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Lai MI, Wendy-Yeo WY, Ramasamy R, Nordin N, Rosli R, Veerakumarasivam A, Abdullah S. Advancements in reprogramming strategies for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 28:291-301. [PMID: 21384252 PMCID: PMC3114956 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has emerged as an invaluable method for generating patient-specific stem cells of any lineage without the use of embryonic materials. Following the first reported generation of iPS cells from murine fibroblasts using retroviral transduction of a defined set of transcription factors, various new strategies have been developed to improve and refine the reprogramming technology. Recent developments provide optimism that the generation of safe iPS cells without any genomic modification could be derived in the near future for the use in clinical settings. This review summarizes current and evolving strategies in the generation of iPS cells, including types of somatic cells for reprogramming, variations of reprogramming genes, reprogramming methods, and how the advancement iPS cells technology can lead to the future success of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei I. Lai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Laboratory Block D, Level 7, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wai Yeng Wendy-Yeo
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratory Block B, Level 6, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rajesh Ramasamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Laboratory Block D, Level 7, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratory Block B, Level 6, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratory Block B, Level 6, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Abhi Veerakumarasivam
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratory Block B, Level 6, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Perdana University, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Syahril Abdullah
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratory Block B, Level 6, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang UPM, Selangor Malaysia
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152
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Kuckenberg P, Peitz M, Kubaczka C, Becker A, Egert A, Wardelmann E, Zimmer A, Brüstle O, Schorle H. Lineage conversion of murine extraembryonic trophoblast stem cells to pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1748-56. [PMID: 21300784 PMCID: PMC3126346 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01047-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the first cell fate decision is initialized by cell polarization at the 8- to 16-cell stage of the preimplantation embryo. At this stage, outside cells adopt a trophectoderm (TE) fate, whereas the inside cell population gives rise to the inner cell mass (ICM). Prior to implantation, transcriptional interaction networks and epigenetic modifications divide the extraembryonic and embryonic fate irrevocably. Here, we report that extraembryonic trophoblast stem cell (TSC) lines are converted to induced pluripotent stem cells (TSC-iPSCs) by overexpressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc. Methylation studies and gene array analyses indicated that TSC-iPSCs had adopted a pluripotent potential. The rate of conversion was lower than those of somatic reprogramming experiments, probably due to the unique genetic network controlling extraembryonic lineage fixation. Both in vitro and in vivo, TSC-iPSCs differentiated into tissues representing all three embryonic germ layers, indicating that somatic cell fate could be induced. Finally, TSC-iPSCs chimerized the embryo proper and contributed to the germ line of mice, indicating that these cells had acquired full somatic differentiation potential. These results lead to a better understanding of the molecular processes that govern the first lineage decision in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuckenberg
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Kubaczka
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Becker
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Angela Egert
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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153
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Simerly C, McFarland D, Castro C, Lin CC, Redinger C, Jacoby E, Mich-Basso J, Orwig K, Mills P, Ahrens E, Navara C, Schatten G. Interspecies chimera between primate embryonic stem cells and mouse embryos: monkey ESCs engraft into mouse embryos, but not post-implantation fetuses. Stem Cell Res 2011; 7:28-40. [PMID: 21543277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unequivocal evidence for pluripotency in which embryonic stem cells contribute to chimeric offspring has yet to be demonstrated in human or nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here, rhesus and baboons ESCs were investigated in interspecific mouse chimera generated by aggregation or blastocyst injection. Aggregation chimera produced mouse blastocysts with GFP-nhpESCs at the inner cell mass (ICM), and embryo transfers (ETs) generated dimly-fluorescencing abnormal fetuses. Direct injection of GFP-nhpESCs into blastocysts produced normal non-GFP-fluorescencing fetuses. Injected chimera showed >70% loss of GFP-nhpESCs after 21 h culture. Outgrowths of all chimeric blastocysts established distinct but separate mouse- and NHP-ESC colonies. Extensive endogenous autofluorescence compromised anti-GFP detection and PCR analysis did not detect nhpESCs in fetuses. NhpESCs localize to the ICM in chimera and generate pregnancies. Because primate ESCs do not engraft post-implantation, and also because endogenous autofluorescence results in misleading positive signals, interspecific chimera assays for pluripotency with primate stem cells is unreliable with the currently available ESCs. Testing primate ESCs reprogrammed into even more naïve states in these inter-specific chimera assays will be an important future endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Simerly
- Division of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh Development Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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154
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Ghorpade A. Reprogrammed astrocytes with old 'memories' blossom into region-specific neurons. Protein Cell 2011; 2:87-9. [PMID: 21400043 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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155
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Niibe K, Kawamura Y, Araki D, Morikawa S, Miura K, Suzuki S, Shimmura S, Sunabori T, Mabuchi Y, Nagai Y, Nakagawa T, Okano H, Matsuzaki Y. Purified mesenchymal stem cells are an efficient source for iPS cell induction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17610. [PMID: 21412425 PMCID: PMC3055883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by the forced expression of defined transcription factors. Although most somatic cells are capable of acquiring pluripotency with minimal gene transduction, the poor efficiency of cell reprogramming and the uneven quality of iPS cells are still important problems. In particular, the choice of cell type most suitable for inducing high-quality iPS cells remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we generated iPS cells from PDGFRα+ Sca-1+ (PαS) adult mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and PDGFRα− Sca-1− osteo-progenitors (OP cells), and compared the induction efficiency and quality of individual iPS clones. MSCs had a higher reprogramming efficiency compared with OP cells and Tail Tip Fibroblasts (TTFs). The iPS cells induced from MSCs by Oct3/4, Sox2, and Klf4 appeared to be the closest equivalent to ES cells by DNA microarray gene profile and germline-transmission efficiency. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that a purified source of undifferentiated cells from adult tissue can produce high-quality iPS cells. In this context, prospectively enriched MSCs are a promising candidate for the efficient generation of high-quality iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunimichi Niibe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kawamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Araki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Morikawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sunabori
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taneaki Nakagawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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156
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Reprogrammed mouse astrocytes retain a "memory" of tissue origin and possess more tendencies for neuronal differentiation than reprogrammed mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Protein Cell 2011; 2:128-40. [PMID: 21380643 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of a variety of somatic cells with the transcription factors Oct4 (also called Pou5f1), Sox2 with either Klf4 and Myc or Lin28 and Nanog generates the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with marker similarity to embryonic stem cells. However, the difference between iPSCs derived from different origins is unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that reprogrammed cells retain a "memory" of their origins and possess additional potential of related tissue differentiation. We reprogrammed primary mouse astrocytes via ectopic retroviral expression of OCT3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc and found the iPSCs from mouse astrocytes expressed stem cell markers and formed teratomas in SCID mice containing derivatives of all three germ layers similar to mouse embryonic stem cells besides semblable morphologies. To test our hypothesis, we compared embryonic bodies (EBs) formation and neuronal differentiation between iPSCs from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFsiPSCs) and iPSCs from mouse astrocytes (mAsiPSCs). We found that mAsiPSCs grew slower and possessed more potential for neuronal differentiation compared to MEFsiPSCs. Our results suggest that mAsiPSCs retain a "memory" of the central nervous system, which confers additional potential upon neuronal differentiation.
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157
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Smith K, Dalton S. Myc transcription factors: key regulators behind establishment and maintenance of pluripotency. Regen Med 2011; 5:947-59. [PMID: 21082893 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, chromatin remodelers and miRNAs form the foundation of a complex regulatory network required for establishment and maintenance of the pluripotent state. Recent work indicates that Myc transcription factors are essential elements of this regulatory system. However, despite numerous studies, aspects of how Myc controls self-renewal and pluripotency remain obscure. This article reviews evidence supporting the placement of Myc as a central regulator of the pluripotent state and discusses possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriayn Smith
- Paul D Coverdell Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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158
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Ho R, Chronis C, Plath K. Mechanistic insights into reprogramming to induced pluripotency. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:868-78. [PMID: 20945378 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from various embryonic and adult cell types upon expression of a set of few transcription factors, most commonly consisting of Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4, following a strategy originally published by Takahashi and Yamanaka (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006, Cell 126: 663-676). Since iPS cells are molecularly and functionally similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, they provide a source of patient-specific pluripotent cells for regenerative medicine and disease modeling, and therefore have generated enormous scientific and public interest. The generation of iPS cells also presents a powerful tool for dissecting mechanisms that stabilize the differentiated state and are required for the establishment of pluripotency. In this review, we discuss our current view of the molecular mechanisms underlying transcription factor-mediated reprogramming to induced pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie Ho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
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159
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Liu J, Sumer H, Leung J, Upton K, Dottori M, Pébay A, Verma PJ. Late Passage Human Fibroblasts Induced to Pluripotency Are Capable of Directed Neuronal Differentiation. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:193-203. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x514305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is possible to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from mouse and human somatic cells by ectopic expression of defined sets of transcription factors. However, the recommendation that somatic cells should be utilized at early passages for induced reprogramming limits their therapeutic application. Here we report successful reprogramming of human fibroblasts after more than 20 passages in vitro, to a pluripotent state with four transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. The late passage-derived human iPS cells resemble human embryonic stem cells in morphology, cell surface antigens, pluripotent gene expression profiles, and epigenetic states. Moreover, these iPS cells differentiate into cell types representative of the three germ layers in teratomas in vivo, and directed neuronal differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huseyin Sumer
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessie Leung
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyle Upton
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J. Verma
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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160
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The function of e-cadherin in stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:229-59. [PMID: 24710147 PMCID: PMC3924836 DOI: 10.3390/genes2010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) and induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be grown indefinitely under appropriate conditions whilst retaining the ability to differentiate to cells representative of the three primary germ layers. Such cells have the potential to revolutionize medicine by offering treatment options for a wide range of diseases and disorders as well as providing a model system for elucidating mechanisms involved in development and disease. In recent years, evidence for the function of E-cadherin in regulating pluripotent and self-renewal signaling pathways in ES and iPS cells has emerged. In this review, we discuss the function of E-cadherin and its interacting partners in the context of development and disease. We then describe relevant literature highlighting the function of E-cadherin in establishing and maintaining pluripotent and self-renewal properties of ES and iPS cells. In addition, we present experimental data demonstrating that exposure of human ES cells to the E-cadherin neutralizing antibody SHE78.7 allows culture of these cells in the absence of FGF2-supplemented medium.
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161
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem-cell lines can be obtained through the reprogramming of somatic cells from different tissues and species by ectopic expression of defined factors. In theory, these cells--known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)--are suitable for various purposes, including disease modelling, autologous cell therapy, drug or toxicity screening and basic research. Recent methodological improvements are increasing the ease and efficiency of reprogramming, and reducing the genomic modifications required to complete the process. However, depending on the downstream applications, certain technologies have advantages over others. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing reprogramming approaches with the aim of providing readers with a better understanding of the reprogramming process and a basis for selecting the most suitable method for basic or clinical applications.
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162
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Papp B, Plath K. Reprogramming to pluripotency: stepwise resetting of the epigenetic landscape. Cell Res 2011; 21:486-501. [PMID: 21321600 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2006, the "wall came down" that limited the experimental conversion of differentiated cells into the pluripotent state. In a landmark report, Shinya Yamanaka's group described that a handful of transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc) can convert a differentiated cell back to pluripotency over the course of a few weeks, thus reprograming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The birth of iPS cells started off a rush among researchers to increase the efficiency of the reprogramming process, to reveal the underlying mechanistic events, and allowed the generation of patient- and disease-specific human iPS cells, which have the potential to be converted into relevant specialized cell types for replacement therapies and disease modeling. This review addresses the steps involved in resetting the epigenetic landscape during reprogramming. Apparently, defined events occur during the course of the reprogramming process. Immediately, upon expression of the reprogramming factors, some cells start to divide faster and quickly begin to lose their differentiated cell characteristics with robust downregulation of somatic genes. Only a subset of cells continue to upregulate the embryonic expression program, and finally, pluripotency genes are upregulated establishing an embryonic stem cell-like transcriptome and epigenome with pluripotent capabilities. Understanding reprogramming to pluripotency will inform mechanistic studies of lineage switching, in which differentiated cells from one lineage can be directly reprogrammed into another without going through a pluripotent intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Papp
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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163
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Zhang F, Citra F, Wang DA. Prospects of induced pluripotent stem cell technology in regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:115-24. [PMID: 21210760 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are derived from adult somatic cells via reprogramming with ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4; or, Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28), by which the resultant cells regain pluripotency, namely, the capability exclusively possessed by some embryonic cells to differentiate into any cell lineage under proper conditions. Given the ease in cell sourcing and a waiver of ethical opponency, iPS cells excel embryonic pluripotent cells in the practice of drug discovery and regenerative medicine. With an ex vivo practice in regenerative medicine, many problems involved in conventional medicine dosing, such as immune rejection, could be potentially circumvented. In this article, we briefly summarize the fundamentals and status quo of iPS-related applications, and emphasize the prospects of iPS technology in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University. Singapore, Singapore
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164
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Condic ML, Rao M. Alternative sources of pluripotent stem cells: ethical and scientific issues revisited. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1121-9. [PMID: 20397928 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell researchers in the United States continue to face an uncertain future, because of the changing federal guidelines governing this research, the restrictive patent situation surrounding the generation of new human embryonic stem cell lines, and the ethical divide over the use of embryos for research. In this commentary, we describe how recent advances in the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells and the isolation of germ-line-derived pluripotent stem cells resolve a number of these uncertainties. The availability of patient-matched, pluripotent stem cells that can be obtained by ethically acceptable means provides important advantages for stem cell researchers, by both avoiding protracted ethical debates and giving U.S. researchers full access to federal funding. Thus, ethically uncompromised stem cells, such as those derived by direct reprogramming or from germ-cell precursors, are likely to yield important advances in stem cell research and move the field rapidly toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Condic
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-3401, USA.
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165
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Li Y, Cang M, Lee AS, Zhang K, Liu D. Reprogramming of sheep fibroblasts into pluripotency under a drug-inducible expression of mouse-derived defined factors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15947. [PMID: 21253598 PMCID: PMC3017083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide powerful tool for studies of early embryonic development, gene targeting, cloning, and regenerative medicine. However, the majority of attempts to establish ESC lines from large animals, especially ungulate mammals have failed. Recently, another type of pluripotent stem cells, known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been successfully generated from mouse, human, monkey, rat and pig. In this study we show sheep fibroblasts can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by defined factors using a drug-inducible system. Sheep iPSCs derived in this fashion have a normal karyotype, exhibit morphological features similar to those of human ESCs and express AP, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and the cell surface marker SSEA-4. Pluripotency of these cells was further confirmed by embryoid body (EB) and teratoma formation assays which generated derivatives of all three germ layers. Our results also show that the substitution of knockout serum replacement (KSR) with fetal bovine serum in culture improves the reprogramming efficiency of sheep iPSCs. Generation of sheep iPSCs places sheep on the front lines of large animal preclinical trials and experiments involving modification of animal genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (DL)
| | - Ming Cang
- Lab Animal Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, China
| | - Andrew Stephen Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kehua Zhang
- Department of Immunity, Clinical Medicine Institute, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjun Liu
- Lab Animal Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (DL)
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166
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Nuclear reprogramming strategy modulates differentiation potential of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:131-7. [PMID: 21207217 PMCID: PMC3047690 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineered by ectopic expression of stemness factors, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells demonstrate embryonic stem cell-like properties and offer a unique platform for derivation of autologous pluripotent cells from somatic tissue sources. In the process of nuclear reprogramming, somatic tissues are converted to a pluripotent ground state, thus unlocking an unlimited potential to expand progenitor pools. Molecular dissection of nuclear reprogramming suggests that a residual memory derived from the original parental source, along with the remnants of the reprogramming process itself, leads to a biased potential of the bioengineered progeny to differentiate into target tissues such as cardiac cytotypes. In this way, iPS cells that fulfill pluripotency criteria may display heterogeneous profiles for lineage specification. Small molecule-based strategies have been identified that modulate the epigenetic state of reprogrammed cells and are optimized to erase the residual memory and homogenize the differentiation potential of iPS cells derived from distinct backgrounds. Here, we describe the salient components of the reprogramming process and their effect on the downstream differentiation capacity of the iPS populations in the context of cardiovascular regenerative applications.
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167
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Philonenko ES, Shutova MV, Chestkov IV, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. Current progress and potential practical application for human pluripotent stem cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 292:153-96. [PMID: 22078961 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386033-0.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are able to give rise to all cell types of the organism. There are two sources for human pluripotent stem cells: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from surplus blastocysts created for in vitro fertilization and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by reprogramming of somatic cells. ESCs have been an area of intense research during the past decade, and two clinical trials have been recently approved. iPSCs were created only recently, and most of the research has been focused on the iPSC generation protocols and investigation of mechanisms of direct reprogramming. The iPSC technology makes possible to derive pluripotent stem cells from any patient. However, there are a number of hurdles to be overcome before iPSCs will find a niche in practice. In this review, we discuss differences and similarities of the two pluripotent cell types and assess prospects for application of these cells in biomedicine.
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168
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Efe JA, Yuan X, Jiang K, Ding S. Development unchained: how cellular reprogramming is redefining our view of cell fate and identity. Sci Prog 2011; 94:298-322. [PMID: 22026150 PMCID: PMC10365398 DOI: 10.3184/003685011x13131588500975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Higher eukaryotic development has traditionally been considered a unidirectional and irreversible process. Beginning in 2006, with Yamanaka and colleagues' report on the first successful generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the field of stem cell biology has experienced perhaps unprecedented rates of growth and discovery. This review is a summary of recent progress in the field of reprogramming. Advances in small molecule-aided reprogramming and transdifferentiation, currently two of the most intensely studied areas of stem cell biology, are emphasized. The field has collectively covered much ground in the past five years, dramatically increasing reprogramming efficiency and successfully eliminating the need for permanent genetic modification, perhaps the biggest obstacle to eventual clinical use of this strategy. Simultaneously, various transdifferentiation strategies are rapidly expanding the scope of cellular plasticity interconverting unrelated cell types with relative technical ease. While significant challenges remain--such as accomplishing small molecule-only "chemical reprogramming" or ensuring the functional and epigenetic equivalency of reprogrammed or transdifferentiated cells--there is no shortage of enthusiasm in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jem A. Efe
- Scripps Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego's private biotechnology sector (Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA)
| | - Xu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Kai Jiang
- Imperial College, London.laboratory in Gladstone Institute, San Francisco
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 94158, USA
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169
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Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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170
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Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has emerged as a novel treatment option for ischemic heart disease. Different cell types have been utilized and the recent development of induced pluripotent stem cells has generated tremendous excitement in the regenerative field. Bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cell transplantation in preclinical large animal models of postinfarction left ventricular remodeling has demonstrated long-term functional and bioenergetic improvement. These beneficial effects are observed despite no significant engraftment of bone marrow cells in the myocardium and even lower differentiation of these cells into cardiomyocytes. It is thought to be related to the paracrine effect of these stem cells, which secrete factors that lead to long-term gene expression changes in the host myocardium, thereby promoting neovascularization, inhibiting apoptosis, and stimulating resident cardiac progenitor cells. Future studies are warranted to examine the changes in the recipient myocardium after stem cell transplantation and to investigate the signaling pathways involved in these effects.
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171
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Haider KH, Buccini S, Ahmed RPH, Ashraf M. De novo myocardial regeneration: advances and pitfalls. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1867-77. [PMID: 20695792 PMCID: PMC2971636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The capability of adult tissue-derived stem cells for cardiogenesis has been extensively studied in experimental animals and clinical studies for treatment of postischemic cardiomyopathy. The less-than-anticipated improvement in the heart function in most clinical studies with skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow cells has warranted a search for alternative sources of stem cells. Despite their multilineage differentiation potential, ethical issues, teratogenicity, and tissue rejection are main obstacles in developing clinically feasible methods for embryonic stem cell transplantation into patients. A decade-long research on embryonic stem cells has paved the way for discovery of alternative approaches for generating pluripotent stem cells. Genetic manipulation of somatic cells for pluripotency genes reprograms the cells to pluripotent status. Efforts are currently focused to make reprogramming protocols safer for clinical applications of the reprogrammed cells. We summarize the advancements and complicating features of stem cell therapy and discuss the decade-and-a-half-long efforts made by stem cell researchers for moving the field from bench to the bedside as an adjunct therapy or as an alternative to the contemporary therapeutic modalities for routine clinical application. The review also provides a special focus on the advancements made in the field of somatic cell reprogramming.
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172
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Li Y, Zhao H, Lan F, Lee A, Chen L, Lin C, Yao Y, Li L. Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells from gut mesentery-derived cells by ectopic expression of OCT4/SOX2/NANOG. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:237-47. [PMID: 20698766 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been generated from human somatic cells by ectopic expression of defined transcription factors. Application of this approach in human cells may have enormous potential to generate patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. However, traditional methods of reprogramming in human somatic cells involve the use of oncogenes c-MYC and KLF4, which are not applicable to clinical translation. In the present study, we investigated whether human fetal gut mesentery-derived cells (hGMDCs) could be successfully reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG alone. We used lentiviruses to express OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, in hGMDCs, then generated iPS cells that were identified by morphology, presence of pluripotency markers, global gene expression profile, DNA methylation status, capacity to form embryoid bodies (EBs), and terotoma formation. iPS cells resulting from hGMDCs were similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, surface markers, gene expression, and epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes. Furthermore, these cells were able to differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo, as shown by EB and teratoma formation assays. DNA fingerprinting showed that the human iPS cells were derived from the donor cells, and are not a result of contamination. Our results provide proof that hGMDCs can be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells by ectopic expression of three factors (OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG) without the use of oncogenes c-MYC and KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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173
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Kulkeaw K, Horio Y, Mizuochi C, Ogawa M, Sugiyama D. Variation in hematopoietic potential of induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:381-9. [PMID: 20401546 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were originally generated from somatic cells by ectopic expression of four transcription factor genes: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. Currently, iPS cell lines differ in tissue origin, the combination of factors used to construct them, the method of gene delivery and expression of pluripotency markers. Thus to evaluate iPS cells for haematotherapy, the hematopoietic potential among iPS lines should be compared. Here, we compare differentiation capacity of six iPS lines into mesodermal cells and hematopoietic cells (HCs) through embryoid body (EB) formation. We show that the mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)-derived iPS lines 20D17 and 178B5 resemble CCE ES cells in terms of morphology in culture, number and size of EBs and differentiation capacity into mesodermal cells compared to iPS cells derived from adults, although all iPS lines could form EBs. The number of mesodermal cells differentiated from MEF-derived iPS cell lines showed a 3.9-407-fold increase compared to that from iPS lines derived from adults. Furthermore, 178B5 iPS cells generated Ter119(+) erythroid cells (3.35%) efficiently in culture. We conclude that hematopoietic potential differs among the six lines and that MEF-derived 20D17 and 178B5 iPS cells generate HCs more efficiently than adult-derived iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasem Kulkeaw
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cells, SSP Stem Cell Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Station for Collaborative Research1 4F, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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174
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Fairchild PJ. The challenge of immunogenicity in the quest for induced pluripotency. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:868-75. [PMID: 21107347 DOI: 10.1038/nri2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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175
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Stadtfeld M, Hochedlinger K. Induced pluripotency: history, mechanisms, and applications. Genes Dev 2010; 24:2239-63. [PMID: 20952534 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1963910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells demonstrated that adult mammalian cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by the enforced expression of a few embryonic transcription factors. This discovery has raised fundamental questions about the mechanisms by which transcription factors influence the epigenetic conformation and differentiation potential of cells during reprogramming and normal development. In addition, iPSC technology has provided researchers with a unique tool to derive disease-specific stem cells for the study and possible treatment of degenerative disorders with autologous cells. In this review, we summarize the progress that has been made in the iPSC field over the last 4 years, with an emphasis on understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming and its potential applications in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stadtfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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176
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Chin MH, Pellegrini M, Plath K, Lowry WE. Molecular analyses of human induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 7:263-9. [PMID: 20682452 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent work from our group and others has argued that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated by the introduction of four viruses bearing reprogramming factors differ from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) at the level of gene expression (Chin et al., 2009). Many of the differences seen were common across independent labs and, at least to some extent, are thought to be a result of residual expression of donor cell-specific genes (Chin et al., 2009; Ghosh et al., 2010; Marchetto et al., 2009). Two new reports reanalyze similar expression data sets as those used in Chin et al. (2009) and come to different conclusions (Newman and Cooper, 2010; Guenther et al., 2010). We compare various approaches to perform gene expression meta-analysis that all support our original conclusions and present new data to demonstrate that polycistronic delivery of the reprogramming factors and extended culture brings hiPSCs transcriptionally closer to hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Chin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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177
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Gene therapy, gene targeting and induced pluripotent stem cells: Applications in monogenic disease treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:715-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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178
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Picanço-Castro V, Russo-Carbolante E, Reis LCJ, Fraga AM, de Magalhães DAR, Orellana MD, Panepucci RA, Pereira LV, Covas DT. Pluripotent reprogramming of fibroblasts by lentiviral mediated insertion of SOX2, C-MYC, and TCL-1A. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:169-80. [PMID: 20504151 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency promises to boost cellular therapy. Most instances of direct reprogramming have been achieved by forced expression of defined exogenous factors using multiple viral vectors. The most used 4 transcription factors, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), and v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (C-MYC), can induce pluripotency in mouse and human fibroblasts. Here, we report that forced expression of a new combination of transcription factors (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A [TCL-1A], C-MYC, and SOX2) is sufficient to promote the reprogramming of human fibroblasts into pluripotent cells. These 3-factor pluripotent cells are similar to human embryonic stem cells in morphology, in the ability to differentiate into cells of the 3 embryonic layers, and at the level of global gene expression. Induced pluripotent human cells generated by a combination of other factors will be of great help for the understanding of reprogramming pathways. This, in turn, will allow us to better control cell-fate and apply this knowledge to cell therapy.
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179
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Kuijk EW, van Mil A, Brinkhof B, Penning LC, Colenbrander B, Roelen BAJ. PTEN and TRP53 independently suppress Nanog expression in spermatogonial stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:979-88. [PMID: 19845468 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogonial stem cells are a special type of adult stem cells because they can contribute to the next generation. Knockout studies have indicated a role for TRP53 and PTEN in insulating male germ cells from pluripotency, but the mechanism by which this is achieved is largely unknown. To get more insight in these processes, an RNAi experiment was performed on the mouse spermatogonial stem cell line GSDG1. Lipofectaminemediated transfection of siRNAs directed against Trp53 and Pten resulted in decreased expression levels as determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. The effects of knockdown were examined by determining the expression levels of genes that are involved in reprogramming and pluripotency of cells, specifically Nanog, Eras, c-Myc, Klf4, Oct4, and Sox2. Additionally, the effects of TRP53 or PTEN knockdown on Plzf and Ddx4 expression were measured, which are highly expressed in spermatogonial stem cells and differentiating male germ cells, respectively. The main finding of this study is that knockdown of Trp53 and Pten independently resulted in significantly higher expression levels of the pluripotency-associated gene Nanog, and we hypothesize that TRP53 and PTEN mediated repression is important for the insulation of male germ cells from pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewart W Kuijk
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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180
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T-cell receptor-driven lymphomagenesis in mice derived from a reprogrammed T cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18939-43. [PMID: 20956329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013230107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of mature somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, both by nuclear transfer and transduction with specific "reprogramming" genes, represents a major advance in regenerative medicine. Pluripotent stem cell lines can now be generated from an individual's own cells, facilitating the generation of immunologically acceptable stem cell-based therapeutics. Many cell types can undergo nuclear reprogramming, leading to the question of whether the identity of the reprogrammed cell of origin has a biological consequence. Peripheral blood, containing a mixture of T, B, NK, and myeloid cell types, represents one potential source of reprogrammable cells. In this study, we describe the unique case of mice derived from a reprogrammed T cell. These mice have prerearranged T-cell receptor (TCR) genes in all cells. Surprisingly, ≈50% of mice with prerearranged TCR genes develop spontaneous T cell lymphomas, which originate in the thymus. The lymphomas arise from developing T cells, and contain activated Notch1, similar to most human and mouse T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphomas. Furthermore, lymphomagenesis requires the expression of both prerearranged TCRα and TCRβ genes, indicating a critical role for TCR signaling. Furthermore, inhibitors of multiple branches of TCR signaling suppress lymphoma growth, implicating TCR signaling as an essential component in lymphoma proliferation. The lymphomagenesis in mice derived from a reprogrammed T cell demonstrates the deleterious consequences of misregulation of the TCR rearrangement and signaling pathways and illustrates one case of cellular reprogramming where the identity of the cell of origin has profound consequences.
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181
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Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using defined factors has been considered a ground-breaking step towards establishing patient-specific pluripotent stem cells for various applications. The isolation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells set the standard that pluripotent stem cells are attainable as potentially immortal cells for regeneration of many types of tissues. Different approaches have been tested to obtain pluripotent stem cells by circumventing the need for embryos. iPS cells appear to be an ideal substitute for ES cells. Since the first demonstration of creating iPS cells in 2006, tremendous efforts have been made into improving iPS cell generation methods and understanding the reprogramming mechanism as well as the nature of iPS cells. To improve iPS cell generation, several approaches have been taken: (1) eliminate the viral vector integration after delivering the defined factors; (2) select different cell types that more effectively give rise to iPS cells; (3) use of chemicals to facilitate reprogramming; (4) use of protein factors to reprogram cells. The iPS cells are also being rigorously characterized in comparison to ES cells. All these efforts are made for the purpose of making iPS cells closer to clinical applications. This article will give an overview of the following areas: (1) mechanisms of iPS cell derivation; (2) characterization of iPS cells; (3) iPS cells for cell-based therapy; and (4) iPS cells for studying disease mechanism. Questions as to what aspects of iPS cells require further understanding before they may be put to clinical use are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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182
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in molecular biology research have culminated in development of technologies to generate pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. In addition to skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells also have been shown to be amenable to reprogramming to pluripotency. The present review discusses the relevance of these findings to basic researches and regenerative medicine, and how researchers can take advantage of hematopoietic cell reprogramming technologies. RECENT FINDINGS In 2006, Yamanaka and his colleagues published their amazing observation that murine somatic cells can be reprogrammed to the embryonic stem cell-like state simply by retroviral-mediated introduction of three or four defined factors. Soon after, human cells also were shown to be amenable to similar reprogramming. Generation of induced pluripotent cells from several types of hematopoietic cells of both murine and human origins now has been reported. SUMMARY Reprogramming adult hematopoietic cells will provide opportunities to obtain valuable materials with minimum risk and burden to patients. Reprogrammed cells can be used in research to elucidate disease mechanisms and in drug or toxicity screening. In clinical settings, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells may be used to generate mature functional cells for various therapies.
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183
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Egusa H, Okita K, Kayashima H, Yu G, Fukuyasu S, Saeki M, Matsumoto T, Yamanaka S, Yatani H. Gingival fibroblasts as a promising source of induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12743. [PMID: 20856871 PMCID: PMC2939066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells efficiently generated from accessible tissues have the potential for clinical applications. Oral gingiva, which is often resected during general dental treatments and treated as biomedical waste, is an easily obtainable tissue, and cells can be isolated from patients with minimal discomfort. Methodology/Principal Findings We herein demonstrate iPS cell generation from adult wild-type mouse gingival fibroblasts (GFs) via introduction of four factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc; GF-iPS-4F cells) or three factors (the same as GF-iPS-4F cells, but without the c-Myc oncogene; GF-iPS-3F cells) without drug selection. iPS cells were also generated from primary human gingival fibroblasts via four-factor transduction. These cells exhibited the morphology and growth properties of embryonic stem (ES) cells and expressed ES cell marker genes, with a decreased CpG methylation ratio in promoter regions of Nanog and Oct3/4. Additionally, teratoma formation assays showed ES cell-like derivation of cells and tissues representative of all three germ layers. In comparison to mouse GF-iPS-4F cells, GF-iPS-3F cells showed consistently more ES cell-like characteristics in terms of DNA methylation status and gene expression, although the reprogramming process was substantially delayed and the overall efficiency was also reduced. When transplanted into blastocysts, GF-iPS-3F cells gave rise to chimeras and contributed to the development of the germline. Notably, the four-factor reprogramming efficiency of mouse GFs was more than 7-fold higher than that of fibroblasts from tail-tips, possibly because of their high proliferative capacity. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that GFs from the easily obtainable gingival tissues can be readily reprogrammed into iPS cells, thus making them a promising cell source for investigating the basis of cellular reprogramming and pluripotency for future clinical applications. In addition, high-quality iPS cells were generated from mouse GFs without Myc transduction or a specific system for reprogrammed cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Egusa
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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184
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Boyd AS, Fairchild PJ. Approaches for immunological tolerance induction to stem cell-derived cell replacement therapies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:435-48. [PMID: 20441429 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of donors for organ transplantation and also to treat degenerative diseases has led to the development of the new field of regenerative medicine. One aim of this field, in addition to in vivo induction of endogenous tissue regeneration, is to utilize stem cells as a supplementary source of cells to repair or replace tissues or organs that have ceased to function owing to ageing or autoimmunity. Embryonic stem cells hold promise in this respect because of their developmental capacity to generate all tissues within the body. More recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells, somatic cells reprogrammed to a primitive embryonic-like state by the introduction of pluripotency factors, may also act as an important cell source for cell replacement therapy. However, before cell replacement therapy can become a reality, one must consider how to overcome the potential transplant rejection of stem cell-derived products. There are several potential ways to circumvent the hurdles presented by the immune system in this setting, not least the induction of immunological tolerance in the host. In this review, we consider this and other approaches for engendering acceptance of stem cell-derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh S Boyd
- Stem Cell Sciences Lab, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13RE, UK.
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185
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Yan X, Qin H, Qu C, Tuan RS, Shi S, Huang GTJ. iPS cells reprogrammed from human mesenchymal-like stem/progenitor cells of dental tissue origin. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:469-80. [PMID: 19795982 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells holds a great promise for regenerative medicine and other aspects of clinical applications. Many types of cells have been successfully reprogrammed into iPS cells in the mouse system; however, reprogramming human cells have been more difficult. To date, human dermal fibroblasts are the most accessible and feasible cell source for iPS generation. Dental tissues derived from ectomesenchyme harbor mesenchymal-like stem/progenitor cells and some of the tissues have been treated as biomedical wastes, for example, exfoliated primary teeth and extracted third molars. We asked whether stem/progenitor cells from discarded dental tissues can be reprogrammed into iPS cells. The 4 factors Lin28/Nanog/Oct4/Sox2 or c-Myc/Klf4/Oct4/Sox2 carried by viral vectors were used to reprogram 3 different dental stem/progenitor cells: stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP), and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). We showed that all 3 can be reprogrammed into iPS cells and appeared to be at a higher rate than fibroblasts. They exhibited a morphology indistinguishable from human embryonic stem (hES) cells in cultures and expressed hES cell markers SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-80, TRA-2-49, Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. They formed embryoid bodies in vitro and teratomas in vivo containing tissues of all 3 germ layers. We conclude that cells of ectomesenchymal origin serve as an excellent alternative source for generating iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yan
- Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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186
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Borowiak M. The new generation of beta-cells: replication, stem cell differentiation, and the role of small molecules. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:93-104. [PMID: 21060968 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients suffer from the loss of insulin-secreting β-cells, or from an improper working β-cell mass. Due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes across the world, there is a compelling need for a renewable source of cells that could replace pancreatic β-cells. In recent years, several promising approaches to the generation of new β-cells have been developed. These include directed differentiation of pluripotent cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, or reprogramming of mature tissue cells. High yield methods to differentiate cell populations into β-cells, definitive endoderm, and pancreatic progenitors, have been established using growth factors and small molecules. However, the final step of directed differentiation to generate functional, mature β-cells in sufficient quantities has yet to be achieved in vitro. Beside the needs of transplantation medicine, a renewable source of β-cells would also be important in terms of a platform to study the pathogenesis of diabetes, and to seek alternative treatments. Finally, by generating new β-cells, we could learn more details about pancreatic development and β-cell specification. This review gives an overview of pancreas ontogenesis in the perspective of stem cell differentiation, and highlights the critical aspects of small molecules in the generation of a renewable β-cell source. Also, it discusses longer term challenges and opportunities in moving towards a therapeutic goal for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Borowiak
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, 42 Church St, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.
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187
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Systems biology discoveries using non-human primate pluripotent stem and germ cells: novel gene and genomic imprinting interactions as well as unique expression patterns. Stem Cell Res Ther 2010; 1:24. [PMID: 20699013 PMCID: PMC2941116 DOI: 10.1186/scrt24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of pluripotent stem cells has generated much interest in both biology and medicine. Understanding the fundamentals of biological decisions, including what permits a cell to maintain pluripotency, that is, its ability to self-renew and thereby remain immortal, or to differentiate into multiple types of cells, is of profound importance. For clinical applications, pluripotent cells, including both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, have been proposed for cell replacement therapy for a number of human diseases and disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury and diabetes. One challenge in their usage for such therapies is understanding the mechanisms that allow the maintenance of pluripotency and controlling the specific differentiation into required functional target cells. Because of regulatory restrictions and biological feasibilities, there are many crucial investigations that are just impossible to perform using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from humans (for example, direct comparisons among panels of inbred embryonic stem cells from prime embryos obtained from pedigreed and fertile donors; genomic analysis of parent versus progeny PSCs and their identical differentiated tissues; intraspecific chimera analyses for pluripotency testing; and so on). However, PSCs from nonhuman primates are being investigated to bridge these knowledge gaps between discoveries in mice and vital information necessary for appropriate clinical evaluations. In this review, we consider the mRNAs and novel genes with unique expression and imprinting patterns that were discovered using systems biology approaches with primate pluripotent stem and germ cells.
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Simon L, Hess RA, Cooke PS. Spermatogonial stem cells, in vivo transdifferentiation and human regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:519-30. [PMID: 20146635 DOI: 10.1517/14712591003614731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Embryonic stem (ES) cells have potential for use in regenerative medicine, but use of these cells is hindered by moral, legal and ethical issues. Induced pluripotent cells have promise in regenerative medicine. However, since generation of these cells involves genetic manipulation, it also faces significant hurdles before clinical use. This review discusses spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) as a potential alternative source of pluripotent cells for use in human regenerative medicine. AREAS COVERED IN THE REVIEW The potential of SSCs to give rise to a wide range of other cell types either directly, when recombined with instructive inducers, or indirectly, after being converted to ES-like cells. Current understanding of the differentiation potential of murine SSCs and recent progress in isolating and culturing human SSCs and demonstrating their properties is also discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Insight into the plasticity of SSCs and the unique properties of these cells for regenerative applications, the limitations of SSCs for stem-cell-based therapy and the potential alternatives available. TAKE HOME MESSAGE If methodologies for isolation and conversion of adult human SSCs directly into other cell types can be effectively developed, SSCs could represent an important alternate source of pluripotent cells that can be used in human tissue repair and/or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Simon
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Veterinary Biosciences, VMBSB, 2001, S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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190
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Yagi H, Tafaleng E, Nagaya M, Hansel MC, Strom SC, Fox IJ, Soto-Gutierrez A. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for liver disease. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2010; 37:377-98. [PMID: 20528732 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v37.i4-5.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are human somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to a pluripotent state. Through several elegant technologies, we are now able to generate human iPS cells with disease genotypes that could serve as invaluable tools for human disease modeling. This could lead to an understanding of the root causes of a disease and to the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for it. However, we are still far from generating fully functional liver cells from stem cells, including iPS cells, on in vitro culture systems. Tissue-engineering techniques have opened the window to inducing a functional fate for differentiated cells by providing a microenvironment that allows the maintenance of signals similar to those found in the natural microenvironment. Here we review the current technology to establish iPS cells and discuss strategies to generate human liver disease modeling using iPS cell technology in concert with bioengineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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191
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Gene therapy, gene targeting and induced pluripotent stem cells: applications in monogenic disease treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 29:1-10. [PMID: 20656005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic diseases are often severe, life-threatening disorders for which lifelong palliative treatment is the only option. Over the last two decades, a number of strategies have been devised with the aim to treat these diseases with a genetic approach. Gene therapy has been under development for many years, yet suffers from the lack of an effective and safe vector for the delivery of genetic material into cells. More recently, gene targeting by homologous recombination has been proposed as a safer treatment, by specifically correcting disease-causing mutations. However, low efficiency is a major drawback. The emergence of two technologies could overcome some of these obstacles. Terminally differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed, using defined factors, to become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can undergo efficient gene mutation correction with the aid of fusion proteins known as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs). The amalgamation of these two technologies has the potential to break through the current bottleneck in gene therapy and gene targeting.
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192
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Cell type of origin influences the molecular and functional properties of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:848-55. [PMID: 20644536 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 894] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been derived from various somatic cell populations through ectopic expression of defined factors. It remains unclear whether iPSCs generated from different cell types are molecularly and functionally similar. Here we show that iPSCs obtained from mouse fibroblasts, hematopoietic and myogenic cells exhibit distinct transcriptional and epigenetic patterns. Moreover, we demonstrate that cellular origin influences the in vitro differentiation potentials of iPSCs into embryoid bodies and different hematopoietic cell types. Notably, continuous passaging of iPSCs largely attenuates these differences. Our results suggest that early-passage iPSCs retain a transient epigenetic memory of their somatic cells of origin, which manifests as differential gene expression and altered differentiation capacity. These observations may influence ongoing attempts to use iPSCs for disease modeling and could also be exploited in potential therapeutic applications to enhance differentiation into desired cell lineages.
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193
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Masip M, Veiga A, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Simón C. Reprogramming with defined factors: from induced pluripotency to induced transdifferentiation. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:856-68. [PMID: 20616150 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Masip
- Spanish Stem Cell Bank (Valencia Node), Prince Felipe Research Center, CIPF, Valencia University, Avda. Autopista del Saler 16, Valencia 46012, Spain
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Yoshida Y, Yamanaka S. Recent Stem Cell Advances: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Stem Cell–Based Regeneration. Circulation 2010; 122:80-7. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.881433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yoshida
- From the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Institute for Integrated Cell–Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y.); Yamanaka iPS Cell Special Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, Calif (S.Y.)
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- From the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Institute for Integrated Cell–Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y.); Yamanaka iPS Cell Special Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, Calif (S.Y.)
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195
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Li M, Chen M, Han W, Fu X. How far are induced pluripotent stem cells from the clinic? Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:257-64. [PMID: 20362696 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be derived from diverse different somatic cells and share many of the characteristics of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Because iPSCs avoid many of the ethical concerns associated with the use of embryonic or fetal material, iPSCs have great potential in cell-based regenerative medicine. However, several hurdles will need to be surmounted before their potential can be realized in therapeutic applications. For example, the use of viral vectors, some of which are oncogenes raises the risk of tumor formation in patients, the differentiation of iPSCs into required functional cells in vivo remains to be established, the obtaining of pure populations of target cells from iPSCs is still difficult. Of these, some are shared by both iPSCs and ESCs, others are unique to iPSCs. We will describe these stumbling blocks in detail and discuss possible ways to overcome them. Despite many significant advances, there is as yet no technological framework that would allow the exploitation of iPSCs in a clinical setting in the immediate future. Further research will be required before directed reprogramming can provide a source of cells suitable for application in regenerative medicine.
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196
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Medvedev S, Shevchenko A, Zakian S. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Problems and Advantages when Applying them in Regenerative Medicine. Acta Naturae 2010; 2:18-28. [PMID: 22649638 PMCID: PMC3347549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a new type of pluripotent cells that can be obtained by reprogramming animal and human differentiated cells. In this review, issues related to the nature of iPSCs are discussed and different methods of iPSC production are described. We particularly focused on methods of iPSC production without the genetic modification of the cell genome and with means for increasing the iPSC production efficiency. The possibility and issues related to the safety of iPSC use in cell replacement therapy of human diseases and a study of new medicines are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.P. Medvedev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A.I. Shevchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - S.M. Zakian
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
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197
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Viable Fertile Mice Generated from Fully Pluripotent iPS Cells Derived from Adult Somatic Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:390-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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198
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Hirabayashi Y, Gotoh Y. Epigenetic control of neural precursor cell fate during development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:377-88. [PMID: 20485363 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The temporally and spatially restricted nature of the differentiation capacity of cells in the neural lineage has been studied extensively in recent years. Epigenetic control of developmental genes, which is heritable through cell divisions, has emerged as a key mechanism defining the differentiation potential of cells. Short-term or reversible repression of developmental genes puts them in a 'poised state', ready to be activated in response to differentiation-inducing cues, whereas long-term or permanent repression of developmental genes restricts the cell fates they regulate. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that underlie the establishment and regulation of differentiation potential along the neural lineage during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirabayashi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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199
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Yukawa H, Noguchi H, Nakase I, Miyamoto Y, Oishi K, Hamajima N, Futaki S, Hayashi S. Transduction of Cell-Penetrating Peptides into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:901-9. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x509031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have recently been generated by Yamanaka's group, and then followed by others. iPS cells are expected to have clinical applications including an important role in regenerative medicine. This study focused on the cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for differentiation or functional application of iPS cells, because several transduction domains can deliver a large size-independent variety of molecules into cells. Two CPPs, Texas Red-R8 and Rhodamine-TAT, were generated as representative CPPs and these CPPs were tested to determine their ability to penetrate the membrane of iPS cells. Both CPPs were transduced in iPS cells through macropinocytosis classified in endocytosis within 2 h in a manner consistent with many other cells, and no cytotoxicity and influence on their undifferentiated state was observed. In conclusion, CPPs can be utilized for their differentiation or functional application in iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Baylor All Saints Medical Center and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Oishi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuji Hayashi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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200
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Tsai SY, Clavel C, Kim S, Ang YS, Grisanti L, Lee DF, Kelley K, Rendl M. Oct4 and klf4 reprogram dermal papilla cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:221-8. [PMID: 20014278 DOI: 10.1002/stem.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by only four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) has great potential for tissue-specific regenerative therapies, eliminating the ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells and the rejection problems of using non-autologous cells. The reprogramming efficiency generally is very low, however, and the problems surrounding the introduction of viral genetic material are only partially investigated. Recent efforts to reduce the number of virally expressed transcription factors succeeded at reprogramming neural stem cells into iPS cells by overexpressing Oct4 alone. However, the relative inaccessibility and difficulty of obtaining neural cells in humans remains to be resolved. Here we report that dermal papilla (DP) cells, which are specialized skin fibroblasts thought to instruct hair follicle stem cells, endogenously express high levels of Sox2 and c-Myc, and that these cells can be reprogrammed into iPS cells with only Oct4 and Klf4. Moreover, we show that DP cells are reprogrammed more efficiently than skin and embryonic fibroblasts. iPS cells derived from DP cells expressed pluripotency genes and differentiated into cells from all germ layers in vitro and widely contributed to chimeric mice in vivo, including the germline. Our work establishes DP cells as an easily accessible source to generate iPS cells with efficiency and with less genetic material. This opens up the possibility of streamlined generation of skin-derived, patient-specific pluripotent stem cells and of ultimately replacing the remaining two factors with small molecules for safe generation of transplantable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yi Tsai
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute,Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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