARCH is associated not just with chronological aging but also with several other, age-related pathological conditions, including inflammation, vascular diseases, cancer mortality, and high risk for hematological malignancies. Although it remains unclear whether ARCH is a marker of aging or plays an active role in these various pathophysiologies, it is suggested here that treating or even preventing ARCH may prove to be beneficial for human health. This review also describes a decision tree for the diagnosis and follow-up for ARCH in a research setting.
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177
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Ginder GD, Williams DC. Readers of DNA methylation, the MBD family as potential therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 184:98-111. [PMID: 29128342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation represents a fundamental epigenetic modification that regulates chromatin architecture and gene transcription. Many diseases, including cancer, show aberrant methylation patterns that contribute to the disease phenotype. DNA methylation inhibitors have been used to block methylation dependent gene silencing to treat hematopoietic neoplasms and to restore expression of developmentally silenced genes. However, these inhibitors disrupt methylation globally and show significant off-target toxicities. As an alternative approach, we have been studying readers of DNA methylation, the 5-methylcytosine binding domain family of proteins, as potential therapeutic targets to restore expression of aberrantly and developmentally methylated and silenced genes. In this review, we discuss the role of DNA methylation in gene regulation and cancer development, the structure and function of the 5-methylcytosine binding domain family of proteins, and the possibility of targeting the complexes these proteins form to treat human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Ginder
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - David C Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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178
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Yu J, Antić Ž, van Reijmersdal SV, Hoischen A, Sonneveld E, Waanders E, Kuiper RP. Accurate detection of low-level mosaic mutations in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia using single molecule tagging and deep-sequencing. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1690-1699. [PMID: 29058513 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1390232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in relapse-associated genes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia may improve risk stratification when detected at subclonal levels at primary diagnosis. However, to detect subclonal mutations upfront, a deep-sequencing approach with high specificity and sensitivity is required. Here, we performed a proof-of-principle study to detect low-level mosaic RAS pathway mutations by deep sequencing using random tagging-based single molecule Molecular Inversion Probes (smMIPs). The smMIP-based approach could sensitively detect variants with allele frequency as low as 0.4%, which could all be confirmed by other techniques. In comparison, with standard deep-sequencing techniques we reached a detection threshold of only 2.5%, which hampered detection of seven low-level mosaic mutations representing 24% of all detected mutations. We conclude that smMIP-based deep-sequencing outperforms standard deep-sequencing techniques by showing lower background noise and high specificity, and is the preferred technology for detecting mutations upfront, particularly in genes in which mutations show limited clustering in hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Yu
- a Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Željko Antić
- a Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Simon V van Reijmersdal
- a Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- b Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI) , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Sonneveld
- d Dutch Childhood Oncology Group , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Esmé Waanders
- a Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- a Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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179
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The potential of liquid biopsies for the early detection of cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:36. [PMID: 29872715 PMCID: PMC5871864 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine refers to the choosing of targeted therapies based on genetic data. Due to the increasing availability of data from large-scale tumor genome sequencing projects, genome-driven oncology may have enormous potential to change the clinical management of patients with cancer. To this end, components of tumors, which are shed into the circulation, i.e., circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), or extracellular vesicles, are increasingly being used for monitoring tumor genomes. A growing number of publications have documented that these “liquid biopsies” are informative regarding response to given therapies, are capable of detecting relapse with lead time compared to standard measures, and reveal mechanisms of resistance. However, the majority of published studies relate to advanced tumor stages and the use of liquid biopsies for detection of very early malignant disease stages is less well documented. In early disease stages, strategies for analysis are in principle relatively similar to advanced stages. However, at these early stages, several factors pose particular difficulties and challenges, including the lower frequency and volume of aberrations, potentially confounding phenomena such as clonal expansions of non-tumorous tissues or the accumulation of cancer-associated mutations with age, and the incomplete insight into driver alterations. Here we discuss biology, technical complexities and clinical significance for early cancer detection and their impact on precision oncology.
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