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Fu W, Farache J, Clardy SM, Hattori K, Mander P, Lee K, Rioja I, Weissleder R, Prinjha RK, Benoist C, Mathis D. Epigenetic modulation of type-1 diabetes via a dual effect on pancreatic macrophages and β cells. eLife 2014; 3:e04631. [PMID: 25407682 PMCID: PMC4270084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifiers are an emerging class of anti-tumor drugs, potent in multiple cancer contexts. Their effect on spontaneously developing autoimmune diseases has been little explored. We report that a short treatment with I-BET151, a small-molecule inhibitor of a family of bromodomain-containing transcriptional regulators, irreversibly suppressed development of type-1 diabetes in NOD mice. The inhibitor could prevent or clear insulitis, but had minimal influence on the transcriptomes of infiltrating and circulating T cells. Rather, it induced pancreatic macrophages to adopt an anti-inflammatory phenotype, impacting the NF-κB pathway in particular. I-BET151 also elicited regeneration of islet β-cells, inducing proliferation and expression of genes encoding transcription factors key to β-cell differentiation/function. The effect on β cells did not require T cell infiltration of the islets. Thus, treatment with I-BET151 achieves a 'combination therapy' currently advocated by many diabetes investigators, operating by a novel mechanism that coincidentally dampens islet inflammation and enhances β-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Fu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Julia Farache
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Susan M Clardy
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kimie Hattori
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Palwinder Mander
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Lee
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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152
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Lui KO, Zangi L, Chien KR. Cardiovascular regenerative therapeutics via synthetic paracrine factor modified mRNA. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:693-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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153
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Criscimanna A, Coudriet GM, Gittes GK, Piganelli JD, Esni F. Activated macrophages create lineage-specific microenvironments for pancreatic acinar- and β-cell regeneration in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1106-18.e11. [PMID: 25128759 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although the cells that contribute to pancreatic regeneration have been widely studied, little is known about the mediators of this process. During tissue regeneration, infiltrating macrophages debride the site of injury and coordinate the repair response. We investigated the role of macrophages in pancreatic regeneration in mice. METHODS We used a saporin-conjugated antibody against CD11b to reduce the number of macrophages in mice following diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated cell ablation of pancreatic cells, and evaluated the effects on pancreatic regeneration. We analyzed expression patterns of infiltrating macrophages after cell-specific injury or from the pancreas of nonobese diabetic mice. We developed an in vitro culture system to study the ability of macrophages to induce cell-specific regeneration. RESULTS Depletion of macrophages impaired pancreatic regeneration. Macrophage polarization, as assessed by expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and CD206, depended on the type of injury. The signals provided by polarized macrophages promoted lineage-specific generation of acinar or endocrine cells. Macrophage from nonobese diabetic mice failed to provide signals necessary for β-cell generation. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages produce cell type-specific signals required for pancreatic regeneration in mice. Additional study of these processes and signals might lead to new approaches for treating type 1 diabetes or pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Criscimanna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gina M Coudriet
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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154
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Golson ML, Maulis MF, Dunn JC, Poffenberger G, Schug J, Kaestner KH, Gannon MA. Activated FoxM1 attenuates streptozotocin-mediated β-cell death. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1435-47. [PMID: 25073103 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box transcription factor FoxM1, a positive regulator of the cell cycle, is required for β-cell mass expansion postnatally, during pregnancy, and after partial pancreatectomy. Up-regulation of full-length FoxM1, however, is unable to stimulate increases in β-cell mass in unstressed mice or after partial pancreatectomy, probably due to the lack of posttranslational activation. We hypothesized that expression of an activated form of FoxM1 could aid in recovery after β-cell injury. We therefore derived transgenic mice that inducibly express an activated version of FoxM1 in β-cells (RIP-rtTA;TetO-hemagglutinin (HA)-Foxm1(Δ)(NRD) mice). This N-terminally truncated form of FoxM1 bypasses 2 posttranslational controls: exposure of the forkhead DNA binding domain and targeted proteasomal degradation. Transgenic mice were subjected to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced β-cell ablation to test whether activated FoxM1 can promote β-cell regeneration. Mice expressing HA-FoxM1(ΔNRD) displayed decreased ad libitum-fed blood glucose and increased β-cell mass. β-Cell proliferation was actually decreased in RIP-rtTA:TetO-HA-Foxm1(NRD) mice compared with that in RIP-rtTA mice 7 days after STZ treatment. Unexpectedly, β-cell death was decreased 2 days after STZ treatment. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that activated FoxM1 alters the expression of extracellular matrix and immune cell gene profiles, which may protect against STZ-mediated death. These studies highlight a previously underappreciated role for FoxM1 in promoting β-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Golson
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Department of Veteran Affairs (M.L.G., M.F.M., J.C.D., G.P., M.A.G.), Nashville, Tennessee 37212; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.L.G., M.F.M., J.C.D., G.P., M.A.G.), and Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology (M.A.G.) and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.A.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (J.S., K.H.K.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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155
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Mezza T, Kulkarni RN. The regulation of pre- and post-maturational plasticity of mammalian islet cell mass. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1291-303. [PMID: 24824733 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of mature cells that produce functional insulin represents a major focus and a challenge of current diabetes research aimed at restoring beta cell mass in patients with most forms of diabetes, as well as in ageing. The capacity to adapt to diverse physiological states during life and the consequent ability to cope with increased metabolic demands in the normal regulation of glucose homeostasis is a distinctive feature of the endocrine pancreas in mammals. Both beta and alpha cells, and presumably other islet cells, are dynamically regulated via nutrient, neural and/or hormonal activation of growth factor signalling and the post-transcriptional modification of a variety of genes or via the microbiome to continually maintain a balance between regeneration (e.g. proliferation, neogenesis) and apoptosis. Here we review key regulators that determine islet cell mass at different ages in mammals. Understanding the chronobiology and the dynamics and age-dependent processes that regulate the relationship between the different cell types in the overall maintenance of an optimally functional islet cell mass could provide important insights into planning therapeutic approaches to counter and/or prevent the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mezza
- Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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156
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Cao X, Han ZB, Zhao H, Liu Q. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells recruits trophic macrophages to induce pancreatic beta cell regeneration in diabetic mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:372-9. [PMID: 24915493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alleviation of hyperglycemia in chemical-induced diabetic mice has been reported after bone marrow transplantation. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we transplanted genetically labeled primary mouse mesenchymal stem cells into the pancreas of the streptozotocin-treated hyperglycemic isogeneic mice, resulting in a decrease in blood glucose due to a recovery in beta cell mass. Further analysis revealed that the increase in beta cell mass was predominantly attributable to beta cell replication. The grafted mesenchymal stem cells did not transdifferentiate into beta cells themselves but recruited and polarized macrophages in a Stromal cell-derived factor 1-dependent manner, which in turn promoted beta cell replication. Our finding thus suggests that transplantation of autogenic mesenchymal stem cells may increase functional beta cell mass by boosting beta cell replication in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhi-Bo Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union of Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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157
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Reinert RB, Cai Q, Hong JY, Plank JL, Aamodt K, Prasad N, Aramandla R, Dai C, Levy SE, Pozzi A, Labosky PA, Wright CVE, Brissova M, Powers AC. Vascular endothelial growth factor coordinates islet innervation via vascular scaffolding. Development 2014; 141:1480-91. [PMID: 24574008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular alignment is a common anatomical feature of organs, but the mechanisms leading to this arrangement are incompletely understood. Here, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling profoundly affects both vascularization and innervation of the pancreatic islet. In mature islets, nerves are closely associated with capillaries, but the islet vascularization process during embryonic organogenesis significantly precedes islet innervation. Although a simple neuronal meshwork interconnects the developing islet clusters as they begin to form at E14.5, the substantial ingrowth of nerve fibers into islets occurs postnatally, when islet vascularization is already complete. Using genetic mouse models, we demonstrate that VEGF regulates islet innervation indirectly through its effects on intra-islet endothelial cells. Our data indicate that formation of a VEGF-directed, intra-islet vascular plexus is required for development of islet innervation, and that VEGF-induced islet hypervascularization leads to increased nerve fiber ingrowth. Transcriptome analysis of hypervascularized islets revealed an increased expression of extracellular matrix components and axon guidance molecules, with these transcripts being enriched in the islet-derived endothelial cell population. We propose a mechanism for coordinated neurovascular development within pancreatic islets, in which endocrine cell-derived VEGF directs the patterning of intra-islet capillaries during embryogenesis, forming a scaffold for the postnatal ingrowth of essential autonomic nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Reinert
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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