151
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Balestrini JL, Gard AL, Liu A, Leiby KL, Schwan J, Kunkemoeller B, Calle EA, Sivarapatna A, Lin T, Dimitrievska S, Cambpell SG, Niklason LE. Production of decellularized porcine lung scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1598-610. [PMID: 26426090 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of work dedicated to producing acellular lung scaffolds for use in regenerative medicine by decellularizing donor lungs of various species. These scaffolds typically undergo substantial matrix damage due to the harsh conditions required to remove cellular material (e.g., high pH, strong detergents), lengthy processing times, or pre-existing tissue contamination from microbial colonization. In this work, a new decellularization technique is described that maintains the global tissue architecture, key matrix components, mechanical composition and cell-seeding potential of lung tissue while effectively removing resident cellular material. Acellular lung scaffolds were produced from native porcine lungs using a combination of Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) at low concentrations in 24 hours. We assessed the effect of matrix decellularization by measuring residual DNA, biochemical composition, mechanical characteristics, tissue architecture, and recellularization capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Balestrini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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152
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Methods of tissue decellularization used for preparation of biologic scaffolds and in vivo relevance. Methods 2015; 84:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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153
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Current Bioengineering Methods for Whole Kidney Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:724047. [PMID: 26089921 PMCID: PMC4452081 DOI: 10.1155/2015/724047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney regeneration is likely to provide an inexhaustible source of tissues and organs for immunosuppression-free transplantation. It is currently garnering considerable attention and might replace kidney dialysis as the ultimate therapeutic strategy for renal failure. However, anatomical complications make kidney regeneration difficult. Here, we review recent advances in the field of kidney regeneration, including (i) the directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells into kidney cells; (ii) blastocyst decomplementation; (iii) use of a decellularized cadaveric scaffold; (iv) embryonic organ transplantation; and (v) use of a nephrogenic niche for growing xenoembryos for de novo kidney regeneration from stem cells. All these approaches represent potentially promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease. Although many obstacles to kidney regeneration remain, we hope that innovative strategies and reliable research will ultimately allow the restoration of renal function in patients with end-stage kidney disease.
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154
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Londono R, Badylak SF. Regenerative Medicine Strategies for Esophageal Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:393-410. [PMID: 25813694 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathologies that involve the structure and/or function of the esophagus can be life-threatening. The esophagus is a complex organ comprising nonredundant tissue that does not have the ability to regenerate. Currently available interventions for esophageal pathology have limited success and are typically associated with significant morbidity. Hence, there is currently an unmet clinical need for effective methods of esophageal repair. The present article presents a review of esophageal disease along with the anatomic and functional consequences of each pathologic process, the shortcomings associated with currently available therapies, and the latest advancements in the field of regenerative medicine with respect to strategies for esophageal repair from benchtop to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Londono
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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155
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Wang H, Lin XF, Wang LR, Lin YQ, Wang JT, Liu WY, Zhu GQ, Braddock M, Zhong M, Zheng MH. Decellularization technology in CNS tissue repair. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:493-500. [PMID: 25817399 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Decellularization methodologies have been successfully used in a variety of tissue engineering and regenerative technologies and methods of decellularization have been developed for target tissues and organs of interest. The technology to promote regeneration and functional recovery in the CNS, including brain and spinal cord, has, however, made slow progress mainly because the intrinsic regenerative potential of the CNS is regarded as low. To date, currently available therapies have been unable to provide significant functional recovery and successful therapies, which could provide functional restoration to the injured brain and spinal cord are controversial. In this review, the authors provide a critical analysis, comparing the advantages and limitations of the major decellularization methods and considering the effects of these methods upon the biologic scaffold material. The authors also review studies that supplement decellularized grafts with exogenous factors, such as stem cells and growth factors, to both promote and enhance regeneration through decellularized allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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156
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Zhu T, Tang Q, Shen Y, Tang H, Chen L, Zhu J. An acellular cerebellar biological scaffold: Preparation, characterization, biocompatibility and effects on neural stem cells. Brain Res Bull 2015; 113:48-57. [PMID: 25791359 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial and regenerative medical research has diversified and developed rapidly. A biological scaffold consisting of an extracellular matrix (ECM) functions not only as a supportive material but also as a regulator of cellular functions. Although decellularized scaffolds have been widely applied for the repair of non-central nervous system (CNS) tissues, their efficacy in the CNS has not been extensively investigated. In this report, we describe a dynamic decellularization protocol that combined intracardial perfusion and a series of treatments to effectively remove the cellular components from the cerebellum, which is a unique and relatively simple CNS structure. The resulting cerebellar scaffold retained neurosupportive proteins and growth factors and, when tested with neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro, was found to be cytocompatible and to stimulate the proliferation and migration of these cells. NSCs that were cultured in vitro on the scaffold differentiated into neurons and astrocytes, as indicated by their expression of βIII-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Through subcutaneous and intracranial implantation experiments, this preliminary study demonstrated the in vivo biocompatibility of the cerebellar scaffold and indicated its potential for future applications. Thus, our study demonstrated that the cerebellar ECM scaffold provided tissue-specific advantages for regenerative medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongming Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yiwen Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Luping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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157
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Restoration of lost neuronal function after spinal cord injury still remains a considerable challenge for current medicine. Over the last decade, regenerative medicine has recorded rapid and promising advancements in stem cell research, genetic engineering and the progression of new sophisticated biomaterials as well as nanotechnology. This advancement has also been reflected in neural tissue engineering, where, along with the development of a new generation of well-designed biopolymer scaffolds, multifactorial therapeutic strategies are being validated in order to determine the greatest possible repair efficacy of the complex CNS pathophysiology. Much attention is currently focused on the designing of multifunctional polymer scaffolds as systems for targeted drug or gene delivery, electrical stimulation or as substrates creating a special micro-environment, promoting the growth and desired differentiation of various cell lines. In this review, the latest advances in biomaterial technology together with various combinatorial strategies designed to treat spinal cord injury treatment are summarized and discussed.
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158
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Faulk DM, Wildemann JD, Badylak SF. Decellularization and cell seeding of whole liver biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:69-80. [PMID: 25941434 PMCID: PMC4415199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease is orthotropic transplantation. However, this option is limited by the disparity between the number of patients needing transplantation and the number of available livers. This issue is becoming more severe as the population ages and as the number of new cases of end-stage liver failure increases. Patients fortunate enough to receive a transplant are required to receive immunosuppressive therapy and must live with the associated morbidity. Whole organ engineering of the liver may offer a solution to this liver donor shortfall. It has been shown that perfusion decellularization of a whole allogeneic or xenogeneic liver generates a three-dimensional ECM scaffold with intact macro and micro architecture of the native liver. A decellularized liver provides an ideal transplantable scaffold with all the necessary ultrastructure and signaling cues for cell attachment, differentiation, vascularization, and function. In this review, an overview of complementary strategies for creating functional liver grafts suitable for transplantation is provided. Early milestones have been met by combining stem and progenitor cells with increasingly complex scaffold materials and culture conditions.
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Key Words
- BAL, biohybrid artificial liver
- BMC, basement membrane complex
- CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HMECs, human microvascular endothelial cells
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- PLECM, porcine-liver-derived extracellular matrix
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEC, sinusoidal endothelial cell
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- biologic scaffold
- decellularization
- extracellular matrix
- liver tissue engineering
- organ engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Faulk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justin D. Wildemann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Address for correspondence: Stephen F. Badylak, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. Tel.: +412 624 5252; fax: +412 624 5256.
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159
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Li YC, Wang JH, Tsai LK, Chen YA, Chang TC, Lou PJ, Young TH. 3,6-Bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium)-carbazole diiodide as a marker for tracking living neural stem/precursor cells. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2067-2074. [PMID: 32262374 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Until now, there has been no appropriate marker to specifically and effectively label living neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) to investigate NSPC migration and differentiation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a specific method for tracking NSPCs by a cell marker, 3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium)-carbazole diiodide (BMVC). It was found that the bright fluorescence spots could be rapidly observed in the nuclei of NSPCs, isolated from the embryonic rat cerebral cortex, after incubation with BMVC for just 5 min and could be maintained for exceeding 7 days without obvious decay. Even NSPCs were induced to undergo differentiation; their daughter cells also expressed bright fluorescence spots. In contrast, foreskin fibroblasts, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), neurons, and glial cells did not express the bright fluorescence spot in the presence of BMVC. In addition, BMVC-labeled NSPCs could be tracked in wound healing and decellularized rat brain models with minimal cell toxicity. Therefore, BMVC possessed a specific function to distinguish between NSPCs and other stem and neuron-related cells. These results are very encouraging, since a cell marker favorable for long-term labeling NSPCs should be useful in the development of strategies for tracking the development of NSPCs in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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160
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Meng FW, Slivka PF, Dearth CL, Badylak SF. Solubilized extracellular matrix from brain and urinary bladder elicits distinct functional and phenotypic responses in macrophages. Biomaterials 2015; 46:131-40. [PMID: 25678122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from a variety of source tissues has been successfully used to facilitate tissue reconstruction. The recent development of solubilized forms of ECM advances the therapeutic potential of these biomaterials. Isolated, soluble components of ECM and matricryptic peptides have been shown to bias macrophages toward a regulatory and constructive (M2-like) phenotype. However, the majority of studies described thus far have utilized anatomically and morphologically similar gastrointestinal derived ECMs (small intestine, esophagus, urinary bladder, etc.) and a small subset of macrophage markers (CD206, CD86, CCR7) to describe them. The present study evaluated the effect of solubilized ECM derived from molecularly diverse source tissues (brain and urinary bladder) upon primary macrophage phenotype and function. Results showed that solubilized urinary bladder ECM (U-ECM) up-regulated macrophage PGE2 secretion and suppressed traditional pro-inflammatory factor secretion, consistent with an M2-like phenotype. The hyaluronic acid (HA) component in solubilized U-ECM played an important role in mediating this response. Brain ECM (B-ECM) elicited a pro-inflammatory (M1-like) macrophage response and contained almost no HA. These findings suggest that the molecular composition of the source tissue ECM plays an important role in influencing macrophage function and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wei Meng
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 PA, USA
| | - Peter F Slivka
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 PA, USA
| | - Christopher L Dearth
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 PA, USA; DoD-VA Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 PA, USA.
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161
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Nau AC, Pintar C, Arnoldussen A, Fisher C. Acquisition of Visual Perception in Blind Adults Using the BrainPort Artificial Vision Device. Am J Occup Ther 2015; 69:6901290010p1-8. [PMID: 25553750 PMCID: PMC4281706 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2015.011809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether intensive low vision rehabilitation would confer any functional improvement in a sample of blind adults using the BrainPort artificial vision device. METHOD Eighteen adults ages 28-69 yr (n=10 men and n=8 women) who had light perception only or worse vision bilaterally spent up to 6 hr per day for 1 wk undergoing structured rehabilitation interventions. The functional outcomes of object identification and word recognition were tested at baseline and after rehabilitation training. RESULTS At baseline, participants were unable to complete the two functional assessments. After participation in the 1-wk training protocol, participants were able to use the BrainPort device to complete the two tasks with moderate success. CONCLUSION Without training, participants were not able to perform above chance level using the BrainPort device. As artificial vision technologies become available, occupational therapy practitioners can play a key role in clients' success or failure in using these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Nau
- Amy C. Nau, OD, is Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; and Fox Center for Vision Restoration, Korb & Associates, Boston MA;
| | - Christine Pintar
- Christine Pintar, MS, is Clinical Research Coordinator, Fox Center for Vision Restoration, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aimee Arnoldussen
- Aimee Arnoldussen, PhD, is Technology Assessment Program Manager, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Christopher Fisher
- Christopher Fisher is Research Assistant, Fox Center for Vision Restoration, Sensory Substitution Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA
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162
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3D culture of murine neural stem cells on decellularized mouse brain sections. Biomaterials 2014; 41:122-31. [PMID: 25522971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) in diseased or injured brain tissue is widely studied as a potential treatment for various neurological pathologies. However, effective cell replacement therapy relies on the intrinsic capacity of cellular grafts to overcome hypoxic and/or immunological barriers after transplantation. In this context, it is hypothesized that structural support for grafted NSC will be of utmost importance. With this study, we present a novel decellularization protocol for 1.5 mm thick mouse brain sections, resulting in the generation of acellular three-dimensional (3D) brain sections. Next, the obtained 3D brain sections were seeded with murine NSC expressing both the eGFP and luciferase reporter proteins (NSC-eGFP/Luc). Using real-time bioluminescence imaging, the survival and growth of seeded NSC-eGFP/Luc cells was longitudinally monitored for 1-7 weeks in culture, indicating the ability of the acellular brain sections to support sustained ex vivo growth of NSC. Next, the organization of a 3D maze-like cellular structure was examined using confocal microscopy. Moreover, under mitogenic stimuli (EGF and hFGF-2), most cells in this 3D culture retained their NSC phenotype. Concluding, we here present a novel protocol for decellularization of mouse brain sections, which subsequently support long-term 3D culture of undifferentiated NSC.
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163
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Biologic scaffolds for regenerative medicine: mechanisms of in vivo remodeling. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:577-92. [PMID: 25213186 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Successful regenerative medicine strategies for functional tissue reconstruction include the in situ placement of acellular materials composed of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or individual components of the ECM. The composition and ultrastructure of these materials vary depending on multiple factors including the tissue source and species from which the materials are harvested, the methods of manufacture, the efficiency of decellularization, post-processing modifications such as chemical cross-linking or solubilization, and the methods of terminal sterilization. Appropriately configured materials have the ability to modulate different stages of the healing response by inducing a shift from a process of inflammation and scar tissue formation to one of constructive remodeling and functional tissue restoration. The events that facilitate such a dramatic change during the biomaterial-host interaction are complex and necessarily involve both the immune system and mechanisms of stem cell recruitment, growth, and differentiation. The present manuscript reviews the composition of biologic scaffolds, the methods and recommendations for manufacture, the mechanisms of the biomaterial-host interaction, and the clinical application of this regenerative medicine approach.
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164
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Salvatori M, Peloso A, Katari R, Orlando G. Regeneration and bioengineering of the kidney: current status and future challenges. Curr Urol Rep 2014; 15:379. [PMID: 24375058 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-013-0379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease continues to outpace the development of effective treatment strategies. For patients with advanced disease, renal replacement therapies approximate the filtration functions of the kidney at considerable cost and inconvenience, while failing to restore the resorptive and endocrine functions. Allogeneic transplantation remains the only restorative treatment, but donor shortage, surgical morbidity and the need for lifelong immunosuppression significantly limit clinical application. Emerging technologies in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strive to address these limitations. We review recent advances in cell-based therapies, primordial allografts, bio-artificial organs and whole-organ bioengineering as they apply to renal regeneration. Collaborative efforts across these fields aim to produce a bioengineered kidney capable of restoring renal function in patients with end-stage disease.
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165
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Biological assessment of a calcium silicate incorporated hydroxyapatite-gelatin nanocomposite: a comparison to decellularized bone matrix. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:837524. [PMID: 25054149 PMCID: PMC4098952 DOI: 10.1155/2014/837524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory utilized biomimicry to develop a synthetic bone scaffold based on hydroxyapatite-gelatin-calcium silicate (HGCS). Here, we evaluated the potential of HGCS scaffold in bone formation in vivo using the rat calvarial critical-sized defect (CSD). Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four groups: control (defect only), decellularized bone matrix (DECBM), and HGCS with and without multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs). DECBM was prepared by removing all the cells using SDS and NH4OH. After 12 weeks, the CSD specimens were harvested to evaluate radiographical, histological, and histomorphometrical outcomes. The in vitro osteogenic effects of the materials were studied by focal adhesion, MTS, and alizarin red. Micro-CT analysis indicated that the DECBM and the HGCS scaffold groups developed greater radiopaque areas than the other groups. Bone regeneration, assessed using histological analysis and fluorochrome labeling, was the highest in the HGCS scaffold seeded with MAPCs. The DECBM group showed limited osteoinductivity, causing a gap between the implant and host tissue. The group grafted with HGCS+MAPCs resulting in twice as much new bone formation seems to indicate a role for effective bone regeneration. In conclusion, the novel HGCS scaffold could improve bone regeneration and is a promising carrier for stem cell-mediated bone regeneration.
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166
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Teodori L, Costa A, Marzio R, Perniconi B, Coletti D, Adamo S, Gupta B, Tarnok A. Native extracellular matrix: a new scaffolding platform for repair of damaged muscle. Front Physiol 2014; 5:218. [PMID: 24982637 PMCID: PMC4058757 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective clinical treatments for volumetric muscle loss resulting from traumatic injury or resection of a large amount of muscle mass are not available to date. Tissue engineering may represent an alternative treatment approach. Decellularization of tissues and whole organs is a recently introduced platform technology for creating scaffolding materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The muscle stem cell niche is composed of a three-dimensional architecture of fibrous proteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans, synthesized by the resident cells that form an intricate extracellular matrix (ECM) network in equilibrium with the surrounding cells and growth factors. A consistent body of evidence indicates that ECM proteins regulate stem cell differentiation and renewal and are highly relevant to tissue engineering applications. The ECM also provides a supportive medium for blood or lymphatic vessels and for nerves. Thus, the ECM is the nature's ideal biological scaffold material. ECM-based bioscaffolds can be recellularized to create potentially functional constructs as a regenerative medicine strategy for organ replacement or tissue repopulation. This article reviews current strategies for the repair of damaged muscle using bioscaffolds obtained from animal ECM by decellularization of small intestinal submucosa (SIS), urinary bladder mucosa (UB), and skeletal muscle, and proposes some innovative approaches for the application of such strategies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- UTAPRAD-DIM, ENEA Frascati Rome, Italy ; Fondazione San Raffaele Ceglie Messapica, Italy
| | - Alessandra Costa
- Fondazione San Raffaele Ceglie Messapica, Italy ; Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rosa Marzio
- Fondazione San Raffaele Ceglie Messapica, Italy
| | - Barbara Perniconi
- UMR 8256 CNRS Biology of Adaptation and Aging, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 Paris, France
| | - Dario Coletti
- UMR 8256 CNRS Biology of Adaptation and Aging, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 Paris, France ; Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Bhuvanesh Gupta
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre Leipzig, and Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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167
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Tissue extracellular matrix nanoparticle presentation in electrospun nanofibers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:469120. [PMID: 24971329 PMCID: PMC4058126 DOI: 10.1155/2014/469120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials derived from the decellularization of mature tissues retain biological and architectural features that profoundly influence cellular activity. However, the clinical utility of such materials remains limited as the shape and physical properties are difficult to control. In contrast, scaffolds based on synthetic polymers can be engineered to exhibit specific physical properties, yet often suffer from limited biological functionality. This study characterizes composite materials that present decellularized extracellular matrix (DECM) particles in combination with synthetic nanofibers and examines the ability of these materials to influence stem cell differentiation. Mechanical processing of decellularized tissues yielded particles with diameters ranging from 71 to 334 nm. Nanofiber scaffolds containing up to 10% DECM particles (wt/wt) derived from six different tissues were engineered and evaluated to confirm DECM particle incorporation and to measure bioactivity. Scaffolds containing bone, cartilage, and fat promoted osteogenesis at 1 and 3 weeks compared to controls. In contrast, spleen and lung DECM significantly reduced osteogenic outcomes compared to controls. These findings highlight the potential to incorporate appropriate source DECM nanoparticles within nanofiber composites to design a scaffold with bioactivity targeted to specific applications.
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168
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Nonaka PN, Uriarte JJ, Campillo N, Melo E, Navajas D, Farré R, Oliveira LVF. Mechanical properties of mouse lungs along organ decellularization by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 200:1-5. [PMID: 24837837 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung decellularization is based on the use of physical, chemical, or enzymatic methods to break down the integrity of the cells followed by a treatment to extract the cellular material from the lung scaffold. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanical changes throughout the different steps of lung decellularization process. Four lungs from mice (C57BL/6) were decellularized by using a conventional protocol based on sodium dodecyl sulfate. Lungs resistance (R(L)) and elastance (E(L)) were measured along decellularization steps and were computed by linear regression fitting of tracheal pressure, flow, and volume during mechanical ventilation. Transients differences found were more distinct in an intermediate step after the lungs were rinsed with deionized water and treated with 1% SDS, whereupon the percentage of variation reached approximately 80% for resistance values and 30% for elastance values. In conclusion, although a variation in extracellular matrix stiffness was observed during the decellularization process, this variation can be considered negligible overall because the resistance and elastance returned to basal values at the final decellularization step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula N Nonaka
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Master's and Doctoral Degree Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan J Uriarte
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Noelia Campillo
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain; Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Melo
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain; Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Luis V F Oliveira
- Master's and Doctoral Degree Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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169
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Abstract
Injury to the CNS typically results in significant morbidity and endogenous repair mechanisms are limited in their ability to restore fully functional CNS tissue. Biologic scaffolds composed of individual purified components have been shown to facilitate functional tissue reconstruction following CNS injury. Extracellular matrix scaffolds derived from mammalian tissues retain a number of bioactive molecules and their ability for CNS repair has recently been recognized. In addition, novel biomaterials for dural mater repairs are of clinical interest as the dura provides barrier function and maintains homeostasis to CNS. The present article describes the application of regenerative medicine principles to the CNS tissues and dural mater repair. While many approaches have been exploring the use of cells and/or therapeutic molecules, the strategies described herein focus upon the use of extracellular matrix scaffolds derived from mammalian tissues that are free of cells and exogenous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Meng
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Michel Modo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
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170
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Orlando G, Gianello P, Salvatori M, Stratta RJ, Soker S, Ricordi C, Domínguez-Bendala J. Cell replacement strategies aimed at reconstitution of the β-cell compartment in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:1433-44. [PMID: 24757193 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging technologies in regenerative medicine have the potential to restore the β-cell compartment in diabetic patients, thereby overcoming the inadequacies of current treatment strategies and organ supply. Novel approaches include: 1) Encapsulation technology that protects islet transplants from host immune surveillance; 2) stem cell therapies and cellular reprogramming, which seek to regenerate the depleted β-cell compartment; and 3) whole-organ bioengineering, which capitalizes on the innate properties of the pancreas extracellular matrix to drive cellular repopulation. Collaborative efforts across these subfields of regenerative medicine seek to ultimately produce a bioengineered pancreas capable of restoring endocrine function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
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171
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Gao S, Zheng Y, Cai Q, Yao W, Wang J, Zhang P, Wang X. Comparison of morphology and biocompatibility of acellular nerve scaffolds processed by different chemical methods. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1283-1291. [PMID: 24452272 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the morphological differences among acellular rat nerve scaffolds processed by different chemical methods and compare the biocompatibility between rat nerve grafts processed by different chemical methods and rat adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Acellular rat sciatic nerve scaffolds processed by two different chemical methods (the Sondell method and the optimized method) and normal rat sciatic nerves were used as control. The structure and components of nerve scaffold were observed under microscopy, the degrees of decellularization and demyelination of nerve scaffold and integrity of nerve fiber tubes were assessed. The rat adipose-derived stem cells growth and adherence on scaffold were studied by scanning electron microscopy, the activity and adhesive ratio of rat adipose-derived stem cells in the nerve scaffold were compared. The basal lamina tubes and the extracellular matrix in the epineurium and perineurium in the nerve graft of optimized method were better preserved than the nerve graft of the Sondell method. After co-cultured with scaffolds, the difference of cell activity between three groups (two cell-scaffold combinations and control group) at the same observation time were not statistically significant (P > 0.05),the adhesive ratio of rat adipose-derived stem cells in the scaffold of the optimized method was better than that of the Sondell method. The scaffold of the optimized method is more effective than the scaffold of the Sondell method for peripheral nerve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, People's Republic of China,
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172
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Butt GF, Habib A, Mahgoub K, Sofela A, Tilley M, Guo L, Cordeiro MF. Optic nerve regeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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173
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Salvatori M, Katari R, Patel T, Peloso A, Mugweru J, Owusu K, Orlando G. Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Technology for Bioartificial Pancreas Engineering: State of the Art and Future Challenges. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:159-169. [PMID: 24876552 PMCID: PMC4454093 DOI: 10.1177/1932296813519558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emergent technologies in regenerative medicine may soon overcome the limitations of conventional diabetes therapies. Collaborative efforts across the subfields of stem cell technology, islet encapsulation, and biomaterial carriers seek to produce a bioengineered pancreas capable of restoring endocrine function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. These technologies rely on a robust understanding of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the supportive 3-dimensional network of proteins necessary for cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Although these functions can be partially approximated by biosynthetic carriers, novel decellularization protocols have allowed researchers to discover the advantages afforded by the native pancreatic ECM. The native ECM has proven to be an optimal platform for recellularization and whole-organ pancreas bioengineering, an exciting new field with the potential to resolve the dire shortage of transplantable organs. This review seeks to contextualize recent findings, discuss current research goals, and identify future challenges of regenerative medicine as it applies to diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Katari
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Timil Patel
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jon Mugweru
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kofi Owusu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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174
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Kim Y, Kumar S. The Role of Hyaluronic Acid and Its Receptors in the Growth and Invasion of Brain Tumors. TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7602-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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175
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Lee JS, Shin J, Park HM, Kim YG, Kim BG, Oh JW, Cho SW. Liver extracellular matrix providing dual functions of two-dimensional substrate coating and three-dimensional injectable hydrogel platform for liver tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:206-18. [PMID: 24350561 DOI: 10.1021/bm4015039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decellularization of tissues or organs can provide an efficient strategy for preparing functional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Microstructures of native extracellular matrices and their biochemical compositions can be retained in the decellularized matrices, providing tissue-specific microenvironments for efficient tissue regeneration. Here, we report the versatility of liver extracellular matrix (LEM) that can be used for two-dimensional (2D) coating and three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel platforms for culture and transplantation of primary hepatocytes. Collagen type I (Col I) has typically been used for hepatocyte culture and transplantation. In this study, LEM was compared with Col I in terms of biophysical and mechanical characteristics and biological performance for enhancing cell viability, differentiation, and hepatic functions. Surface properties of LEM coating and mechanical properties and gelation kinetics of LEM hydrogel could be manipulated by adjusting the LEM concentration. In addition, LEM hydrogel exhibited improved elastic properties, rapid gelation, and volume maintenance compared to Col I hydrogel. LEM coating significantly improved hepatocyte functions such as albumin secretion and urea synthesis. More interestingly, LEM coating upregulated hepatic gene expression of human adipose-derived stem cells, indicating enhanced hepatic differentiation of these stem cells. The viability and hepatic functions of primary hepatocytes were also significantly improved in LEM hydrogel compared to Col I hydrogel both in vitro and in vivo. Albumin and hepatocyte transcription factor expression was upregulated in hepatocytes transplanted in LEM hydrogels. In conclusion, LEM can provide functional biomaterial platforms for diverse applications in liver tissue engineering by promoting survival and maturation of hepatocytes and hepatic commitment of stem cells. This study demonstrates the feasibility of decellularized matrix for both 2D coating and 3D hydrogel in liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Seung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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176
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BAI YANG, WANG HANMING, LIU MING, WANG YUN, LIAN GUOCHAO, ZHANG XINHUA, KANG JIAN, WANG HUAILIANG. 4-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine protects against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and lung inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:373-82. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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177
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Baiguera S, Del Gaudio C, Lucatelli E, Kuevda E, Boieri M, Mazzanti B, Bianco A, Macchiarini P. Electrospun gelatin scaffolds incorporating rat decellularized brain extracellular matrix for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1205-14. [PMID: 24215734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of an instructive bioabsorbable scaffold is one of the main goals for tissue engineering applications. In this regard, genipin cross-linked gelatin scaffolds, produced by electrospinning, were tested as a platform to include decellularized rat brain extracellular matrix as an active agent to provide fundamental biochemical cues to the seeded cells. This approach is expected to furnish a suitable natural-based polymeric scaffold with sufficient temporal stability to support cell attachment and spreading, also providing tissue-specific signals that can contribute to the expression of the requested cellular phenotype. We first demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed decellularization protocol and the cytocompatibility of the resulting brain matrix. Then, the in vitro biological assays of the conditioned electrospun scaffolds, using rat allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells, confirmed their biocompatibility and showed a differentiative potential in presence of just 1% w/w decellularized rat brain extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baiguera
- Advanced Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (ACTREM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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178
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Crapo PM, Tottey S, Slivka PF, Badylak SF. Effects of biologic scaffolds on human stem cells and implications for CNS tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:313-23. [PMID: 24004192 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds composed of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) promote constructive remodeling of tissues via mechanisms that include the recruitment of endogenous stem/progenitor cells, modulation of the host innate immune response, and influence of cell fate differentiation. Such scaffold materials are typically prepared by decellularization of source tissues and are prepared as sheets, powder, or hydrogels. It is plausible that ECM derived from an anatomically distinct tissue would have unique or specific effects on cells that naturally reside in this same tissue. The present study investigated the in vitro effect of a soluble form of ECM derived from central nervous system (CNS) tissue, specifically the spinal cord or brain, versus ECM derived from a non-CNS tissue; specifically, the urinary bladder on the behavior of neural stem cells (NSCs) and perivascular stem cells. All forms of ECM induce positive, mitogenic, and chemotactic effects at concentrations of approximately 100 μg/mL without affecting stem cell viability. CNS-derived ECMs also showed the ability to differentiate NSCs into neurons as indicted by βIII-tubulin expression in two-dimensional culture and neurite extension on the millimeter scale after 24 days of three-dimensional cultures in an ECM hydrogel. These results suggest that solubilized forms of ECM scaffold materials may facilitate the postinjury healing response in CNS tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Crapo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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179
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Microbead-based biomimetic synthetic neighbors enhance survival and function of rat pancreatic β-cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2863. [PMID: 24091640 PMCID: PMC3790197 DOI: 10.1038/srep02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is caused by the loss or dysfunction of insulin-secreting β-cells in the pancreas. β-cells reduce their mass and lose insulin-producing ability in vitro, likely due to insufficient cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions as β-cells lose their native microenvironment. Herein, we built an ex-vivo cell microenvironment by culturing primary β-cells in direct contact with ‘synthetic neighbors', cell-sized soft polymer microbeads that were modified with cell-cell signaling factors as well as components from pancreatic-tissue-specific ECMs. This biomimetic 3D microenvironment was able to promote native cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. We obtained sustained maintenance of β-cell function in vitro enhanced cell viability from the few days usually observed in 2D culture to periods exceeding three weeks, with enhanced β-cell stability and insulin production. Our approach can be extended to create a general 3D culture platform for other cell types.
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180
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Keane TJ, Londono R, Carey RM, Carruthers CA, Reing JE, Dearth CL, D'Amore A, Medberry CJ, Badylak SF. Preparation and characterization of a biologic scaffold from esophageal mucosa. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6729-37. [PMID: 23777917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are commonly used to facilitate a constructive remodeling response in several types of tissue, including the esophagus. Surgical manipulation of the esophagus is often complicated by stricture, but preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the use of an ECM scaffold can mitigate stricture and promote a constructive outcome after resection of full circumference esophageal mucosa. Recognizing the potential benefits of ECM derived from homologous tissue (i.e., site-specific ECM), the objective of the present study was to prepare, characterize, and assess the in-vivo remodeling properties of ECM from porcine esophageal mucosa. The developed protocol for esophageal ECM preparation is compliant with previously established criteria of decellularization and results in a scaffold that maintains important biologic components and an ultrastructure consistent with a basement membrane complex. Perivascular stem cells remained viable when seeded upon the esophageal ECM scaffold in-vitro, and the in-vivo host response showed a pattern of constructive remodeling when implanted in soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Keane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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181
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Zhang L, Zhang F, Weng Z, Brown BN, Yan H, Ma XM, Vosler PS, Badylak SF, Dixon CE, Cui XT, Chen J. Effect of an inductive hydrogel composed of urinary bladder matrix upon functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1909-18. [PMID: 23596981 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem with no effective clinical treatment. Use of bioactive scaffold materials has been shown to be a promising strategy for tissue regeneration and repair in a number of injury models. Of these scaffold materials, urinary bladder matrix (UBM) derived from porcine bladder tissue, has demonstrated desirable properties for supporting and promoting the growth of neural cells in vitro, suggesting its potential as a scaffold for brain tissue repair in the treatment of TBI. Herein we evaluate the biocompatibility of UBM within brain tissue and the effects of UBM delivery upon functional outcome following TBI. A hydrogel form of UBM was injected into healthy rat brains for 1, 3, and 21 days to examine the tissue response to UBM. Multiple measures of tissue injury, including reactive astrocytosis, microglial activation, and neuron degeneration showed that UBM had no deleterious effects on normal brain. Following TBI, the brains were evaluated histologically and behaviorally between sham-operated controls and UBM- and vehicle-treated groups. Application of UBM reduced lesion volume and attenuated trauma-induced myelin disruption. Importantly, UBM treatment resulted in significant neurobehavioral recovery following TBI as demonstrated by improvements in vestibulomotor function; however, no differences in cognitive recovery were observed between the UBM- and vehicle-treated groups. The present study demonstrated that UBM is not only biocompatible within the brain tissue, but also can exert protective effects upon injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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182
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Abstract
Biological cells are well known to respond to a multitude of chemical signals. In the nervous system, chemical signaling has been shown to be crucially involved in development, normal functioning, and disorders of neurons and glial cells. However, there are an increasing number of studies showing that these cells also respond to mechanical cues. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the mechanical properties of nervous tissue and its building blocks, review recent progress in methodology and understanding of cellular mechanosensitivity in the nervous system, and provide an outlook on the implications of neuromechanics for future developments in biomedical engineering to aid overcoming some of the most devastating and currently incurable CNS pathologies such as spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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183
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Volpato FZ, Führmann T, Migliaresi C, Hutmacher DW, Dalton PD. Using extracellular matrix for regenerative medicine in the spinal cord. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4945-55. [PMID: 23597407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is limited, and traumatic injury often leads to permanent functional motor and sensory loss. The lack of regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is mainly caused by the presence of glial scarring, cystic cavitation and a hostile environment to axonal growth at the lesion site. The more prominent experimental treatment strategies focus mainly on drug and cell therapies, however recent interest in biomaterial-based strategies are increasing in number and breadth. Outside the spinal cord, approaches that utilize the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tissue repair show tremendous potential for various application including vascular, skin, bone, cartilage, liver, lung, heart and peripheral nerve tissue engineering (TE). Experimentally, it is unknown if these approaches can be successfully translated to the CNS, either alone or in combination with synthetic biomaterial scaffolds. In this review we outline the first attempts to apply the potential of ECM-based biomaterials and combining cell-derived ECM with synthetic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zomer Volpato
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
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184
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Mirmalek-Sani SH, Orlando G, McQuilling JP, Pareta R, Mack DL, Salvatori M, Farney AC, Stratta RJ, Atala A, Opara EC, Soker S. Porcine pancreas extracellular matrix as a platform for endocrine pancreas bioengineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5488-95. [PMID: 23583038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Emergent technologies of regenerative medicine have the potential to overcome the limitations of organ transplantation by supplying tissues and organs bioengineered in the laboratory. Pancreas bioengineering requires a scaffold that approximates the biochemical, spatial and vascular relationships of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). We describe the generation of a whole organ, three-dimensional pancreas scaffold using acellular porcine pancreas. Imaging studies confirm that our protocol effectively removes cellular material while preserving ECM proteins and the native vascular tree. The scaffold was seeded with human stem cells and porcine pancreatic islets, demonstrating that the decellularized pancreas can support cellular adhesion and maintenance of cell functions. These findings advance the field of regenerative medicine towards the development of a fully functional, bioengineered pancreas capable of establishing and sustaining euglycemia and may be used for transplantation to cure diabetes mellitus.
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185
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Medberry CJ, Crapo PM, Siu BF, Carruthers CA, Wolf MT, Nagarkar SP, Agrawal V, Jones KE, Kelly J, Johnson SA, Velankar SS, Watkins SC, Modo M, Badylak SF. Hydrogels derived from central nervous system extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1033-40. [PMID: 23158935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are commonly used repair devices in preclinical and clinical settings; however the use of these scaffolds for peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) repair has been limited. Biologic scaffolds developed from brain and spinal cord tissue have recently been described, yet the conformation of the harvested ECM limits therapeutic utility. An injectable CNS-ECM derived hydrogel capable of in vivo polymerization and conformation to irregular lesion geometries may aid in tissue reconstruction efforts following complex neurologic trauma. The objectives of the present study were to develop hydrogel forms of brain and spinal cord ECM and compare the resulting biochemical composition, mechanical properties, and neurotrophic potential of a brain derived cell line to a non-CNS-ECM hydrogel, urinary bladder matrix. Results showed distinct differences between compositions of brain ECM, spinal cord ECM, and urinary bladder matrix. The rheologic modulus of spinal cord ECM hydrogel was greater than that of brain ECM and urinary bladder matrix. All ECMs increased the number of cells expressing neurites, but only brain ECM increased neurite length, suggesting a possible tissue-specific effect. All hydrogels promoted three-dimensional uni- or bi-polar neurite outgrowth following 7 days in culture. These results suggest that CNS-ECM hydrogels may provide supportive scaffolding to promote in vivo axonal repair.
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186
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de Mel A, Seifalian AM, Birchall MA. Orchestrating cell/material interactions for tissue engineering of surgical implants. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1010-21. [PMID: 22777725 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Research groups are currently recognising a critical clinical need for innovative approaches to organ failure and agenesis. Allografting, autologous reconstruction and prosthetics are hampered with severe limitations. Pertinently, readily available 'laboratory-grown' organs and implants are becoming a reality. Tissue engineering constructs vary in their design complexity depending on the specific structural and functional demands. Expeditious methods on integrating autologous stem cells onto nanoarchitectured 3D nanocomposites, are being transferred from lab to patients with a number of successful first-in-man experiences. Despite the need for a complete understanding of cell/material interactions tissue engineering is offering a plethora of exciting possibilities in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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187
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Rutten MJ, Janes MA, Chang IR, Gregory CR, Gregory KW. Development of a functional schwann cell phenotype from autologous porcine bone marrow mononuclear cells for nerve repair. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:738484. [PMID: 22792117 PMCID: PMC3388598 DOI: 10.1155/2012/738484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) are a potential resource for making Schwann cells to repair damaged peripheral nerves. However, many methods of producing Schwann-like cells can be laborious with the cells lacking a functional phenotype. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method using autologous BM-MNCs to produce a phenotypic and functional Schwann-like cell. Adult porcine bone marrow was collected and enriched for BM-MNCs using a SEPAX device, then cells cultured in Neurobasal media, 4 mM L-glutamine and 20% serum. After 6-8 days, the cultures expressed Schwann cell markers, S-100, O4, GFAP, were FluoroMyelin positive, but had low p75(NGF) expression. Addition of neuregulin (1-25 nM) increased p75(NGF) levels at 24-48 hrs. We found ATP dose-dependently increased intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)](i), with nucleotide potency being UTP = ATP > ADP > AMP > adenosine. Suramin blocked the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) but α, β,-methylene-ATP had little effect suggesting an ATP purinergic P2Y2 G-protein-coupled receptor is present. Both the Schwann cell markers and ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) sensitivity decreased in cells passaged >20 times. Our studies indicate that autologous BM-MNCs can be induced to form a phenotypic and functional Schwann-like cell which could be used for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rutten
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
- OHSU Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael Ann Janes
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
| | - Ivy R. Chang
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
| | - Cynthia R. Gregory
- OHSU Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Oregon Biomedical Engineering Institute, 25999 SW Canyon Creek Rd., Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kenton W. Gregory
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
- OHSU Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Oregon Biomedical Engineering Institute, 25999 SW Canyon Creek Rd., Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA
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