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Peng W, Li Z, Guan Y, Wang D, Huang S. A study of cognitive functions in female elderly patients with osteoporosis: a multi-center cross-sectional study. Aging Ment Health 2017; 20:647-54. [PMID: 25880710 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1033680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate changes of cognitive performances in female elderly patients with osteoporosis and to determine whether any impairments can be attributed to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 277 postmenopausal women, who were divided into an osteoporosis patients group (n = 170) and an age, gender and educational history matching control group (n = 107). All the subjects completed a set of neuropsychological tests for the elderly for cognitive assessment, which included measures of executive function, episodic memory, attention and processing speed, semantic memory, and visuospatial construction. Blood biomarkers for osteoporosis, as well as diurnal rhythms of cortisol levels were used as cognitive performance correlation parameters in linear multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS Individuals with osteoporosis had poorer cognitive scores (P < 0.001). When dividing the osteoporosis patients according to their Mini-Mental State Examination scores into mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal cognitive (NC) performance groups, Auditory Verbal Learning trial 1-5 scores were lower (P = 0.006) and Trail Making Test-A scores were higher (P = 0.05) in the MCI compared to the NC group. Further comparison of the MCI and NC groups revealed that declarative memory was inversely associated with cortisol levels (P < 0.001), but this association became marginal when 25-hydroxy vitamin D was included in the linear multivariate regression analyses (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Patients with osteoporosis are prone to cognitive impairments especially declarative memory deficits. The cognitive impairment may be the result of HPA axis dysregulation but 25-hydroxy vitamin D serum concentrations might be compensatory or even a potent contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Peng
- a Department of Endocrinology , TongRen Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zezhi Li
- b Department of Neurology , Changhai Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- b Department of Neurology , Changhai Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Dan Wang
- c Department of Neurology , Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Shan Huang
- a Department of Endocrinology , TongRen Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
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152
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When young and older adults learn a map: The influence of individual visuo-spatial factors. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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153
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Fidalgo CO, Changoor AT, Page-Gould E, Lee ACH, Barense MD. Early cognitive decline in older adults better predicts object than scene recognition performance. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1579-1592. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celia O. Fidalgo
- Department of Psychology; The University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | | | | | - Andy C. H. Lee
- Department of Psychology; The University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care; Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- Department of Psychology; The University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care; Toronto, Ontario Canada
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154
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Yoo DY, Jung HY, Kim JW, Yim HS, Kim DW, Nam H, Suh JG, Choi JH, Won MH, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Reduction of dynamin 1 in the hippocampus of aged mice is associated with the decline in hippocampal‑dependent memory. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4755-4760. [PMID: 27748822 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin 1 is a known synaptic protein, which has is key in the presynaptic regulation of endocytosis. The present study investigated the association between age and the observed changes in Morris water maze performance, and immunoreactivity and protein levels of dynamin 1 in the mouse hippocampal formation. In addition, the effects of dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin 1, on the hippocampal dependent memory were determined to elucidate the correlation between dynamin 1 and memory. In the training phase of the Morris water maze task, the mean escape latency of the aged group (24 months old) was significantly longer, compared with that of the adult group (4 months old), although the average swimming speed and the total distance traveled during the probe trial were similar in the two groups. In the aged group, the time spent locating the target platform was significantly longer and the time spent in the correct quadrant was significantly shorter, compared with those in the adult group. In the adult group, a moderate level of dynamin 1 was detected in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, and in the dentate gyrus. In the aged group, the immunoreactivity of dynamin 1 was almost eliminated in the CA3 region and the dentate gyrus. In addition, the protein levels of dynamin 1 in the brain were significantly lower in the aged group, compared with those in the adult group. The direct infusion of dynasore, significantly reduced the contextual memory, compared with that of animals in the vehicle‑treated group. These results suggested that dynamin 1 was susceptible to the aging process, and that a reduction in dynamin 1 may result in hippocampal‑dependent memory deficits by disrupting endocytosis and the release of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajin Nam
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Gyo Suh
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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155
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O'Malley M, Innes A, Wiener JM. Decreasing spatial disorientation in care-home settings: How psychology can guide the development of dementia friendly design guidelines. DEMENTIA 2016; 16:315-328. [PMID: 26112167 DOI: 10.1177/1471301215591334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease results in marked declines in navigation skills that are particularly pronounced in unfamiliar environments. However, many people with Alzheimer's disease eventually face the challenge of having to learn their way around unfamiliar environments when moving into assisted living or care-homes. People with Alzheimer's disease would have an easier transition moving to new residences if these larger, and often more institutional, environments were designed to compensate for decreasing orientation skills. However, few existing dementia friendly design guidelines specifically address orientation and wayfinding. Those that do are often based on custom, practice or intuition and not well integrated with psychological and neuroscientific knowledge or navigation research, therefore often remaining unspecific. This paper discusses current dementia friendly design guidelines, reports findings from psychological and neuropsychological experiments on navigation and evaluates their potential for informing design guidelines that decrease spatial disorientation for people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O'Malley
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Anthea Innes
- Dementia Institute, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Jan M Wiener
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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156
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Chen GH, Xia L, Wang F, Li XW, Jiao CA. Patients with chronic insomnia have selective impairments in memory that are modulated by cortisol. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1567-76. [PMID: 27412857 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Memory impairment is a frequent complaint in insomniacs; however, it is not consistently demonstrated. It is unknown whether memory impairment in insomniacs involves neuroendocrine dysfunction. The participants in this study were selected from the clinical setting and included 21 patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID), 25 patients with insomnia and comorbid depressive disorder (CDD), and 20 control participants without insomnia. We evaluated spatial working and reference memory, object working and reference memory, and object recognition memory using the Nine Box Maze Test. We also evaluated serum neuroendocrine hormone levels. Compared to the controls, the CID patients made significantly more errors in spatial working and object recognition memory (p < .05), whereas the CDD patients performed poorly in all the assessed memory types (p < .05). In addition, the CID patients had higher levels (mean difference [95% CI]) of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, cortisol (31.98 [23.97, 39.98] μg/l), total triiodothyronine (667.58 [505.71, 829.45] μg/l), and total thyroxine (41.49 [33.23, 49.74] μg/l) (p < .05), and lower levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (-35.93 [-38.83, -33.02] ng/l), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (-4.50 [-5.02, -3.98] ng/l) (p < .05), and adrenocorticotropic hormone compared to the CDD patients. After controlling for confounding variables, the partial correlation analysis revealed that the levels of cortisol positively correlated with the errors in object working memory (r = .534, p = .033) and negatively correlated with the errors in object recognition memory (r = -.659, p = .006) in the CID patients. The results suggest that the CID patients had selective memory impairment, which may be mediated by increased cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and the Center of Psychologic Medicine of Anhui Province, Chaohu, China. .,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Lan Xia
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan-An Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and the Center of Psychologic Medicine of Anhui Province, Chaohu, China
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157
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Ranjbar Pouya O, Byagowi A, Kelly DM, Moussavi Z. Introducing a new age-and-cognition-sensitive measurement for assessing spatial orientation using a landmark-less virtual reality navigational task. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:1406-1419. [PMID: 27156658 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1187181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related impairments during spatial navigation have been widely reported in egocentric and allocentric paradigms. However, the effect of age on more specific navigational components such as the ability to drive or update directional information has not received enough attention. In this study we investigated the effect of age on spatial updating of a visual target after a series of whole-body rotations and transitions using a novel landmark-less virtual reality (VR) environment. Moreover, a significant number of previous studies focused on measures susceptible to a general decline in motor skills such as the spent time navigating, the distance traversed. The current paper proposes a new compound spatial measure to assess navigational performance, examines its reliability and compares its power with those of the measures of duration and traversed distance in predicting participants' age and cognitive groups assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. Using data from 319 adults (20-83 years), our results confirm the reliability, the age sensitivity, and the cognitive validity of the designed spatial measure as well as its superiority to the measures of duration and traversed distance in predicting age and MoCA score. In addition, the results show the significant effect of age cognitive status on spatial updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Ranjbar Pouya
- a Biomedical Engineering program , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Ahmad Byagowi
- b Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Debbie M Kelly
- c Department of Psychology , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Zahra Moussavi
- a Biomedical Engineering program , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.,d Research Affiliate , Riverview Health Center , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
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158
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Zhong JY, Moffat SD. Age-Related Differences in Associative Learning of Landmarks and Heading Directions in a Virtual Navigation Task. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:122. [PMID: 27303290 PMCID: PMC4882336 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have showed that spatial memory declines with age but have not clarified the relevance of different landmark cues for specifying heading directions among different age groups. This study examined differences between younger, middle-aged and older adults in route learning and memory tasks after they navigated a virtual maze that contained: (a) critical landmarks that were located at decision points (i.e., intersections) and (b) non-critical landmarks that were located at non-decision points (i.e., the sides of the route). Participants were given a recognition memory test for critical and non-critical landmarks and also given a landmark-direction associative learning task. Compared to younger adults, older adults committed more navigation errors during route learning and were poorer at associating the correct heading directions with both critical and non-critical landmarks. Notably, older adults exhibited a landmark-direction associative memory deficit at decision points; this was the first finding to show that an associative memory deficit exist among older adults in a navigational context for landmarks that are pertinent for reaching a goal, and suggest that older adults may expend more cognitive resources on the encoding of landmark/object features than on the binding of landmark and directional information. This study is also the first to show that older adults did not have a tendency to process non-critical landmarks, which were regarded as distractors/irrelevant cues for specifying the directions to reach the goal, to an equivalent or larger extent than younger adults. We explain this finding in view of the low number of non-critical cues in our virtual maze (relative to a real-world urban environment) that might not have evoked older adults’ usual tendency toward processing or encoding distractors. We explain the age differences in navigational and cognitive performance with regards to functional and structural changes in the hippocampus and parahippocampus, and recommend further investigations into the functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus for a better understanding of the landmark-direction associative learning among the elderly. Finally, it is hoped that the current behavioral findings will facilitate efforts to identify the neural markers of Alzheimer’s disease, a disease that commonly involves navigational deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Y Zhong
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Moffat
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA
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159
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Centered Kernel Alignment Enhancing Neural Network Pretraining for MRI-Based Dementia Diagnosis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9523849. [PMID: 27148392 PMCID: PMC4842359 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9523849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a growing problem that affects elderly people worldwide. More accurate evaluation of dementia diagnosis can help during the medical examination. Several methods for computer-aided dementia diagnosis have been proposed using resonance imaging scans to discriminate between patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls (NC). Nonetheless, the computer-aided diagnosis is especially challenging because of the heterogeneous and intermediate nature of MCI. We address the automated dementia diagnosis by introducing a novel supervised pretraining approach that takes advantage of the artificial neural network (ANN) for complex classification tasks. The proposal initializes an ANN based on linear projections to achieve more discriminating spaces. Such projections are estimated by maximizing the centered kernel alignment criterion that assesses the affinity between the resonance imaging data kernel matrix and the label target matrix. As a result, the performed linear embedding allows accounting for features that contribute the most to the MCI class discrimination. We compare the supervised pretraining approach to two unsupervised initialization methods (autoencoders and Principal Component Analysis) and against the best four performing classification methods of the 2014 CADDementia challenge. As a result, our proposal outperforms all the baselines (7% of classification accuracy and area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve) at the time it reduces the class biasing.
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160
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Korthauer LE, Nowak NT, Moffat SD, An Y, Rowland LM, Barker PB, Resnick SM, Driscoll I. Correlates of virtual navigation performance in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 39:118-27. [PMID: 26923408 PMCID: PMC4773923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable evidence for deleterious effects of aging on place learning and memory, less is known about the trajectory and the putative neural mechanisms of these decrements. The virtual Morris water task (vMWT) is a human analog of a nonhuman spatial navigation task. The present study investigated longitudinal changes in place learning in 51 healthy, nondemented adults (age 30-83 years) who completed the vMWT and a neuropsychological battery at 2 time-points (interval = ∼8 years). We also assessed cross-sectional associations between vMWT and brain structure, biochemical integrity, and standardized neuropsychological measures in a subset of 22 individuals who underwent magnetic resonance imaging at follow-up. Despite no longitudinal decrement in vMWT performance, there were cross-sectional age differences on the vMWT favoring younger adults. Negative associations were observed between vMWT latency and gray matter volumes in the right hippocampus, bilateral thalamus, and right medial orbitofrontal cortex and between vMWT latency and white matter fractional anisotropy in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus. Collectively, these results suggest a pattern of differences in the structural integrity of regions supporting successful navigation even in the absence of longitudinal performance decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Korthauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicole T Nowak
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Scott D Moffat
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang An
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ira Driscoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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161
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Kam K, Duffy ÁM, Moretto J, LaFrancois JJ, Scharfman HE. Interictal spikes during sleep are an early defect in the Tg2576 mouse model of β-amyloid neuropathology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20119. [PMID: 26818394 PMCID: PMC4730189 DOI: 10.1038/srep20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that neuronal hyperexcitability contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD), so we asked how hyperexcitability develops in a common mouse model of β-amyloid neuropathology - Tg2576 mice. Using video-EEG recordings, we found synchronized, large amplitude potentials resembling interictal spikes (IIS) in epilepsy at just 5 weeks of age, long before memory impairments or β-amyloid deposition. Seizures were not detected, but they did occur later in life, suggesting that IIS are possibly the earliest stage of hyperexcitability. Interestingly, IIS primarily occurred during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, which is notable because REM is associated with increased cholinergic tone and cholinergic impairments are implicated in AD. Although previous studies suggest that cholinergic antagonists would worsen pathophysiology, the muscarinic antagonist atropine reduced IIS frequency. In addition, we found IIS occurred in APP51 mice which overexpress wild type (WT)-APP, although not as uniformly or as early in life as Tg2576 mice. Taken together with results from prior studies, the data suggest that surprising and multiple mechanisms contribute to hyperexcitability. The data also suggest that IIS may be a biomarker for early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey Kam
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Graduate Program in Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Áine M Duffy
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jillian Moretto
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John J LaFrancois
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
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162
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Taillade M, N'Kaoua B, Sauzéon H. Age-Related Differences and Cognitive Correlates of Self-Reported and Direct Navigation Performance: The Effect of Real and Virtual Test Conditions Manipulation. Front Psychol 2016; 6:2034. [PMID: 26834666 PMCID: PMC4725096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of aging on direct navigation measures and self-reported ones according to the real-virtual test manipulation. Navigation (wayfinding tasks) and spatial memory (paper-pencil tasks) performances, obtained either in real-world or in virtual-laboratory test conditions, were compared between young (n = 32) and older (n = 32) adults who had self-rated their everyday navigation behavior (SBSOD scale). Real age-related differences were observed in navigation tasks as well as in paper-pencil tasks, which investigated spatial learning relative to the distinction between survey-route knowledge. The manipulation of test conditions (real vs. virtual) did not change these age-related differences, which are mostly explained by age-related decline in both spatial abilities and executive functioning (measured with neuropsychological tests). In contrast, elderly adults did not differ from young adults in their self-reporting relative to everyday navigation, suggesting some underestimation of navigation difficulties by elderly adults. Also, spatial abilities in young participants had a mediating effect on the relations between actual and self-reported navigation performance, but not for older participants. So, it is assumed that the older adults carried out the navigation task with fewer available spatial abilities compared to young adults, resulting in inaccurate self-estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Taillade
- Laboratory of "Disability and Nervous system", Collège Sciences du vivant et de la Santé, University of Bordeaux France
| | - Bernard N'Kaoua
- Laboratory of "Disability and Nervous system", Collège Sciences du vivant et de la Santé, University of Bordeaux France
| | - Hélène Sauzéon
- Laboratory of "Disability and Nervous system", Collège Sciences du vivant et de la Santé, University of BordeauxFrance; Phoenix Team, Inria Center of BordeauxInria, Talence, France
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163
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Hamm V, Héraud C, Cassel JC, Mathis C, Goutagny R. Precocious Alterations of Brain Oscillatory Activity in Alzheimer's Disease: A Window of Opportunity for Early Diagnosis and Treatment. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:491. [PMID: 26733816 PMCID: PMC4685112 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia accounting for 50-80% of all age-related dementia. This pathology is characterized by the progressive and irreversible alteration of cognitive functions, such as memory, leading inexorably to the loss of autonomy for patients with AD. The pathology is linked with aging and occurs most commonly around 65 years old. Its prevalence (5% over 65 years of age and 20% after 80 years) constitutes an economic and social burden for AD patients and their family. At the present, there is still no cure for AD, actual treatments being moderately effective only in early stages of the pathology. A lot of efforts have been deployed with the aim of defining new AD biomarkers. Successful early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) linked to AD requires the identification of biomarkers capable of distinguishing individuals with early stages of AD from other pathologies impacting cognition such as depression. In this article, we will review recent evidence suggesting that electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, coupled with behavioral assessments, could be a useful approach and easily implementable for a precocious detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Hamm
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7364, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et AdaptativesStrasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Céline Héraud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7364, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et AdaptativesStrasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7364, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et AdaptativesStrasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Mathis
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7364, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et AdaptativesStrasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Romain Goutagny
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7364, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et AdaptativesStrasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
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164
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Rusconi ML, Suardi A, Zanetti M, Rozzini L. Spatial navigation in elderly healthy subjects, amnestic and non amnestic MCI patients. J Neurol Sci 2015; 359:430-7. [PMID: 26478129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered an early stage of cognitive impairment. Therefore, it is important to identify early cognitive markers of MCI conversion to dementia and topographical disorientation (TD) may help differentiate normal aging from MCI and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our aim was to propose a new instrument in elderly healthy subjects and MCI patients of amnestic (aMCI) and non-amnestic (naMCI) type. METHOD We observed 18 healthy subjects and 18 MCI patients (9 aMCI and 9 naMCI). All participants were submitted to a neuropsychological battery and to a new experimental small-scale spatial navigation test reproducing an ideal city. RESULTS a-MCI patients performed worse in learning a new route, in replacing landmarks in the city and in drawing a map of the city. Na-MCI patients' performance was not different from that observed in healthy subjects, except for a longer time span in Route Forward learning. MCI and healthy samples showed different correlations between experimental subtests and neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSIONS Our task seems to be sensitive in pointing out differences in spatial abilities of MCI subtypes, especially with regard to the following subtests: learning a new route, retrieving a landmark's place and building a map of the environment. In comparison with more complex tests, these results allow us to consider the new tool as useful to evaluate spatial navigation in healthy elderly subjects and MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Suardi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Luca Rozzini
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy
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Weber M, Wu T, Hanson JE, Alam NM, Solanoy H, Ngu H, Lauffer BE, Lin HH, Dominguez SL, Reeder J, Tom J, Steiner P, Foreman O, Prusky GT, Scearce-Levie K. Cognitive Deficits, Changes in Synaptic Function, and Brain Pathology in a Mouse Model of Normal Aging(1,2,3). eNeuro 2015; 2:ENEURO.0047-15.2015. [PMID: 26473169 PMCID: PMC4606159 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0047-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the main risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Yet, cognitive decline in aged rodents has been less well studied, possibly due to concomitant changes in sensory or locomotor function that can complicate cognitive tests. We tested mice that were 3, 11, and 23 months old in cognitive, sensory, and motor measures, and postmortem measures of gliosis and neural activity (c-Fos). Hippocampal synaptic function was also examined. While age-related impairments were detectable in tests of spatial memory, greater age-dependent effects were observed in tests of associative learning [active avoidance (AA)]. Gross visual function was largely normal, but startle responses to acoustic stimuli decreased with increased age, possibly due to hearing impairments. Therefore, a novel AA variant in which light alone served as the conditioning stimuli was used. Age-related deficits were again observed. Mild changes in vision, as measured by optokinetic responses, were detected in 19- versus 4-month-old mice, but these were not correlated to AA performance. Thus, deficits in hearing or vision are unlikely to account for the observed deficits in cognitive measures. Increased gliosis was observed in the hippocampal formation at older ages. Age-related changes in neural function and plasticity were observed with decreased c-Fos in the dentate gyrus, and decreased synaptic strength and paired-pulse facilitation in CA1 slices. This work, which carefully outlines age-dependent impairments in cognitive and synaptic function, c-Fos activity, and gliosis during normal aging in the mouse, suggests robust translational measures that will facilitate further study of the biology of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jesse E. Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nazia M. Alam
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, 10605
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Benjamin E. Lauffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Han H. Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sara L. Dominguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jens Reeder
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jennifer Tom
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Glen T. Prusky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
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Migo EM, O'Daly O, Mitterschiffthaler M, Antonova E, Dawson GR, Dourish CT, Craig KJ, Simmons A, Wilcock GK, McCulloch E, Jackson SHD, Kopelman MD, Williams SCR, Morris RG. Investigating virtual reality navigation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment using fMRI. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 23:196-217. [PMID: 26234803 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1073218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spatial navigation requires a well-established network of brain regions, including the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and retrosplenial cortex. Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) is a condition with predominantly memory impairment, conferring a high predictive risk factor for dementia. aMCI is associated with hippocampal atrophy and subtle deficits in spatial navigation. We present the first use of a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) navigation task in aMCI, using a virtual reality analog of the Radial Arm Maze. Compared with controls, aMCI patients showed reduced activity in the hippocampus bilaterally, retrosplenial cortex, and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Reduced activation in key areas for successful navigation, as well as additional regions, was found alongside relatively normal task performance. Results also revealed increased activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in aMCI patients, which may reflect compensation for reduced activations elsewhere. These data support suggestions that fMRI spatial navigation tasks may be useful for staging of progression in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Migo
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK
| | - O O'Daly
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK
| | - M Mitterschiffthaler
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK.,b Department for Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - E Antonova
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK
| | | | | | | | - A Simmons
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK.,d NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK.,e NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - G K Wilcock
- f Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK
| | - E McCulloch
- f Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK
| | - S H D Jackson
- g Clinical Age Research Unit, King's College Hospital , London , UK
| | - M D Kopelman
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK
| | - S C R Williams
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK
| | - R G Morris
- a King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK
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167
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Krishnamurthy V, Gopinath K, Brown GS, Hampstead BM. Resting-state fMRI reveals enhanced functional connectivity in spatial navigation networks after transcranial direct current stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2015; 604:80-5. [PMID: 26240994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have established that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical excitability. We previously demonstrated polarity dependent changes in parietal lobe blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI in a group of young adults during a spatial navigation task [15]. Here we used resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) to examine whether analogous changes were also evident during the resting state. Participants were randomized to either a parietal-anodal, frontal-cathodal (P+F-) or the opposite montage (P-F+) and received 20min of tDCS (2mA) before undergoing resting-state fMRI. rsFC was evaluated between the groups by placing a seed in the medial superior parietal lobule (mSPL), which was under the target electrode. rsFC between the mSPL and a number of other areas involved in spatial navigation, scene processing, and sensorimotor processing was significantly higher in the P+F- than the P-F+ group. Thus, the modulatory effects of tDCS were evident during rest and suggest that stimulation primes not just the underlying neocortex but an extended network that can be recruited as necessary during active task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaundinya Gopinath
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Gregory S Brown
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hampstead
- Rehabilitation R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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168
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Lithfous S, Tromp D, Dufour A, Pebayle T, Goutagny R, Després O. Decreased theta power at encoding and cognitive mapping deficits in elderly individuals during a spatial memory task. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2821-9. [PMID: 26248864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of theta activity in cognitive mapping, and to determine whether age-associated decreased theta power may account for navigational difficulties in elderly individuals. Cerebral activity was recorded using electroencephalograph in young and older individuals performing a spatial memory task that required the creation of cognitive maps. Power spectra were computed in the frontal and parietal regions and correlated with recognition performance. We found that accuracy of cognitive mapping was positively correlated with left frontal theta activity during encoding in young adults but not in older individuals. Compared with young adults, older participants were impaired in the creation of cognitive maps and showed reduced theta and alpha activity at encoding. These results suggest that encoding processes are impaired in older individual, which may explain age-related cognitive mapping deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Lithfous
- Faculty of Psychology, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364-UNISTRA/CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Delphine Tromp
- Faculty of Psychology, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364-UNISTRA/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - André Dufour
- Faculty of Psychology, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364-UNISTRA/CNRS, Strasbourg, France; Centre d'Investigations Neurocognitives et Neurophysiologiques (CI2N), UMS 3489-UNISTRA/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Pebayle
- Centre d'Investigations Neurocognitives et Neurophysiologiques (CI2N), UMS 3489-UNISTRA/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Romain Goutagny
- Faculty of Psychology, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364-UNISTRA/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Després
- Faculty of Psychology, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364-UNISTRA/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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The effect of TOMM40 on spatial navigation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2024-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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170
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Serino S, Morganti F, Di Stefano F, Riva G. Detecting early egocentric and allocentric impairments deficits in Alzheimer's disease: an experimental study with virtual reality. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:88. [PMID: 26042034 PMCID: PMC4438252 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have pointed out that egocentric and allocentric spatial impairments are one of the earliest manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). It is less clear how a break in the continuous interaction between these two representations may be a crucial marker to detect patients who are at risk to develop dementia. The main objective of this study is to compare the performances of participants suffering from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI group), patients with AD (AD group) and a control group (CG), using a virtual reality (VR)-based procedure for assessing the abilities in encoding, storing and syncing different spatial representations. In the first task, participants were required to indicate on a real map the position of the object they had memorized, while in the second task they were invited to retrieve its position from an empty version of the same virtual room, starting from a different position. The entire procedure was repeated across three different trials, depending on the object location in the encoding phase. Our finding showed that aMCI patients performed significantly more poorly in the third trial of the first task, showing a deficit in the ability to encode and store an allocentric viewpoint independent representation. On the other hand, AD patients performed significantly more poorly when compared to the CG in the second task, indicating a specific impairment in storing an allocentric viewpoint independent representation and then syncing it with the allocentric viewpoint dependent representation. Furthermore, data suggested that these impairments are not a product of generalized cognitive decline or of general decay in spatial abilities, but instead may reflect a selective deficit in the spatial organization Overall, these findings provide an initial insight into the cognitive underpinnings of amnestic impairment in aMCI and AD patient exploiting the potentiality of VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Serino
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy
| | - Francesca Morganti
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of BergamoBergamo, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilan, Italy
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Ruggiero G, D’Errico O, Iachini T. Development of egocentric and allocentric spatial representations from childhood to elderly age. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:259-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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172
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Marková H, Laczó J, Andel R, Hort J, Vlček K. Perspective taking abilities in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article is a review of computerized tests and batteries used in the cognitive assessment of older adults. METHOD A literature search on Medline followed by cross-referencing yielded a total of 76 citations. RESULTS Seventeen test batteries were identified and categorized according to their scope. Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination CAT battery as well as 3 experimental batteries and an experimental test are discussed in separate sections. All batteries exhibit strengths associated with computerized testing such as standardization of administration, accurate measurement of many variables, automated record keeping, and savings of time and costs. Discriminant validity and test-retest reliability were well documented for most batteries while documentation of other psychometric properties varied. CONCLUSION The large number of available batteries can be beneficial to the clinician or researcher; however, care should be taken in order to choose the correct battery for each application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Zygouris
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Beaudet G, Bouet V, Jozet-Alves C, Schumann-Bard P, Dauphin F, Paizanis E, Boulouard M, Freret T. Spatial memory deficit across aging: current insights of the role of 5-HT7 receptors. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 8:448. [PMID: 25642173 PMCID: PMC4294164 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly persons often face biological, psychological or social changes over time that may cause discomfort or morbidity. While some cognitive domains remain stable over time, others undergo a decline. Spatial navigation is a complex cognitive function essential for independence, safety and quality of life. While egocentric (body-centered) navigation is quite preserved during aging, allocentric (externally-centered) navigation-based on a cognitive map using distant landmarks-declines with age. Recent preclinical studies showed that serotonergic 5-HT7 receptors are localized in brain regions associated with allocentric spatial navigation processing. Behavioral assessments with pharmacological or genetic tools have confirmed the role of 5-HT7 receptors in allocentric navigation. Moreover, few data suggested a selective age-related decrease in the expression of 5-HT7 receptors in pivotal brain structures implicated in allocentric navigation such as the hippocampal CA3 region. We aim to provide a short overview of the potential role of 5-HT7 receptors in spatial navigation, and to argue for their interests as therapeutic targets against age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Beaudet
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
| | - Valentine Bouet
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
| | - Christelle Jozet-Alves
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
| | - Pascale Schumann-Bard
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
| | - François Dauphin
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
| | - Eleni Paizanis
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc), EA 4259 Caen, France
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175
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Neuropsychological deficits associated with route learning in Alzheimer disease, MCI, and normal aging. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2015; 28:162-7. [PMID: 24077018 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The background of route learning (RL) abilities in Alzheimer disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and normal aging needs further study. We searched for neuropsychological and demographical predictors of RL impairment. METHODS RL was investigated in a clinical study including subjects classified as early AD (n=37), MCI (n=34), and aged normal controls (n=46). An ecological assessment procedure of RL was employed and landmarks learning and navigational abilities were evaluated. The consortium to establish a registry of Alzheimer's disease test battery was used for neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS Almost all AD patients, and most subjects with MCI misidentified landmarks and made navigational errors when following the route without assistance. Moreover, a small subgroup of normal controls also had problems with RL. Poor RL performance was best predicted by impairments in memory and executive functions. CONCLUSIONS RL impairment is common in early AD and MCI, and is occasionally also found in normal elderly subjects. Its characteristic appearance is a combination of poor landmark recognition and defective directional guidance. Poor RL can be predicted by neuropsychological testing. In MCI and in a subset of normal aged persons, RL impairment may herald incipient dementia.
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176
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Beauchet O, Launay CP, Annweiler C, Allali G. Hippocampal volume, early cognitive decline and gait variability: which association? Exp Gerontol 2014; 61:98-104. [PMID: 25446977 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to its prominent function in cognition, the involvement of the hippocampus in gait control is still a matter of debate. The present study aimed to examine the association of the hippocampal volume with mean values and coefficients of variation (CoV) of spatio-temporal gait parameters among cognitively healthy individuals (CHI) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS A total of 90 individuals (47 CHI with a mean age of 69.7±3.6years and 48.9% women, and 43 MCI individuals with a mean age of 70.2±3.7years and 62.8% women) were included in this cross-sectional study. The hippocampal volume was quantified from a three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI using semi-automated software. Mean values and CoV of stride time, swing time and stride width were measured at self-selected pace with a 10m electronic portable walkway (GAITRite®). Age, gender, body mass index, number of drugs daily taken, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, history of falls, walking speed and white matter signal-intensity abnormality scoring with Manolio scale were used as covariates. RESULTS Patients with MCI had a lower MMSE score (P<0.001), a higher CoV of stride time (P=0.013) and a lower hippocampal volume (P=0.007) compared with CHI. Multiple linear regression models showed that CoV of stride time was specifically associated with higher hippocampal volume among CHI (P<0.05) but not among patients with MCI (P>0.650). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a positive association between a greater (i.e., better morphological structure) hippocampal volume and a greater (i.e., worse performance) stride time variability among CHI, but not among MCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France.
| | - Cyrille P Launay
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France
| | - Cédric Annweiler
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France; Center for Functional Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive & Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
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177
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Lithfous S, Dufour A, Moessinger M, Bilz L, Sundby C, Pebayle T, Després O. Appropriate encoding strategies compensate for driving abilities in elderly individuals: a virtual reality study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1795-7. [PMID: 25243685 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Lithfous
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Abellán A, Desfilis E, Medina L. Combinatorial expression of Lef1, Lhx2, Lhx5, Lhx9, Lmo3, Lmo4, and Prox1 helps to identify comparable subdivisions in the developing hippocampal formation of mouse and chicken. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:59. [PMID: 25071464 PMCID: PMC4082316 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We carried out a study of the expression patterns of seven developmental regulatory genes (Lef1, Lhx2, Lhx9, Lhx5, Lmo3, Lmo4, and Prox1), in combination with topological position, to identify the medial pallial derivatives, define its major subdivisions, and compare them between mouse and chicken. In both species, the medial pallium is defined as a pallial sector adjacent to the cortical hem and roof plate/choroid tela, showing moderate to strong ventricular zone expression of Lef1, Lhx2, and Lhx9, but not Lhx5. Based on this, the hippocampal formation (indusium griseum, dentate gyrus, Ammon's horn fields, and subiculum), the medial entorhinal cortex, and part of the amygdalo-hippocampal transition area of mouse appeared to derive from the medial pallium. In the chicken, based on the same position and gene expression profile, we propose that the hippocampus (including the V-shaped area), the parahippocampal area (including its caudolateral part), the entorhinal cortex, and the amygdalo-hippocampal transition area are medial pallial derivatives. Moreover, the combinatorial expression of Lef1, Prox1, Lmo4, and Lmo3 allowed the identification of dentate gyrus/CA3-like, CA1/subicular-like, and medial entorhinal-like comparable sectors in mouse and chicken, and point to the existence of mostly conserved molecular networks involved in hippocampal complex development. Notably, while the mouse medial entorhinal cortex derives from the medial pallium (similarly to the hippocampal formation, both being involved in spatial navigation and spatial memory), the lateral entorhinal cortex (involved in processing non-spatial, contextual information) appears to derive from a distinct dorsolateral caudal pallial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Abellán
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, University of Lleida Lleida, Spain
| | - Ester Desfilis
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, University of Lleida Lleida, Spain
| | - Loreta Medina
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, University of Lleida Lleida, Spain
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179
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Serino S, Cipresso P, Morganti F, Riva G. The role of egocentric and allocentric abilities in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:32-44. [PMID: 24943907 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A great effort has been made to identify crucial cognitive markers that can be used to characterize the cognitive profile of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because topographical disorientation is one of the earliest clinical manifestation of AD, an increasing number of studies have investigated the spatial deficits in this clinical population. In this systematic review, we specifically focused on experimental studies investigating allocentric and egocentric deficits to understand which spatial cognitive processes are differentially impaired in the different stages of the disease. First, our results highlighted that spatial deficits appear in the earliest stages of the disease. Second, a need for a more ecological assessment of spatial functions will be presented. Third, our analysis suggested that a prevalence of allocentric impairment exists. Specifically, two selected studies underlined that a more specific impairment is found in the translation between the egocentric and allocentric representations. In this perspective, the implications for future research and neurorehabilitative interventions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Serino
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Pellizza da Volpedo, 41, 20149 Milan (MI), Italy.
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Pellizza da Volpedo, 41, 20149 Milan (MI), Italy
| | - Francesca Morganti
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Piazzale S. Agostino 2, 24129 Bergamo (BG), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Pellizza da Volpedo, 41, 20149 Milan (MI), Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20100 Milan (MI), Italy
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180
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Previc FH, Krueger WW, Ross RA, Roman MA, Siegel G. The relationship between vestibular function and topographical memory in older adults. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:46. [PMID: 24917795 PMCID: PMC4041072 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research during the past two decades has demonstrated an important role of the vestibular system in topographical orientation and memory and the network of neural structures associated with them. Almost all of the supporting data have come from animal or human clinical studies, however. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the link between vestibular function and topographical memory in normal elderly humans. Twenty-five participants aged 70 to 85 years who scored from mildly impaired to normal on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) received three topographical memory tests: the Camden Topographical Recognition Memory Test (CTMRT), a computerized topographical mental rotation test (TMRT), and a virtual pond maze (VPM). They also received six vestibular or oculomotor tests: optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), visual pursuit (VP), actively generated vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), the sensory orientation test (SOT) for posture, and two measures of rotational memory (error in degrees, or RM°, and correct directional recognition, or RM→). The only significant bivariate correlations were among the three vestibular measures primarily assessing horizontal canal function (VOR, RM°, and RM→). A multiple regression analysis showed significant relationships between vestibular and demographic predictors and both the TMRT (R = 0.78) and VPM (R = 0.66) measures. The significant relationship between the vestibular and topographical memory measures supports the theory that vestibular loss may contribute to topographical memory impairment in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Previc
- Biomedical Development Corporation San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Ruth A Ross
- Biomedical Development Corporation San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Gregg Siegel
- Biomedical Development Corporation San Antonio, TX, USA
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181
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Zhao R, Fowler SW, Chiang ACA, Ji D, Jankowsky JL. Impairments in experience-dependent scaling and stability of hippocampal place fields limit spatial learning in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus 2014; 24:963-78. [PMID: 24752989 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Impaired spatial memory characterizes many mouse models for Alzheimer's disease, but we understand little about how this trait arises. Here, we use a transgenic model of amyloidosis to examine the relationship between behavioral performance in tests of spatial navigation and the function of hippocampal place cells. We find that amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice require considerably more training than controls to reach the same level of performance in a water maze task, and recall the trained location less well 24 h later. At a single cell level, place fields from control mice become more stable and spatially restricted with repeated exposure to a new environment, while those in APP mice improve less over time, ultimately producing a spatial code of lower resolution, accuracy, and reliability than controls. The limited refinement of place fields in APP mice likely contributes to their delayed water maze acquisition, and provides evidence for circuit dysfunction underlying cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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182
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Wang XL, Zeng J, Feng J, Tian YT, Liu YJ, Qiu M, Yan X, Yang Y, Xiong Y, Zhang ZH, Wang Q, Wang JZ, Liu R. Helicobacter pylori filtrate impairs spatial learning and memory in rats and increases β-amyloid by enhancing expression of presenilin-2. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:66. [PMID: 24782763 PMCID: PMC3990046 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is related with a high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the intrinsic link between H. pylori infection and AD development is still missing. In the present study, we explored the effect of H. pylori infection on cognitive function and β-amyloid production in rats. We found that intraperitoneal injection of H. pylori filtrate induced spatial learning and memory deficit in rats with a simultaneous retarded dendritic spine maturation in hippocampus. Injection of H. pylori filtrate significantly increased Aβ42 both in the hippocampus and cortex, together with an increased level of presenilin-2 (PS-2), one key component of γ-secretase involved in Aβ production. Incubation of H. pylori filtrate with N2a cells which over-express amyloid precursor protein (APP) also resulted in increased PS-2 expression and Aβ42 overproduction. Injection of Escherichia coli (E.coli) filtrate, another common intestinal bacterium, had no effect on cognitive function in rats and Aβ production in rats and cells. These data suggest a specific effect of H. pylori on cognition and Aβ production. We conclude that soluble surface fractions of H. pylori may promote Aβ42 formation by enhancing the activity of γ-secretase, thus induce cognitive impairment through interrupting the synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Lian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China ; Department of Pathology, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Pu Ai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Tao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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183
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Stuchlik A. Dynamic learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis: an update. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:106. [PMID: 24744707 PMCID: PMC3978286 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian memory is the result of the interaction of millions of neurons in the brain and their coordinated activity. Candidate mechanisms for memory are synaptic plasticity changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is essentially an electrophysiological phenomenon manifested in hours-lasting increase on postsynaptic potentials after synapse tetanization. It is thought to ensure long-term changes in synaptic efficacy in distributed networks, leading to persistent changes in the behavioral patterns, actions and choices, which are often interpreted as the retention of information, i.e., memory. Interestingly, new neurons are born in the mammalian brain and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is proposed to provide a substrate for dynamic and flexible aspects of behavior such as pattern separation, prevention of interference, flexibility of behavior and memory resolution. This work provides a brief review on the memory and involvement of LTP and adult neurogenesis in memory phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Stuchlik
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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184
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Structural differences in hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volume support flexible context-dependent navigation ability. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2314-20. [PMID: 24501370 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2202-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation is a fundamental part of daily life. Humans differ in their individual abilities to flexibly navigate their world, and a critical question is how this variability relates to differences in underlying brain structure. Our experiment examined individual differences in the ability to flexibly navigate routes that overlap with, and must be distinguished from, previously learned trajectories. We related differences in flexible navigation performance to differences in brain morphology in healthy young adults using voxel-based morphometry. Our findings provide novel evidence that individual differences in gray matter volume in the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex correlate with our ability rapidly to learn and flexibly navigate routes through our world.
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185
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Fjell AM, Amlien IK, Sneve MH, Grydeland H, Tamnes CK, Chaplin TA, Rosa MGP, Walhovd KB. The Roots of Alzheimer's Disease: Are High-Expanding Cortical Areas Preferentially Targeted?†. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2556-65. [PMID: 24658616 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded a human-specific condition, and it has been suggested that brain regions highly expanded in humans compared with other primates are selectively targeted. We calculated shared and unique variance in the distribution of AD atrophy accounted for by cortical expansion between macaque and human, affiliation to the default mode network (DMN), ontogenetic development and normal aging. Cortical expansion was moderately related to atrophy, but a critical discrepancy was seen in the medial temporo-parietal episodic memory network. Identification of "hotspots" and "coldspots" of expansion across several primate species did not yield compelling evidence for the hypothesis that highly expanded regions are specifically targeted. Controlling for distribution of atrophy in aging substantially attenuated the expansion-AD relationship. A path model showed that all variables explained unique variance in AD atrophy but were generally mediated through aging. This supports a systems-vulnerability model, where critical networks are subject to various negative impacts, aging in particular, rather than being selectively targeted in AD. An alternative approach is suggested, focused on the interplay of the phylogenetically old and preserved medial temporal lobe areas with more highly expanded association cortices governed by different principles of plasticity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders M Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Neuropsychology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Norway
| | - Inge K Amlien
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Markus H Sneve
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Håkon Grydeland
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Tristan A Chaplin
- Department of Physiology and Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Neuropsychology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Norway
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186
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Vlček K, Laczó J. Neural correlates of spatial navigation changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:89. [PMID: 24672452 PMCID: PMC3955968 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the memory impairment is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD has also been characterized by spatial disorientation, which is present from its early stages. Spatial disorientation in AD manifests itself in getting lost in familiar and unfamiliar places and have been characterized more specifically using spatial navigation tests in both real space and virtual environments as an impairment in multiple spatial abilities, including allocentric and egocentric navigation strategies, visuo-spatial perception, or selection of relevant information for successful navigation. Patients suffering mild cognitive impairment (MCI), who are at a high risk of development of dementia, show impairment in a subset of these abilities, mainly connected with allocentric and egocentric processing. While spatial disorientation in typical AD patients probably reflects neurodegenerative changes in medial and posterior temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, and retrosplenial cortex, the impairment of spatial navigation in MCI seem to be connected mainly with the medial temporal and also parietal brain changes. In this review, we will summarize the signs of brain disease in most MCI and AD patients showing in various tasks of spatial memory and navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Vlček
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic ; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczó
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Brno , Czech Republic ; Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
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187
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Serino S, Riva G. What is the role of spatial processing in the decline of episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease? The "mental frame syncing" hypothesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:33. [PMID: 24653696 PMCID: PMC3947988 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current theories on episodic memory suggest a crucial role of spatial processing for an effective retrieval. For a successful episodic recall, the long-term allocentric scene has to be translated into an egocentric scene. Here, we argue that a crucial role for an episodic retrieval is played by a "mental frame syncing" between two kinds of allocentric representations. This neurocognitive process allows an effective retrieval of our past experiences by synchronizing the allocentric view-point independent representation with the allocentric view-point dependent representation. If the "mental frame syncing" stops, even momentarily, it is difficult to reconstruct a coherent spatial scaffold upon which to effectively retrieve our previous events within an egocentric perspective. This is what apparently happens in Alzheimer's disease: a break in the "mental frame syncing" between these two kinds of allocentric representations, underpinned by damage to the hippocampus, may contribute significantly to the early deficit in episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Serino
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilan, Italy
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188
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Perrochon A, Kemoun G, Dugué B, Berthoz A. Cognitive Impairment Assessment through Visuospatial Memory Can Be Performed with a Modified Walking Corsi Test Using the 'Magic Carpet'. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2014; 4:1-13. [PMID: 24575112 PMCID: PMC3934678 DOI: 10.1159/000356727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have disturbances in their spatial navigation abilities and exhibit early deficits in visuospatial short-term memory. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a quantitative (span score) and qualitative (evaluating navigation strategies used) analysis of the Corsi test (usual condition and complex navigation task) would be useful to reveal cognitive decline. Methods We evaluated the performance of 15 young adults, 21 healthy elderly subjects and 15 subjects with MCI using the electronic version of the Corsi test (the Modified Corsi Block-Tapping Test, MCBT) and the complex navigation task (the Modified Walking Corsi Test, MWCT). The MWCT, which is an adaptation of the Corsi test, assesses spatial memory when the subject walks in a complex environment. We used Richard et al.'s model [Cogn Sci 1993;17:497-529] to investigate problem-solving strategies during the Corsi tests. Results The span scores obtained on the MCBT and the MWCT were significantly lower in the healthy elderly subjects (MCBT = 5.0 ± 0.7; MWCT = 4.0 ± 0.7) and the subjects with MCI (MCBT = 4.7 ± 0.8; MWCT = 4.1 ± 0.9) than in the younger adults (MCBT = 6.2 ± 0.6; MWCT = 5.3 ± 1.0). The visuospatial working memory was more impaired in the complex navigation task (MWCT = 4.3 ± 0.9) than in the modified Corsi test (MCBT = 5.3 ± 0.8). Finally, the subjects with greater cognitive impairment were more likely to have inadequate or absence of problem-solving strategies. Conclusions Investigating the problem-solving strategies used during the MWCT appears to be a promising way to differentiate between the subjects with MCI and the healthy elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïck Perrochon
- ISIS Research Institute on Disability and Ageing, Paris ; LPPA, UMR CNRS 7152, Collège de France, Paris ; Laboratoire Mobilité, Vieillissement et Exercice (MOVE), EA 6314, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gilles Kemoun
- ISIS Research Institute on Disability and Ageing, Paris ; Laboratoire Mobilité, Vieillissement et Exercice (MOVE), EA 6314, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Benoit Dugué
- Laboratoire Mobilité, Vieillissement et Exercice (MOVE), EA 6314, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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189
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Bailey SKT, Sims VK. Self-reported craft expertise predicts maintenance of spatial ability in old age. Cogn Process 2014; 15:227-31. [PMID: 24390469 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-013-0596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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190
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Tarnanas I, Tsolakis A, Tsolaki M. Assessing Virtual Reality Environments as Cognitive Stimulation Method for Patients with MCI. STUDIES IN COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45432-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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191
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Hampstead BM, Brown GS, Hartley JF. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates activation and effective connectivity during spatial navigation. Brain Stimul 2013; 7:314-24. [PMID: 24472622 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allocentric navigation declines with age and neurologic disease whereas egocentric navigation does not; differences that likely arise from maladaptive changes in brain regions mediating spatial (parietal cortex; hippocampus) but not procedural processing (caudate nucleus). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) holds promise for treating such decline given its ability to modulate neuronal excitability, but its effects have yet to be examined on spatial navigation. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESES Using healthy young adults as a model, Study 1 intended to validate a novel spatial navigation paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using these data to determine targets for tDCS, Study 2 aimed to determine if 1) stimulation modulates activation in a polarity-specific manner; 2) stimulation results in global and/or task-specific activation changes; 3) activation changes are accompanied by changes in effective connectivity. METHODS All participants underwent fMRI while learning allocentric and egocentric environments. Twelve participants completed Study 1. In Study 2, 16 participants were randomized to 20 min of tDCS (2 mA) using a montage with the anode over PZ and cathode over AF4 (P+F-) or the reverse montage (P-F+). RESULTS Study 1 revealed that distinct networks preferentially mediate allocentric and egocentric navigation. Study 2 revealed polarity-dependent changes in activation and connectivity. The P+F- montage increased these measures in spatial regions, especially during allocentric navigation, and the caudate nucleus. Conversely, the P-F+ montage increased activation and connectivity in lateral prefrontal cortices and posterior hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the neuromodulatory effects of tDCS in non-motor areas and demonstrate proof-of-principle for ameliorating age- and disease-related decline in navigational abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hampstead
- Rehabilitation R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Gregory S Brown
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin F Hartley
- Rehabilitation R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA
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192
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Yang Z, Chang C, Xu T, Jiang L, Handwerker DA, Castellanos FX, Milham MP, Bandettini PA, Zuo XN. Connectivity trajectory across lifespan differentiates the precuneus from the default network. Neuroimage 2013; 89:45-56. [PMID: 24287438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The default network of the human brain has drawn much attention due to its relevance to various brain disorders, cognition, and behavior. However, its functional components and boundaries have not been precisely defined. There is no consensus as to whether the precuneus, a hub in the functional connectome, acts as part of the default network. This discrepancy is more critical for brain development and aging studies: it is not clear whether age has a stronger impact on the default network or precuneus, or both. We used Generalized Ranking and Averaging Independent Component Analysis by Reproducibility (gRAICAR) to investigate the lifespan trajectories of intrinsic functional networks. By estimating individual-specific spatial components and aligning them across subjects, gRAICAR measures the spatial variation of component maps across a population without constraining the same components to appear in every subject. In a cross-lifespan fMRI dataset (N=126, 7-85years old), we observed stronger age dependence in the spatial pattern of a precuneus-dorsal posterior cingulate cortex network compared to the default network, despite the fact that the two networks exhibit considerable spatial overlap and temporal correlation. These results remained even when analyses were restricted to a subpopulation with very similar head motion across age. Our analyses further showed that the two networks tend to merge with increasing age. Post-hoc analyses of functional connectivity confirmed the distinguishable cross-lifespan trajectories between the two networks. Based on these observations, we proposed a dynamic model of cross-lifespan functional segregation and integration between the two networks, suggesting that the precuneus network may have a different functional role than the default network, which declines with age. These findings have implications for understanding the functional roles of the default network, gaining insight into its dynamics throughout life, and guiding interpretation of alterations in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Catie Chang
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daniel A Handwerker
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New York University Langone Medical Center Child Study Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael P Milham
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Peter A Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Halko MA, Connors EC, Sánchez J, Merabet LB. Real world navigation independence in the early blind correlates with differential brain activity associated with virtual navigation. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2768-78. [PMID: 24027192 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigating is a complex cognitive task that places high demands on spatial abilities, particularly in the absence of sight. Significant advances have been made in identifying the neural correlates associated with various aspects of this skill; however, how the brain is able to navigate in the absence of visual experience remains poorly understood. Furthermore, how neural network activity relates to the wide variability in navigational independence and skill in the blind population is also unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the neural correlates of audio-based navigation within a large scale, indoor virtual environment in early profoundly blind participants with differing levels of spatial navigation independence (assessed by the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scale). Performing path integration tasks in the virtual environment was associated with activation within areas of a core network implicated in navigation. Furthermore, we found a positive relationship between Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scores and activation within right temporal parietal junction during the planning and execution phases of the task. These findings suggest that differential navigational ability in the blind may be related to the utilization of different brain network structures. Further characterization of the factors that influence network activity may have important implications regarding how this skill is taught in the blind community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Halko
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ménard C, Herzog H, Schwarzer C, Quirion R. Possible role of dynorphins in Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive deficits. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 13:82-5. [PMID: 23970097 DOI: 10.1159/000353848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Expression of dynorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide, increases with age and has been associated with cognitive deficits in rodents. Elevated dynorphin levels have been reported in postmortem samples from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms might be linked to cognitive function in the elderly. Activation of κ-opioid receptors by dynorphins has been associated with stress-related memory impairments. Interestingly, these peptides can also modulate glutamate neurotransmission and may affect synaptic plasticity underlying memory formation. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol-propionate (AMPA) ionotropic glutamate receptor levels generally decrease with aging, and their function is impaired in AD. METHODS Here, we compared the impact of aging on ionotropic glutamate receptor levels in the hippocampal formation of wild-type (WT) and Pdyn knock-out (KO) mice. RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in GluR1 and GluR2 AMPA receptor subunits in the hippocampal formation of 18- to 25-month-old WT mice in comparison with 6-month-old mice. Conversely, the GluR1 protein level was maintained in old Pdyn KO mice, and the NMDA NR2B subunit level was increased by 42% when compared to old WT animals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that elevated dynorphin expression occurring during aging and AD may mediate cognitive deficits by altering the glutamatergic system integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ménard
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Qué., Canada
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