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Chen J, Strauss B, Liang L, Hajjar RJ. Animal model of left atrial thrombus in congestive heart failure in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H63-H72. [PMID: 31074653 PMCID: PMC6692738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00086.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop and study a new model of left atrial thrombus (LAT) in rat with congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF was induced by aortic banding for 2 mo, followed by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and subsequent aortic debanding for 1 mo. Cardiac function and the presence of LAT were assessed by echocardiography. Masson's staining was performed for histological analysis. All CHF rats presented with significantly decreased cardiac function, fibrosis in remote myocardium, and pulmonary edema. The incidence rate of LAT was 18.8% in the rats. LAT was associated with severity of aortic constriction, aortic pressure gradient, aortic blood flow velocity, and pulmonary edema but not myocardial infarction or a degree of left ventricular depression. The progressive process of thrombogenesis was characterized by myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in the left atrial wall. Fibrin adhesion and clot formation were observed, whereas most LAT presented as a relatively hard "mass," likely attributable to significant fibrosis in the middle and outer layers. Some LAT mass showed focal necrosis as well as fibrin bulging. Most LAT occurred at the upper anterior wall of the left atrial appendage. Aortic debanding had no significant impact on large LATs (>5 mm2) that had formed, whereas small LATs (<5 mm2) regressed 1 mo after aortic release. LAT is found in a rat model of aortic banding plus I/R followed by aortic debanding. The model provides a platform to study molecular mechanisms and potential new pathways for LAT treatment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is critically important to have a rodent model to study the molecular mechanism of thrombogenesis in the left atrium. Left atrial thrombus (LAT) is not a simple fibrin clot like those seen in peripheral veins or arteries. Rather, LAT is a cellular mass that likely develops in conjunction with blood clotting. Studying this phenomenon will help us understand congestive heart failure and promote new therapies for LAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiu Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Strauss
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Lifan Liang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
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Smith BJ, Miller RA, Ericsson AC, Harrison DC, Strong R, Schmidt TM. Changes in the gut microbiome and fermentation products concurrent with enhanced longevity in acarbose-treated mice. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:130. [PMID: 31195972 PMCID: PMC6567620 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose increases median lifespan by approximately 20% in male mice and 5% in females. This longevity extension differs from dietary restriction based on a number of features, including the relatively small effects on weight and the sex-specificity of the lifespan effect. By inhibiting host digestion, acarbose increases the flux of starch to the lower digestive system, resulting in changes to the gut microbiota and their fermentation products. Given the documented health benefits of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the dominant products of starch fermentation by gut bacteria, this secondary effect of acarbose could contribute to increased longevity in mice. To explore this hypothesis, we compared the fecal microbiome of mice treated with acarbose to control mice at three independent study sites. RESULTS Microbial communities and the concentrations of SCFAs in the feces of mice treated with acarbose were notably different from those of control mice. At all three study sites, the bloom of a single bacterial taxon was the most obvious response to acarbose treatment. The blooming populations were classified to the largely uncultured Bacteroidales family Muribaculaceae and were the same taxonomic unit at two of the three sites. Propionate concentrations in feces were consistently elevated in treated mice, while the concentrations of acetate and butyrate reflected a dependence on study site. Across all samples, Muribaculaceae abundance was strongly correlated with propionate and community composition was an important predictor of SCFA concentrations. Cox proportional hazards regression showed that the fecal concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and propionate were, together, predictive of mouse longevity even while controlling for sex, site, and acarbose. CONCLUSION We observed a correlation between fecal SCFAs and lifespan in mice, suggesting a role of the gut microbiota in the longevity-enhancing properties of acarbose. Treatment modulated the taxonomic composition and fermentation products of the gut microbiome, while the site-dependence of the responses illustrate the challenges facing reproducibility and interpretation in microbiome studies. These results motivate future studies exploring manipulation of the gut microbial community and its fermentation products for increased longevity, testing causal roles of SCFAs in the observed effects of acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Smith
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 MI USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 MI USA
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65201 MO USA
| | | | - Randy Strong
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, 78229 TX USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, 78245 TX USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, 78229 TX USA
| | - Thomas M Schmidt
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 MI USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 MI USA
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153
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A standardised framework to identify optimal animal models for efficacy assessment in drug development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218014. [PMID: 31194784 PMCID: PMC6563989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poor translation of efficacy data derived from animal models can lead to clinical trials unlikely to benefit patients-or even put them at risk-and is a potential contributor to costly and unnecessary attrition in drug development. OBJECTIVES To develop a tool to assess, validate and compare the clinical translatability of animal models used for the preliminary assessment of efficacy. DESIGN AND RESULTS We performed a scoping review to identify the key aspects used to validate animal models. Eight domains (Epidemiology, Symptomatology and Natural History-SNH, Genetic, Biochemistry, Aetiology, Histology, Pharmacology and Endpoints) were identified. We drafted questions to evaluate the different facets of human disease simulation. We designed the Framework to Identify Models of Disease (FIMD) to include standardised instructions, a weighting and scoring system to compare models as well as factors to help interpret model similarity and evidence uncertainty. We also added a reporting quality and risk of bias assessment of drug intervention studies in the Pharmacological Validation domain. A web-based survey was conducted with experts from different stakeholders to gather input on the framework. We conducted a pilot study of the validation in two models for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)-the ZDF rat and db/db mouse. Finally, we present a full validation and comparison of two animal models for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): the mdx mouse and GRMD dog. We show that there are significant differences between the mdx mouse and the GRMD dog, the latter mimicking the human epidemiological, SNH, and histological aspects to a greater extent than the mouse despite the overall lack of published data. CONCLUSIONS FIMD facilitates drug development by serving as the basis to select the most relevant model that can provide meaningful data and is more likely to generate translatable results to progress drug candidates to the clinic.
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Liu W, Song J, Du X, Zhou Y, Li Y, Li R, Lyu L, He Y, Hao J, Ben J, Wang W, Shi H, Wang Q. AKR1B10 (Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10) promotes brain metastasis of lung cancer cells in a multi-organ microfluidic chip model. Acta Biomater 2019; 91:195-208. [PMID: 31034948 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) is a leading cause of mortality in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BM of NSCLC remain largely unknown because of the lack of models to accurately investigate such a dynamic and complex process. Here we developed a multi-organ microfluidic chip as a new methodological platform to study BM. The chip consisted of two bionic organ units - an upstream "lung" and a downstream "brain" characterized by a functional "blood-brain barrier (BBB)" structure, allowing real-time visual monitoring of the entire BM process, from the growth of primary tumor to its breaking through the BBB, and finally reaching the brain parenchyma. The chip was verified by lung cancer cell lines with differing metastatic abilities and then applied for the BM research where we first demonstrated that the protein expression of Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10 (AKR1B10) was significantly elevated in lung cancer BM. Silencing AKR1B10 in brain metastatic tumor cells suppressed their extravasation through the BBB in the in vitro Transwell model, in our ex vivo microfluidic chip, as well as the in vivo model of brain metastasis in nude mice. Moreover, AKR1B10 downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 via MEK/ERK signaling in metastatic lung cancers. These data suggest that our multi-organ microfluidic chip is a practical alternative to study BM pathogenesis, and AKR1B10 is a diagnostic biomarker and a prospective therapeutic target for NSCLC BM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Brain metastasis (BM) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a complex cascade, and in particular, the process of lung cancer cells penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is very unique. However, due to the lack of reliable models that can faithfully mimic the dynamic process of BBB breaking, its molecular mechanisms have not well elucidated so far. In addition, although Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10 (AKR1B10) has been implicated to the tumor development of liver cancer and many other cancers, little is known on its roles in the BM. Here, we established a multi-organ microfluidic bionic chip platform to recapitulate the entire BM process, and applied it to the BM pathology research, especially BBB extravasation. By using the chip and traditional models synergistically, we first demonstrated that AKR1B10 was significantly elevated in lung cancer BM, and defined the value of AKR1B10 as a diagnostic serum biomarker for lung cancer patients suffering from BM. Further, we investigated the role and mechanisms of AKR1B10 in BM that it promotes the extravasation of cancer cells through the BBB.
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Agoston DV, Vink R, Helmy A, Risling M, Nelson D, Prins M. How to Translate Time: The Temporal Aspects of Rodent and Human Pathobiological Processes in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1724-1737. [PMID: 30628544 PMCID: PMC7643768 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers multiple pathobiological responses with differing onsets, magnitudes, and durations. Identifying the therapeutic window of individual pathologies is critical for successful pharmacological treatment. Dozens of experimental pharmacotherapies have been successfully tested in rodent models, yet all of them (to date) have failed in clinical trials. The differing time scales of rodent and human biological and pathological processes may have contributed to these failures. We compared rodent versus human time scales of TBI-induced changes in cerebral glucose metabolism, inflammatory processes, axonal integrity, and water homeostasis based on published data. We found that the trajectories of these pathologies run on different timescales in the two species, and it appears that there is no universal "conversion rate" between rodent and human pathophysiological processes. For example, the inflammatory process appears to have an abbreviated time scale in rodents versus humans relative to cerebral glucose metabolism or axonal pathologies. Limitations toward determining conversion rates for various pathobiological processes include the use of differing outcome measures in experimental and clinical TBI studies and the rarity of longitudinal studies. In order to better translate time and close the translational gap, we suggest 1) using clinically relevant outcome measures, primarily in vivo imaging and blood-based proteomics, in experimental TBI studies and 2) collecting data at multiple post-injury time points with a frequency exceeding the expected information content by two or three times. Combined with a big data approach, we believe these measures will facilitate the translation of promising experimental treatments into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes V. Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Vink
- Division of Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mayumi Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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156
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Van den Broeck L, Hansquine P, Callaerts-Vegh Z, D'Hooge R. Impaired Reversal Learning in APPPS1-21 Mice in the Touchscreen Visual Discrimination Task. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:92. [PMID: 31143103 PMCID: PMC6521801 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical-clinical translation of cognitive functions has been difficult in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research but is crucial to the (predictive) validity of AD animal models. Reversal learning, a representation of flexibility and adaptability to a changing environment, might represent such a translatable feature of human cognition. We, therefore, examined visual discrimination (VD) and reversal learning in the APPPS1-21 mouse model of amyloid-based AD pathology. We used touchscreen operant cages in novel and translationally valid, as well as objective testing methodology that minimizes within- or between-trial handling. Mice were trained to associate a visual cue with a food reward (VD learning), and subsequently learned to adjust their response when this rule changed (reversal learning). We assessed performance at two different ages, namely at 6 months of age, considered an early disease stage, and at 9 months, a stage of established pathology. Both at 6 and 9 months, transgenic animals needed more sessions to reach criterion performance, compared to wild-type controls. Overall, transgenic animals do not show a general cognitive, motivational or motor deficit, but experience specific difficulties to adapt to reward contingency changes, already at an early pathology stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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157
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Brown TD, Nowak M, Bayles AV, Prabhakarpandian B, Karande P, Lahann J, Helgeson ME, Mitragotri S. A microfluidic model of human brain (μHuB) for assessment of blood brain barrier. Bioeng Transl Med 2019; 4:e10126. [PMID: 31249876 PMCID: PMC6584314 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic cellular models, commonly referred to as "organs-on-chips," continue to advance the field of bioengineering via the development of accurate and higher throughput models, captivating the essence of living human organs. This class of models can mimic key in vivo features, including shear stresses and cellular architectures, in ways that cannot be realized by traditional two-dimensional in vitro models. Despite such progress, current organ-on-a-chip models are often overly complex, require highly specialized setups and equipment, and lack the ability to easily ascertain temporal and spatial differences in the transport kinetics of compounds translocating across cellular barriers. To address this challenge, we report the development of a three-dimensional human blood brain barrier (BBB) microfluidic model (μHuB) using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and primary human astrocytes within a commercially available microfluidic platform. Within μHuB, hCMEC/D3 monolayers withstood physiologically relevant shear stresses (2.73 dyn/cm2) over a period of 24 hr and formed a complete inner lumen, resembling in vivo blood capillaries. Monolayers within μHuB expressed phenotypical tight junction markers (Claudin-5 and ZO-1), which increased expression after the presence of hemodynamic-like shear stress. Negligible cell injury was observed when the monolayers were cultured statically, conditioned to shear stress, and subjected to nonfluorescent dextran (70 kDa) transport studies. μHuB experienced size-selective permeability of 10 and 70 kDa dextrans similar to other BBB models. However, with the ability to probe temporal and spatial evolution of solute distribution, μHuBs possess the ability to capture the true variability in permeability across a cellular monolayer over time and allow for evaluation of the full breadth of permeabilities that would otherwise be lost using traditional end-point sampling techniques. Overall, the μHuB platform provides a simplified, easy-to-use model to further investigate the complexities of the human BBB in real-time and can be readily adapted to incorporate additional cell types of the neurovascular unit and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Brown
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
| | - Maksymilian Nowak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
| | - Alexandra V Bayles
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | | | - Pankaj Karande
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Material Science & Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Macromolecular Science & Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, and Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
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158
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In vitro and in vivo translational models for rare liver diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1003-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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159
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Maass C, Sorensen NB, Himmelfarb J, Kelly EJ, Stokes CL, Cirit M. Translational Assessment of Drug-Induced Proximal Tubule Injury Using a Kidney Microphysiological System. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2019; 8:316-325. [PMID: 30869201 PMCID: PMC6539699 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury, a major cause of acute kidney injury, results in progressive kidney disease and is linked to increased mortality in hospitalized patients. Primary injury sites of drug-induced kidney injury are proximal tubules. Clinically, kidney injury molecule-1, an established tubule-specific biomarker, is monitored to assess the presence and progression of injury. The ability to accurately predict drug-related nephrotoxicity preclinically would reduce patient burden and drug attrition rates, yet state-of-the-art in vitro and animal models fail to do so. In this study, we demonstrate the use of kidney injury molecule-1 measurement in the kidney microphysiological system as a preclinical model for drug toxicity assessment. To show clinical relevance, we use quantitative systems pharmacology computational models for in vitro-in vivo translation of the experimental results and to identify favorable dosing regimens for one of the tested drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maass
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nathan B. Sorensen
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of MedicineKidney Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Edward J. Kelly
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Murat Cirit
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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161
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McComish SF, Caldwell MA. Generation of defined neural populations from pluripotent stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0214. [PMID: 29786550 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and efficient generation of human neural stem cells and subsequently functional neural populations from pluripotent stem cells has facilitated advancements in the study of human development and disease modelling. This review will discuss the established protocols for the generation of defined neural populations including regionalized neurons and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Early protocols were established in embryonic stem cells (ESC) but the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in 2006 provided a new platform for modelling human disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability to produce patient- and disease-specific iPSC lines has created a new age of disease modelling. Human iPSC may be derived from adult somatic cells and subsequently patterned into numerous distinct cell types. The ability to derive defined and regionalized neural populations from iPSC provides a powerful in vitro model of CNS disorders.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F McComish
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Ibrahim RB, Liu YT, Yeh SY, Tsai JW. Contributions of Animal Models to the Mechanisms and Therapies of Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:338. [PMID: 31001136 PMCID: PMC6454033 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is a fatal systemic disease caused by amyloid deposits of misfolded transthyretin, leading to familial amyloid polyneuropathy and/or cardiomyopathy, or a rare oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis. A good model system that mimic the disease phenotype is crucial for the development of drugs and treatments for this devastating degenerative disorder. The present models using fruit flies, worms, rodents, non-human primates and induced pluripotent stem cells have helped researchers understand important disease-related mechanisms and test potential therapeutic options. However, the challenge of creating an ideal model still looms, for these models did not recapitulates all symptoms, particularly neurological presentation, of ATTR amyloidosis. Recently, knock-in techniques was used to generate two humanized ATTR mouse models, leading to amyloid deposition in the nerves and neuropathic manifestation in these models. This review gives a recent update on the milestone, progress, and challenges in developing different models for ATTR amyloidosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan Babatunde Ibrahim
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Tsen Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center and Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Yu Yeh
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center and Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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163
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Savoji H, Mohammadi MH, Rafatian N, Toroghi MK, Wang EY, Zhao Y, Korolj A, Ahadian S, Radisic M. Cardiovascular disease models: A game changing paradigm in drug discovery and screening. Biomaterials 2019; 198:3-26. [PMID: 30343824 PMCID: PMC6397087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although investment in drug discovery and development has been sky-rocketing, the number of approved drugs has been declining. Cardiovascular toxicity due to therapeutic drug use claims the highest incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions in late-stage clinical development. Therefore, to address this issue, new, additional, replacement and combinatorial approaches are needed to fill the gap in effective drug discovery and screening. The motivation for developing accurate, predictive models is twofold: first, to study and discover new treatments for cardiac pathologies which are leading in worldwide morbidity and mortality rates; and second, to screen for adverse drug reactions on the heart, a primary risk in drug development. In addition to in vivo animal models, in vitro and in silico models have been recently proposed to mimic the physiological conditions of heart and vasculature. Here, we describe current in vitro, in vivo, and in silico platforms for modelling healthy and pathological cardiac tissues and their advantages and disadvantages for drug screening and discovery applications. We review the pathophysiology and the underlying pathways of different cardiac diseases, as well as the new tools being developed to facilitate their study. We finally suggest a roadmap for employing these non-animal platforms in assessing drug cardiotoxicity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Masood Khaksar Toroghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Carman BL, Predescu DN, Machado R, Predescu SA. Plexiform Arteriopathy in Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1133-1144. [PMID: 30926336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As time progresses, our understanding of disease pathology is propelled forward by technological advancements. Much of the advancements that aid in understanding disease mechanics are based on animal studies. Unfortunately, animal models often fail to recapitulate the entirety of the human disease. This is especially true with animal models used to study pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a disease with two distinct phases. The first phase is defined by nonspecific medial and adventitial thickening of the pulmonary artery and is commonly reproduced in animal models, including the classic models (ie, hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and monocrotaline lung injury model). However, many animal models, including the classic models, fail to capture the progressive, or second, phase of PAH. This is a stage defined by plexogenic arteriopathy, resulting in obliteration and occlusion of the small- to mid-sized pulmonary vessels. Each of these two phases results in severe pulmonary hypertension that directly leads to right ventricular hypertrophy, decompensated right-sided heart failure, and death. Fortunately, newly developed animal models have begun to address the second, more severe, side of PAH and aid in our ability to develop new therapeutics. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation emerges as a central molecular mediator of plexiform lesions in both experimental models and human disease. Therefore, this review will focus on plexiform arteriopathy in experimental animal models of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Carman
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dan N Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roberto Machado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sanda A Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois.
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165
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Jin Y, Acharya HG, Acharya D, Jorgensen R, Gao H, Secord J, Ng PKW, Gangur V. Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Wheat Allergenicity in Animal Models: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061142. [PMID: 30909404 PMCID: PMC6471126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of wheat allergy has reached significant levels in many countries. Therefore, wheat is a major global food safety and public health issue. Animal models serve as critical tools to advance the understanding of the mechanisms of wheat allergenicity to develop preventive and control methods. A comprehensive review on the molecular mechanisms of wheat allergenicity using animal models is unavailable at present. There were two major objectives of this study: To identify the lessons that animal models have taught us regarding the molecular mechanisms of wheat allergenicity and to identify the strengths, challenges, and future prospects of animal models in basic and applied wheat allergy research. Using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, we retrieved and critically analyzed the relevant articles and excluded celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Our analysis shows that animal models can provide insight into the IgE epitope structure of wheat allergens, effects of detergents and other chemicals on wheat allergenicity, and the role of genetics, microbiome, and food processing in wheat allergy. Although animal models have inherent limitations, they are critical to advance knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of wheat allergenicity. They can also serve as highly useful pre-clinical testing tools to develop safer genetically modified wheat, hypoallergenic wheat products, novel pharmaceuticals, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Harini G Acharya
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Devansh Acharya
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Rick Jorgensen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Haoran Gao
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - James Secord
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Perry K W Ng
- Cereal Science Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Venugopal Gangur
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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166
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Al Dahhan NZ, De Felice FG, Munoz DP. Potentials and Pitfalls of Cross-Translational Models of Cognitive Impairment. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:48. [PMID: 30923497 PMCID: PMC6426743 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of clinical disorders that are either neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative exhibit significant cognitive impairments that require some form of intervention. However, the current paucity of pro-cognitive treatments that are available, due to the lack of knowledge of biological targets and symptomologies, impedes the treatment of individuals with cognitive impairments. In this review article, we explore three critical steps that need to be established in order to lead to the development of effective and appropriate treatments for cognitive impairments. The first step specifically involves the ability to efficiently reproduce and standardize current animal models of disease. The second step involves establishing well-controlled and standardized animal models across different species, such as rodents and monkeys, that link to human disease conditions. The third step involves building these animal models from both a translational and a reverse translational perspective in order to gain critical insight into the etiologies of specific cognitive impairments and the development of their early physiological and behavioral biomarkers. This bidirectional translational approach is important to improve the investigation of disease biomarkers, the underlying mechanisms of novel therapeutics on cognition, and to validate preclinical findings of drug discovery. Overall, even though animal models play an important role in investigating the pathophysiological processes and mechanisms associated with typical and atypical behavior, we discuss the ongoing challenges associated with these three critical steps of cross-translational research that has led to the current lack of success of developing effective new compounds for potential treatments and suggest approaches to stimulate advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Z Al Dahhan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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167
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McLeod RL, Gil MA, Chen D, Cabal A, Katz J, Methot J, Woodhouse JD, Dorosh L, Geda P, Mehta K, Cicmil M, Baltus GA, Bass A, Houshyar H, Caniga M, Yu H, Gervais F, Alves S, Shah S. Characterizing Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships and Efficacy of PI3K δ Inhibitors in Respiratory Models of TH2 and TH1 Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:223-233. [PMID: 30804001 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We leveraged a clinical pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD)/efficacy relationship established with an oral phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)δ inhibitor (Idelalisib) in a nasal allergen challenge study to determine whether a comparable PK/PD/efficacy relationship with PI3Kδ inhibitors was observed in preclinical respiratory models of type 2 T helper cell (TH2) and type 1 T helper cell (TH1) inflammation. Results from an in vitro rat blood basophil (CD63) activation assay were used as a PD biomarker. IC50 values for PI3Kδ inhibitors, MSD-496486311, MSD-126796721, Idelalisib, and Duvelisib, were 1.2, 4.8, 0.8, and 0.5 μM. In the ovalbumin Brown Norway TH2 pulmonary inflammation model, all PI3Kδ inhibitors produced a dose-dependent inhibition of bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils (maximum effect between 80% and 99%). In a follow-up experiment designed to investigate PK attributes [maximum (or peak) plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC), time on target (ToT)] that govern PI3Kδ efficacy, MSD-496486311 [3 mg/kg every day (QD) and 100 mg/kg QD] produced 16% and 93% inhibition of eosinophils, whereas doses (20 mg/kg QD, 10 mg/kg twice per day, and 3 mg/kg three times per day) produced 54% to 66% inhibition. Our profiling suggests that impact of PI3Kδ inhibitors on eosinophils is supported by a PK target with a ToT over the course of treatment close to the PD IC50 rather than strictly driven by AUC, Cmax, or Cmin (minimum blood plasma concentration) coverage. Additional studies in an Altenaria alternata rat model, a sheep Ascaris-sensitive sheep model, and a TH1-driven rat ozone exposure model did not challenge our hypothesis, suggesting that an IC50 level of TE (target engagement) sustained for 24 hours is required to produce efficacy in these traditional models. We conclude that the PK/PD observations in our animal models appear to align with clinical results associated with a TH2 airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie L McLeod
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Malgorzata A Gil
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Antonio Cabal
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Jason Katz
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Joey Methot
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | - Lauren Dorosh
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Prasanthi Geda
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Khamir Mehta
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Milenko Cicmil
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | - Alan Bass
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Hani Houshyar
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Michael Caniga
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Hongshi Yu
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Francois Gervais
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Stephen Alves
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Sanjiv Shah
- Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
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168
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Mullane K, Williams M. Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance and Translational Validity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 84:e57. [PMID: 30802363 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA antagonist memantine. Apart from these drugs, which have minimal to no clinical benefit, the 40-year search for effective therapeutics to treat AD has resulted in a clinical failure rate of 100% not only for compounds that prevent brain amyloid deposition or remove existing amyloid plaques but also those acting by a variety of other putative disease-associated mechanisms. This indicates that the preclinical data generated from current AD targets to support the selection, optimization, and translation of new chemical entities (NCEs) and biologics to clinical trials is seriously compromised. While many of these failures reflect flawed hypotheses or a lack of adequate characterization of the preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) properties of lead NCEs-including their bioavailability and toxicity-the conceptualization, validation, and interrogation of the current animal models of AD represent key limitations. The overwhelming majority of these AD models are transgenic, based on aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and the genetics of the familial form of the disease. As a result, these generally lack construct and predictive validity for the sporadic form of the human disease. The 170 or so transgenic models, perhaps the largest number ever focused on a single disease, use rodents, mainly mice, and in addition to amyloid also address aspects of tau causality with more complex multigene models including other presumed causative factors together with amyloid. This overview discusses the current animal models of AD in the context of both the controversies surrounding the causative role of amyloid in the disease and the need to develop validated models of cognitive function/dysfunction that more appropriately reflect the phenotype(s) of human aged-related dementias. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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169
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Zhao J, Lai L, Ji W, Zhou Q. Genome editing in large animals: current status and future prospects. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:402-420. [PMID: 34691891 PMCID: PMC8291540 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Large animals (non-human primates, livestock and dogs) are playing important roles in biomedical research, and large livestock animals serve as important sources of meat and milk. The recently developed programmable DNA nucleases have revolutionized the generation of gene-modified large animals that are used for biological and biomedical research. In this review, we briefly introduce the recent advances in nuclease-meditated gene editing tools, and we outline these editing tools’ applications in human disease modeling, regenerative medicine and agriculture. Additionally, we provide perspectives regarding the challenges and prospects of the new genome editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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170
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Tomohiro M, Okabe T, Kimura Y, Kinoshita K, Maeda M, Mitobe Y, Motoyama K, Yonezawa R, Sasaki S, Fujiwara M, Watanabe K. Toxicologic Pathology Forum: Current Status on the Use of Animal Models of Human Disease in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Japan in Nonclinical Safety Assessment-Opinion Paper. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:108-120. [PMID: 30636562 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318816669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In nonclinical safety studies for new drug development, healthy animals have been commonly used. However, in some cases, the use of animal models of human disease is considered to be more favorable in evaluating risks in patients. To elucidate the current status of the use of animal models for nonclinical safety assessment, an internal questionnaire from the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and surveys (questionnaire period: August 27 to September 30, 2015) of both common technical documents and review reports of approved drugs (approval period: May 1999 to May 2017) disclosed by the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency were conducted. Although there were some concerns and limitations raised, the survey results revealed that animal models have been used in nonclinical safety assessment on a case-by-case basis and that nonclinical safety studies using animal models were included in the data packages of several approved drugs in Japan. The survey results also revealed that nonclinical safety studies using animal models have become more frequent in the past few years. In almost all cases, useful information, such as signs of toxicity under disease conditions and mechanisms of toxic change, was obtained from the results of nonclinical studies using animal models. Note: This is an opinion article submitted to the Toxicologic Pathology Forum. It represents the views of the author(s). It does not constitute an official position of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, British Society of Toxicological Pathology, or European Society of Toxicologic Pathology, and the views expressed might not reflect the best practices recommended by these Societies. This article should not be construed to represent the policies, positions, or opinions of their respective organizations, employers, or regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tomohiro
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Novartis Pharma K.K., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okabe
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,3 Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ashigarakami, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kimura
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,4 Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kinoshita
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,5 MSD K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Maeda
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,6 Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuko Mitobe
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,7 Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sakura, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Motoyama
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,8 Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riichiro Yonezawa
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,9 Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoji Sasaki
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,10 AbbVie GK, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Fujiwara
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,11 Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Watanabe
- 1 Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,12 Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
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171
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LeValley PJ, Kloxin AM. Chemical Approaches to Dynamically Modulate the Properties of Synthetic Matrices. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:7-16. [PMID: 32405440 PMCID: PMC7220201 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As knowledge about the dynamic nature of tissues within the human body has increased, the need for cell culture models that mimic the properties of these dynamic microenvironments has grown. Hydrogels are useful platforms for investigating cellular responses to microenvironment cues in disease and regeneration processes and recently have been designed to contain dynamic bonds to regulate the mechanical and biochemical properties of the matrix in three-dimensional cell culture applications. In this Viewpoint, we highlight recent advances in developing hydrogels with dynamic properties for modeling aspects of human tissues, providing control over the properties of the synthetic matrix on multiple length and time scales, and their application for understanding or directing cell response. We conclude by discussing how orthogonal chemistries can be utilized to design dynamic hydrogel platforms for controlling both the mechanical and biochemical environment, affording opportunities to investigate more complex questions associated with disease progression and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J. LeValley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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172
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Wang Z, Hu M, Ai X, Zhang Z, Xing B. Near-Infrared Manipulation of Membrane Ion Channels via Upconversion Optogenetics. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1800233. [PMID: 32627341 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane ion channels are ultimately responsible for the propagation and integration of electrical signals in the nervous, muscular, and other systems. Their activation or malfunctioning plays a significant role in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Using optogenetics to dynamically and spatiotemporally control ion channels has recently attracted considerable attention. However, most of the established optogenetic tools (e.g., channelrhodopsins, ChRs) for optical manipulations, are mainly stimulated by UV or visible light, which raises the concerns of potential photodamage, limited tissue penetration, and high-invasive implantation of optical fiber devices. Near-infrared (NIR) upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated optogenetic systems provide great opportunities for overcoming the problems encountered in the manipulation of ion channels in deep tissues. Hence, this review focuses on the recent advances in NIR regulation of membrane ion channels via upconversion optogenetics in biomedical research. The engineering and applications of upconversion optogenetic systems by the incorporation multiple emissive UCNPs into various light-gated ChRs/ligands are first elaborated, followed by a detailed discussion of the technical improvements for more precise and efficient control of membrane channels. Finally, the future perspectives for refining and advancing NIR-mediated upconversion optogenetics into in vivo even in clinical applications are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ming Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiangzhao Ai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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173
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Fisher JA, Walker RL. Advancing Ethics and Policy for Healthy-Volunteer Research through a Model-Organism Framework. Ethics Hum Res 2019; 41:4-14. [PMID: 30744313 PMCID: PMC6410705 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman animal research and phase I healthy-volunteer clinical trials are both critical components of testing the safety of investigational drugs as part of the development of new pharmaceuticals. In addition, these types of research share important structural features, as both take place in confinement and both use subjects that are dissimilar to the target population. By mobilizing a model-organism framework for phase I trials, we employ concepts and mechanisms typical to animal research to query gaps in the human subjects ethics and policy framework. By bringing these two research worlds together, we aim to illustrate how the model-organism framework can enhance healthy volunteers' welfare during trials, improve research oversight, and more critically assess the science value of current phase I trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Fisher
- Associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine and the Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Rebecca L Walker
- Professor in the Department of Social Medicine and the Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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174
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Tyagi RK, Tandel N, Deshpande R, Engelman RW, Patel SD, Tyagi P. Humanized Mice Are Instrumental to the Study of Plasmodium falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2550. [PMID: 30631319 PMCID: PMC6315153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research using humanized mice has advanced our knowledge and understanding of human haematopoiesis, non-adaptive and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, infectious disease, cancer biology, and regenerative medicine. Challenges posed by the human-malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum include its complex life cycle, the evolution of drug resistance against anti-malarials, poor diagnosis, and a lack of effective vaccines. Advancements in genetically engineered and immunodeficient mouse strains, have allowed for studies of the asexual blood stage, exoerythrocytic stage and the transition from liver-to-blood stage infection, in a single vertebrate host. This review discusses the process of "humanization" of various immunodeficient/transgenic strains and their contribution to translational biomedical research. Our work reviews the strategies employed to overcome the remaining-limitations of the developed human-mouse chimera(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Biomedical parasitology Unit, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Robert W. Engelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Priyanka Tyagi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, India
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175
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Abbas OL, Özatik O, Gönen ZB, Öğüt S, Entok E, Özatik FY, Bahar D, Bakir ZB, Musmul A. Prevention of Burn Wound Progression by Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation: Deeper Insights Into Underlying Mechanisms. Ann Plast Surg 2018; 81:715-724. [PMID: 30260837 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Burns are dynamic wounds that may present a progressive expansion of necrosis into the initially viable zone of stasis. Therefore, salvage of this zone is a major subject of focus in burn research. The beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the survival of the zone of stasis have been previously documented. However, many gaps still exist in our knowledge regarding the underlying protective mechanisms. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the pathophysiological basis of MSCs in the prevention of burn wound progression. METHODS Wistar rats received thermal trauma on the back according to the "comb burn" model. Animals were randomly divided into sham, control, and stem cell groups with sacrifice and analysis at 72 hours after the burn. The stasis zones were evaluated using histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, and scintigraphy to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Gross evaluation of burn wounds revealed that vital tissue percentage of the zone of stasis was significantly higher in the stem cell group. Semiquantitative grading of the histopathologic findings showed that MSCs alleviated burn-induced histomorphological alterations in the zone of stasis. According to CC3a staining and expression analysis of Bax (B-cell leukemia 2-associated X) and Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia 2) genes, MSCs attenuated increases in apoptosis postburn. In addition, these transplants showed an immunomodulatory effect that involves reduced neutrophilic infiltration, down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β [IL-1β], and IL-6), and up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the zone of stasis. Burn-induced oxidative stress was significantly relieved with MSCs, as shown by increased levels of malondialdehyde, whereas the expression and activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase were increased. Finally, MSC-treated interspaces had enhanced vascular density with higher expression levels for vascular endothelial growth factor A, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor β. Gamma camera images documented better tissue perfusion in animals treated with MSCs. CONCLUSIONS The protective effects of MSCs are mediated by the inhibition of apoptosis through immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and angiogenic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Luay Abbas
- From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and
| | - Orhan Özatik
- Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahi Evran University, Kirşehir
| | | | - Serdal Öğüt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin
| | - Emre Entok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir
| | | | - Dilek Bahar
- Gen Kök Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri
| | | | - Ahmet Musmul
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Aguilar-Lozano A, Baier S, Grove R, Shu J, Giraud D, Leiferman A, Mercer KE, Cui J, Badger TM, Adamec J, Andres A, Zempleni J. Concentrations of Purine Metabolites Are Elevated in Fluids from Adults and Infants and in Livers from Mice Fed Diets Depleted of Bovine Milk Exosomes and their RNA Cargos. J Nutr 2018; 148:1886-1894. [PMID: 30517726 PMCID: PMC6280001 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Humans and mice absorb bovine milk exosomes and their RNA cargos. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine whether milk exosome- and RNA-depleted (ERD) and exosome- and RNA-sufficient (ERS) diets alter the concentrations of purine metabolites in mouse livers, and to determine whether diets depleted of bovine milk alter the plasma concentration and urine excretion of purine metabolites in adults and infants, respectively. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed ERD (providing 2% of the microRNA cargos compared with ERS) and ERS diets starting at age 3 wk; livers were collected at age 7 wk. Plasma and 24-h urine samples were collected from healthy adults who consumed (DCs) or avoided (DAs) dairy products. Spot urine samples were collected from healthy infants fed human milk (HM), milk formula (MF), or soy formula (SF) at age 3 mo. Purine metabolites were analyzed in liver, plasma, and urine; mRNAs and microRNAs were analyzed in the livers of female mice. Results We found that 9 hepatic purine metabolites in ERD-fed mice were 1.76 ± 0.43 times the concentrations in ERS-fed mice (P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations and urine excretion of purine metabolites in DAs was ≤1.62 ± 0.45 times the concentrations in DCs (P < 0.05). The excretion of 13 purine metabolites in urine from SF infants was ≤175 ± 39 times the excretion in HM and MF infants (P < 0.05). mRNA expression of 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIB, and adenosine deaminase in mice fed ERD was 0.64 ± 0.52 and 0.60 ± 0.28 times the expression in mice fed ERS, respectively. Conclusion Diets depleted of bovine-milk exosomes and RNA cargos caused increases in hepatic purine metabolites in mice, and in plasma and urine from human adults and infants, compared with exosome-sufficient controls. These findings are important, because purines play a role in intermediary metabolism and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aguilar-Lozano
- Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Scott Baier
- Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ryan Grove
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jiang Shu
- Departments of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - David Giraud
- Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Amy Leiferman
- Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kelly E Mercer
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Juan Cui
- Departments of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Thomas M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Jiri Adamec
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE,Address correspondence to JZ (e-mail: )
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Legesse B, Kaur A, Kenchegowda D, Hritzo B, Culp WE, Moroni M. Neulasta Regimen for the Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome: Effects Beyond Neutrophil Recovery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:935-944. [PMID: 30496878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding the physiopathology underlying the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) and the mechanism of action of drugs known to ameliorate ARS is expected to help identify novel countermeasure candidates and improve the outcome for victims exposed to radiation. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of hematopoietic ARS (H-ARS) because of its ability to alleviate myelosuppression. Besides its role in hematopoiesis, G-CSF is known to protect the cardiovascular and neurologic systems, to attenuate vascular injury and cardiac toxicity, to preserve gap junction function, and to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress. Here, we characterized the protective effects of G-CSF beyond neutrophil recovery in minipigs exposed to H-ARS doses. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty male Göttingen minipigs were exposed to total body, acute ionizing radiation. Animals received either pegylated G-CSF (Neulasta) or dextrose at days 1 and 8 after irradiation. Survival was monitored over a 45-day period. RESULTS Neulasta decreased mortality compared with the control, reduced nadir and duration of neutropenia, and lowered prevalence of organ hemorrhage and frank bleeding episodes. Neulasta also increased plasma concentration of IGF-1 hormone, activated the cardiovascular protective IGF-1R/PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NO pathway, and enhanced membrane expression of VE-cadherin in the heart, improving vascular tone and barrier function. Expression of the acute phase protein CRP, a mediator of cardiovascular diseases and a negative regulator of the IGF-1 pathway, was also induced but at much lower extent compared with IGF-1. Activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) was only marginally affected, whereas activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS In addition to a neutrophilic effect, amelioration of endothelial homeostasis and barrier function and reduction in NADPH oxidase contribute to the beneficial effects of Neulasta for the treatment of H-ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betre Legesse
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Doreswamy Kenchegowda
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bernadette Hritzo
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William E Culp
- Biomedical Instrumentation Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Moroni
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Starbæk SMR, Brogaard L, Dawson HD, Smith AD, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Skovgaard K. Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection Incorporating the Involvement of Innate Host Defenses: Enhanced Translational Value of the Porcine Model. ILAR J 2018; 59:323-337. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza is a viral respiratory disease having a major impact on public health. Influenza A virus (IAV) usually causes mild transitory disease in humans. However, in specific groups of individuals such as severely obese, the elderly, and individuals with underlying inflammatory conditions, IAV can cause severe illness or death. In this review, relevant small and large animal models for human IAV infection, including the pig, ferret, and mouse, are discussed. The focus is on the pig as a large animal model for human IAV infection as well as on the associated innate immune response. Pigs are natural hosts for the same IAV subtypes as humans, they develop clinical disease mirroring human symptoms, they have similar lung anatomy, and their respiratory physiology and immune responses to IAV infection are remarkably similar to what is observed in humans. The pig model shows high face and target validity for human IAV infection, making it suitable for modeling many aspects of influenza, including increased risk of severe disease and impaired vaccine response due to underlying pathologies such as low-grade inflammation. Comparative analysis of proteins involved in viral pattern recognition, interferon responses, and regulation of interferon-stimulated genes reveals a significantly higher degree of similarity between pig, ferret, and human compared with mice. It is concluded that the pig is a promising animal model displaying substantial human translational value with the ability to provide essential insights into IAV infection, pathogenesis, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Allen D Smith
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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179
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Drosophila Models of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113343. [PMID: 30373150 PMCID: PMC6275057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common cause of movement disorders and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It is increasingly recognized as a complex group of disorders presenting widely heterogeneous symptoms and pathology. With the exception of the rare monogenic forms, the majority of PD cases result from an interaction between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. The search for these risk factors and the development of preclinical animal models are in progress, aiming to provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of PD. This review summarizes the studies that capitalize on modeling sporadic (i.e., nonfamilial) PD using Drosophilamelanogaster and discusses their methodologies, new findings, and future perspectives.
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180
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Owen R, Reilly GC. In vitro Models of Bone Remodelling and Associated Disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:134. [PMID: 30364287 PMCID: PMC6193121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of bone remodelling by diseases such as osteoporosis results in an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Research into these metabolic bone disorders is primarily performed in vivo; however, in the last decade there has been increased interest in generating in vitro models that can reduce or replace our reliance on animal testing. With recent advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering the feasibility of laboratory-based alternatives is growing; however, to date there are no established in vitro models of bone remodelling. In vivo, remodelling is performed by organised packets of osteoblasts and osteoclasts called bone multicellular units (BMUs). The key determinant of whether osteoclasts form and remodelling occurs is the ratio between RANKL, a cytokine which stimulates osteoclastogenesis, and OPG, its inhibitor. This review initially details the different circumstances, conditions, and factors which have been found to modulate the RANKL:OPG ratio, and fundamental factors to be considered if a robust in vitro model is to be developed. Following this, an examination of what has been achieved thus far in replicating remodelling in vitro using three-dimensional co-cultures is performed, before overviewing how such systems are already being utilised in the study of associated diseases, such as metastatic cancer and dental disorders. Finally, a discussion of the most important considerations to be incorporated going forward is presented. This details the need for the use of cells capable of endogenously producing the required cytokines, application of mechanical stimulation, and the presence of appropriate hormones in order to produce a robust model of bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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181
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Coathup V, Northstone K, Izadi H, Wheeler S, Smith L. Do Maternal Dietary Antioxidants Modify the Relationship Between Binge Drinking and Small for Gestational Age? Findings from a Longitudinal Cohort Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2196-2204. [PMID: 30091471 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids are potent dietary antioxidants that have been shown to attenuate ethanol-induced harm in animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. A diet low in antioxidant-rich foods may induce a state of oxidative stress in the context of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, potentially causing growth restriction in the developing fetus. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of a longitudinal U.K. birth cohort. The sample comprised 9,699 women and their babies in Avon, U.K., with an estimated delivery date between April 1, 1991 and December 31, 1992. Alcohol consumption data were self-reported at 18 weeks' gestation via a postal questionnaire. Women reported any binge drinking (≥4 U.K. units/occasion) during the past month. Dietary data were self-reported at 32 weeks' gestation using a food frequency questionnaire. Estimated intakes of vitamins C and E and carotenoids were categorized into quartiles. Logistic regression models with interaction terms were used to investigate relationships between maternal binge drinking, dietary antioxidants, and fetal growth. Models were adjusted for maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. Small for gestational age (SGA; <10th percentile) was defined using customized birth centiles. RESULTS In the unadjusted models, binge drinking was associated with higher risk of SGA birth (odds ratio [OR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10, 1.72, p = 0.005), and higher maternal intakes of vitamin C (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84, 0.96, p = 0.002) and vitamin E (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84, 0.95, p < 0.0001) were associated with lower risk of SGA birth. However, addition of potentially confounding variables attenuated these relationships. Likelihood ratio tests indicated that interaction terms were not significant for vitamin C (p = 0.116), vitamin E (p = 0.059), or carotenoid intakes (p = 0.174). CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of maternal intake of dietary antioxidants modifying the relationship between maternal binge drinking and SGA birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Coathup
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU) , University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences , Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hooshang Izadi
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics , Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wheeler
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Smith
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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182
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Schwaid AG, Krasowka-Zoladek A, Chi A, Cornella-Taracido I. Comparison of the Rat and Human Dorsal Root Ganglion Proteome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13469. [PMID: 30194433 PMCID: PMC6128859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are a key tissue in the nervous system that have a role in neurological disease, particularly pain. Despite the importance of this tissue, the proteome of DRG is poorly understood, and it is unknown whether the proteome varies between organisms or different DRG along the spine. Therefore, we profiled the proteome of human and rat DRG. We identified 5,245 proteins in human DRG and 4959 proteins in rat DRG. Across species the proteome is largely conserved with some notable differences. While the most abundant proteins in both rat and human DRG played a role in extracellular functions and myelin sheeth, proteins detected only in humans mapped to roles in immune function whereas those detected only in rat mapped to roles in localization and transport. The DRG proteome between human T11 and L2 vertebrae was nearly identical indicating DRG from different vertebrae are representative of one another. Finally, we asked if this data could be used to enhance translatability by identifying mechanisms that modulate cellular phenotypes representative of pain in different species. Based on our data we tested and discovered that MAP4K4 inhibitor treatment increased neurite outgrowth in rat DRG as in human SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - An Chi
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ivan Cornella-Taracido
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Cedilla Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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183
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Laudanski K, Stentz M, DiMeglio M, Furey W, Steinberg T, Patel A. Potential Pitfalls of the Humanized Mice in Modeling Sepsis. Int J Inflam 2018; 2018:6563454. [PMID: 30245803 PMCID: PMC6139216 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6563454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are a state-of-the-art tool used to study several diseases, helping to close the gap between mice and human immunology. This review focuses on the potential obstacles in the analysis of immune system performance between humans and humanized mice in the context of severe acute inflammation as seen in sepsis or other critical care illnesses. The extent to which the reconstituted human immune system in mice adequately compares to the performance of the human immune system in human hosts is still an evolving question. Although certain viral and protozoan infections can be replicated in humanized mice, whether a highly complex and dynamic systemic inflammation like sepsis can be accurately represented by current humanized mouse models in a clinically translatable manner is unclear. Humanized mice are xenotransplant animals in the most general terms. Several organs (e.g., bone marrow mesenchymal cells, endothelium) cannot interact with the grafted human leukocytes effectively due to species specificity. Also the interaction between mice gut flora and the human immune system may be paradoxical. Often, grafting is performed utilizing an identical batch of stem cells in highly inbred animals which fails to account for human heterogeneity. Limiting factors include the substantial cost and restricting supply of animals. Finally, humanized mice offer an opportunity to gain knowledge of human-like conditions, requiring careful data interpretation just as in nonhumanized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Stentz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew DiMeglio
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - William Furey
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Toby Steinberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arpit Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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184
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Wang Y, Cuzzucoli F, Escobar A, Lu S, Liang L, Wang S. Tumor-on-a-chip platforms for assessing nanoparticle-based cancer therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:332001. [PMID: 29794338 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac7a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become the most prevalent cause of deaths, placing a huge economic and healthcare burden worldwide. Nanoparticles (NPs), as a key component of nanomedicine, provide alternative options for promoting the efficacy of cancer therapy. Current conventional cancer models have limitations in predicting the effects of various cancer treatments. To overcome these limitations, biomimetic and novel 'tumor-on-a-chip' platforms have emerged with other innovative biomedical engineering methods that enable the evaluation of NP-based cancer therapy. In this review, we first describe cancer models for evaluation of NP-based cancer therapy techniques, and then present the latest advances in 'tumor-on-a-chip' platforms that can potentially facilitate clinical translation of NP-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China. Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, People's Republic of China
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185
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Belle AM, Enright HA, Sales AP, Kulp K, Osburn J, Kuhn EA, Fischer NO, Wheeler EK. Evaluation of in vitro neuronal platforms as surrogates for in vivo whole brain systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10820. [PMID: 30018409 PMCID: PMC6050270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitatively benchmarking similarities and differences between the in vivo central nervous system and in vitro neuronal cultures can qualify discrepancies in functional responses and establish the utility of in vitro platforms. In this work, extracellular electrophysiology responses of cortical neurons in awake, freely-moving animals were compared to in vitro cultures of dissociated cortical neurons. After exposure to two well-characterized drugs, atropine and ketamine, a number of key points were observed: (1) significant differences in spontaneous firing activity for in vivo and in vitro systems, (2) similar response trends in single-unit spiking activity after exposure to atropine, and (3) greater sensitivity to the effects of ketamine in vitro. While in vitro cultures of dissociated cortical neurons may be appropriate for many types of pharmacological studies, we demonstrate that for some drugs, such as ketamine, this system may not fully capture the responses observed in vivo. Understanding the functionality associated with neuronal cultures will enhance the relevance of electrophysiology data sets and more accurately frame their conclusions. Comparing in vivo and in vitro rodent systems will provide the critical framework necessary for developing and interpreting in vitro systems using human cells that strive to more closely recapitulate human in vivo function and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Belle
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Heather A Enright
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Ana Paula Sales
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Kristen Kulp
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Joanne Osburn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Edward A Kuhn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.
| | - Elizabeth K Wheeler
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.
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Antonelli A, Palumbo C, Veccia A, Grisanti S, Triggiani L, Zamboni S, Furlan M, Simeone C, Magrini S, Berruti A. Biological effect of neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy assessed on specimens from radical prostatectomy: a systematic review. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2018; 70:370-379. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-2249.18.03022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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187
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Qin N, Dong X, Zhao L. Microbiome: from community metabolism to host diseases. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:741-743. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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188
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Monoaminergic and aminoacidergic receptors are involved in the antidepressant-like effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in mouse hippocampus (CA3) and prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2018; 1699:44-53. [PMID: 29802841 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), as the major bioactive ingredient of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, elicited a novel antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test (FST) in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats in our previous study. To further explore the molecular mechanism of Rb1 on the neurotransmitters such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in this antidepressant-like effect, the neurochemical changes in the monoaminergic and aminoacidergic receptors were investigated in the present pharmacological study by using reuptake inhibitors, receptors agonists and antagonists. The results showed that a sub-effective dose of Rb1 (5 mg/kg, p.o.) co-administered with fluoxetine (1 mg/kg, i.p., a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p., a noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor), bupropion (10 mg/kg, i.p., a dopaminergic reuptake inhibitor), Mk-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p., an N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist) or baclofen (0.1 mg/kg, i.p., a selective GABA agonist) significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST. In addition, pretreating mice with NAN190 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist), ondansetron (1 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT3A receptor antagonist), prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p., an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p., an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p., a selective D1 receptor antagonist), haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p., a non-selective D2 receptor antagonist), NMDA (75 mg/kg, i.p., an agonist at the glutamate site) or bicuculline (4 mg/kg, i.p., a competitive GABA antagonist) reversed the antidepressant-like effect of Rb1 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) in the FST. The results obtained for the neurotransmitters in the mouse hippocampus (CA3) and prefrontal cortex showed that Rb1 up-regulated the levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA, NE, DA, and GABA and decreased the level of Glu. However, there were no significant differences in HVA or DOPAC. Furthermore, there were no significant alterations in the total path of spontaneous locomotor activity in all treatments. These results suggest that both monoaminergic (serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic) and aminoacidergic (glutamatergic and GABAergic) receptors may be involved in the antidepressant-like effect of Rb1.
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Abstract
Many results reported in the biomedical research literature cannot be independently reproduced, undermining the basic foundations of science. This overview is intended for researchers who are committed to improving the quality and integrity of biomedical science by raising awareness of both the sources of irreproducibility, and activities specifically targeted to address the issue. The irreproducibility of biomedical research is due to a variety of factors, known and unknown, that markedly influence experimental outcomes. Among the known factors are inadequate training or mentoring, or experimenter incompetence. These may result in flawed experimental design and execution that reflect a lack of planning, leading to an underpowering of a study, an absence of appropriate controls, selective data analysis, inappropriate statistical analysis, and/or investigator bias or fraud. Another frequently overlooked source of irreproducibility is failure to ensure that the equipment used is performing up to manufacturer specifications. Failure to validate/authenticate the experimental reagents is another source of irreproducibility. These include compounds, cell lines, antibodies, and the animal models used in a study. This overview discusses how a lack of validation of research reagents negatively impact experimental reproducibility, and provides guidelines to avoid these pitfalls. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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190
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Abstract
Failure of analgesic drugs in clinical development is common. Along with the current "reproducibility crisis" in pain research, this has led some to question the use of animal models. Experimental models tend to comprise genetically homogeneous groups of young, male rodents in restricted and unvarying environments, and pain-producing assays that may not closely mimic the natural condition of interest. In addition, typical experimental outcome measures using thresholds or latencies for withdrawal may not adequately reflect clinical pain phenomena pertinent to human patients. It has been suggested that naturally occurring disease in veterinary patients may provide more valid models for the study of painful disease. Many painful conditions in animals resemble those in people. Like humans, veterinary patients are genetically diverse, often live to old age, and enjoy a complex environment, often the same as their owners. There is increasing interest in the development and validation of outcome measures for detecting pain in veterinary patients; these include objective (eg, locomotor activity monitoring, kinetic evaluation, quantitative sensory testing, and bioimaging) and subjective (eg, pain scales and quality of life scales) measures. Veterinary subject diversity, pathophysiological similarities to humans, and diverse outcome measures could yield better generalizability of findings and improved translation potential, potentially benefiting both humans and animals. The Comparative Oncology Trial Consortium in dogs has pawed the way for translational research, surmounting the challenges inherent in veterinary clinical trials. This review describes numerous conditions similarly applicable to pain research, with potential mutual benefits for human and veterinary clinicians, and their respective patients.
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191
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The Physiological Mechanisms of Effect of Vitamins and Amino Acids on Tendon and Muscle Healing: A Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:294-311. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Aims/Objectives: To evaluate the current literature via systematic review to ascertain whether amino acids/vitamins provide any influence on musculotendinous healing and if so, by which physiological mechanisms. Methods: EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase Classic/Embase, and MEDLINE were searched using terms including “vitamins,” “amino acids,” “healing,” “muscle,” and “tendon.” The primary search had 479 citations, of which 466 were excluded predominantly due to nonrandomized design. Randomized human and animal studies investigating all supplement types/forms of administration were included. Critical appraisal of internal validity was assessed using the Cochrane risk of Bias Tool or the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias Tool for human and animal studies, respectively. Two reviewers performed duel data extraction. Results: Twelve studies met criteria for inclusion: eight examined tendon healing and four examined muscle healing. All studies used animal models, except two human trials using a combined integrator. Narrative synthesis was performed via content analysis of demonstrated statistically significant effects and thematic analysis of proposed physiological mechanisms of intervention. Vitamin C/taurine demonstrated indirect effects on tendon healing through antioxidant activity. Vitamin A/glycine showed direct effects on extracellular matrix tissue synthesis. Vitamin E shows an antiproliferative influence on collagen deposition. Leucine directly influences signaling pathways to promote muscle protein synthesis. Discussion: Preliminary evidence exists, demonstrating that vitamins and amino acids may facilitate multilevel changes in musculotendinous healing; however, recommendations on clinical utility should be made with caution. All animal studies and one human study showed high risk of bias with moderate interobserver agreement (k = 0.46). Currently, there is limited evidence to support the use of vitamins and amino acids for musculotendinous injury. Both high-quality animal experimentation of the proposed mechanisms confirming the physiological influence of supplementation and human studies evaluating effects on tissue morphology and biochemistry are required before practical application.
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192
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Geminiani A, Casellato C, Antonietti A, D’Angelo E, Pedrocchi A. A Multiple-Plasticity Spiking Neural Network Embedded in a Closed-Loop Control System to Model Cerebellar Pathologies. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1750017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065717500174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a crucial role in sensorimotor control and cerebellar disorders compromise adaptation and learning of motor responses. However, the link between alterations at network level and cerebellar dysfunction is still unclear. In principle, this understanding would benefit of the development of an artificial system embedding the salient neuronal and plastic properties of the cerebellum and operating in closed-loop. To this aim, we have exploited a realistic spiking computational model of the cerebellum to analyze the network correlates of cerebellar impairment. The model was modified to reproduce three different damages of the cerebellar cortex: (i) a loss of the main output neurons (Purkinje Cells), (ii) a lesion to the main cerebellar afferents (Mossy Fibers), and (iii) a damage to a major mechanism of synaptic plasticity (Long Term Depression). The modified network models were challenged with an Eye-Blink Classical Conditioning test, a standard learning paradigm used to evaluate cerebellar impairment, in which the outcome was compared to reference results obtained in human or animal experiments. In all cases, the model reproduced the partial and delayed conditioning typical of the pathologies, indicating that an intact cerebellar cortex functionality is required to accelerate learning by transferring acquired information to the cerebellar nuclei. Interestingly, depending on the type of lesion, the redistribution of synaptic plasticity and response timing varied greatly generating specific adaptation patterns. Thus, not only the present work extends the generalization capabilities of the cerebellar spiking model to pathological cases, but also predicts how changes at the neuronal level are distributed across the network, making it usable to infer cerebellar circuit alterations occurring in cerebellar pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Geminiani
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonietti
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, Istituto Neurologico, IRCCS Fondazione C. Mondino Via, Mondino 2, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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193
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Downregulation of DJ-1 Fails to Protect Mitochondrial Complex I Subunit NDUFS3 in the Testes and Contributes to the Asthenozoospermia. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6136075. [PMID: 29849492 PMCID: PMC5903298 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6136075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthenozoospermia (AS), an important cause of male infertility, is characterized by reduced sperm motility. Among the aetiologies of AS, inflammation seems to be the main cause. DJ-1, a conserved protein product of the PARK7 gene, is associated with male infertility and plays a role in oxidative stress and inflammation. Although our previous studies showed that a reduction in DJ-1 was accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction in the sperm of patients with AS, the specific mechanism underlying this association remained unclear. In this study, we found that compared to the patients without AS, the expression of mitochondrial protein nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3 (NDUFS3) was also significantly decreased in the sperm of patients with AS. Similarly, decreased expression of DJ-1 and NDUFS3 and reduced mitochondria complex I activity were evident in a rat model of AS. Moreover, we showed that the interaction between DJ-1 and NDUFS3 in rat testes was weakened by ORN treatment. These results suggest that the impaired mitochondrial activity could be due to the broken interaction between DJ-1 and NDUFS3 and that downregulation of DJ-1 in sperm and testes contributes to AS pathogenesis.
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194
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Boutet I, Collin CA, MacLeod LS, Messier C, Holahan MR, Berry-Kravis E, Gandhi RM, Kogan CS. Utility of the Hebb-Williams Maze Paradigm for Translational Research in Fragile X Syndrome: A Direct Comparison of Mice and Humans. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:99. [PMID: 29643767 PMCID: PMC5882825 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To generate meaningful information, translational research must employ paradigms that allow extrapolation from animal models to humans. However, few studies have evaluated translational paradigms on the basis of defined validation criteria. We outline three criteria for validating translational paradigms. We then evaluate the Hebb–Williams maze paradigm (Hebb and Williams, 1946; Rabinovitch and Rosvold, 1951) on the basis of these criteria using Fragile X syndrome (FXS) as model disease. We focused on this paradigm because it allows direct comparison of humans and animals on tasks that are behaviorally equivalent (criterion #1) and because it measures spatial information processing, a cognitive domain for which FXS individuals and mice show impairments as compared to controls (criterion #2). We directly compared the performance of affected humans and mice across different experimental conditions and measures of behavior to identify which conditions produce comparable patterns of results in both species. Species differences were negligible for Mazes 2, 4, and 5 irrespective of the presence of visual cues, suggesting that these mazes could be used to measure spatial learning in both species. With regards to performance on the first trial, which reflects visuo-spatial problem solving, Mazes 5 and 9 without visual cues produced the most consistent results. We conclude that the Hebb–Williams mazes paradigm has the potential to be utilized in translational research to measure comparable cognitive functions in FXS humans and animals (criterion #3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boutet
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Reno M Gandhi
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cary S Kogan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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195
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Shi P, Tan YSE, Yeong WY, Li HY, Laude A. A bilayer photoreceptor-retinal tissue model with gradient cell density design: A study of microvalve-based bioprinting. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1297-1306. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pujiang Shi
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Yong Sheng Edgar Tan
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Hoi Yeung Li
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Augustinus Laude
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute; Tan Tock Seng Hospital; Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore
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196
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Parasrampuria DA, Benet LZ, Sharma A. Why Drugs Fail in Late Stages of Development: Case Study Analyses from the Last Decade and Recommendations. AAPS JOURNAL 2018. [PMID: 29536211 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
New drug development is both resource and time intensive, where later clinical stages result in significant costs. We analyze recent late-stage failures to identify drugs where failures result from inadequate scientific advances as well as drugs where we believe pitfalls could have been avoided. These can be broadly classified into two categories: 1) where science is mature and the failures can be avoided through rigorous and prospectively determined decision-making criteria, scientific curiosity, and discipline to follow up on emerging findings; and 2) where problems encountered in Phase 3 failures cannot be explained at this time, as the science is not sufficiently advanced and companies/investigators need to recognize the possibility of deficiency of our knowledge. Through these case studies, key themes critical for successful drug development emerge-understanding the therapeutic pathway including receptor and signaling biology, pharmacological responses related to safety and efficacy, pharmacokinetics of the drug and exposure at target site, optimum dose, and dosing regimen; and identification of patient sub-populations likely to respond and will have a favorable benefit-risk profile, design of clinical trials, and a quantitative framework that can guide data-driven decision making. It is essential that the right studies are conducted early in the development process to answer the key questions, with the emphasis on learning in the early stages of development, whereas Phase 3 should be reserved for confirming the safety and efficacy. Utilization of innovative technology in identifying patients based on molecular signature of their disease, rapid assessment of pharmacological response, mechanistic modeling of emerging data, seamless operational processes to reduce start-up and wind-down time for clinical trials through use of electronic health records and data mining, and development of novel and objective clinical efficacy endpoints are some concepts for improving the success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly A Parasrampuria
- Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, United States of America
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy & Medicine University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0912, United States of America
| | - Amarnath Sharma
- Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, United States of America.
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197
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Kenney RM, Lloyd CC, Whitman NA, Lockett MR. 3D cellular invasion platforms: how do paper-based cultures stack up? Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [PMID: 28621775 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02357j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular invasion is the gateway to metastasis, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Invasion is driven by a number of chemical and mechanical stresses that arise in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro assays are needed for the systematic study of cancer progress. To be truly predictive, these assays must generate tissue-like environments that can be experimentally controlled and manipulated. While two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures are easily assembled and evaluated, they lack the extracellular components needed to assess invasion. Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are better suited for invasion studies because they generate cellular phenotypes that are more representative of those found in vivo. This feature article provides an overview of four invasion platforms. We focus on paper-based cultures, an emerging 3D culture platform capable of generating tissue-like structures and quantifying cellular invasion. Paper-based cultures are as easily assembled and analyzed as monolayers, but provide an experimentally powerful platform capable of supporting: co-cultures and representative extracellular environments; experimentally controlled gradients; readouts capable of quantifying, discerning, and separating cells based on their invasiveness. With a series of examples we highlight the potential of paper-based cultures, and discuss how they stack up against other invasion platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Kenney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
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198
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White K, Yang P, Li L, Farshori A, Medina AE, Zielke HR. Effect of Postmortem Interval and Years in Storage on RNA Quality of Tissue at a Repository of the NIH NeuroBioBank. Biopreserv Biobank 2018; 16:148-157. [PMID: 29498539 PMCID: PMC5906728 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2017.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue from 1068 donors was analyzed for RNA quality as a function of postmortem interval (PMI) and years in storage. Approximately 83% of the cortical and cerebellar samples had an RNA integrity number (RIN) of 6 or greater, indicating their likely suitability for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction research. The average RIN value was independent of the PMI, up to at least 36 hours. The RNA quality for specific donated brains could not be predicted based on the PMI. Individual samples with a low PMI could have a poor RIN value, while a sample with a PMI over 36 hours may have a high RIN value. The RIN values for control brain donors, all of whom died suddenly and unexpectedly, were marginally higher than for individuals with clinical brain disorders. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of samples confirmed that RIN values were more critical than PMI for determining suitability of tissue for molecular biological studies and samples should be matched by their RIN values rather than PMI. Importantly, PCR analysis established that tissue stored up to 23 years at −80°C yielded high-quality RNA. These results confirm that postmortem human brain tissue collected by brain and tissue banks over decades can serve as high quality material for the study of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly White
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peixin Yang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ling Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amna Farshori
- 4 Degree Program in Osteopathic Medicine, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Alexandre E Medina
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Horst Ronald Zielke
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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199
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Abstract
The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), a squirrel-like and rat-sized mammal, has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, South and Southwest China and has many unique characteristics that make it suitable for use as an experimental animal. There have been many studies using the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) aimed at increasing our understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms and for the modeling of human diseases and therapeutic responses. The recent release of a publicly available annotated genome sequence of the Chinese tree shrew and its genome database (www.treeshrewdb.org) has offered a solid base from which it is possible to elucidate the basic biological properties and create animal models using this species. The extensive characterization of key factors and signaling pathways in the immune and nervous systems has shown that tree shrews possess both conserved and unique features relative to primates. Hitherto, the tree shrew has been successfully used to create animal models for myopia, depression, breast cancer, alcohol-induced or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, to name a few. The recent successful genetic manipulation of the tree shrew has opened a new avenue for the wider usage of this animal in biomedical research. In this opinion paper, I attempt to summarize the recent research advances that have used the Chinese tree shrew, with a focus on the new knowledge obtained by using the biological properties identified using the tree shrew genome, a proposal for the genome-based approach for creating animal models, and the genetic manipulation of the tree shrew. With more studies using this species and the application of cutting-edge gene editing techniques, the tree shrew will continue to be under the spot light as a viable animal model for investigating the basis of many different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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200
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Abstract
CRISPR-based genome editing technologies are poised to enable countless new therapies to prevent, treat, or cure diseases with a genetic basis. However, the safe and effective delivery of genome editing enzymes represents a substantial challenge that must be tackled to enable the next generation of genetic therapies. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in developing enzymatic tools to combat genetic disease and examine current efforts to deliver these enzymes to the cells in need of correction. Viral vectors already in use for traditional gene therapy are being applied to enable in vivo CRISPR-based therapeutics, as are emerging technologies such as nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR components and direct delivery of preassembled RNA-protein complexes. Success in these areas will allow CRISPR-based genome editing therapeutics to reach their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Wilson
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luke A Gilbert
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Urology, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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