151
|
Vasconcelos AR, Dos Santos NB, Scavone C, Munhoz CD. Nrf2/ARE Pathway Modulation by Dietary Energy Regulation in Neurological Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:33. [PMID: 30778297 PMCID: PMC6369171 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the expression of an array of enzymes with important detoxifying and antioxidant functions. Current findings support the role of high levels of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Given the central role played by Nrf2 in counteracting oxidative damage, a number of studies have targeted the modulation of this transcription factor in order to confer neuroprotection. Nrf2 activity is tightly regulated by oxidative stress and energy-based stimuli. Thus, many dietary interventions based on energy intake regulation, such as dietary energy restriction (DER) or high-fat diet (HFD), modulate Nrf2 with consequences for a variety of cellular processes that affect brain health. DER, by either restricting calorie intake or meal frequency, activates Nrf2 thereby triggering its protective effects, whilst HFD inhibit this pathway, thereby exacerbating oxidative stress. Consequently, DER protocols can be valuable strategies in the management of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Herein, we review current knowledge of the role of Nrf2 signaling in neurological diseases, namely Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia, as well as the potential of energy intake regulation in the management of Nrf2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Barreto Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinopharmacology and Immunomodulation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinopharmacology and Immunomodulation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Xu B, Zang SC, Li SZ, Guo JR, Wang JF, Wang D, Zhang LP, Yang HM, Lian S. HMGB1-mediated differential response on hippocampal neurotransmitter disorder and neuroinflammation in adolescent male and female mice following cold exposure. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:223-235. [PMID: 30476565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress induces many different sex-specific physiological and psychological responses during adolescence. Although the impact of certain brain stressors has been reported in the literature, the influence of cold stress on the mechanisms underlying hippocampal neurotransmitter disorder and neuroinflammation remain unstudied. Adolescent male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 4 °C temperatures, 3 h per day for 1 week. Serum CORT and blood gas analysis was then used to assess body status. Using western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry we also assessed glial cell number and microglial activation, as well as inflammatory cytokine levels and related protein expression levels. The phenomena of excessive CORT, microglial activation, increased acetylate-HMGB1 levels, NF-κB signaling pathway activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, neuronal apoptosis and neurotransmitter disorder were demonstrated in mouse hippocampal tissue following cold exposure. We believe that these phenomena are mediated by the HMGB1/TLR4/NFκB pathway. Finally, the male inflammatory response in hippocampal tissue was more severe and the influence of cold exposure on neurotransmitter was greater in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Shu-Cheng Zang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jing-Ru Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jian-Fa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Huan-Min Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Frank MG, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Microglia: Neuroimmune-sensors of stress. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:176-185. [PMID: 30638704 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stressors disrupts homeostasis and results in the release of stress hormones including glucocorticoids, epinepherine and norepinepherine. Interestingly, stress also has profound affects on microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages in the brain parenchyma. Microglia express a diverse array of receptors, which also allows them to respond to stress hormones derived from peripheral as well as central sources. Here, we review studies of how exposure to acute and chronic stressors alters the immunophenotype and function of microglia. Further, we examine a causal for stress hormones in these effects of stress on microglia. We propose that microglia serve as immunosensors of the stress response, which puts them in the unique position to sense and respond rapidly to alterations in homeostasis and integrate the neural response to threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Brás JP, Pinto S, Almeida MI, Prata J, von Doellinger O, Coelho R, Barbosa MA, Santos SG. Peripheral Biomarkers of Inflammation in Depression: Evidence from Animal Models and Clinical Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:467-492. [PMID: 31273717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychiatric condition, with over 300 million sufferers, and is an important comorbidity for other conditions, like cardiovascular disorders or diabetes. Therapy is largely based on psychotherapy and/or pharmacological intervention, particularly aimed at altering neurotransmitter levels in the central nervous system, but inadequate response to treatment remains a significant clinical problem. Herein, evidence supporting a molecular link between inflammation and depression will be discussed, particularly the increased prevalence of depression in chronic inflammatory diseases and the evidence on the use of anti-inflammatory drugs to treat depression. Moreover, the potential for the levels of peripheral inflammatory molecules to act as depression biomarkers, in the diagnosis and monitoring of depression will be examined, considering clinical- and animal model-based evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Brás
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Pinto
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - M I Almeida
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Prata
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - O von Doellinger
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - R Coelho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - M A Barbosa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S G Santos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Michalovicz LT, Locker AR, Kelly KA, Miller JV, Barnes Z, Fletcher MA, Miller DB, Klimas NG, Morris M, Lasley SM, O'Callaghan JP. Corticosterone and pyridostigmine/DEET exposure attenuate peripheral cytokine expression: Supporting a dominant role for neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:26-32. [PMID: 30339781 PMCID: PMC6533534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multi-symptom disorder experienced by as many as a third of the veterans of the 1991 Gulf War; the constellation of "sickness behavior" symptoms observed in ill veterans is suggestive of a neuroimmune involvement. Various chemical exposures and conditions in theater have been implicated in the etiology of the illness. Previously, we found that GW-related organophosphates (OPs), such as the sarin surrogate, DFP, and chlorpyrifos, cause neuroinflammation. The combination of these exposures with exogenous corticosterone (CORT), mimicking high physiological stress, exacerbates the observed neuroinflammation. The potential relationship between the effects of OPs and CORT on the brain versus inflammation in the periphery has not been explored. Here, using our established GWI mouse model, we investigated the effects of CORT and DFP exposure, with or without a chronic application of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), on cytokines in the liver and serum. While CORT primed DFP-induced neuroinflammation, this effect was largely absent in the periphery. Moreover, the changes found in the peripheral tissues do not correlate with the previously reported neuroinflammation. These results not only support GWI as a neuroimmune disorder, but also highlight the separation between central and peripheral effects of these exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Michalovicz
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alicia R Locker
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Julie V Miller
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zachary Barnes
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA; Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mary Ann Fletcher
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA; Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diane B Miller
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA; Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Stephen M Lasley
- Department of Cancer Biology & Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Chen HJC, Lee JK, Yip T, Sernia C, Lavidis NA, Spiers JG. Sub-acute restraint stress progressively increases oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammatory markers while transiently upregulating antioxidant gene expression in the rat hippocampus. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:446-457. [PMID: 30445125 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that acute stress decreases neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in the hippocampus despite increased concentrations of nitric oxide which may indicate feedback inhibition of neuronal NOS expression via inducible NOS-derived nitric oxide. Moreover, the hippocampus undergoes an initial oxidative/nitrosative insult that is rapidly followed by upregulation of protective antioxidants, including the zinc-binding metallothioneins, in order to counter this and restore redox balance following acute stress exposure. In the present study, we have utilized indicators of oxidative/nitrosative stress, members of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway, antioxidant metallothioneins, and neuroinflammatory markers to observe the changes occurring in the hippocampus following short term repeated stress exposure. Male Wistar rats were subjected to control conditions or 6 h of restraint stress applied for 1, 2, or 3 days (n = 8 per group) after which the hippocampus was isolated for redox assays and relative gene expression. The hippocampus showed increased oxidative stress, transient dys-homeostasis of total zinc, and increased expression of the Nrf2 pathway members. Moreover, repeated stress increased nitrosative status, nitric oxide metabolites, and 3-nitrotyrosine, indicative of nitrosative stress in the hippocampus. However, levels of neuronal NOS decreased over all stress treatment groups, while increases were observed in inducible NOS and xanthine dehydrogenase. In addition to inducible NOS, mRNA expression of other inflammatory markers including interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β also increased even in the presence of increased anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids. Together, these results demonstrate that despite increases in antioxidant expression, sub-acute stress causes an inflammatory phenotype in the hippocampus by inducing oxidative/nitrosative stress, zinc dys-homeostasis, and the accumulation of nitrotyrosinated proteins which is likely driven by increased inducible NOS signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Johnny K Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tsz Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Conrad Sernia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Erickson EK, Grantham EK, Warden AS, Harris RA. Neuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 177:34-60. [PMID: 30590091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread disease with limited treatment options. Targeting the neuroimmune system is a new avenue for developing or repurposing effective pharmacotherapies. Alcohol modulates innate immune signaling in different cell types in the brain by altering gene expression and the molecular pathways that regulate neuroinflammation. Chronic alcohol abuse may cause an imbalance in neuroimmune function, resulting in prolonged perturbations in brain function. Likewise, manipulating the neuroimmune system may change alcohol-related behaviors. Psychiatric disorders that are comorbid with AUD, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and other substance use disorders, may also have underlying neuroimmune mechanisms; current evidence suggests that convergent immune pathways may be involved in AUD and in these comorbid disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of major neuroimmune cell-types and pathways involved in mediating alcohol behaviors, discuss potential mechanisms of alcohol-induced neuroimmune activation, and present recent clinical evidence for candidate immune-related drugs to treat AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Erickson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA.
| | - Emily K Grantham
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA
| | - Anna S Warden
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA
| | - R A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Marchette RCN, Bicca MA, Santos ECDS, de Lima TCM. Distinctive stress sensitivity and anxiety-like behavior in female mice: Strain differences matter. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:55-63. [PMID: 30450373 PMCID: PMC6234269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown that the prevalence of stress-related mood disorders is higher in women, which suggests a different response of neuroendocrine circuits involved in the response to stressful events, as well as a genetic background influence. The aim of this study was to investigate the baseline differences in anxiety-like behaviors of females of two commonly used mice strains. Secondly, we have also aimed to study their behavioral and biochemical alterations following stress. Naïve 3-4 months-old Swiss and C57BL/6 female mice were evaluated in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and in the acoustic startle response (ASR) for anxiety-like behaviors. Besides, an independent group of animals from each strain was exposed to cold-restraint stress (30 min/4 °C, daily) for 21 consecutive days and then evaluated in EPM and in the sucrose consumption tests. Twenty-four hours following behavioral experimentation mice were decapitated and their hippocampi (HP) and cortex (CT) dissected for further Western blotting analysis of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). Subsequent to each behavioral protocol, animal blood samples were collected for further plasma corticosterone analysis. C57BL/6 presented a lower anxiety profile than Swiss female mice in both behavioral tests, EPM and ASR. These phenomena could be correlated with the fact that both strains have distinct corticosterone levels and GR expression in the HP at the baseline level. Moreover, C57BL/6 female mice were more vulnerable to the stress protocol, which was able to induce an anhedonic state characterized by lower preference for a sucrose solution. Behavioral anhedonic-like alterations in these animals coincide with reduced plasma corticosterone accompanied with increased GR and GFAP levels, both in the HP. Our data suggest that in C57BL/6 female mice a dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) occurs, in which corticosterone acting on GRs would possibly exert its pro-inflammatory role, ultimately leading to astrocyte activation in response to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thereza Christina Monteiro de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Wellman CL, Bangasser DA, Bollinger JL, Coutellier L, Logrip ML, Moench KM, Urban KR. Sex Differences in Risk and Resilience: Stress Effects on the Neural Substrates of Emotion and Motivation. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9423-9432. [PMID: 30381434 PMCID: PMC6209838 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1673-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk for stress-sensitive psychopathologies differs in men and women, yet little is known about sex-dependent effects of stress on cellular structure and function in corticolimbic regions implicated in these disorders. Determining how stress influences these regions in males and females will deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex-biased psychopathology. Here, we discuss sex differences in CRF regulation of arousal and cognition, glucocorticoid modulation of amygdalar physiology and alcohol consumption, the age-dependent impact of social stress on prefrontal pyramidal cell excitability, stress effects on the prefrontal parvalbumin system in relation to emotional behaviors, contributions of stress and gonadal hormones to stress effects on prefrontal glia, and alterations in corticolimbic structure and function after cessation of chronic stress. These studies demonstrate that, while sex differences in stress effects may be nuanced, nonuniform, and nonlinear, investigations of these differences are nonetheless critical for developing effective, sex-specific treatments for psychological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Wellman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405,
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Laurence Coutellier
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Marian L Logrip
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
| | - Kelly M Moench
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Kimberly R Urban
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Finnell JE, Wood SK. Putative Inflammatory Sensitive Mechanisms Underlying Risk or Resilience to Social Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:240. [PMID: 30416436 PMCID: PMC6212591 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well recognized that exposure to stress can lead to the onset of psychosocial disorders such as depression. While there are a number of antidepressant therapies currently available and despite producing immediate neurochemical alterations, they require weeks of continuous use in order to exhibit antidepressant efficacy. Moreover, up to 30% of patients do not respond to typical antidepressants, suggesting that our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying stress-induced depression is still limited. In recent years inflammation has become a major focus in the study of depression as several clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that peripheral and central inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, are elevated in depressed patients. Moreover, it has been suggested that inflammation and particularly neuroinflammation may be a direct and immediate link in the emergence of stress-induced depression due to the broad neural and glial effects that are elicited by proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, individual differences in inflammatory reactivity may further explain why certain individuals exhibit differing susceptibility to the consequences of stress. In this review article, we discuss sources of individual differences such as age, sex and coping mechanisms that are likely sources of distinct changes in stress-induced neuroimmune factors and highlight putative sources of exaggerated neuroinflammation in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, we review the current literature of specific neural and glial mechanisms that are regulated by stress and inflammation including mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and mechanisms of glutamate excitotoxicity. Taken together, the impetus for this review is to move towards a better understanding of mechanisms regulated by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are capable of contributing to the emergence of depressive-like behaviors in susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.,WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Craddock TJA, Michalovicz LT, Kelly KA, Rice MA, Miller DB, Klimas NG, Morris M, O'Callaghan JP, Broderick G. A Logic Model of Neuronal-Glial Interaction Suggests Altered Homeostatic Regulation in the Perpetuation of Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:336. [PMID: 30374291 PMCID: PMC6196274 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant inflammatory signaling between neuronal and glial cells can develop into a persistent sickness behavior-related disorders, negatively impacting learning, memory, and neurogenesis. While there is an abundance of literature describing these interactions, there still lacks a comprehensive mathematical model describing the complex feed-forward and feedback mechanisms of neural-glial interaction. Here we compile molecular and cellular signaling information from various studies and reviews in the literature to create a logically-consistent, theoretical model of neural-glial interaction in the brain to explore the role of neuron-glia homeostatic regulation in the perpetuation of neuroinflammation. Logic rules are applied to this connectivity diagram to predict the system's homeostatic behavior. We validate our model predicted homeostatic profiles against RNAseq gene expression profiles in a mouse model of stress primed neuroinflammation. A meta-analysis was used to calculate the significance of similarity between the inflammatory profiles of mice exposed to diisopropyl fluorophostphate (DFP) [with and without prior priming by the glucocorticoid stress hormone corticosterone (CORT)], with the equilibrium states predicted by the model, and to provide estimates of the degree of the neuroinflammatory response. Beyond normal homeostatic regulation, our model predicts an alternate self-perpetuating condition consistent with chronic neuroinflammation. RNAseq gene expression profiles from the cortex of mice exposed to DFP and CORT+DFP align with this predicted state of neuroinflammation, whereas the alignment to CORT alone was negligible. Simulations of putative treatment strategies post-exposure were shown to be theoretically capable of returning the system to a state of typically healthy regulation with broad-acting anti-inflammatory agents showing the highest probability of success. The results support a role for the brain's own homeostatic drive in perpetuating the chronic neuroinflammation associated with exposure to the organophosphate DFP, with and without CORT priming. The deviation of illness profiles from exact model predictions suggests the presence of additional factors or of lasting changes to the brain's regulatory circuitry specific to each exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J A Craddock
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Lindsay T Michalovicz
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mark A Rice
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Diane B Miller
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Bekhbat M, Neigh GN. Stress-induced neuroimmune priming in males and females: Comparable but not identical. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:149-150. [PMID: 29753849 PMCID: PMC6490675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gretchen N. Neigh
- Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Corresponding Author: Gretchen N. Neigh, PhD, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, Voice: 804-628-5152,
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Herman FJ, Pasinetti GM. Principles of inflammasome priming and inhibition: Implications for psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:66-84. [PMID: 29902514 PMCID: PMC6526722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of inflammatory proteins by the innate immune system is a tightly orchestrated procedure that allows the body to efficiently respond to exogenous and endogenous threats. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that disturbances in the inflammatory response system not only provoke autoimmune disorders, but also can have deleterious effects on neuronal function and mental health. As inflammation in the brain is primarily mediated by microglia, there has been an expanding focus on the mechanisms through which these cells initiate and propagate neuroinflammation. Microglia can enter persistently active states upon their initial recognition of an environmental stressor and are thereafter prone to elicit amplified and persistent inflammatory responses following subsequent exposures to stressors. A recent focus on why primed microglia cells are susceptible to environmental insults has been the NLRP3 inflammasome. Its function within the innate immune system is regulated in such a manner that supports a role for the complex in gating neuroinflammatory responses. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia results in the cleavage of zymogen inflammatory interleukins into functional forms that elicit a number of consequential effects in the local neuronal environment. There is evidence to support the principle that within primed neuroimmune systems a lowered threshold for NLRP3 activation can cause persistent neuroinflammation or the amplified production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18. Over the course of an individual's lifetime, persistent neuroinflammation can subsequently lead to the pathophysiological signatures that define psychological disorders. Therefore, targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome complex may represent an innovative and consequential approach to limit neuroinflammatory states in psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis J. Herman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Abildgaard A, Elfving B, Hokland M, Wegener G, Lund S. The microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid improves glucose metabolism in rats, but does not affect behaviour. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:306-312. [PMID: 29113509 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1398262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT We have previously shown that an antidepressant-like effect of probiotics in rats was associated with a higher plasma level of the microbial tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). OBJECTIVE We therefore wanted to study the isolated effect of IPA on behaviour and glucose metabolism in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed control or IPA-enriched diet for six weeks (n = 12 per group) and assessed in the elevated plus maze, open field and forced swim test. Blood glucose, metabolic hormones and the white blood cell (WBC) composition were analysed. RESULTS IPA (mean intake 27.3 mg/kg/day) significantly lowered fasting blood glucose level by 0.42 mM (95% CI 0.11-0.73). Similarly, fasting plasma insulin levels and the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index of insulin resistance were reduced, whereas plasma metabolic hormones, behaviour and WBC composition remained unaffected by IPA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight IPA as a promising candidate for treatment of metabolic disorders associated with insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Abildgaard
- a Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit , Aarhus University , Risskov , Denmark
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- a Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit , Aarhus University , Risskov , Denmark
| | - Marianne Hokland
- c Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- a Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit , Aarhus University , Risskov , Denmark
- d Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus) , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Sten Lund
- e Department of Medical Endocrinology (MEA) , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Lago N, Pannunzio B, Amo-Aparicio J, López-Vales R, Peluffo H. CD200 modulates spinal cord injury neuroinflammation and outcome through CD200R1. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:416-426. [PMID: 29870752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between CD200 and its receptor CD200R1 is among the central regulators of microglia and macrophage phenotype. However, it remains to be established whether, in the context of a traumatic CNS injury, CD200R1 act as a negative regulator of these particular innate immune cells, and if the exogenous delivery of CD200 may ameliorate neurological deficits. In the present study, we first evaluated whether preventing the local interaction between the pair CD200-CD200R1, by using a selective blocking antibody against CD200R1, has a role on functional and inflammatory outcome after contusion-induced spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. The injection of the αCD200R1, but not control IgG1, into the lesioned spinal cord immediately after the SCI worsened locomotor performance and exacerbated neuronal loss and demyelination. At the neuroimmunological level, we observed that microglial cells and macrophages showed increased levels of iNOS and Ly6C upon CD200R1 blockade, indicating that the disruption of CD200R1 drove these cells towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, although CD200R1 blockade had no effect in the initial infiltration of neutrophils into the lesioned spinal cord, it significantly impaired their clearance, which is a key sign of excessive inflammation. Interestingly, intraparenchymal injection of recombinant CD200-His immediately after the injury induced neuroprotection and robust and long-lasting locomotor recovery. In conclusion, this study reveals that interaction of CD200-CD200R1 plays a crucial role in limiting inflammation and lesion progression after SCI, and that boosting the stimulation of this pathway may constitute a new therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lago
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Bruno Pannunzio
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jesús Amo-Aparicio
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubèn López-Vales
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hugo Peluffo
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Frank MG, Fonken LK, Dolzani SD, Annis JL, Siebler PH, Schmidt D, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Lowry CA. Immunization with Mycobacterium vaccae induces an anti-inflammatory milieu in the CNS: Attenuation of stress-induced microglial priming, alarmins and anxiety-like behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:352-363. [PMID: 29807129 PMCID: PMC6129419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressors induces anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, which are mediated, in part, by neuroinflammatory processes. Recent findings demonstrate that treatment with the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory bacterium, Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae), attenuates stress-induced exaggeration of peripheral inflammation and stress-induced anxiety-like behavioral responses. However, the effects of M. vaccae on neuroimmune processes have largely been unexplored. In the present study, we examined the effect of M. vaccae NCTC11659 on neuroimmune regulation, stress-induced neuroinflammatory processes and anxiety-like behavior. Adult male rats were immunized 3× with a heat-killed preparation of M. vaccae (0.1 mg, s.c.) or vehicle. M. vaccae induced an anti-inflammatory immunophenotype in hippocampus (increased interleukin (Il)4, Cd200r1, and Mrc1 mRNA expression) and increased IL4 protein 8 d after the last immunization. Central administration of recombinant IL4 recapitulated the effects of M. vaccae on Cd200r1 and Mrc1 mRNA expression. M. vaccae reduced basal levels of genes (Nlrp3 and Nfkbia) involved in microglial priming; thus, we explored the effects of M. vaccae on stress-induced hippocampal microglial priming and HMGB1, which mediates priming. We found that M. vaccae blocked stress-induced decreases in Cd200r1, increases in the alarmin HMGB1, and priming of the microglial response to immune challenge. Furthermore, M. vaccae prevented stress-induced increases in anxiety-like behavior. The present findings suggest that M. vaccae enhances immunomodulation in the CNS and mitigates the neuroinflammatory and behavioral effects of stress, which may underpin its capacity to impart a stress resilient phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Samuel D Dolzani
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jessica L Annis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Philip H Siebler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO 80220, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO 80220, USA
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Fonken LK, Frank MG, Gaudet AD, Maier SF. Stress and aging act through common mechanisms to elicit neuroinflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:133-148. [PMID: 30009999 PMCID: PMC6129421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of an animal's lifespan, there is a protracted breakdown in basic homeostatic functions. Stressors (both psychological and physiological) can accelerate this process and compromise multiple homeostatic mechanisms. For example, both stress and aging can modulate neuroinflammatory function and cause a primed phenotype resulting in a heightened neuroinflammatory profile upon immune activation. Microglia, the brain's resident myeloid cell, produce "silent" immune machinery in response to stress and aging that does not cause immediate immune activation; rather, these changes prime the cell for a subsequent immune insult. Primed microglia exhibit a hyperinflammatory response upon immune activation that can exacerbate pathology. In this review, we will explore parallels between stress- and aging-induced neuroinflammatory priming. First, we will provide a background on the basic principles of neuroimmunology. Next, we will discuss evidence that neuroinflammatory responses become primed in the context of both stress and aging. We will also describe cell-specific contributions to neuroinflammatory priming with a focus on microglia. Finally, common mechanisms underlying priming in the context of stress and aging will be discussed: these mechanisms include glucocorticoid signaling; accumulation of danger signals; dis-inhibition of microglia; and breakdown of circadian rhythms. Overall, there are multifarious parallels between stress- and aging-elicited neuroinflammatory priming, suggesting that stress may promote a form of premature aging. Further unravelling mechanisms underlying priming could lead to improved treatments for buffering against stress- and aging-elicited behavioral pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Fonken
- University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Austin, TX 78712 USA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laura K. Fonken, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, BME 3.510C, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
| | - Matthew G. Frank
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Gu W, Wang Y, Qiu Z, Dong J, Wang Y, Chen J. Maternal exposure to nonylphenol during pregnancy and lactation induces microglial cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in offspring hippocampus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:525-533. [PMID: 29635194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, environmental nonylphenol (NP) exposure in the fetus and child has received increasing attention because of its potentially deleterious effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia (MG), resident immune cells in the CNS, are vital to CNS homeostasis and defense against exogenous chemicals, which makes them a potentially sensitive target of NP. The present study aims to explore the effects of maternal NP exposure during pregnancy and lactation on MG in offspring hippocampus, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by MG, and associated underlying mechanisms. We found that maternal NP exposure increased the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in offspring hippocampus. Increases in both activation and number of MG were observed in offspring hippocampus. Increased phosphorylation of Akt was found to co-localize with hippocampal MG, while increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were observed in offspring hippocampus. Activator protein 1 (AP-1), an inflammatory transcription factor, was also activated in the hippocampus of pups subjected to maternal NP exposure. These results suggest that maternal NP exposure might activate MG in offspring hippocampus. This activation seems to subsequently increase the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, Akt/MAPK/AP-1 signaling may be involved in this activation of MG and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Zhenmin Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Lecours C, Bordeleau M, Cantin L, Parent M, Paolo TD, Tremblay MÈ. Microglial Implication in Parkinson's Disease: Loss of Beneficial Physiological Roles or Gain of Inflammatory Functions? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:282. [PMID: 30214398 PMCID: PMC6125334 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, often described as the brain-resident macrophages, play crucial roles in central nervous system development, maintenance, plasticity, and adaptation to the environment. Both aging and chronic stress promote microglial morphological and functional changes, which can lead to the development of brain pathologies including Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, aging, and chronic stress represent main environmental risk factors for PD. In these conditions, microglia are known to undergo different morphological and functional changes. Inflammation is an important component of PD and disequilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial functions might constitute a crucial component of PD onset and progression. Cumulated data also suggest that, during PD, microglia might lose beneficial functions and gain detrimental ones, in addition to mediating inflammation. In this mini-review, we aim to summarize the literature discussing the functional and morphological changes that microglia undergo in PD pathophysiology and upon exposure to its two main environmental risk factors, aging, and chronic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lecours
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Léo Cantin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Abstract
This paper discusses the current evidence from animal and human studies for a central role of inflammation in schizophrenia. In animal models, pre- or perinatal elicitation of the immune response may increase immune reactivity throughout life, and similar findings have been described in humans. Levels of pro-inflammatory markers, such as cytokines, have been found to be increased in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have provided evidence that various infectious agents are risk factors for schizophrenia and other psychoses. For example, a large-scale epidemiological study performed in Denmark clearly showed that severe infections and autoimmune disorders are such risk factors. The vulnerability-stress-inflammation model may help to explain the role of inflammation in schizophrenia because stress can increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and may even contribute to a chronic pro-inflammatory state. Schizophrenia is characterized by risk genes that promote inflammation and by environmental stress factors and alterations of the immune system. Typical alterations of dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission described in schizophrenia have also been found in low-level neuroinflammation and consequently may be key factors in the generation of schizophrenia symptoms. Further support for the relevance of a low-level neuroinflammatory process in schizophrenia is provided by the loss of central nervous system volume and microglial activation demonstrated in neuroimaging studies. Last but not least, the benefit of anti-inflammatory medications found in some studies and the intrinsic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of antipsychotics provide further support for the role of inflammation in this debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig Maximilian University and Marion von Tessin Memory Center, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
The Innate Immune Receptors TLR2/4 Mediate Repeated Social Defeat Stress-Induced Social Avoidance through Prefrontal Microglial Activation. Neuron 2018; 99:464-479.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
172
|
Communication and social interaction anxiety enhance interleukin-1 beta and cortisol reactivity during high-stakes public speaking. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 94:83-90. [PMID: 29775877 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worry or fear related to speaking in front of others, or more broadly, communicating and interacting with others, is common. At elevated levels, however, it may contribute to heightened stress reactivity during acute speaking challenges. The purpose of this study was to examine multi-system physiological stress reactivity in the context of high-stakes public speaking while considering the impact of hypothesized individual difference risk factors. METHODS University student participants (n = 95) delivering speeches as a heavily-weighted component of their final grade had saliva samples collected immediately prior to speaking, immediately after, and 20 min after speech completion. Saliva samples were assayed for alpha amylase (sAA), cortisol, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Self-reported communication anxiety, social interaction anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and sex were assessed as risk factors for heightened stress reactivity. RESULTS Salivary sAA, cortisol, and IL-1β significantly changed following speech delivery. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that elevated levels of self-reported communication anxiety and social interaction anxiety were independently associated with increased cortisol and IL-1β responses and combined to enhance HPA axis and inflammatory cytokine activity further (i.e., cortisol and IL-1β AUCI). Sex and rejection sensitivity were unrelated to physiological stress reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individuals with elevated communication and interaction fears may be at increased risk of heightened neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses following exposure to acute social stressors. Both types of anxiety may combine to increase physiological reactivity further, with unknown, though likely insalubrious, health consequences over time.
Collapse
|
173
|
Xu B, Lian S, Li SZ, Guo JR, Wang JF, Wang D, Zhang LP, Yang HM. GABAB receptor mediate hippocampal neuroinflammation in adolescent male and female mice after cold expose. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:163-175. [PMID: 30031816 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress induces many non-specific inflammatory responses in the mouse brain, especially during adolescence. Although the impact of stress on the brain has long been reported, the effects of cold stress on hippocampal neuroinflammation in adolescent mice are not well understood; furthermore, whether these effects are gender specific are also not well established. Adolescent male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 4 °C temperatures for 12 h, after which behavior was assessed using the open field test. Using western blotting and immunohistochemistry we also assessed glial cell numbers and microglial activation, as well as inflammatory cytokine levels and related protein expression levels. We found that in mice subjected to cold stress: 1) There were significant behavioral changes; 2) neuronal nuclei densities were smaller and total cell numbers were significantly decreased; 3) nuclear factor (NF)-κB and phosphorylated AKT were upregulated; 4) pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were also upregulated; and 5) microglia were activated, while glial fibrillary acid protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 protein expression increased. Taken together, these results indicate that cold stress induces pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation that leads to neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampi of adolescent mice. We believe that these effects are influenced by a GABAB/Rap1B/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Finally, male mice were more sensitive to the effects of cold stress than were female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Jing-Ru Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Jian-Fa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
| | - Huan-Min Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Zhang K, Baratta MV, Liu G, Frank MG, Leslie NR, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Hutchinson MR, Goldys EM. A novel platform for in vivo detection of cytokine release within discrete brain regions. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:18-22. [PMID: 29678795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that cytokines secreted by innate immune cells in the brain play a central role in regulating neural circuits that subserve mood, cognition, and sickness responses. A major impediment to the study of neuroimmune signaling in healthy and disease states is the absence of tools for in vivo detection of cytokine release in the brain. Here we describe the design and application of a cytokine detection device capable of serial monitoring of local cytokine release in discrete brain regions. The immunocapture device consisted of a modified optical fiber labeled with a capture antibody specific for the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Using a sandwich immunoassay method, in vitro data demonstrate that the sensing interface of the modified optical fiber has a linear detection range of 3.9 pg mL-1-500 pg mL-1 and spatial resolution on the order of 200-450 μm. Finally, we show that the immunocapture device can be introduced into a perforated guide cannula for repeated analyte measurements in vivo. An increase in fluorescence detection of spatially localized intrahippocampal IL-1β release was observed following a peripheral lipopolysaccharide challenge in Sprague-Dawley rats. This novel immunosensing technology represents an opportunity for unlocking the function of neuroimmune signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Michael V Baratta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Guozhen Liu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Nathan R Leslie
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Ciavarra RP, Machida M, Lundberg PS, Gauronskas P, Wellman LL, Steel C, Aflatooni JO, Sanford LD. Controllable and uncontrollable stress differentially impact pathogenicity and survival in a mouse model of viral encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:130-141. [PMID: 29580714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal instillation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) into mice given controllable stress (modeled by escapable foot shock, ES) resulted in enhanced pathogenicity and decreased survival relative to infected mice given uncontrollable stress (modeled by inescapable foot shock, IS) and non-shocked control mice. Survival likely reflected differential cytokine gene expression that may have been regulated by miR146a, a predicted stress-responsive upstream regulator. Controllability also enhanced the accumulation of brain T resident memory cells that persisted long after viral clearance. The unexpected facilitatory effect of ES on antiviral neuroimmune responses and pathogenicity may arise from differential immunoactivating and immunosuppressive effects of uncontrollable and controllable stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ciavarra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular and Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States.
| | - Mayumi Machida
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Patric S Lundberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Phillip Gauronskas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Laurie L Wellman
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Christina Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Justin O Aflatooni
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Larry D Sanford
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Schindler SM, Frank MG, Annis JL, Maier SF, Klegeris A. Pattern recognition receptors mediate pro-inflammatory effects of extracellular mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 89:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
177
|
Jeon SW, Kim YK. The role of neuroinflammation and neurovascular dysfunction in major depressive disorder. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:179-192. [PMID: 29773951 PMCID: PMC5947107 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s141033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although depression has generally been explained with monoamine theory, it is far more multifactorial, and therapies that address the disease’s pathway have not been developed. In this context, an understanding of neuroinflammation and neurovascular dysfunction would enable a more comprehensive approach to depression. Inflammation is in a sense a type of allostatic load involving the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of depression by increasing proinflammatory cytokines, activating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, increasing glucocorticoid resistance, and affecting serotonin synthesis and metabolism, neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity. In future, identifying the subtypes of depression with increased vulnerability to inflammation and testing the effects of inflammatory modulating agents in these patient groups through clinical trials will lead to more concrete conclusions on the matter. The vascular depression hypothesis is supported by evidence for the association between vascular disease and late-onset depression and between ischemic brain lesions and distinctive depressive symptoms. Vascular depression may be the entity most suitable for studies of the mechanisms of depression. Pharmacotherapies used in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular disease may help prevent vascular depression. In future, developments in structural and functional imaging, electrophysiology, chronobiology, and genetics will reveal the association between depression and brain lesions. This article aims to give a general review of the existing issues examined in the literature pertaining to depression-related neuroinflammatory and vascular functions, related pathophysiology, applicability to depression treatment, and directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Fonken LK, Frank MG, Gaudet AD, D’Angelo HM, Daut RA, Hampson EC, Ayala MT, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Neuroinflammatory priming to stress is differentially regulated in male and female rats. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70. [PMID: 29524458 PMCID: PMC5953809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressors can enhance neuroinflammatory responses, and both stress and neuroinflammation are predisposing factors in the development of psychiatric disorders. Females suffer disproportionately more from several psychiatric disorders, yet stress-induced changes in neuroinflammation have primarily been studied in males. Here we tested whether exposure to inescapable tail shock sensitizes or 'primes' neuroinflammatory responses in male and female rats. At 24 h post-stress, male and female rats exposed to a peripheral immune challenge enhanced neuroinflammatory responses and exacerbated anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. These changes are likely glucocorticoid dependent, as administering exogenous CORT, caused a similar primed inflammatory response in the hippocampus of male and female rats. Further, stress disinhibited anti-inflammatory signaling mechanisms (such as CD200R) in the hippocampus of male and female rats. In males, microglia are considered the likely cellular source mediating neuroinflammatory priming; stress increased cytokine expression in ex vivo male microglia. Conversely, microglia isolated from stressed or CORT treated females did not exhibit elevated cytokine responses. Microglia isolated from both stressed male and female rats reduced phagocytic activity; however, suggesting that microglia from both sexes experience stress-induced functional impairments. Finally, an immune challenge following either stress or CORT in females, but not males, increased peripheral inflammation (serum IL-1β). These novel data suggest that although males and females both enhance stress-induced neuroinflammatory and behavioral responses to an immune challenge, this priming may occur through distinct, sex-specific mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Fonken
- Corresponding author: Laura K. Fonken, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712; (512) 232-8331;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Abstract
Accumulating research substantiates the statement that inflammation plays an important role in the development of stroke. Both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, an imbalance of which leads to inflammation. Anti-inflammation is a kind of hopeful strategy for the prevention and treatment of stroke. Substantial studies have demonstrated that minocycline, a second-generation semisynthetic antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline family, can inhibit neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators and microglia activation, and improve neurological outcome. Experimental and clinical data have found the preclinical and clinical potential of minocycline in the treatment of stroke due to its anti-inflammation properties and anti-inflammation-induced pathogeneses, including antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, inhibiting leukocyte migration and microglial activation, and decreasing matrix metalloproteinases activity. Hence, it suggests a great future for minocycline in the therapeutics of stroke that diminish the inflammatory progress of stroke.
Collapse
|
180
|
Koumine Attenuates Neuroglia Activation and Inflammatory Response to Neuropathic Pain. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9347696. [PMID: 29770147 PMCID: PMC5889871 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9347696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of studies, the currently available drugs largely fail to control neuropathic pain. Koumine—an alkaloidal constituent derived from the medicinal plant Gelsemium elegans Benth.—has been shown to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of koumine. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of koumine were explored by using chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) neuropathic pain model in vivo and LPS-induced injury in microglia BV2 cells in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were used to assess the modulator effect of koumine on microglia and astrocyte activation after CCI surgery. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to examine the modulator effect of koumine on microglial M1 polarization. We found that single or repeated treatment of koumine can significantly reduce neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Moreover, koumine showed inhibitory effects on CCI-evoked microglia and astrocyte activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production in the spinal cord in rat CCI models. In BV2 cells, koumine significantly inhibited microglia M1 polarization. Furthermore, the analgesic effect of koumine was inhibited by a TSPO antagonist PK11195. These findings suggest that the analgesic effects of koumine on CCI-induced neuropathic pain may result from the inhibition of microglia activation and M1 polarization as well as the activation of astrocytes while sparing the anti-inflammatory responses to neuropathic pain.
Collapse
|
181
|
Chen HJC, Spiers JG, Sernia C, Lavidis NA. Inhibition of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase by PF-3845 Alleviates the Nitrergic and Proinflammatory Response in Rat Hippocampus Following Acute Stress. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:786-795. [PMID: 29579222 PMCID: PMC6070085 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to stress has been demonstrated to cause neuroinflammation through a sustained overproduction of free radicals, including nitric oxide, via an increased inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. We previously demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and mRNA are significantly upregulated in the rat hippocampus following just 4 hours of restraint stress. Similar to nitric oxide, endocannabinoids are synthesized on demand, with preclinical observations suggesting that cannabinoid receptor agonists and endocannabinoid enhancers inhibit nitrergic activity. Specifically, previous work has shown that enhancement of endocannabinoids via inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase with PF-3845 reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase-expressing microglia following traumatic brain injury. However, this describes cannabinoid modulation following physical injury, and therefore the present study aimed to examine the effects of PF-3845 in the modulation of nitrergic and inflammatory-related genes within the hippocampus after acute stress exposure. METHODS Following vehicle or PF-3845 injections (5 mg/kg; i.p.), male Wistar rats were exposed to 0 (control), 60, 240, or 360 minutes of restraint stress after which plasma and dorsal hippocampus were isolated for further biochemical and gene expression analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrate that pretreatment with PF-3845 rapidly ameliorates plasma corticosterone release at 60 minutes of stress. An increase in endocannabinoid signalling also induces an overall attenuation in inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mRNA, and the transactivation potential of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that enhanced endocannabinoid levels in the dorsal hippocampus have an overall antinitrosative and antiinflammatory effect following acute stress exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia,Correspondence: Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen, PhD, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia ()
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad Sernia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Frank MG, Fonken LK, Annis JL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress disinhibits microglia via down-regulation of CD200R: A mechanism of neuroinflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:62-73. [PMID: 29104062 PMCID: PMC5857401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressors primes the neuroinflammatory and microglial proinflammatory response to subsequent immune challenges, suggesting that stress might attenuate immunoregulatory mechanisms in the CNS microenvironment. CD200:CD200R is a key immunoregulatory signaling dyad that constrains microglial activation, and disruption of CD200:CD200R signaling primes microglia to subsequent immune challenges. Therefore, the present study examined the mediating role of CD200:CD200R signaling in stress-induced microglial priming. Here, we found that exposure to an acute stressor reduced CD200R expression across sub-regions of the hippocampus, amygdala as well as in isolated hippocampal microglia. A transcriptional suppressor of CD200R, CAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteinβ, was induced by stress and inversely associated with CD200R expression. To examine whether disrupted CD200:CD200R signaling plays a mediating role in stress-induced microglial priming, a soluble fragment of CD200 (mCD200Fc) was administered intra-cisterna magna prior to stressor exposure and stress-induced microglia priming assessed ex vivo 24 h later. Treatment with mCD200Fc blocked the stress-induced priming of the microglial pro-inflammatory response. Further, treatment with mCD200R1Fc recapitulated the effects of stress on microglial priming. We previously found that stress increases the alarmin high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in hippocampus, and that HMGB1 mediates stress-induced priming of microglia. Thus, we examined whether stress-induced increases in hippocampal HMGB1 are a consequence of disrupted CD200:CD200R signaling. Indeed, treatment with mCD200Fc prior to stress exposure blocked the stress-induced increase in hippocampal HMGB1. The present study suggests that stress exposure disrupts immunoregulatory mechanisms in the brain, which typically constrain the immune response of CNS innate immune cells. This attenuation of immunoregulatory mechanisms may thus permit a primed activation state of microglia to manifest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Frank
- Corresponding Author: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA, Tel: +1-303-919-8116, Fax: +1-303-492-2967,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Kolomeets NS. [Disturbance of oligodendrocyte differentiation in schizophrenia in relation to main hypothesis of the disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 117:108-117. [PMID: 28884727 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711781108-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence coming from neuroimaging, molecular genetic and post-mortem studies have implicated oligodendrocyte abnormalities and compromised myelin integrity in schizophrenia. Activity-dependent myelination in adult brain is considered to be an important mechanism of neural circuit's plasticity due to the presence of a large population of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) in the adult CNS. Growing evidence for impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation has been reported in the brain of schizophrenia subjects. OPC are very vulnerable inflammation, oxidative stress, and elevated glutamate levels leading to excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of prolonged suppression of oligodendrocyte differentiation caused by prenatal maternal infection or preterm birth are discussed in view of increased risk of schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental and inflammation hypotheses of the disease. The data that some neuroleptics stimulate OPC differentiation and ameliorate myelin alterations support the notion that impairment in the differentiation of OPCs contributes to oligodendrocyte abnormalities and to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Kolomeets
- National Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters. Biol Psychol 2018; 133:79-84. [PMID: 29408464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise may help to mitigate symptoms of depression by reducing inflammation; however, little is known about the influence of exercise intensity on depressed mood. METHODS In the present study, sixty-one university students were assigned to six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIT), moderate continuous training (MCT), or no exercise (CON) during their academic term. We measured changes in depression, anxiety and perceived stress along with pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS Depression increased for CON, demonstrating how quickly mental health can decline for students during their academic term. In contrast, MCT decreased depression and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α levels. Although HIT decreased depressive symptoms, it also increased perceived stress, TNF-α and IL-6 relative to MCT. This may be due to the higher level of physical stress evoked by the more strenuous exercise protocol. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggest that moderate-intensity exercise may be an optimal intensity of exercise for the promotion of mental health by decreasing TNF-α. This is critical for informing the use of exercise as medicine for mental health.
Collapse
|
185
|
Walker DJ, Spencer KA. Glucocorticoid programming of neuroimmune function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 256:80-88. [PMID: 28728884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life physiological systems strive to maintain homeostasis and these systems are susceptible to exposure to maternal or environmental perturbations, particularly during embryonic development. In some cases, these perturbations may influence genetic and physiological processes that permanently alter the functioning of these physiological systems; a process known as developmental programming. In recent years, the neuroimmune system has garnered attention for its fundamental interactions with key hormonal systems, such as the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The ultimate product of this axis, the glucocorticoid hormones, play a key role in modulating immune responses within the periphery and the CNS as part of the physiological stress response. It is well-established that elevated glucocorticoids induced by developmental stress exert profound short and long-term physiological effects, yet there is relatively little information of how these effects are manifested within the neuroimmune system. Pre and post-natal periods are prime candidates for manipulation in order to uncover the physiological mechanisms that underlie glucocorticoid programming of neuroimmune responses. Understanding the potential programming role of glucocorticoids may be key in uncovering vulnerable windows of CNS susceptibility to stressful experiences during embryonic development and improve our use of glucocorticoids as therapeutics in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Walker
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen A Spencer
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Kelly KA, Michalovicz LT, Miller JV, Castranova V, Miller DB, O’Callaghan JP. Prior exposure to corticosterone markedly enhances and prolongs the neuroinflammatory response to systemic challenge with LPS. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190546. [PMID: 29304053 PMCID: PMC5755880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic exposure to the inflammagen and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely used to evaluate inflammation and sickness behavior. While many inflammatory conditions occur in the periphery, it is well established that peripheral inflammation can affect the brain. Neuroinflammation, the elaboration of proinflammatory mediators in the CNS, commonly is associated with behavioral symptoms (e.g., lethargy, anhedonia, anorexia, depression, etc.) termed sickness behavior. Stressors have been shown to interact with and alter neuroinflammatory responses and associated behaviors. Here, we examined the effects of the stress hormone, corticosterone (CORT), as a stressor mimic, on neuroinflammation induced with a single injection (2mg/kg, s.c.) or inhalation exposure (7.5 μg/m3) of LPS or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC; 12mg/kg, i.p.) in adult male C57BL/6J mice. CORT was given in the drinking water (200 mg/L) for 1 week or every other week for 90 days followed by LPS. Proinflammatory cytokine expression (TNFα, IL-6, CCL2, IL-1β, LIF, and OSM) was measured by qPCR. The activation of the neuroinflammation downstream signaling activator, STAT3, was assessed by immunoblot of pSTAT3Tyr705. The presence of astrogliosis was assessed by immunoassay of GFAP. Acute exposure to LPS caused brain-wide neuroinflammation without producing astrogliosis; exposure to CORT for 1 week caused marked exacerbation of the LPS-induced neuroinflammation. This neuroinflammatory "priming" by CORT was so pronounced that sub-neuroinflammatory exposures by inhalation instigated neuroinflammation when paired with prior CORT exposure. This effect also was extended to another common inflammagen, PIC (a viral mimic). Furthermore, a single week of CORT exposure maintained the potential for priming for 30 days, while intermittent exposure to CORT for up to 90 days synergistically primed the LPS-induced neuroinflammatory response. These findings highlight the possibility for an isolated inflammatory event to be exacerbated by a temporally distant stressful stimulus and demonstrates the potential for recurrent stress to greatly aggravate chronic inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Kelly
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lindsay T. Michalovicz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Julie V. Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Diane B. Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - James P. O’Callaghan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Weinhard L, d'Errico P, Leng Tay T. Headmasters: Microglial regulation of learning and memory in health and disease. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
188
|
Xu L, Qi X, Zhu C, Wan L. Activation of IL-8 and its participation in cancer in schizophrenia patients: new evidence for the autoimmune hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3393-3403. [PMID: 30587991 PMCID: PMC6298395 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s188210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the autoimmune mechanisms of schizophrenia, we explored the relationship between schizophrenia and cancer using gene expression data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from GSE27383 datasets. Gene screening and enrichment analysis using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis were applied to identify possible connections between schizophrenia and cancer. Real-time PCR (quantitative PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed on the brain tissue from both schizophrenia patients and normal controls. The genes for IL-8, as well as PTGS2, TPR, JUN, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5 and PARD3 were highly expressed in schizophrenia patients. Cancer and chemokine signaling pathways were enriched in the schizophrenic group, related to the high expression of IL-8. Increased expression of IL-8 was further confirmed by quantitative PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry results. Our results suggest that IL-8 may participate specifically in the pathophysiological changes that occur in schizophrenia. Additionally, our findings provide novel evidence supporting the autoimmune hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lvzi Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
| | - Xiao Qi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihua Wan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Wang R, Wang W, Xu J, Liu D, Jiang H, Pan F. Dynamic Effects of Early Adolescent Stress on Depressive-Like Behaviors and Expression of Cytokines and JMJD3 in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:471. [PMID: 30364220 PMCID: PMC6193509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Expression of inflammatory cytokines in the brain has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of and susceptibility to depression. Jumonji domain-containing 3 (Jmjd3), which is a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase and can regulate microglial activation, has been regarded as a crucial element in the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies highlighted the fact that lipopolysaccharides induce depressive-like behaviors and higher Jmjd3 expression and lower H3K27me3 expression in the brain. However, whether the process of Jmjd3 mediating inflammatory cytokines was involved in the susceptibility to depression due to early-life stress remained elusive. Methods: Rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in adolescence were used in order to detect dynamic alterations in depressive-like behaviors and expression of cytokines, Jmjd3, and H3K27me3 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, was employed to observe the protective effects. Results: Our results showed that CUMS during the adolescent period induced depressive-like behaviors, over-expression of cytokines, and increased Jmjd3 and decreased H3K27me3 expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of both adolescent and adult rats. However, minocycline relieved all the alterations. Conclusion: The study revealed that Jmjd3 might be involved in the susceptibility to depressive-like behaviors by modulating H3K27me3 and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats that had been stressed during early adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Jones ME, Lebonville CL, Paniccia JE, Balentine ME, Reissner KJ, Lysle DT. Hippocampal interleukin-1 mediates stress-enhanced fear learning: A potential role for astrocyte-derived interleukin-1β. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:355-363. [PMID: 28963000 PMCID: PMC5696098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with immune dysregulation. We have previously shown that severe stress exposure in a preclinical animal model of the disorder, stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL), is associated with an increase in hippocampal interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and that blocking central IL-1 after the severe stress prevents the development of SEFL. Here, we tested whether blocking hippocampal IL-1 signaling is sufficient to prevent enhanced fear learning and identified the cellular source of stress-induced IL-1β in this region. Experiment 1 tested whether intra-dorsal hippocampal (DH) infusions of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA, 1.25µg per hemisphere) 24 and 48h after stress exposure prevents the development of enhanced fear learning. Experiment 2 used triple fluorescence immunohistochemistry to examine hippocampal alterations in IL-1β, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte-specific marker, and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule -1 (Iba-1), a microglial-specific marker, 48h after exposure to the severe stressor of the SEFL paradigm. Intra-DH IL-1RA prevented SEFL and stress-induced IL-1β was primarily colocalized with astrocytes in the hippocampus. Further, hippocampal GFAP immunoreactivity was not altered, whereas hippocampal Iba-1 immunoreactivity was significantly attenuated following severe stress. These data suggest that hippocampal IL-1 signaling is critical to the development of SEFL and that astrocytes are a predominant source of stress-induced IL-1β.
Collapse
|
191
|
Dantzer R. Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:477-504. [PMID: 29351513 PMCID: PMC5866360 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Zhu C, Xu J, Lin Y, Ju P, Duan D, Luo Y, Ding W, Huang S, Chen J, Cui D. Loss of Microglia and Impaired Brain-Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway in a Comorbid Model of Chronic Pain and Depression. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:442. [PMID: 30356873 PMCID: PMC6190863 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic pain are two complex disorders that often coexist. The underlying basis for this comorbidity is unknown. In the current investigation, microglia and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway were investigated. A comorbidity model, with characteristics of both MDD and chronic pain, was developed by the administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the induction of chronic unpredictable psychological stress (CUS). Mechanical threshold sensory testing and the visceromotor response (VMR) were employed to measure mechanical allodynia and visceral hypersensitivity, respectively. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to assess mRNA and protein levels of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBa), BDNF, and CREB. In comorbid animals, mechanical allodynia and visceral hypersensitivities were significant with increased mRNA and protein levels for NF-κB-p65 and IκBa. Furthermore, the comorbid animals had deceased mRNA and protein levels for Iba-1, BDNF, and CREB as well as a reduced number and density of microglia in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These results together suggest that DSS and CUS can induce the comorbidities of chronic pain and depression-like behavior. The pathology of this comorbidity involves loss of microglia within the mPFC with subsequent activation of NF-κB-p65 and down-regulation of BDNF/p-CREB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhen Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjie Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yezhe Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Ju
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjia Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Bekhbat M, Neigh GN. Sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress: Focus on depression and anxiety. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:1-12. [PMID: 28216088 PMCID: PMC5559342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Women appear to be more vulnerable to the depressogenic effects of inflammation than men. Chronic stress, one of the most pertinent risk factors of depression and anxiety, is known to induce behavioral and affective-like deficits via neuroimmune alterations including activation of the brain's immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and subsequent changes in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity within stress-related neural circuitry. Despite well-established sexual dimorphisms in the stress response, immunity, and prevalence of stress-linked psychiatric illnesses, much of current research investigating the neuroimmune impact of stress remains exclusively focused on male subjects. We summarize and evaluate here the available data regarding sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress, and some of the physiological factors contributing to these differences. Furthermore, we discuss the extent to which sex differences in stress-related neuroinflammation can account for the overall female bias in stress-linked psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. The currently available evidence from rodent studies does not unequivocally support the peripheral inflammatory changes seen in women following stress. Replication of many recent findings in stress-related neuroinflammation in female subjects is necessary in order to build a framework in which we can assess the extent to which sex differences in stress-related inflammation contribute to the overall female bias in stress-related affective disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Brenhouse HC, Danese A, Grassi-Oliveira R. Neuroimmune Impacts of Early-Life Stress on Development and Psychopathology. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 43:423-447. [PMID: 30003509 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maltreatment and trauma in childhood, termed early-life stress (ELS), has long-term effects on the immune system. ELS impacts immune signaling at the time of exposure but also disrupts the developmental trajectory of certain immunological processes, both in the periphery and in the brain. One consequence of these early alterations is a heightened immune response to stressors later in life. However, chronic and sustained inflammatory response can also lead to excitotoxicity and prevent typical brain development. In this chapter, we discuss current progress toward understanding the contribution of neuroimmune signaling to ELS-attributable dysfunction or maladaptation with a focus on postnatal experiences. To do so we first present an operational definition of ELS. Then, we offer a brief overview of the immune system and neuroimmune development, followed by a section discussing the interaction between immunity, childhood trauma, and mental disorders in humans. We present evidence from animal models about immune alterations after ELS and discuss the ways in which ELS-induced immune changes ultimately affect brain and behavior, as well as the importance of individual differences and future directions in this field. Taken together, we submit that when encountered with ELS, some core brain circuits could develop differently via various mechanisms involving dysfunctional immune reprograming. However, given the remarkable plasticity of both the brain and the immune system, many of the deleterious effects of ELS may be mitigated with interventions that account for sex and target neuroimmune interactions over the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Franklin TC, Wohleb ES, Zhang Y, Fogaça M, Hare B, Duman RS. Persistent Increase in Microglial RAGE Contributes to Chronic Stress-Induced Priming of Depressive-like Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:50-60. [PMID: 28882317 PMCID: PMC6369917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress-induced inflammatory responses occur in part via danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, such as high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), but the receptor(s) underlying DAMP signaling have not been identified. METHODS Microglia morphology and DAMP signaling in enriched rat hippocampal microglia were examined during the development and expression of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced behavioral deficits, including long-term, persistent changes after CUS. RESULTS The results show that CUS promotes significant morphological changes and causes robust upregulation of HMGB1 messenger RNA in enriched hippocampal microglia, an effect that persists for up to 6 weeks after CUS exposure. This coincides with robust and persistent upregulation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) messenger RNA, but not toll-like receptor 4 in hippocampal microglia. CUS also increased surface expression of RAGE protein on hippocampal microglia as determined by flow cytometry and returned to basal levels 5 weeks after CUS. Importantly, exposure to short-term stress was sufficient to increase RAGE surface expression as well as anhedonic behavior, reflecting a primed state that results from a persistent increase in RAGE messenger RNA expression. Further evidence for DAMP signaling in behavioral responses is provided by evidence that HMGB1 infusion into the hippocampus was sufficient to cause anhedonic behavior and by evidence that RAGE knockout mice were resilient to stress-induced anhedonia. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results provide evidence of persistent microglial HMGB1-RAGE expression that increases vulnerability to depressive-like behaviors long after chronic stress exposure.
Collapse
|
196
|
Liberman AC, Budziñski ML, Sokn C, Gobbini RP, Steininger A, Arzt E. Regulatory and Mechanistic Actions of Glucocorticoids on T and Inflammatory Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:235. [PMID: 29867767 PMCID: PMC5964134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in regulating the inflammatory and immune response and have been used since decades to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Fine-tuning the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity is instrumental in the search for novel therapeutic strategies aimed to reduce pathological signaling and restoring homeostasis. Despite the primary anti-inflammatory actions of GCs, there are studies suggesting that under certain conditions GCs may also exert pro-inflammatory responses. For these reasons the understanding of the GR basic mechanisms of action on different immune cells in the periphery (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and T cells) and in the brain (microglia) contexts, that we review in this chapter, is a continuous matter of interest and may reveal novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of immune and inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia L. Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Sokn
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Paula Gobbini
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anja Steininger
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arzt,
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Grossberg AJ, Vichaya EG, Christian DL, Molkentine JM, Vermeer DW, Gross PS, Vermeer PD, Lee JH, Dantzer R. Tumor-Associated Fatigue in Cancer Patients Develops Independently of IL1 Signaling. Cancer Res 2017; 78:695-705. [PMID: 29217760 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is the most common symptom of cancer at diagnosis, yet causes and effective treatments remain elusive. As tumors can be highly inflammatory, it is generally accepted that inflammation mediates cancer-related fatigue. However, evidence to support this assertion is mostly correlational. In this study, we directly tested the hypothesis that fatigue results from propagation of tumor-induced inflammation to the brain and activation of the central proinflammatory cytokine, IL1. The heterotopic syngeneic murine head and neck cancer model (mEER) caused systemic inflammation and increased expression of Il1b in the brain while inducing fatigue-like behaviors characterized by decreased voluntary wheel running and exploratory activity. Expression of Il1b in the brain was not associated with any alterations in motivation, measured by responding in a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement, depression-like behaviors, or energy balance. Decreased wheel running occurred prior to Il1b detection in the brain, when systemic inflammation was minimal. Furthermore, mice null for two components of IL1β signaling, the type 1 IL1 receptor or the receptor adapter protein MyD88, were not protected from tumor-induced decreases in wheel running, despite attenuated cytokine action and expression. Behavioral and inflammatory analysis of four additional syngeneic tumor models revealed that tumors can induce fatigue regardless of their systemic or central nervous system inflammatory potential. Together, our results show that brain IL1 signaling is not necessary for tumor-related fatigue, dissociating this type of cancer sequela from systemic cytokine expression.Significance: These findings challenge the current understanding of fatigue in cancer patients, the most common and debilitating sequela associated with malignancy. Cancer Res; 78(3); 695-705. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Grossberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Diana L Christian
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica M Molkentine
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel W Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Phillip S Gross
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paola D Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - John H Lee
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Zhao Z, Ong LK, Johnson S, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Chronic stress induced disruption of the peri-infarct neurovascular unit following experimentally induced photothrombotic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3709-3724. [PMID: 28304184 PMCID: PMC5718325 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17696100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How stress influences brain repair is an issue of considerable importance, as patients recovering from stroke are known to experience high and often unremitting levels of stress post-event. In the current study, we investigated how chronic stress modified the key cellular components of the neurovascular unit. Using an experimental model of focal cortical ischemia in male C57BL/6 mice, we examined how exposure to a persistently aversive environment, induced by the application of chronic restraint stress, altered the cortical remodeling post-stroke. We focused on systematically investigating changes in the key components of the neurovascular unit (i.e. neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and blood vessels) within the peri-infarct territories using both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The results from our study indicated that exposure to chronic stress exerted a significant suppressive effect on each of the key cellular components involved in neurovascular remodeling. Co-incident with these cellular changes, we observed that chronic stress was associated with an exacerbation of motor impairment 42 days post-event. Collectively, these results highlight the vulnerability of the peri-infarct neurovascular unit to the negative effects of chronic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhao
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
| | - Sarah Johnson
- 4 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Bollinger JL, Collins KE, Patel R, Wellman CL. Behavioral stress alters corticolimbic microglia in a sex- and brain region-specific manner. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187631. [PMID: 29194444 PMCID: PMC5711022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are more susceptible to numerous stress-linked psychological disorders (e.g., depression) characterized by dysfunction of corticolimbic brain regions critical for emotion regulation and cognitive function. Although sparsely investigated, a number of studies indicate sex differences in stress effects on neuronal structure, function, and behaviors associated with these regions. We recently demonstrated a basal sex difference in- and differential effects of stress on- microglial activation in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The resident immune cells of the brain, microglia are implicated in synaptic and dendritic plasticity, and cognitive-behavioral function. Here, we examined the effects of acute (3h/day, 1 day) and chronic (3h/day, 10 days) restraint stress on microglial density and morphology, as well as immune factor expression in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dorsal hippocampus (DHC) in male and female rats. Microglia were visualized, classified based on their morphology, and stereologically counted. Microglia-associated transcripts (CD40, iNOS, Arg1, CX3CL1, CX3CR1, CD200, and CD200R) were assessed in brain punches from each region. Expression of genes linked with cellular stress, neuroimmune state, and neuron-microglia communication varied between unstressed male and female rats in a region-specific manner. In OFC, chronic stress upregulated a wider variety of immune factors in females than in males. Acute stress increased microglia-associated transcripts in BLA in males, whereas chronic stress altered immune factor expression in BLA more broadly in females. In DHC, chronic stress increased immune factor expression in males but not females. Moreover, acute and chronic stress differentially affected microglial morphological activation state in male and female rats across all brain regions investigated. In males, chronic stress altered microglial activation in a pattern consistent with microglial involvement in stress-induced dendritic remodeling across OFC, BLA, and DHC. Together, these data suggest the potential for microglia-mediated sex differences in stress effects on neural structure, function, and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Bollinger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn E. Collins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Rushi Patel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Cara L. Wellman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Walter TJ, Vetreno RP, Crews FT. Alcohol and Stress Activation of Microglia and Neurons: Brain Regional Effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:2066-2081. [PMID: 28941277 PMCID: PMC5725687 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cycles of alcohol and stress are hypothesized to contribute to alcohol use disorders. How this occurs is poorly understood, although both alcohol and stress activate the neuroimmune system—the immune molecules and cells that interact with the nervous system. The effects of alcohol and stress on the neuroimmune system are mediated in part by peripheral signaling molecules. Alcohol and stress both enhance immunomodulatory molecules such as corticosterone and endotoxin to impact neuroimmune cells, such as microglia, and may subsequently impact neurons. In this study, we therefore examined the effects of acute and chronic ethanol (EtOH) on the corticosterone, endotoxin, and microglial and neuronal response to acute stress. Methods Male Wistar rats were treated intragastrically with acute EtOH and acutely stressed with restraint/water immersion. Another group of rats was treated intragastrically with chronic intermittent EtOH and acutely stressed following prolonged abstinence. Plasma corticosterone and endotoxin were measured, and immunohistochemical stains for the microglial marker CD11b and neuronal activation marker c‐Fos were performed. Results Acute EtOH and acute stress interacted to increase plasma endotoxin and microglial CD11b, but not plasma corticosterone or neuronal c‐Fos. Chronic EtOH caused a lasting sensitization of stress‐induced plasma endotoxin, but not plasma corticosterone. Chronic EtOH also caused a lasting sensitization of stress‐induced microglial CD11b, but not neuronal c‐Fos. Conclusions These results find acute EtOH combined with acute stress enhanced plasma endotoxin, as well as microglial CD11b in many brain regions. Chronic EtOH followed by acute stress also increased plasma endotoxin and microglial CD11b, suggesting a lasting sensitization to acute stress. Overall, these data suggest alcohol and stress interact to increase plasma endotoxin, resulting in enhanced microglial activation that could contribute to disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jordan Walter
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|