151
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New biocatalysts for one pot multistep enzymatic synthesis of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphates from readily available reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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152
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Schmidt D, Kollan C, Stoll M, Stellbrink HJ, Plettenberg A, Fätkenheuer G, Bergmann F, Bogner JR, van Lunzen J, Rockstroh J, Esser S, Jensen BEO, Horst HA, Fritzsche C, Kühne A, an der Heiden M, Hamouda O, Bartmeyer B. From pills to patients: an evaluation of data sources to determine the number of people living with HIV who are receiving antiretroviral therapy in Germany. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:252. [PMID: 25848706 PMCID: PMC4369891 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the number of people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 2006 and 2013 in Germany by using the available numbers of antiretroviral drug prescriptions and treatment data from the ClinSurv HIV cohort (CSH). Methods The CSH is a multi-centre, open, long-term observational cohort study with an average number of 10.400 patients in the study period 2006–2013. ART has been documented on average for 86% of those CSH patients and medication history is well documented in the CSH. The antiretroviral prescription data (APD) are reported by billing centres for pharmacies covering >99% of nationwide pharmacy sales of all individuals with statutory health insurance (SHI) in Germany (~85%). Exactly one thiacytidine-containing medication (TCM) with either emtricitabine or lamivudine is present in all antiretroviral fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). Thus, each daily dose of TCM documented in the APD is presumed to be representative of one person per day receiving ART. The proportion of non-TCM regimen days in the CSH was used to determine the corresponding number of individuals in the APD. Results The proportion of CSH patients receiving TCMs increased continuously over time (from 85% to 93%; 2006–2013). In contrast, treatment interruptions declined remarkably (from 11% to 2%; 2006–2013). The total number of HIV-infected people with ART experience in Germany increased from 31,500 (95% CI 31,000-32,000) individuals to 54,000 (95% CI 53,000-55,500) over the observation period (including 16.3% without SHI and persons who had interrupted ART). An average increase of approximately 2,900 persons receiving ART was observed annually in Germany. Conclusions A substantial increase in the number of people receiving ART was observed from 2006 to 2013 in Germany. Currently, the majority (93%) of antiretroviral regimens in the CSH included TCMs with ongoing use of FDCs. Based on these results, the future number of people receiving ART could be estimated by exclusively using TCM prescriptions, assuming that treatment guidelines will not change with respect to TCM use in ART regimens.
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153
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Construction of an isonucleoside on a 2,6-dioxobicyclo[3.2.0]-heptane skeleton. Molecules 2015; 20:4623-34. [PMID: 25774493 PMCID: PMC6272333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have built a new isonucleoside derivative on a 2,6-dioxobicyclo[3.2.0]heptane skeleton as a potential anti-HIV agent. To synthesize the target compound, an acetal-protected dihydroxyacetone was first converted to a 2,3-epoxy-tetrahydrofuran derivative. Introduction of an azide group, followed by the formation of an oxetane ring, gave a pseudosugar derivative with a 2,6-dioxobicyclo[3.2.0]heptane skeleton. The desired isonucleoside was obtained by constructing a purine base moiety on the scaffold, followed by amination.
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154
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Bhakat S, Martin AJM, Soliman MES. An integrated molecular dynamics, principal component analysis and residue interaction network approach reveals the impact of M184V mutation on HIV reverse transcriptase resistance to lamivudine. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2215-28. [PMID: 24931725 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of different drug resistant strains of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV RT) remains of prime interest in relation to viral pathogenesis as well as drug development. Amongst those mutations, M184V was found to cause a complete loss of ligand fitness. In this study, we report the first account of the molecular impact of M184V mutation on HIV RT resistance to 3TC (lamivudine) using an integrated computational approach. This involved molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy analysis, principle component analysis (PCA) and residue interaction networks (RINs). Results clearly confirmed that M184V mutation leads to steric conflict between 3TC and the beta branched side chain of valine, decreases the ligand (3TC) binding affinity by ∼7 kcal mol(-1) when compared to the wild type, changes the overall conformational landscape of the protein and distorts the native enzyme residue-residue interaction network. The comprehensive molecular insight gained from this study should be of great importance in understanding drug resistance against HIV RT as well as assisting in the design of novel reverse transcriptase inhibitors with high ligand efficacy on resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumendranath Bhakat
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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155
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Keane SJ, Ford A, Mullins ND, Maguire NM, Legigan T, Balzarini J, Maguire AR. Design and Synthesis of α-Carboxy Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogues and Evaluation as HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase-Targeting Agents. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2479-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502549y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Keane
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas D. Mullins
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nuala M. Maguire
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thibaut Legigan
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department
of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
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156
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Deuzing IP, Charpentier C, Wright DW, Matheron S, Paton J, Frentz D, van de Vijver DA, Coveney PV, Descamps D, Boucher CAB, Beerens N. Mutation V111I in HIV-2 reverse transcriptase increases the fitness of the nucleoside analogue-resistant K65R and Q151M viruses. J Virol 2015; 89:833-43. [PMID: 25355888 PMCID: PMC4301157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02259-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infection with HIV-2 can ultimately lead to AIDS, although disease progression is much slower than with HIV-1. HIV-2 patients are mostly treated with a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors designed for HIV-1. Many studies have described the development of HIV-1 resistance to NRTIs and identified mutations in the polymerase domain of RT. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the connection and RNase H domains of HIV-1 RT may also contribute to resistance. However, only limited information exists regarding the resistance of HIV-2 to NRTIs. In this study, therefore, we analyzed the polymerase, connection, and RNase H domains of RT in HIV-2 patients failing NRTI-containing therapies. Besides the key resistance mutations K65R, Q151M, and M184V, we identified a novel mutation, V111I, in the polymerase domain. This mutation was significantly associated with mutations K65R and Q151M. Sequencing of the connection and RNase H domains of the HIV-2 patients did not reveal any of the mutations that were reported to contribute to NRTI resistance in HIV-1. We show that V111I does not strongly affect drug susceptibility but increases the replication capacity of the K65R and Q151M viruses. Biochemical assays demonstrate that V111I restores the polymerization defects of the K65R and Q151M viruses but negatively affects the fidelity of the HIV-2 RT enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the structural changes mediated by V111I. This showed that V111I changed the flexibility of the 110-to-115 loop region, which may affect deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) binding and polymerase activity. IMPORTANCE Mutation V111I in the HIV-2 reverse transcriptase enzyme was identified in patients failing therapies containing nucleoside analogues. We show that the V111I change does not strongly affect the sensitivity of HIV-2 to nucleoside analogues but increases the fitness of viruses with drug resistance mutations K65R and Q151M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona P Deuzing
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - David W Wright
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Matheron
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service des Maladies Infecieuse et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Jack Paton
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dineke Frentz
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David A van de Vijver
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter V Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Descamps
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Charles A B Boucher
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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157
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Schinazi RF, Sivets GG, Detorio MA, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Amblard F. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-difluoro-D-arabinofuranosyl 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2015; 21:315-327. [PMID: 34316093 DOI: 10.1515/hc-2015-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new 2,6-disubstituted purine 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-difluoro-D-arabino nucleosides is reported. Their ability to block HIV and HCV replication along with their cytotoxicity toward Huh-7 cells, human lymphocyte, CEM and Vero cells was also assessed. Among them, β-2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside 25 and guanosine derivative 27 demonstrate potent anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50 = 0.56 and 0.65 μM; EC90 = 4.2 and 3.1 μM) while displaying only moderate cytotoxicity in primary human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Grigorii G Sivets
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Acad. Kuprevicha 5, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mervi A Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | | | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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158
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Shoji T, Kim S, Chiba K. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2015; 83:467-471. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.83.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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159
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Vernekar SKV, Liu Z, Nagy E, Miller L, Kirby KA, Wilson DJ, Kankanala J, Sarafianos SG, Parniak MA, Wang Z. Design, synthesis, biochemical, and antiviral evaluations of C6 benzyl and C6 biarylmethyl substituted 2-hydroxylisoquinoline-1,3-diones: dual inhibition against HIV reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H and polymerase with antiviral activities. J Med Chem 2014; 58:651-64. [PMID: 25522204 PMCID: PMC4306517 DOI: 10.1021/jm501132s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) remains the only virally encoded enzymatic function not targeted by current chemotherapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although numerous chemotypes have been reported to inhibit HIV RNase H biochemically, few show significant antiviral activity against HIV. We report herein the design, synthesis, and biological evaluations of a novel variant of 2-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-dione (HID) scaffold featuring a crucial C-6 benzyl or biarylmethyl moiety. The synthesis involved a recently reported metal-free direct benzylation between tosylhydrazone and boronic acid, which allowed the generation of structural diversity for the hydrophobic aromatic region. Biochemical studies showed that the C-6 benzyl and biarylmethyl HID analogues, previously unknown chemotypes, consistently inhibited HIV RT-associated RNase H and polymerase with IC50s in low to submicromolar range. The observed dual inhibitory activity remained uncompromised against RT mutants resistant to non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs), suggesting the involvement of binding site(s) other than the NNRTI binding pocket. Intriguingly, these same compounds inhibited the polymerase, but not the RNase H function of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MoMLV) RT and also inhibited Escherichia coli RNase H. Additional biochemical testing revealed a substantially reduced level of inhibition against HIV integrase. Molecular docking corroborates favorable binding of these analogues to the active site of HIV RNase H. Finally, a number of these analogues also demonstrated antiviral activity at low micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar V Vernekar
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 516 Delaware Street SE, PWB 7-224, MMC 204 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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160
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Iyidogan P, Anderson KS. Recent findings on the mechanisms involved in tenofovir resistance. Antivir Chem Chemother 2014; 23:217-22. [PMID: 23744599 DOI: 10.3851/imp2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its approval for clinical use in 2001, tenofovir (TFV) has become one of the most frequently prescribed nucleotide analogues used in combination with other antiretroviral agents against HIV-1 infection. Although reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) including TFV have been shown to be highly potent with reasonable safety profiles in the clinic, drug resistance hinders the effectiveness of current therapies and even causes treatment failure. Therefore, understanding the resistance mechanisms of RT and exploring the potential antiviral synergy between the different RTIs in combination therapies against the resistance mechanisms would greatly improve the long-term efficacy of existing and future regimens. We have studied the pyrophosphorolytic removal of TFV, a major resistance mechanism that RT utilizes, from two different viral sequences and observed interesting outcomes associated with the sequence context. Furthermore, addition of efavirenz, a non-nucleoside RTI, inhibits this removal process confirming the synergistic antiviral effects. This article highlights our recently published work on the viral sequence context contributing to the study of anti-HIV drug resistance in conjunction with the benefits of combining various RTIs that may have been neglected previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Iyidogan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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161
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Solyev PN, Jasko MV, Karpenko IL, Sharkin YA, Shipitsyn AV, Kukhanova MK. New dinucleoside phosphonate derivatives as prodrugs of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and β-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine: synthesis and anti-HIV properties. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 33:64-79. [PMID: 24660881 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2013.869340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
[Formula: see text]New phosphonate homodimers of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and a phosphonate heterodimer of β-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) and AZT were synthesized. The compounds demonstrated moderate anti-HIV activity. Stability of the compounds in human blood serum was studied. A correlation between anti-HIV activity and stability was defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Solyev
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS , Moscow , Russia
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162
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Dejmek M, Šála M, Hřebabecký H, Dračínský M, Procházková E, Chalupská D, Klíma M, Plačková P, Hájek M, Andrei G, Naesens L, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Balzarini J, Boura E, Nencka R. Norbornane-based nucleoside and nucleotide analogues locked in North conformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:184-91. [PMID: 25435471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of novel conformationally locked nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives, which are structurally closely related to clinically used antivirals such as didanosine and abacavir. As a suitable conformationally rigid substitute of the sugar/pseudosugar ring allowing a permanent stabilization of the nucleoside in North conformation we employed bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (norbornane) substituted in the bridgehead position with a hydroxymethyl group and in the C-3 position with a nucleobase. Prepared nucleoside derivatives were also converted into appropriate phosphoramidate prodrugs (ProTides) in order to increase delivery of the compounds in the cells. All target compounds were evaluated in a broad antiviral and cytostatic assay panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dejmek
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hřebabecký
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupská
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klíma
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Plačková
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hájek
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evzen Boura
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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163
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Shelton JR, Balzarini J, Peterson MA. Discovery of a nanomolar inhibitor of lung adenocarcinoma in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5107-10. [PMID: 25262542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient methods for the preparation of 5'-substituted 5'-amino-5'-deoxy-N(6)-ureidoadenosine derivatives are described. Compounds were screened for antiproliferative activity against a panel of murine and human cell lines (L1210, CEM, and HeLa) and/or against the NCI-60. The most potent derivative inhibited the lung adenocarcinoma cell line NCI-H522 at low nanomolar concentrations (GI50 = 9.7 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd R Shelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matt A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
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164
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Fernández Romero JA, Gil PI, Ré V, Robbiani M, Paglini G. [Microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections: Current status and strategies for preclinical evaluation of new candidates]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 46:256-68. [PMID: 25444135 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbicides are a new tool, still under investigation, which could help prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Increasing evidence shows that the complexity of sexual transmission of viral pathogens requires the identification of compounds able to block the early events during the cycle of viral infection. In this manuscript we provide a comprehensive review of the different microbicide strategies that have been studied or are currently being considered for STI prevention, particularly emphasizing those having the potential to block HIV infection. The manuscript also reviews the complex process that is required to conduct future clinical studies in humans and concludes with a brief discussion of the strategies that could be part of the immediate future in microbicide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Fernández Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, Nueva York, Nueva York, EE. UU; Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro I Gil
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, Nueva York, Nueva York, EE. UU
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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165
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Almost half the global population is estimated to be at risk of contracting dengue infection. Of the 400 million infections estimated to occur annually, 4 million can be potentially life-threatening leading to vascular leakage and shock. The only treatment available to severe dengue patients is fluid replacement therapy and supportive care. A drug for treating dengue is an urgent need. AREAS COVERED This article endeavors to provide an overview of the experimental dengue drugs being developed around the world as reflected in the recent patent literature spanning the last few years (2010-2014). EXPERT OPINION Dengue drug development is essentially in its infancy and currently hobbled by multiple factors including a poor understanding of the molecular mechanism of severe disease and lack of reliable small animal model for preclinical drug evaluation. More intense R&D coupled to setting up product development partnerships to facilitate the efficient movement of a drug molecule from the laboratory to the clinic is needed to make antiviral therapy for dengue a reality in the coming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalatha Beesetti
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Department of Biological Sciences , Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad-500078 , India +91 40 66303631 ; +91 40 66303998 ; ,
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166
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Singh K, Flores JA, Kirby KA, Neogi U, Sonnerborg A, Hachiya A, Das K, Arnold E, McArthur C, Parniak M, Sarafianos SG. Drug resistance in non-B subtype HIV-1: impact of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Viruses 2014; 6:3535-62. [PMID: 25254383 PMCID: PMC4189038 DOI: 10.3390/v6093535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes approximately 2.5 million new infections every year, and nearly 1.6 million patients succumb to HIV each year. Several factors, including cross-species transmission and error-prone replication have resulted in extraordinary genetic diversity of HIV groups. One of these groups, known as group M (main) contains nine subtypes (A-D, F-H and J-K) and causes ~95% of all HIV infections. Most reported data on susceptibility and resistance to anti-HIV therapies are from subtype B HIV infections, which are prevalent in developed countries but account for only ~12% of all global HIV infections, whereas non-B subtype HIV infections that account for ~88% of all HIV infections are prevalent primarily in low and middle-income countries. Although the treatments for subtype B infections are generally effective against non-B subtype infections, there are differences in response to therapies. Here, we review how polymorphisms, transmission efficiency of drug-resistant strains, and differences in genetic barrier for drug resistance can differentially alter the response to reverse transcriptase-targeting therapies in various subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalendra Singh
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Jacqueline A Flores
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Karen A Kirby
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Anders Sonnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Atsuko Hachiya
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan.
| | - Kalyan Das
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Carole McArthur
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science , School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| | - Michael Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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167
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Compensatory Role of Double Mutation N348I/M184V on Nevirapine Binding Landscape: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Protein J 2014; 33:432-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-014-9576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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168
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Trezza CR, Kashuba ADM. Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in genital secretions and anatomic sites of HIV transmission: implications for HIV prevention. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:611-24. [PMID: 24859035 PMCID: PMC4094112 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of HIV remains alarmingly high in many parts of the world. Prophylactic use of antiretrovirals, capable of concentrating in the anatomical sites of transmission, may reduce the risk of infection after an unprotected sexual exposure. To date, orally and topically administered antiretrovirals have exhibited variable success in preventing HIV transmission in large-scale clinical trials. Antiretroviral mucosal pharmacokinetics may help explain the outcomes of these investigations. Penetration and accumulation of antiretrovirals into sites of transmission can influence dosing strategies and pre-exposure prophylaxis clinical trial design. Antiretroviral tissue distribution varies widely within and between drug classes, attributed in part to their physicochemical properties and tissue-specific drug transporter expression. Nucleoside(-tide) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, and the integrase inhibitor raltegravir demonstrate the highest penetration into the male and female reproductive tracts and colorectal tissue relative to blood. This review describes antiretroviral exposure in anatomic sites of transmission, and places these findings in context with the prevention of HIV and the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Trezza
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Angela D. M. Kashuba
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC
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169
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Xu F, Zhang M, Wu Q, Lin X. Novel l-amino acid ester prodrugs of azacitidine: Design, enzymatic synthesis and the investigation of release behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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170
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Synthesis of (Carbo)nucleoside Analogues by [3+2] Annulation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8484-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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171
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Racine S, de Nanteuil F, Serrano E, Waser J. Synthesis of (Carbo)nucleoside Analogues by [3+2] Annulation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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172
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Nguyen HV, Sallustrau A, Balzarini J, Bedford MR, Eden JC, Georgousi N, Hodges NJ, Kedge J, Mehellou Y, Tselepis C, Tucker JHR. Organometallic nucleoside analogues with ferrocenyl linker groups: synthesis and cancer cell line studies. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5817-22. [PMID: 24905419 DOI: 10.1021/jm500246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Examples of organometallic compounds as nucleoside analogues are rare within the field of medicinal bioorganometallic chemistry. We report on the synthesis and properties of two chiral ferrocene derivatives containing a nucleobase and a hydroxyalkyl group. These so-called ferronucleosides show promising anticancer activity, with cytostatic studies on five different cancer cell lines indicating that both functional groups are required for optimal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy V Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, §School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, and ∥School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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173
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Fader LD, Carson R, Morin S, Bilodeau F, Chabot C, Halmos T, Bailey MD, Kawai SH, Coulombe R, Laplante S, Mekhssian K, Jakalian A, Garneau M, Duan J, Mason SW, Simoneau B, Fenwick C, Tsantrizos Y, Yoakim C. Minimizing the Contribution of Enterohepatic Recirculation to Clearance in Rat for the NCINI Class of Inhibitors of HIV. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:711-6. [PMID: 24944749 DOI: 10.1021/ml500110j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A scaffold replacement approach was used to identifying the pyridine series of noncatalytic site integrase inhibitors. These molecules bind with higher affinity to a tetrameric form compared to a dimeric form of integrase. Optimization of the C6 and C4 positions revealed that viruses harboring T124 or A124 amino acid substitutions are highly susceptible to these inhibitors, but viruses having the N124 amino acid substitution are about 100-fold less susceptible. Compound 20 had EC50 values <10 nM against viruses having T124 or A124 substitutions in IN and >800 nM in viruses having N124 substitions. Compound 20 had an excellent in vitro ADME profile and demonstrated reduced contribution of biliary excretion to in vivo clearance compared to BI 224436, the lead compound from the quinoline series of NCINIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D. Fader
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Rebekah Carson
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Sébastien Morin
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - François Bilodeau
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Catherine Chabot
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Ted Halmos
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Murray D. Bailey
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Stephen H. Kawai
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - René Coulombe
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Steven Laplante
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Kevork Mekhssian
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Araz Jakalian
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Michel Garneau
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Jianmin Duan
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Mason
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Bruno Simoneau
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Youla Tsantrizos
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Christiane Yoakim
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
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174
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Advances in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2014; 86:266-74. [PMID: 24827777 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved outcomes among persons living with HIV who are treated with antiretroviral therapy, they remain at increased risk for acute and chronic kidney diseases. Moreover, since HIV can infect renal epithelial cells, the kidney might serve as a viral reservoir that would need to be eradicated when attempting to achieve full virologic cure. In recent years, much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism by which HIV infects renal epithelial cells and the viral and host factors that promote development of kidney disease. Polymorphisms in APOL1 confer markedly increased risk of HIV-associated nephropathy; however, the mechanism by which ApoL1 variants may promote kidney disease remains unclear. HIV-positive persons are at increased risk of acute kidney injury, which may be a result of a high burden of subclinical kidney disease and/or viral factors and frequent exposure to nephrotoxins. Despite the beneficial effect of antiretroviral therapy in preventing and treating HIVAN, and possibly other forms of kidney disease in persons living with HIV, some of these medications, including tenofovir, indinavir, and atazanavir can induce acute and/or chronic kidney injury via mitochondrial toxicity or intratubular crystallization. Further research is needed to better understand factors that contribute to acute and chronic kidney injury in HIV-positive patients and to develop more effective strategies to prevent and treat kidney disease in this vulnerable population.
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175
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Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Triazolo-Fused, Medium-Sized Cyclic Nucleoside Analogs Prepared by an IntramolecularHuisgen1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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176
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the chemical and pharmacological rationale behind the development of nucleoside antiviral prodrugs (NAPs). RECENT FINDINGS Highly efficacious NAPs have been developed that extend and improve the quality of lives of individuals infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes viruses, and adenovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals. A very high rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure is now possible using NAPs combined with other direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs). SUMMARY Prodrug strategies can address the issues of poor oral bioavailability and delivery of active metabolites to the targeted cells. Additionally, NAPs demonstrate potential for improving deficiencies in oral absorption, metabolism, tissue distribution, cellular accumulation, phosphorylation, and overall potency, in addition to diminishing potential for in-vivo selection of resistant viruses. NAPs continue to be the backbone for the treatment of HIV and HBV, herpesviruses, and adenovirus infections because their active forms are potent, have long intracellular half-lives and are relatively safe with high barrier to resistance.
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177
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Dejmek M, Hřebabecký H, Šála M, Dračínský M, Procházková E, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Balzarini J, Nencka R. From norbornane-based nucleotide analogs locked in South conformation to novel inhibitors of feline herpes virus. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2974-83. [PMID: 24775916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route toward a series of unique cyclic nucleoside phosphonates locked in South conformation is described. The desired conformation is stabilized by a substitution of the sugar moiety by bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (norbornane) bearing a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase in the bridgehead position. Although the final phosphonate derivatives are devoid of any significant antiviral activity probably due to the unfavorable conformational properties, several intermediates and their analogs exhibit surprising activity against feline herpes virus. Since these compounds do not possess an appropriate hydroxymethyl function allowing phosphorylation and subsequent incorporation into the polynucleotide chain, it seems to be likely that these compounds act by a novel unknown mechanism of action and may represent a new possible alternative for nucleoside and nucleotide therapeutics of this widely spread feline infection. A number of derivatives exerted also a significant antiviral activity against Coxsackievirus B3 and B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dejmek
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hřebabecký
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radim Nencka
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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178
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Schulz T, Balzarini J, Meier C. The DiPPro approach: synthesis, hydrolysis, and antiviral activity of lipophilic d4T diphosphate prodrugs. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:762-75. [PMID: 24616176 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioreversible protection of the β-phosphate group of nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) as bis(acyloxybenzyl)phosphate esters is presented. To investigate the structure-activity relationship of these potential NDP prodrugs (DiPPro drugs) a series of DiPPro compounds was synthesized bearing fatty acids of various lengths and d4T as a model nucleoside. For synthesis of the lipophilically modified diphosphate group, preformed phosphoramidites were allowed to react with nucleotides, and the β-P(III) moiety was subsequently oxidized. The chemical and enzymatic stability of these prodrugs was studied in different media such as phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) or CEM cell extracts. In all media, the hydrolysis rate was clearly dependent on the acyl moiety and decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. The compounds showed a markedly lower half-life in cell extracts than in pH 7.3 phosphate buffer due to the presence of enzyme-catalyzed cleavage. In all media, the DiPPro compounds released d4T diphosphate (d4TDP) as the main product beside d4TMP. In antiviral assays, the compounds proved to be at least as potent as d4T against HIV-1 and 2 in wild-type CEM/0 cells. As a proof of concept, compounds with longer acyl residues showed very good anti-HIV activities in thymidine-kinase-deficient cells (CEM/TK(-) ), indicating their ability to penetrate cell membranes and the delivery of phosphorylated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Schulz
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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179
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Marie Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffery T. Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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180
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Ziegler BE, Marta RA, Burt MB, Martens SM, Martens JK, McMahon TB. Structural investigation of protonated azidothymidine and protonated dimer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:176-185. [PMID: 24306778 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy experiments and quantum chemical calculations have been used to explore the possible structures of protonated azidothymidine and the corresponding protonated dimer. Many interesting differences between the protonated and neutral forms of azidothymidine were found, particularly associated with keto-enol tautomerization. Comparison of computational vibrational and the experimental IMRPD spectra show good agreement and give confidence that the dominant protonated species has been identified. The protonated dimer of azidothymidine exhibits three intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The IRMPD spectrum of the protonated dimer is consistent with the spectrum of the most stable computational structure. This work brings to light interesting keto-enol tautomerization and exocyclic hydrogen bonding involving azidothymidine and its protonated dimer. The fact that one dominant protonated species is observed in the gas phase, despite both the keto and enol structures being similar in energy, is proposed to be the direct result of the electrospray ionization process in which the dominant protonated dimer structure dissociates in the most energetically favorable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake E Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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181
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Vernekar SKV, Qiu L, Zacharias J, Geraghty RJ, Wang Z. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 4′-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)thymidines. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cu(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of 4′-azidothymidine (5) generated a series of 1,2,3-triazole analogues (9) with moderate anti-HIV activities, while a similar cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by Ru(ii) failed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Qiu
- Center for Drug Design
- Academic Health Center
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jeana Zacharias
- Center for Drug Design
- Academic Health Center
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
| | - Robert J. Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design
- Academic Health Center
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design
- Academic Health Center
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
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182
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Hervé G, Sartori G, Enderlin G, Mackenzie G, Len C. Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reaction in aqueous solvents applied to unprotected nucleosides and nucleotides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have attracted much attention due to their potential biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Hervé
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Guillaume Sartori
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Gérald Enderlin
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | | | - Christophe Len
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
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183
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Hervé G, Len C. First ligand-free, microwave-assisted, Heck cross-coupling reaction in pure water on a nucleoside – application to the synthesis of antiviral BVDU. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a palladium catalyzed Heck cross-coupling reaction between 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine and various acrylate derivatives was performed using ligand-free conditions and microwave assistance in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Hervé
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Christophe Len
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
- Department of Chemistry
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184
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Li C, Ma C, Zhang J, Qian N, Ding J, Qiao R, Zhao Y. Design and synthesis of novel distamycin-modified nucleoside analogues as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:54-60. [PMID: 24342709 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of nucleoside analogues have persistently attracted extensive interest because of their potential application in the field of antiviral therapy, and its study also receives additional impetus for improvement in the ProTide technology. Previous studies have made great strides in the design and discovery of monophosphorylated nucleoside analogues as potential kinase-independent antiretrovirals. In this work, a series of nucleoside phosphoramidates modified by distamycin analogues was synthesized and evaluated as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in HIV-1-infected MT-4 and CEM cells, including variations in nucleoside, alkyl moiety, and the structure of distamycin analogues. These compounds exhibited modest potency with the EC50 value in the range of 1.3- to 6.5-fold lower than their corresponding parent drugs in MT-4 cells, which may be attributed to increasing intracellular availability due to the existence of distamycin analogue with favorable hydrophilic-lipophilic equilibrium. Meanwhile, the length of distamycin analogue was considered and assessed as an important factor that could affect antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. Enzymatic and metabolic stability studies have been performed in order to better understand the antiviral behavior of these compounds. The present work revealed the compounds to have a favorable and selective anti-HIV-1 activity in MT-4 and CEM cells, and helped to develop strategies for design and synthesis of effective monophosphorylated nucleoside analogues, which may be applied to antiretroviral research as NRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Chunying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ning Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Renzhong Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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185
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Activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by dengue virus infection depotentiates balapiravir. J Virol 2013; 88:1740-7. [PMID: 24257621 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02841-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent clinical trial, balapiravir, a prodrug of a cytidine analog (R1479), failed to achieve efficacy (reducing viremia after treatment) in dengue patients, although the plasma trough concentration of R1479 remained above the 50% effective concentration (EC(50)). Here, we report experimental evidence to explain the discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo results and its implication for drug development. R1479 lost its potency by 125-fold when balapiravir was used to treat primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; one of the major cells targeted for viral replication) that were preinfected with dengue virus. The elevated EC(50) was greater than the plasma trough concentration of R1479 observed in dengue patients treated with balapiravir and could possibly explain the efficacy failure. Mechanistically, dengue virus infection triggered PBMCs to generate cytokines, which decreased their efficiency of conversion of R1479 to its triphosphate form (the active antiviral ingredient), resulting in decreased antiviral potency. In contrast to the cytidine-based compound R1479, the potency of an adenosine-based inhibitor of dengue virus (NITD008) was much less affected. Taken together, our results demonstrate that viral infection in patients before treatment could significantly affect the conversion of the prodrug to its active form; such an effect should be calculated when estimating the dose efficacious for humans.
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186
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Sirivolu VR, Vernekar SKV, Ilina T, Myshakina NS, Parniak MA, Wang Z. Clicking 3'-azidothymidine into novel potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8765-80. [PMID: 24102161 DOI: 10.1021/jm401232v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3'-Azidothymidine (AZT) was the first approved antiviral for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Reported efforts in clicking the 3'-azido group of AZT have not yielded 1,2,3-triazoles active against HIV or any other viruses. We report herein the first AZT-derived 1,2,3-triazoles with submicromolar potencies against HIV-1. The observed antiviral activities from the cytopathic effect (CPE) based assay were confirmed through a single replication cycle assay. Structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies revealed two structural features key to antiviral activity: a bulky aromatic ring and the 1,5-substitution pattern on the triazole. Biochemical analysis of the corresponding triphosphates showed lower ATP-mediated nucleotide excision efficiency compared to AZT, which along with molecular modeling suggests a mechanism of preferred translocation of triazoles into the P-site of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). This mechanism is corroborated with the observed reduction of fold resistance of the triazole analogue to an AZT-resistant HIV variant (9-fold compared to 56-fold with AZT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Ramana Sirivolu
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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187
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Wright DW, Deuzing IP, Flandre P, van den Eede P, Govaert M, Setiawan L, Coveney PV, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Boucher CAB, Beerens N. A polymorphism at position 400 in the connection subdomain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase affects sensitivity to NNRTIs and RNaseH activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74078. [PMID: 24098331 PMCID: PMC3788777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential role in HIV-1 replication, and inhibition of this enzyme is a key component of HIV-treatment. However, the use of RT inhibitors can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Until recently, most clinically relevant resistance mutations were found in the polymerase domain of RT. Lately, an increasing number of resistance mutations has been identified in the connection and RNaseH domain. To further explore the role of these domains we analyzed the complete RT sequence of HIV-1 subtype B patients failing therapy. Position A/T400 in the connection subdomain is polymorphic, but the proportion of T400 increases from 41% in naïve patients to 72% in patients failing therapy. Previous studies suggested a role for threonine in conferring resistance to nucleoside RT inhibitors. Here we report that T400 also mediates resistance to non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. The susceptibility to NVP and EFV was reduced 5-fold and 2-fold, respectively, in the wild-type subtype B NL4.3 background. We show that substitution A400T reduces the RNaseH activity. The changes in enzyme activity are remarkable given the distance to both the polymerase and RNaseH active sites. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed, which provide a novel atomistic mechanism for the reduction in RNaseH activity induced by T400. Substitution A400T was found to change the conformation of the RNaseH primer grip region. Formation of an additional hydrogen bond between residue T400 and E396 may play a role in this structural change. The slower degradation of the viral RNA genome may provide more time for dissociation of the bound NNRTI from the stalled RT-template/primer complex, after which reverse transcription can resume.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Wright
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona P. Deuzing
- Department of Virology, ViroscienceLab, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Flandre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 943 and Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurentia Setiawan
- Department of Virology, ViroscienceLab, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter V. Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 943 and Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 943 and Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, ViroscienceLab, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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188
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Lim SP, Wang QY, Noble CG, Chen YL, Dong H, Zou B, Yokokawa F, Nilar S, Smith P, Beer D, Lescar J, Shi PY. Ten years of dengue drug discovery: progress and prospects. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:500-19. [PMID: 24076358 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To combat neglected diseases, the Novartis Institute of Tropical Diseases (NITD) was founded in 2002 through private-public funding from Novartis and the Singapore Economic Development Board. One of NITD's missions is to develop antivirals for dengue virus (DENV), the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral pathogen. Neither vaccine nor antiviral is currently available for DENV. Here we review the progress in dengue drug discovery made at NITD as well as the major discoveries made by academia and other companies. Four strategies have been pursued to identify inhibitors of DENV through targeting both viral and host proteins: (i) HTS (high-throughput screening) using virus replication assays; (ii) HTS using viral enzyme assays; (iii) structure-based in silico docking and rational design; (iv) repurposing hepatitis C virus inhibitors for DENV. Along the developmental process from hit finding to clinical candidate, many inhibitors did not advance beyond the stage of hit-to-lead optimization, due to their poor selectivity, physiochemical or pharmacokinetic properties. Only a few compounds showed efficacy in the AG129 DENV mouse model. Two nucleoside analogs, NITD-008 and Balapiravir, entered preclinical animal safety study and clinic trial, but both were terminated due to toxicity and lack of potency, respectively. Celgosivir, a host alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, is currently under clinical trial; its clinical efficacy remains to be determined. The knowledge accumulated during the past decade has provided a better rationale for ongoing dengue drug discovery. Though challenging, we are optimistic that this continuous, concerted effort will lead to an effective dengue therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Pheng Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
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189
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James AM, King JR, Ofotokun I, Sheth AN, Acosta EP. Uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine into non-monocytic female genital tract cells with and without hormonal contraceptives. J Exp Pharmacol 2013; 5:55-64. [PMID: 27186136 PMCID: PMC4863541 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s45308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis is becoming a strategic component used to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) epidemic. The goal of this study was to characterize intracellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine using five surrogate cell lines of the female genital tract and determine whether exogenous hormones influence their uptake. Methods Surrogate cell lines, ie, THP-1 (representing macrophages), BC-3 (CD8+), Ect1/E6E7 (squamous epithelial), HeLa (CD4+), and TF-1 (dendritic), were incubated for one hour with tenofovir and emtricitabine to assess uptake. In separate experiments, ethinyl estradiol (EE) and etonogestrel (ET) individually and together (EE/ET) were added prior to, simultaneously, and after incubation. Intracellular phosphorylated tenofovir and emtricitabine were quantified using validated tandem mass spectrometry methods. Results HeLa and Ect1/E6E7 cells showed significantly increased uptake relative to THP-1 controls for both antiretrovirals. Individually, ethinyl estradiol and etonogestrel significantly altered antiretroviral uptake across all cell lines, except Ect1/E6E7 for tenofovir and HeLa for emtricitabine. Cellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine in BC-3 and TF-1 cells were significantly lower when dosed one hour prior to EE/ET administration compared with each antiretroviral administered in the absence of EE/ET (tenofovir, 80 versus 470 fmol/106 for BC-3 and 77 versus 506 fmol/106 cells for TF-1; emtricitabine, 36 versus 12 fmol/106 for BC-3 and 75 versus 5 fmol/106 cells for TF-1; P < 0.01 for each). Conclusion These data suggest that intracellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine within the female genital tract varies by cell type and in the presence of hormonal contraceptives. The potential clinical implications of these findings should be further evaluated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marie James
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer R King
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ighovwerha Ofotokun
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anandi N Sheth
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward P Acosta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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190
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Kiran Y, Wakamatsu H, Natori Y, Takahata H, Yoshimura Y. Design and synthesis of a nucleoside and a phosphonate analogue constructed on a branched-threo-tetrofuranose skeleton. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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191
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Fernandez-Montero JV, Eugenia E, Barreiro P, Labarga P, Soriano V. Antiretroviral drug-related toxicities – clinical spectrum, prevention, and management. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013; 12:697-707. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2013.806480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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192
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Docking and 3-D QSAR studies on the binding of tetrahydropyrimid-2-one HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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193
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Enderlin G, Sartori G, Hervé G, Len C. Synthesis of 6-aryluridines via Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction at room temperature under aerobic ligand-free conditions in neat water. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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194
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Identification of potent and orally bioavailable nucleotide competing reverse transcriptase inhibitors: in vitro and in vivo optimization of a series of benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one derived inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3967-75. [PMID: 23673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new class of HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) inhibitors has been reported. The novel mechanism of inhibition by this class involves competitive binding to the active site of the RT enzyme and has been termed Nucleotide-Competing Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NcRTIs). In this publication we describe the optimization of a novel benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one series of NcRTIs. The starting point for the current study was inhibitor 2, which had high biochemical and antiviral potency but only moderate permeability in a Caco-2 assay and high B-to-A efflux, resulting in moderate rat bioavailability and low Cmax. We present herein the results and strategies we employed to optimize both the potency as well as the permeability, metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic profile of this series. One of the key observations of the present study was the importance of shielding polar functionality, at least in the context of the current chemotype, to enhance permeability. These studies led to the identification of inhibitors 39 and 45, which display sub-nanomolar antiviral potency in a p24 ELISA assay with significantly reduced efflux ratios (ratios <1.5). These inhibitors also display excellent rat pharmacokinetic profiles with high bioavailabilities and low clearance.
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195
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Shiang YC, Ou CM, Chen SJ, Ou TY, Lin HJ, Huang CC, Chang HT. Highly efficient inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by aptamers functionalized gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2756-2764. [PMID: 23429884 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33403a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed aptamer (Apt)-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Apt-Au NPs, 13 nm in diameter) as highly effective inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT). Two Apts, RT1t49 (Aptpol) and ODN 93 (AptRH), which recognize the polymerase and RNase H regions of HIV-1 RT, are used to conjugate Au NPs to prepare Aptpol-Au NPs and AptRH-Au NPs, respectively. In addition to DNA sequence, the surface density of the aptamers on Au NPs (nApt-Au NPs; n is the number of aptamer molecules on each Au NP) and the linker length number (Tm; m is the base number of the deoxythymidine linker) between the aptamer and Au NPs play important roles in determining their inhibition activity. A HIV-lentiviral vector-based antiviral assay has been applied to determine the inhibitory effect of aptamers or Apt-Au NPs on the early stages of their replication cycle. The nuclease-stable G-quadruplex structure of 40AptRH-T45-Au NPs shows inhibitory efficiency in the retroviral replication cycle with a decreasing infectivity (40.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Shiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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196
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Shastina NS, Maltseva TY, D’yakova LN, Lobach OA, Chataeva MS, Nosik DN, Shvetz VI. Synthesis, properties, and Anti-HIV activity of new lipophilic 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine conjugates containing functional phosphoric linkages. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013; 39:184-93. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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197
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Wu SY, Chen TM, Gmeiner WH, Chu E, Schmitz JC. Development of modified siRNA molecules incorporating 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine residues to enhance cytotoxicity. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4650-9. [PMID: 23449220 PMCID: PMC3632118 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are composed of chemically modified nucleotides, which enhance RNA stability and increase affinity in Watson–Crick base pairing. However, the precise fate of such modified nucleotides once the siRNA is degraded within the cell is unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that deoxythymidine release from degraded siRNAs reversed the cytotoxicity of thymidylate synthase (TS)-targeted siRNAs and other TS inhibitor compounds. We hypothesized that siRNAs could be designed with specific nucleoside analogues that, once released, would enhance siRNA cytotoxicity. TS-targeted siRNAs were designed that contained 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdU) moieties at various locations within the siRNA. After transfection, these siRNAs suppressed TS protein and messenger RNA expression with different efficiencies depending on the location of the FdU modification. FdU was rapidly released from the siRNA as evidenced by formation of the covalent inhibitory ternary complex formed between TS protein and the FdU metabolite, FdUMP. These modified siRNAs exhibited 10–100-fold greater cytotoxicity and induced multiple DNA damage repair and apoptotic pathways when compared with control siRNAs. The strategy of designing siRNA molecules that incorporate cytotoxic nucleosides represents a potentially novel drug development approach for the treatment of cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-yu Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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198
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Tremblay M, Bethell RC, Cordingley MG, DeRoy P, Duan J, Duplessis M, Edwards PJ, Faucher AM, Halmos T, James CA, Kuhn C, Lacoste JÉ, Lamorte L, LaPlante SR, Malenfant E, Minville J, Morency L, Morin S, Rajotte D, Salois P, Simoneau B, Tremblay S, Sturino CF. Identification of benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-ones, a new series of HIV-1 nucleotide-competing reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2775-80. [PMID: 23511023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Screening of our sample collection led to the identification of a set of benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-one hits acting as nucleotide-competing HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitiors (NcRTI). Significant improvement in antiviral potency was achieved when substituents were introduced at positions N1, C4, C7 and C8 on the benzofuranopyrimidone scaffold. The series was optimized from low micromolar enzymatic activity against HIV-1 RT and no antiviral activity to low nanomolar antiviral potency. Further profiling of inhibitor 30 showed promising overall in vitro properties and also demonstrated that its potency was maintained against viruses resistant to the other major classes of HIV-1 RT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tremblay
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5.
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199
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James CA, DeRoy P, Duplessis M, Edwards PJ, Halmos T, Minville J, Morency L, Morin S, Simoneau B, Tremblay M, Bethell R, Cordingley M, Duan J, Lamorte L, Pelletier A, Rajotte D, Salois P, Tremblay S, Sturino CF. Nucleotide competing reverse transcriptase inhibitors: discovery of a series of non-basic benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one derived inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2781-6. [PMID: 23545107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A HTS screen led to the identification of a benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one core structure which upon further optimization resulted in 1 as a potent HIV-1 nucleotide competing reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NcRTI). Investigation of the SAR at N-1 allowed significant improvements in potency and when combined with the incorporation of heterocycles at C-8 resulted in potent analogues not requiring a basic amine to achieve antiviral activity. Additional modifications at N-1 resulted in 33 which demonstrated excellent antiviral potency and improved physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint A James
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5.
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200
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Comprehensive in vitro analysis of simian retrovirus type 4 susceptibility to antiretroviral agents. J Virol 2013; 87:4322-9. [PMID: 23365453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03208-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian retrovirus type 4 (SRV-4), a simian type D retrovirus, naturally infects cynomolgus monkeys, usually without apparent symptoms. However, some infected monkeys presented with an immunosuppressive syndrome resembling that induced by simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Antiretrovirals with inhibitory activity against SRV-4 are considered to be promising agents to combat SRV-4 infection. However, although some antiretrovirals have been reported to have inhibitory activity against SRV-1 and SRV-2, inhibitors with anti-SRV-4 activity have not yet been studied. In this study, we identified antiretroviral agents with anti-SRV-4 activity from a panel of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs using a robust in vitro luciferase reporter assay. Among these, two HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), potently inhibited SRV-4 infection within a submicromolar to nanomolar range, which was similar to or higher than the activities against HIV-1, Moloney murine leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus. In contrast, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors did not exhibit any activities against SRV-4. Although both AZT and TDF effectively inhibited cell-free SRV-4 transmission, they exhibited only partial inhibitory activities against cell-to-cell transmission. Importantly, one HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor, raltegravir (RAL), potently inhibited single-round infection as well as cell-free and cell-to-cell SRV-4 transmission. These findings indicate that viral expansion routes impact the inhibitory activity of antiretrovirals against SRV-4, while only RAL is effective in suppressing both the initial SRV-4 infection and subsequent SRV-4 replication.
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