151
|
Dardis G, Tryon R, Ton Q, Johnson SL, Iovine MK. Cx43 suppresses evx1 expression to regulate joint initiation in the regenerating fin. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:691-699. [PMID: 28577298 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How joints are correctly positioned in the vertebrate skeleton remains poorly understood. From our studies on the regenerating fin, we have evidence that the gap junction protein Cx43 suppresses joint formation by suppressing the expression of the evx1 transcription factor. Joint morphogenesis proceeds through at least two discrete stages. First, cells that will produce the joint condense in a single row on the bone matrix ("initiation"). Second, these cells separate coincident with articulation of the bone matrix. We propose that Cx43 activity is transiently reduced prior to joint initiation. RESULTS We first define the timing of joint initiation with respect to regeneration. We next correlate reduced cx43 expression and increased evx1 expression with initiation. Through manipulation of cx43 expression, we demonstrate that Cx43 negatively influences evx1 expression and joint formation. We further demonstrate that Cx43 activity in the dermal fibroblasts is required to rescue joint formation in the cx43 mutant, short finb123 . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Cx43 activity in the dermal fibroblasts influences the expression of evx1, and therefore the differentiation of the precursor cells that give rise to the joint-forming osteoblasts. Developmental Dynamics 246:691-699, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Dardis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Tryon
- Genetics Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Quynh Ton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen L Johnson
- Genetics Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - M Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Tarasco M, Laizé V, Cardeira J, Cancela ML, Gavaia PJ. The zebrafish operculum: A powerful system to assess osteogenic bioactivities of molecules with pharmacological and toxicological relevance. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 197:45-52. [PMID: 28457946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bone disorders affect millions of people worldwide and available therapeutics have a limited efficacy, often presenting undesirable side effects. As such, there is a need for novel molecules with bone anabolic properties. The aim of this work was to establish a rapid, reliable and reproducible method to screen for molecules with osteogenic activities, using the zebrafish operculum to assess bone formation. Exposure parameters were optimized through morphological analysis of the developing operculum of larvae exposed to calcitriol, a molecule with known pro-osteogenic properties. An exposure of 3days initiated at 3days post-fertilization was sufficient to stimulate operculum formation, while not affecting survival or development of the larvae. Dose-dependent pro- and anti-osteogenic effects of calcitriol and cobalt chloride, respectively, demonstrated the sensitivity of the method and the suitability of the operculum system. A double transgenic reporter line expressing fluorescent markers for early and mature osteoblasts was used to gain insights into the effects of calcitriol and cobalt at the cellular level, with osteoblast maturation shown to be stimulated and inhibited, respectively, in the operculum of exposed fish. The zebrafish operculum represents a consistent, robust and rapid screening system for the discovery of novel molecules with osteogenic, anti-osteoporotic or osteotoxic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tarasco
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - João Cardeira
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; ProRegeM PhD Programme, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Pfefferli C, Jaźwińska A. The careg element reveals a common regulation of regeneration in the zebrafish myocardium and fin. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15151. [PMID: 28466843 PMCID: PMC5418624 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of common mechanisms regulating organ regeneration is an intriguing concept. Here we report on a regulatory element that is transiently activated during heart and fin regeneration in zebrafish. This element contains a ctgfa upstream sequence, called careg, which is induced by TGFβ/Activin-β signalling in the peri-injury zone of the myocardium and the fin mesenchyme. In addition, this reporter demarcates a primordial cardiac layer and intraray osteoblasts. Using genetic fate mapping, we show the regenerative competence of careg-expressing cells. The analysis of the heart reveals that the primordial cardiac layer is incompletely restored after cryoinjury, whereas trabecular and cortical cardiomyocytes contribute to myocardial regrowth. In regenerating fins, the activated mesenchyme of the stump gives rise to the blastema. Our findings provide evidence of a common regenerative programme in cardiomyocytes and mesenchyme that opens the possibility to further explore conserved mechanisms of the cellular plasticity in diverse vertebrate organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pfefferli
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Jaźwińska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Kalish-Achrai N, Monsonego-Ornan E, Shahar R. Structure, composition, mechanics and growth of spines of the dorsal fin of blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus and common carp Cyprinus carpio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2073-2096. [PMID: 28295281 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structural, compositional and mechanical properties of the spines of the dorsal fin in mature anosteocytic blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus and osteocytic common carp Cyprinus carpio are described, as well as their temporal growth pattern and regenerative capacities. The three-dimensional architecture of both spines, from macro to sub-micron levels, is shown to be axially oriented and therefore highly anisotropic and the spines of both species are able to regenerate after partial amputation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kalish-Achrai
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - E Monsonego-Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - R Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Berberoglu MA, Gallagher TL, Morrow ZT, Talbot JC, Hromowyk KJ, Tenente IM, Langenau DM, Amacher SL. Satellite-like cells contribute to pax7-dependent skeletal muscle repair in adult zebrafish. Dev Biol 2017; 424:162-180. [PMID: 28279710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells, also known as muscle stem cells, are responsible for skeletal muscle growth and repair in mammals. Pax7 and Pax3 transcription factors are established satellite cell markers required for muscle development and regeneration, and there is great interest in identifying additional factors that regulate satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and/or skeletal muscle regeneration. Due to the powerful regenerative capacity of many zebrafish tissues, even in adults, we are exploring the regenerative potential of adult zebrafish skeletal muscle. Here, we show that adult zebrafish skeletal muscle contains cells similar to mammalian satellite cells. Adult zebrafish satellite-like cells have dense heterochromatin, express Pax7 and Pax3, proliferate in response to injury, and show peak myogenic responses 4-5 days post-injury (dpi). Furthermore, using a pax7a-driven GFP reporter, we present evidence implicating satellite-like cells as a possible source of new muscle. In lieu of central nucleation, which distinguishes regenerating myofibers in mammals, we describe several characteristics that robustly identify newly-forming myofibers from surrounding fibers in injured adult zebrafish muscle. These characteristics include partially overlapping expression in satellite-like cells and regenerating myofibers of two RNA-binding proteins Rbfox2 and Rbfoxl1, known to regulate embryonic muscle development and function. Finally, by analyzing pax7a; pax7b double mutant zebrafish, we show that Pax7 is required for adult skeletal muscle repair, as it is in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Berberoglu
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas L Gallagher
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zachary T Morrow
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hromowyk
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Inês M Tenente
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Molecular Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Molecular Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Ding K, Liu WY, Zeng Q, Hou F, Xu JZ, Yang Z. Msx1-modulated muscle satellite cells retain a primitive state and exhibit an enhanced capacity for osteogenic differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
157
|
Bloomquist RF, Fowler TE, Sylvester JB, Miro RJ, Streelman JT. A compendium of developmental gene expression in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:3. [PMID: 28158974 PMCID: PMC5291978 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lake Malawi cichlids represent one of a growing number of vertebrate models used to uncover the genetic and developmental basis of trait diversity. Rapid evolutionary radiation has resulted in species that share similar genomes but differ markedly in phenotypes including brains and behavior, nuptial coloration and the craniofacial skeleton. Research has begun to identify the genes, as well as the molecular and developmental pathways that underlie trait divergence. RESULTS We assemble a compendium of gene expression for Lake Malawi cichlids, across pharyngula (the phylotypic stage) and larval stages of development, encompassing hundreds of gene transcripts. We chart patterns of expression in Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Hedgehog (Hh), Notch and Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathways, as well as genes involved in neurogenesis, calcium and endocrine signaling, stem cell biology, and numerous homeobox (Hox) factors-in three planes using whole-mount in situ hybridization. Because of low sequence divergence across the Malawi cichlid assemblage, the probes we employ are broadly applicable in hundreds of species. We tabulate gene expression across general tissue domains, and highlight examples of unexpected expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS On the heels of recently published genomes, this compendium of developmental gene expression in Lake Malawi cichlids provides a valuable resource for those interested in the relationship between evolution and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F Bloomquist
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - T E Fowler
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J B Sylvester
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R J Miro
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J T Streelman
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Regeneration: Recorded Live! Curr Biol 2017; 27:R30-R33. [PMID: 28073020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salamanders and fish can regenerate amputated limbs/fins. Which cells drive this intriguing process? Two recent papers have used live imaging of labelled clones of cells to reveal the contribution of connective tissue.
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
Cre-mediated site-specific recombination has emerged as an indispensable tool for the precise manipulation of genomes allowing lineage-tracing studies, temporal and spatial misexpressions, and in particular the generation of conditional knockout alleles. Previously, we and others showed that Cre and its ligand-inducible variant CreERT2 are also highly efficient in the developing and adult zebrafish. The number of Cre driver and effector lines is currently still limited in zebrafish. However, the recent advent of novel genome editing tools such as TALEN and CRISPR/Cas will significantly increase interest in the conditional Cre/lox-technology in this organism. The considerations of basic transgene design and subsequent transgenesis have been addressed elsewhere. Here we outline practical experimental steps for transient functionality tests of CreERT2 driver and effector constructs. In addition, we introduce detailed protocols to elicit CreERT2-mediated recombination in vivo at embryonic as well as adult stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chekuru
- Technische Universität Dresden, Biotechnology Center and DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veronika Kuscha
- Technische Universität Dresden, Biotechnology Center and DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Technische Universität Dresden, Biotechnology Center and DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Technische Universität Dresden, Biotechnology Center and DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Cardeira J, Gavaia PJ, Fernández I, Cengiz IF, Moreira-Silva J, Oliveira JM, Reis RL, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Quantitative assessment of the regenerative and mineralogenic performances of the zebrafish caudal fin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39191. [PMID: 27991522 PMCID: PMC5171864 DOI: 10.1038/srep39191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of zebrafish to fully regenerate its caudal fin has been explored to better understand the mechanisms underlying de novo bone formation and to develop screening methods towards the discovery of compounds with therapeutic potential. Quantifying caudal fin regeneration largely depends on successfully measuring new tissue formation through methods that require optimization and standardization. Here, we present an improved methodology to characterize and analyse overall caudal fin and bone regeneration in adult zebrafish. First, regenerated and mineralized areas are evaluated through broad, rapid and specific chronological and morphometric analysis in alizarin red stained fins. Then, following a more refined strategy, the intensity of the staining within a 2D longitudinal plane is determined through pixel intensity analysis, as an indicator of density or thickness/volume. The applicability of this methodology on live specimens, to reduce animal experimentation and provide a tool for in vivo tracking of the regenerative process, was successfully demonstrated. Finally, the methodology was validated on retinoic acid- and warfarin-treated specimens, and further confirmed by micro-computed tomography. Because it is easily implementable, accurate and does not require sophisticated equipment, the present methodology will certainly provide valuable technical standardization for research in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and skeletal biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Cardeira
- ProRegeM PhD Programme, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.,Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz
- 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Portugal
| | | | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Chiba A, Watanabe-Takano H, Terai K, Fukui H, Miyazaki T, Uemura M, Hashimoto H, Hibi M, Fukuhara S, Mochizuki N. Osteocrin, a peptide secreted from the heart and other tissues, contributes to cranial osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in zebrafish. Development 2016; 144:334-344. [PMID: 27993976 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heart is an endocrine organ, as cardiomyocytes (CMs) secrete natriuretic peptide (NP) hormones. Since the discovery of NPs, no other peptide hormones that affect remote organs have been identified from the heart. We identified osteocrin (Ostn) as an osteogenesis/chondrogenesis regulatory hormone secreted from CMs in zebrafish. ostn mutant larvae exhibit impaired membranous and chondral bone formation. The impaired bones were recovered by CM-specific overexpression of OSTN. We analyzed the parasphenoid (ps) as a representative of membranous bones. In the shortened ps of ostn morphants, nuclear Yap1/Wwtr1-dependent transcription was increased, suggesting that Ostn might induce the nuclear export of Yap1/Wwtr1 in osteoblasts. Although OSTN is proposed to bind to NPR3 (clearance receptor for NPs) to enhance the binding of NPs to NPR1 or NPR2, OSTN enhanced C-type NP (CNP)-dependent nuclear export of YAP1/WWTR1 of cultured mouse osteoblasts stimulated with saturable CNP. OSTN might therefore activate unidentified receptors that augment protein kinase G signaling mediated by a CNP-NPR2 signaling axis. These data demonstrate that Ostn secreted from the heart contributes to bone formation as an endocrine hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Chiba
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Haruko Watanabe-Takano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Laboratory of Function and Morphology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Mami Uemura
- Laboratory of Function and Morphology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8061, Japan.,Devision of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science Nagoya, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8061, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8061, Japan.,Devision of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science Nagoya, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8061, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-machi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan .,AMED-CREST, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Paul S, Crump JG. Lessons on skeletal cell plasticity from studying jawbone regeneration in zebrafish. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:853. [PMID: 27867499 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three major mesenchymal cell types have important roles in determining the shapes of vertebrate animals: bone-producing osteoblasts, cartilage-producing chondrocytes, and fat-producing adipocytes. Although often considered discrete cell types, accumulating evidence is revealing mesenchymal cells of intermediate identities and interconversion of cell types. Such plasticity is particularly evident during adult skeletal repair. In this Review, we highlight recent work in zebrafish showing a role for hybrid cartilage-bone cells in large-scale regeneration of the adult jawbone, as well as their origins in the periosteum. An emerging theme is that the unique mechanical and signaling environment of the adult wound causes skeletal cell differentiation to diverge from the discrete lineages seen during development, which may aid in rapid and extensive regeneration of bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Paul
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Tornini VA, Puliafito A, Slota LA, Thompson JD, Nachtrab G, Kaushik AL, Kapsimali M, Primo L, Di Talia S, Poss KD. Live Monitoring of Blastemal Cell Contributions during Appendage Regeneration. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2981-2991. [PMID: 27839971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The blastema is a mass of progenitor cells that enables regeneration of amputated salamander limbs or fish fins. Methodology to label and track blastemal cell progeny has been deficient, restricting our understanding of appendage regeneration. Here, we created a system for clonal analysis and quantitative imaging of hundreds of blastemal cells and their respective progeny in living adult zebrafish undergoing fin regeneration. Amputation stimulates resident cells within a limited recruitment zone to reset proximodistal (PD) positional information and assemble the blastema. Within the newly formed blastema, the spatial coordinates of connective tissue progenitors are predictive of their ultimate contributions to regenerated skeletal structures, indicating early development of an approximate PD pre-pattern. Calcineurin regulates size recovery by controlling the average number of progeny divisions without disrupting this pre-pattern. Our longitudinal clonal analyses of regenerating zebrafish fins provide evidence that connective tissue progenitors are rapidly organized into a scalable blueprint of lost structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Tornini
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Leslie A Slota
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John D Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory Nachtrab
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Luca Primo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin 10060, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin 10060, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Topczewska JM, Shoela RA, Tomaszewski JP, Mirmira RB, Gosain AK. The Morphogenesis of Cranial Sutures in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165775. [PMID: 27829009 PMCID: PMC5102434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Using morphological, histological, and TEM analyses of the cranium, we provide a detailed description of bone and suture growth in zebrafish. Based on expression patterns and localization, we identified osteoblasts at different degrees of maturation. Our data confirm that, unlike in humans, zebrafish cranial sutures maintain lifelong patency to sustain skull growth. The cranial vault develops in a coordinated manner resulting in a structure that protects the brain. The zebrafish cranial roof parallels that of higher vertebrates and contains five major bones: one pair of frontal bones, one pair of parietal bones, and the supraoccipital bone. Parietal and frontal bones are formed by intramembranous ossification within a layer of mesenchyme positioned between the dermal mesenchyme and meninges surrounding the brain. The supraoccipital bone has an endochondral origin. Cranial bones are separated by connective tissue with a distinctive architecture of osteogenic cells and collagen fibrils. Here we show RNA in situ hybridization for col1a1a, col2a1a, col10a1, bglap/osteocalcin, fgfr1a, fgfr1b, fgfr2, fgfr3, foxq1, twist2, twist3, runx2a, runx2b, sp7/osterix, and spp1/ osteopontin, indicating that the expression of genes involved in suture development in mammals is preserved in zebrafish. We also present methods for examining the cranium and its sutures, which permit the study of the mechanisms involved in suture patency as well as their pathological obliteration. The model we develop has implications for the study of human disorders, including craniosynostosis, which affects 1 in 2,500 live births.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta M. Topczewska
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ramy A. Shoela
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanna P. Tomaszewski
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rupa B. Mirmira
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Witten PE, Harris MP, Huysseune A, Winkler C. Small teleost fish provide new insights into human skeletal diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:321-346. [PMID: 28129851 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small teleost fish such as zebrafish and medaka are increasingly studied as models for human skeletal diseases. Efficient new genome editing tools combined with advances in the analysis of skeletal phenotypes provide new insights into fundamental processes of skeletal development. The skeleton among vertebrates is a highly conserved organ system, but teleost fish and mammals have evolved unique traits or have lost particular skeletal elements in each lineage. Several unique features of the skeleton relate to the extremely small size of early fish embryos and the small size of adult fish used as models. A detailed analysis of the plethora of interesting skeletal phenotypes in zebrafish and medaka pushes available skeletal imaging techniques to their respective limits and promotes the development of new imaging techniques. Impressive numbers of zebrafish and medaka mutants with interesting skeletal phenotypes have been characterized, complemented by transgenic zebrafish and medaka lines. The advent of efficient genome editing tools, such as TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, allows to introduce targeted deficiencies in genes of model teleosts to generate skeletal phenotypes that resemble human skeletal diseases. This review will also discuss other attractive aspects of the teleost skeleton. This includes the capacity for lifelong tooth replacement and for the regeneration of dermal skeletal elements, such as scales and fin rays, which further increases the value of zebrafish and medaka models for skeletal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Harris
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - C Winkler
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Grillo M, Konstantinides N, Averof M. Old questions, new models: unraveling complex organ regeneration with new experimental approaches. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
167
|
Luo SY, Chen JF, Zhong ZG, Lv XH, Yang YJ, Zhang JJ, Cui L. Salvianolic acid B stimulates osteogenesis in dexamethasone-treated zebrafish larvae. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1370-1380. [PMID: 27569393 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Our previous studies show that salvianolic acid B (Sal B) promotes osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of Sal B on the osteogenesis in dexamethasone (Dex)-treated larval zebrafish, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. METHODS At 3 d post fertilization, wild-type AB zebrafish larvae or bone transgenic tg (sp7:egfp) zebrafish larvae were exposed to Sal B, Dex, or a mixture of Dex+Sal B for 6 d. Bone mineralization in AB strain larval zebrafish was assessed with alizarin red staining, and osteoblast differentiation in tg (sp7:egfp) larval zebrafish was examined with fluorescence scanning. The expression of osteoblast-specific genes in the larvae was detected using qRT-PCR assay. The levels of oxidative stress markers (ROS and MDA) in the larvae were also measured. RESULTS Exposure to Dex (5-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the bone mineralization area and integral optical density (IOD) in wild-type AB zebrafish larvae and the osteoblast fluorescence area and IOD in tg (sp7:egfp) zebrafish larvae. Exposure to Dex (10 μmol/L) significantly reduced the expression of osteoblast-specific genes, including runx2a, osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osterix (sp7), and increased the accumulation of ROS and MDA in the larvae. Co-exposure to Sal B (0.2-2 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased the bone mineralization area and IOD in AB zebafish larvae and osteoblast fluorescence in tg (sp7:egfp) zebrafish larvae. Co-exposure to Sal B (2 μmol/L) significantly attenuated deleterious alterations in bony tissue and oxidative stress in both Dex-treated AB zebafish larvae and tg (sp7:egfp) zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSION Sal B stimulates bone formation and rescues GC-caused inhibition on osteogenesis in larval zebrafish by counteracting oxidative stress and increasing the expression of osteoblast-specific genes. Thus, Sal B may have protective effects on bone loss trigged by GC.
Collapse
|
168
|
Jeong YT, Baek SH, Jeong SC, Yoon YD, Kim OH, Oh BC, Jung JW, Kim JH. Osteoprotective Effects of Polysaccharide-Enriched Hizikia fusiforme Processing Byproduct In Vitro and In Vivo Models. J Med Food 2016; 19:805-14. [PMID: 27458685 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional manufacturing method used to produce goods from Hizikia fusiforme, utilizes extraction steps with hot water. The byproduct (of hot water extraction) is rich in polysaccharide and is considered a waste. To evaluate the osteogenic effects of the byproduct of H. fusiforme (HFB), osteogenic cells and animal models were used to test it effects on osteogenesis. The HFB-treated mouse myoblast C2C12 cells exhibited significant dose dependently elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and slightly increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). HFB also suppressed the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and TRAP staining in the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) cells that had been stimulated with the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kB ligand/macrophage colony-stimulating factor kB ligand. In addition, HFB also increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (p-ERK) level. Finally, osteogenic effects of HFB were clearly confirmed in the three in vivo models: zebrafish, ovariectomized mice, and mouse calvarial bones. HFB accelerated the rate of skeletal development in zebrafish and prevented much of the mouse femoral bone density loss of ovariectomized mice. Moreover, HFB enhanced woven bone formation over the periosteum of mouse calvarial bones. Our result showed that HFB functions as a bone resorption inhibitor as well as an activator of bone formation in vivo and in osteogenic in vitro cell systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tae Jeong
- 1 HK Bio, Business Incubator, Daegu Haany University , Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Baek
- 2 Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Jeong
- 3 Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources , SangJu, Korea
| | - Yeo Dae Yoon
- 4 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yuseong, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ok Hee Kim
- 5 Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Yeonsu-ku, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Oh
- 5 Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Yeonsu-ku, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji Wook Jung
- 6 Department of Natural Cosmetic Ingredient, Daegu Haany University , Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- 7 College of Herbal Bio-Industry, Daegu Haany University , Gyeongsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
|
170
|
Askary A, Smeeton J, Paul S, Schindler S, Braasch I, Ellis NA, Postlethwait J, Miller CT, Crump JG. Ancient origin of lubricated joints in bony vertebrates. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27434666 PMCID: PMC4951194 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial joints are the lubricated connections between the bones of our body that are commonly affected in arthritis. It is assumed that synovial joints first evolved as vertebrates came to land, with ray-finned fishes lacking lubricated joints. Here, we examine the expression and function of a critical lubricating protein of mammalian synovial joints, Prg4/Lubricin, in diverse ray-finned fishes. We find that Prg4 homologs are specifically enriched at the jaw and pectoral fin joints of zebrafish, stickleback, and gar, with genetic deletion of the zebrafish prg4b gene resulting in the same age-related degeneration of joints as seen in lubricin-deficient mice and humans. Our data support lubricated synovial joints evolving much earlier than currently accepted, at least in the common ancestor of all bony vertebrates. Establishment of the first arthritis model in the highly regenerative zebrafish will offer unique opportunities to understand the aetiology and possible treatment of synovial joint disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16415.001 We owe our flexibility to the lubricated joints that connect the bones of our body. Unfortunately, these joints tend to deteriorate over time, leading to a condition called osteoarthritis that affects millions of people. Scientists had thought that lubricated joints first evolved when backboned animals started walking on land, with fish lacking these types of joints. However, by studying zebrafish, Askary, Smeeton et al. now show that fish do have lubricated joints; in fact, the joints in the jaw and fins of zebrafish have a similar structure to those in humans. These zebrafish joints make an important protein called Lubricin that is known to lubricate joints in mice and humans. Furthermore, analyzing two other fish species – a stickleback and a primitive fish called a spotted gar – revealed that fish joints in general produce Lubricin. This pushes back the evolutionary origins of lubricated joints millions of years, to at least the common ancestor of all backboned animals. Next, Askary, Smeeton et al. used a new type of molecular scissors to eliminate the ability of zebrafish to produce Lubricin. These mutant fish developed the same early onset arthritis as mice and humans that lack Lubricin. Studying such fish should allow new approaches to be developed that will help us to understand how debilitating joint diseases progress. As zebrafish are highly regenerative, future studies could also explore whether they can regenerate damaged joints, which could spur new strategies for treating and reversing arthritis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16415.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Askary
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joanna Smeeton
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sandeep Paul
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Simone Schindler
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Nicholas A Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Robin M, Almeida C, Azaïs T, Haye B, Illoul C, Lesieur J, Giraud-Guille MM, Nassif N, Hélary C. Involvement of 3D osteoblast migration and bone apatite during in vitro early osteocytogenesis. Bone 2016; 88:146-156. [PMID: 27150828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The transition from osteoblast to osteocyte is described to occur through passive entrapment mechanism (self-buried, or embedded by neighboring cells). Here, we provide evidence of a new pathway where osteoblasts are "more" active than generally assumed. We demonstrate that osteoblasts possess the ability to migrate and differentiate into early osteocytes inside dense collagen matrices. This step involves MMP-13 simultaneously with IBSP and DMP1 expression. We also show that osteoblast migration is enhanced by the presence of apatite bone mineral. To reach this conclusion, we used an in vitro hybrid model based on both the structural characteristics of the osteoid tissue (including its density, texture and three-dimensional order), and the use of bone-like apatite. This finding highlights the mutual dynamic influence of osteoblast cell and bone extra cellular matrix. Such interactivity extends the role of physicochemical effects in bone morphogenesis complementing the widely studied molecular signals. This result represents a conceptual advancement in the fundamental understanding of bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Robin
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claudia Almeida
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Azaïs
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Haye
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Illoul
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Lesieur
- EA 2496, Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies of the Tooth, UFR Odontologie, University Paris Descartes PRES Sorbonne Paris Cite, Montrouge, France
| | - Marie-Madeleine Giraud-Guille
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nadine Nassif
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Hélary
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris UMR 7574, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Tahara N, Brush M, Kawakami Y. Cell migration during heart regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:774-87. [PMID: 27085002 PMCID: PMC5839122 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish possess the remarkable ability to regenerate injured hearts as adults, which contrasts the very limited ability in mammals. Although very limited, mammalian hearts do in fact have measurable levels of cardiomyocyte regeneration. Therefore, elucidating mechanisms of zebrafish heart regeneration would provide information of naturally occurring regeneration to potentially apply to mammalian studies, in addition to addressing this biologically interesting phenomenon in itself. Studies over the past 13 years have identified processes and mechanisms of heart regeneration in zebrafish. After heart injury, pre-existing cardiomyocytes dedifferentiate, enter the cell cycle, and repair the injured myocardium. This process requires interaction with epicardial cells, endocardial cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Epicardial cells envelope the heart, while endocardial cells make up the inner lining of the heart. They provide paracrine signals to cardiomyocytes to regenerate the injured myocardium, which is vascularized during heart regeneration. In addition, accumulating results suggest that local migration of these major cardiac cell types have roles in heart regeneration. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of various heart injury methods used in the research community and regeneration of the major cardiac cell types. Then, we discuss local migration of these cardiac cell types and immune cells during heart regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 245:774-787, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Brush
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Sehring IM, Jahn C, Weidinger G. Zebrafish fin and heart: what's special about regeneration? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:48-56. [PMID: 27351724 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many organs regenerate well in adult zebrafish, but most research has been directed toward fin and heart regeneration. Cells have been found to remain generally lineage-restricted during regeneration, and proliferative regenerative progenitors can be formed by dedifferentiation from differentiated cells. Recent studies begin to shed light on the molecular underpinnings of differences between development and regeneration. Retinoic acid, BMP and NF-κB signaling are emerging as regulators of cellular dedifferentiation. Reactive oxygen species promote regeneration, and the dynamics of ROS signaling might help explain differences between wound healing and regeneration. Finally, the heart has been added to those organs that require a nerve supply to regenerate, and a trade-off between regeneration and tumor suppression has been proposed to help explain why mammals regenerate poorly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M Sehring
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher Jahn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Abstract
Although fin regeneration following an amputation procedure has been well characterized, little is known about the impact of prolonged tissue damage on the execution of the regenerative programme in the zebrafish appendages. To induce histolytic processes in the caudal fin, we developed a new cryolesion model that combines the detrimental effects of freezing/thawing and ischemia. In contrast to the common transection model, the damaged part of the fin was spontaneously shed within two days after cryoinjury. The remaining stump contained a distorted margin with a mixture of dead material and healthy cells that concomitantly induced two opposing processes of tissue debris degradation and cellular proliferation, respectively. Between two and seven days after cryoinjury, this reparative/proliferative phase was morphologically featured by displaced fragments of broken bones. A blastemal marker msxB was induced in the intact mesenchyme below the damaged stump margin. Live imaging of epithelial and osteoblastic transgenic reporter lines revealed that the tissue-specific regenerative programmes were initiated after the clearance of damaged material. Despite histolytic perturbation during the first week after cryoinjury, the fin regeneration resumed and was completed without further alteration in comparison to the simple amputation model. This model reveals the powerful ability of the zebrafish to restore the original appendage architecture after the extended histolysis of the stump. Summary: Fin cryolesion resulted in histolysis and a delayed tissue loss. Despite prolonged destruction of the stump architecture, fin regeneration resumed and was normally completed, revealing robustness of the regenerative capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Chassot
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - David Pury
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Anna Jaźwińska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Uemura M, Nagasawa A, Terai K. Yap/Taz transcriptional activity in endothelial cells promotes intramembranous ossification via the BMP pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27473. [PMID: 27273480 PMCID: PMC4895351 DOI: 10.1038/srep27473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis is categorized into two groups based on developmental histology, intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The role of blood vessels during endochondral ossification is well known, while their role in intramembranous ossification, especially the intertissue pathway, is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate endothelial Yap/Taz is a novel regulator of intramembranous ossification in zebrafish. Appropriate blood flow is required for Yap/Taz transcriptional activation in endothelial cells and intramembranous ossification. Additionally, Yap/Taz transcriptional activity in endothelial cells specifically promotes intramembranous ossification. BMP expression by Yap/Taz transactivation in endothelial cells is also identified as a bridging factor between blood vessels and intramembranous ossification. Furthermore, the expression of Runx2 in pre-osteoblast cells is a downstream target of Yap/Taz transcriptional activity in endothelial cells. Our results provide novel insight into the relationship between blood flow and ossification by demonstrating intertissue regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Uemura
- Laboratory of Function and Morphology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032 Japan
| | - Ayumi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Function and Morphology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032 Japan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Laboratory of Function and Morphology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Chera S, Herrera PL. Regeneration of pancreatic insulin-producing cells by in situ adaptive cell conversion. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:1-10. [PMID: 27266969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impaired ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone synthetized by the pancreatic β-cells, leads to diabetes. There is an excruciating need of finding new approaches to protect or restore these cells once they are lost. Replacement and ex vivo directed reprogramming methods have an undeniable therapeutic potential, yet they exhibit crucial flaws. The in vivo conversion of adult cells to functional insulin-producing cells is a promising alternative for regenerative treatments in diabetes. The stunning natural transdifferentiation potential of the adult endocrine pancreas was recently uncovered. Modulating molecular targets involved in β-cell fate maintenance or in general differentiation mechanisms can further potentiate this intrinsic cell plasticity, which leads to insulin production reconstitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine & Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Fraher D, Hodge JM, Collier FM, McMillan JS, Kennedy RL, Ellis M, Nicholson GC, Walder K, Dodd S, Berk M, Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Gibert Y. Citalopram and sertraline exposure compromises embryonic bone development. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:656-64. [PMID: 26347317 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed treatments for depression and, as a class of drugs, are among the most used medications in the world. Concern regarding possible effects of SSRI treatment on fetal development has arisen recently as studies have suggested a link between maternal SSRI use and an increase in birth defects such as persistent pulmonary hypertension, seizures and craniosynostosis. Furthermore, SSRI exposure in adults is associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk, and serotonin receptors are expressed in human osteoblasts and osteoclasts. To determine possible effects of SSRI exposure on developing bone, we treated both zebrafish, during embryonic development, and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), during differentiation into osteoblasts, with the two most prescribed SSRIs, citalopram and sertraline. SSRI treatment in zebrafish decreased bone mineralization, visualized by alizarin red staining and decreased the expression of mature osteoblast-specific markers during embryogenesis. Furthermore, we showed that this inhibition was not associated with increased apoptosis. In differentiating human MSCs, we observed a decrease in osteoblast activity that was associated with a decrease in expression of the osteoblast-specific genes Runx2, Sparc and Spp1, measured with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Similar to the developing zebrafish, no increase in expression of the apoptotic marker Caspase 3 was observed. Therefore, we propose that SSRIs inhibit bone development by affecting osteoblast maturation during embryonic development and MSC differentiation. These results highlight the need to further investigate the risks of SSRI use during pregnancy in exposing unborn babies to potential skeletal abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fraher
- Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J M Hodge
- IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Barwon Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - F M Collier
- IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J S McMillan
- Barwon Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - R L Kennedy
- Barwon Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - M Ellis
- Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - G C Nicholson
- Barwon Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - K Walder
- Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - S Dodd
- IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - M Berk
- IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - J A Pasco
- IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Northwest Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - L J Williams
- IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Y Gibert
- Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,IMPACT and MMR Strategic Research Centres, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Paul S, Schindler S, Giovannone D, de Millo Terrazzani A, Mariani FV, Crump JG. Ihha induces hybrid cartilage-bone cells during zebrafish jawbone regeneration. Development 2016; 143:2066-76. [PMID: 27122168 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The healing of bone often involves a cartilage intermediate, yet how such cartilage is induced and utilized during repair is not fully understood. By studying a model of large-scale bone regeneration in the lower jaw of adult zebrafish, we show that chondrocytes are crucial for generating thick bone during repair. During jawbone regeneration, we find that chondrocytes co-express genes associated with osteoblast differentiation and produce extensive mineralization, which is in marked contrast to the behavior of chondrocytes during facial skeletal development. We also identify the likely source of repair chondrocytes as a population of Runx2(+)/Sp7(-) cells that emanate from the periosteum, a tissue that normally contributes only osteoblasts during homeostasis. Analysis of Indian hedgehog homolog a (ihha) mutants shows that the ability of periosteal cells to generate cartilage in response to injury depends on a repair-specific role of Ihha in the induction as opposed to the proliferation of chondrocytes. The large-scale regeneration of the zebrafish jawbone thus employs a cartilage differentiation program distinct from that seen during development, with the bone-forming potential of repair chondrocytes potentially due to their derivation from osteogenic cells in the periosteum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Paul
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Simone Schindler
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dion Giovannone
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Alexandra de Millo Terrazzani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Comparative analysis of ear-hole closure identifies epimorphic regeneration as a discrete trait in mammals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11164. [PMID: 27109826 PMCID: PMC4848467 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Why mammals have poor regenerative ability has remained a long-standing question in biology. In regenerating vertebrates, injury can induce a process known as epimorphic regeneration to replace damaged structures. Using a 4-mm ear punch assay across multiple mammalian species, here we show that several Acomys spp. (spiny mice) and Oryctolagus cuniculus completely regenerate tissue, whereas other rodents including MRL/MpJ 'healer' mice heal similar injuries by scarring. We demonstrate ear-hole closure is independent of ear size, and closure rate can be modelled with a cubic function. Cellular and genetic analyses reveal that injury induces blastema formation in Acomys cahirinus. Despite cell cycle re-entry in Mus musculus and A. cahirinus, efficient cell cycle progression and proliferation only occurs in spiny mice. Together, our data unite blastema-mediated regeneration in spiny mice with regeneration in other vertebrates such as salamanders, newts and zebrafish, where all healthy adults regenerate in response to injury.
Collapse
|
180
|
Lust K, Sinn R, Pérez Saturnino A, Centanin L, Wittbrodt J. De novo neurogenesis by targeted expression of atoh7 to Müller glia cells. Development 2016; 143:1874-83. [PMID: 27068106 PMCID: PMC4920165 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative responses in the vertebrate CNS depend on quiescent radial glia stem cells, which re-enter the cell cycle and eventually differentiate into neurons. The entry into the cell cycle and the differentiation into neurons are events of opposite nature, and therefore efforts to force quiescent radial glia into neurons require different factors. Here, we use fish to show that a single neurogenic factor, Atoh7, directs retinal radial glia (Müller glia, MG) into proliferation. The resulting neurogenic clusters differentiate in vivo into various retinal neurons. We use signaling reporters to demonstrate that the Atoh7-induced regeneration-like response of MG cells is mimicked by Notch, resembling the behavior of early progenitors during retinogenesis. Activation of Notch signaling in MG cells is sufficient to trigger proliferation and differentiation. Our results uncover a new role for Atoh7 as a universal neurogenic factor, and illustrate how signaling modules are re-employed in diverse contexts to trigger different biological responses. Highlighted article: Induced activation of atoh7 in Müller glia cells in vivo is sufficient to drive cell cycle re-entry and proliferation, followed by the formation of neurogenic clusters and de novo neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lust
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Sinn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alicia Pérez Saturnino
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lázaro Centanin
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Kague E, Roy P, Asselin G, Hu G, Simonet J, Stanley A, Albertson C, Fisher S. Osterix/Sp7 limits cranial bone initiation sites and is required for formation of sutures. Dev Biol 2016; 413:160-72. [PMID: 26992365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During growth, individual skull bones overlap at sutures, where osteoblast differentiation and bone deposition occur. Mutations causing skull malformations have revealed some required genes, but many aspects of suture regulation remain poorly understood. We describe a zebrafish mutation in osterix/sp7, which causes a generalized delay in osteoblast maturation. While most of the skeleton is patterned normally, mutants have specific defects in the anterior skull and upper jaw, and the top of the skull comprises a random mosaic of bones derived from individual initiation sites. Osteoblasts at the edges of the bones are highly proliferative and fail to differentiate, consistent with global changes in gene expression. We propose that signals from the bone itself are required for orderly recruitment of precursor cells and growth along the edges. The delay in bone maturation caused by loss of Sp7 leads to unregulated bone formation, revealing a new mechanism for patterning the skull and sutures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kague
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Paula Roy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garrett Asselin
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gui Hu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Simonet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Stanley
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Fisher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Ghosh S. Human regeneration: An achievable goal or a dream? J Biosci 2016; 41:157-65. [PMID: 26949097 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of regenerative medicine is to replenish cells or tissues or even to restore different body parts that are lost or damaged due to disease, injury and aging. Several avenues have been explored over many decades to address the fascinating problem of regeneration at the cell, tissue and organ levels. Here we discuss some of the primary approaches adopted by researchers in the context of enhancing the regenerating ability of mammals. Natural regeneration can occur in different animal species, and the underlying mechanism is highly relevant to regenerative medicine-based intervention. Significant progress has been achieved in understanding the endogenous regeneration in urodeles and fishes with the hope that they could help to reach our goal of designing future strategies for human regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India,
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Berke IM, Miola JP, David MA, Smith MK, Price C. Seeing through Musculoskeletal Tissues: Improving In Situ Imaging of Bone and the Lacunar Canalicular System through Optical Clearing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150268. [PMID: 26930293 PMCID: PMC4773178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ, cells of the musculoskeletal system reside within complex and often interconnected 3-D environments. Key to better understanding how 3-D tissue and cellular environments regulate musculoskeletal physiology, homeostasis, and health is the use of robust methodologies for directly visualizing cell-cell and cell-matrix architecture in situ. However, the use of standard optical imaging techniques is often of limited utility in deep imaging of intact musculoskeletal tissues due to the highly scattering nature of biological tissues. Drawing inspiration from recent developments in the deep-tissue imaging field, we describe the application of immersion based optical clearing techniques, which utilize the principle of refractive index (RI) matching between the clearing/mounting media and tissue under observation, to improve the deep, in situ imaging of musculoskeletal tissues. To date, few optical clearing techniques have been applied specifically to musculoskeletal tissues, and a systematic comparison of the clearing ability of optical clearing agents in musculoskeletal tissues has yet to be fully demonstrated. In this study we tested the ability of eight different aqueous and non-aqueous clearing agents, with RIs ranging from 1.45 to 1.56, to optically clear murine knee joints and cortical bone. We demonstrated and quantified the ability of these optical clearing agents to clear musculoskeletal tissues and improve both macro- and micro-scale imaging of musculoskeletal tissue across several imaging modalities (stereomicroscopy, spectroscopy, and one-, and two-photon confocal microscopy) and investigational techniques (dynamic bone labeling and en bloc tissue staining). Based upon these findings we believe that optical clearing, in combination with advanced imaging techniques, has the potential to complement classical musculoskeletal analysis techniques; opening the door for improved in situ investigation and quantification of musculoskeletal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Berke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Miola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Michael A. David
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Melanie K. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Christopher Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Rinkevich Y, Maan ZN, Walmsley GG, Sen SK. Injuries to appendage extremities and digit tips: A clinical and cellular update. Dev Dyn 2016; 244:641-50. [PMID: 25715837 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regrowth of amputated appendage extremities and the distal tips of digits represent models of tissue regeneration in multiple vertebrate taxa. In humans, digit tip injuries, including traumatic amputation and crush injuries, are among the most common type of injury to the human hand. Despite clinical reports demonstrating natural regeneration of appendages in lower vertebrates and human digits, current treatment options are suboptimal, and are complicated by the anatomical complexities and functions of the different tissues within the digits. RESULTS In light of these challenges, we focus on recent advancements in understanding appendage regeneration from model organisms. We pay special attention to the cellular programs underlying appendage regeneration, where cumulative data from salamanders, fish, frogs, and mice indicate that regeneration occurs by the actions of lineage-restricted precursors. We focus on pathologic states and the interdependency that exists, in both humans and animal models, between the nail organ and the peripheral nerves for successful regeneration. CONCLUSIONS The increased understanding of regeneration in animal models may open new opportunities for basic and translational research aimed at understanding the mechanisms that support limb regeneration, as well as amelioration of limb abnormalities and pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Bensimon-Brito A, Cardeira J, Dionísio G, Huysseune A, Cancela ML, Witten PE. Revisiting in vivo staining with alizarin red S--a valuable approach to analyse zebrafish skeletal mineralization during development and regeneration. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:2. [PMID: 26787303 PMCID: PMC4719692 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correct evaluation of mineralization is fundamental for the study of skeletal development, maintenance, and regeneration. Current methods to visualize mineralized tissue in zebrafish rely on: 1) fixed specimens; 2) radiographic and μCT techniques, that are ultimately limited in resolution; or 3) vital stains with fluorochromes that are indistinguishable from the signal of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled cells. Alizarin compounds, either in the form of alizarin red S (ARS) or alizarin complexone (ALC), have long been used to stain the mineralized skeleton in fixed specimens from all vertebrate groups. Recent works have used ARS vital staining in zebrafish and medaka, yet not based on consistent protocols. There is a fundamental concern on whether ARS vital staining, achieved by adding ARS to the water, can affect bone formation in juvenile and adult zebrafish, as ARS has been shown to inhibit skeletal growth and mineralization in mammals. RESULTS Here we present a protocol for vital staining of mineralized structures in zebrafish with a low ARS concentration that does not affect bone mineralization, even after repetitive ARS staining events, as confirmed by careful imaging under fluorescent light. Early and late stages of bone development are equally unaffected by this vital staining protocol. From all tested concentrations, 0.01% ARS yielded correct detection of bone calcium deposits without inducing additional stress to fish. CONCLUSIONS The proposed ARS vital staining protocol can be combined with GFP fluorescence associated with skeletal tissues and thus represents a powerful tool for in vivo monitoring of mineralized structures. We provide examples from wild type and transgenic GFP-expressing zebrafish, for endoskeletal development and dermal fin ray regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bensimon-Brito
- Centre of Marine Sciences - CCMar, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Current address: CEDOC - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - J Cardeira
- Centre of Marine Sciences - CCMar, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
- ProRegeM PhD Programme, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - G Dionísio
- Centre of Marine Sciences - CCMar, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
- Guia Marine Laboratory, Oceanography Centre, Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Cascais, Portugal.
| | - A Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - M L Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences - CCMar, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - P E Witten
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Jaźwińska A, Sallin P. Regeneration versus scarring in vertebrate appendages and heart. J Pathol 2016; 238:233-46. [PMID: 26414617 PMCID: PMC5057359 DOI: 10.1002/path.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to complex human organs, such as the limbs and the heart, result in pathological conditions, for which we often lack adequate treatments. While modern regenerative approaches are based on the transplantation of stem cell-derived cells, natural regeneration in lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish and newts, relies predominantly on the intrinsic plasticity of mature tissues. This property involves local activation of the remaining material at the site of injury to promote cell division, cell migration and complete reproduction of the missing structure. It remains an unresolved question why adult mammals are not equally competent to reactivate morphogenetic programmes. Although organ regeneration depends strongly on the proliferative properties of cells in the injured tissue, it is apparent that various organismic factors, such as innervation, vascularization, hormones, metabolism and the immune system, can affect this process. Here, we focus on a correlation between the regenerative capacity and cellular specialization in the context of functional demands, as illustrated by appendages and heart in diverse vertebrates. Elucidation of the differences between homologous regenerative and non-regenerative tissues from various animal models is essential for understanding the applicability of lessons learned from the study of regenerative biology to clinical strategies for the treatment of injured human organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaźwińska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Sallin
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Yang Z, Liu Q, Mannix RJ, Xu X, Li H, Ma Z, Ingber DE, Allen PD, Wang Y. Mononuclear cells from dedifferentiation of mouse myotubes display remarkable regenerative capability. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2492-501. [PMID: 24916688 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain lower organisms achieve organ regeneration by reverting differentiated cells into tissue-specific progenitors that re-enter embryonic programs. During muscle regeneration in the urodele amphibian, postmitotic multinucleated skeletal myofibers transform into mononucleated proliferating cells upon injury, and a transcription factor-msx1 plays a role in their reprograming. Whether this powerful regeneration strategy can be leveraged in mammals remains unknown, as it has not been demonstrated that the dedifferentiated progenitor cells arising from muscle cells overexpressing Msx1 are lineage-specific and possess the same potent regenerative capability as their amphibian counterparts. Here, we show that ectopic expression of Msx1 reprograms postmitotic, multinucleated, primary mouse myotubes to become proliferating mononuclear cells. These dedifferentiated cells reactivate genes expressed by embryonic muscle progenitor cells and generate only muscle tissue in vivo both in an ectopic location and inside existing muscle. More importantly, distinct from adult muscle satellite cells, these cells appear both to fuse with existing fibers and to regenerate myofibers in a robust and time-dependent manner. Upon transplantation into a degenerating muscle, these dedifferentiated cells generated a large number of myofibers that increased over time and replenished almost half of the cross-sectional area of the muscle in only 12 weeks. Our study demonstrates that mammals can harness a muscle regeneration strategy used by lower organisms when the same molecular pathway is activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesia Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Jungke P, Hans S, Gupta M, Machate A, Zöller D, Brand M. Generation of a conditionallima1aallele in zebrafish using the FLEx switch technology. Genesis 2015; 54:19-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Jungke
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Anja Machate
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Daniela Zöller
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Hui SP, Nag TC, Ghosh S. Characterization of Proliferating Neural Progenitors after Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143595. [PMID: 26630262 PMCID: PMC4667880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish can repair their injured brain and spinal cord after injury unlike adult mammalian central nervous system. Any injury to zebrafish spinal cord would lead to increased proliferation and neurogenesis. There are presences of proliferating progenitors from which both neuronal and glial loss can be reversed by appropriately generating new neurons and glia. We have demonstrated the presence of multiple progenitors, which are different types of proliferating populations like Sox2+ neural progenitor, A2B5+ astrocyte/ glial progenitor, NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor, radial glia and Schwann cell like progenitor. We analyzed the expression levels of two common markers of dedifferentiation like msx-b and vimentin during regeneration along with some of the pluripotency associated factors to explore the possible role of these two processes. Among the several key factors related to pluripotency, pou5f1 and sox2 are upregulated during regeneration and associated with activation of neural progenitor cells. Uncovering the molecular mechanism for endogenous regeneration of adult zebrafish spinal cord would give us more clues on important targets for future therapeutic approach in mammalian spinal cord repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Prakash Hui
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata—700009, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi- 110029, India
| | - Sukla Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata—700009, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
To TT, Witten PE, Huysseune A, Winkler C. An adult osteopetrosis model in medaka reveals the importance of osteoclast function for bone remodeling in teleost fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:68-75. [PMID: 26334373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts play important roles during bone growth and in maintaining bone health and bone homeostasis. Dysfunction or lack of osteoclasts leads to increased bone mass and osteopetrosis phenotypes in mouse and human. Here we report a severe osteopetrosis-like phenotype in transgenic medaka fish, in which membrane bound EGFP (mEGFP) was expressed in osteoclasts under control of the cathepsin K promoter (ctsk:mEGFP). In contrast to reporter lines with GFP expression in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts, adult fish of the mEGFP line developed bone defects indicative for an osteoclast dysfunction. Activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was down-regulated and excess bone was observed in most parts of the skeleton. The osteopetrotic phenotype was particularly obvious at the neural and haemal arches that failed to increase their volume in growing fish. Excess bone caused severe constriction of the spinal cord and the ventral aorta. The continuation of tooth development and the failure to shed teeth resulted in severe hyperdontia. Interestingly, at the vertebral column vertebral body arches displayed a severe osteopetrosis, while vertebral centra had no or only a mild osteopetrotic phenotype. This confirms previous reports from cichlids that, different from the arches, allometric growth of fish vertebral centra initially does not depend on the action of osteoclasts. Independent developmental mechanism that shapes arches and vertebral centra can also lend support to the hypothesis that vertebral centra and arches function as independent developmental modules. Together, this medaka osteopetrosis model confirms the importance of proper osteoclast function during normal skeletal development in teleost fish that requires bone modeling and remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thanh To
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), Singapore
| | | | | | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Intubation-based anesthesia for long-term time-lapse imaging of adult zebrafish. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:2064-73. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
192
|
Hesse RG, Kouklis GK, Ahituv N, Pomerantz JH. The human ARF tumor suppressor senses blastema activity and suppresses epimorphic tissue regeneration. eLife 2015; 4:e07702. [PMID: 26575287 PMCID: PMC4657621 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of proliferation and differentiation by tumor suppressor genes suggests that evolution of divergent tumor suppressor repertoires could influence species' regenerative capacity. To directly test that premise, we humanized the zebrafish p53 pathway by introducing regulatory and coding sequences of the human tumor suppressor ARF into the zebrafish genome. ARF was dormant during development, in uninjured adult fins, and during wound healing, but was highly expressed in the blastema during epimorphic fin regeneration after amputation. Regenerative, but not developmental signals resulted in binding of zebrafish E2f to the human ARF promoter and activated conserved ARF-dependent Tp53 functions. The context-dependent activation of ARF did not affect growth and development but inhibited regeneration, an unexpected distinct tumor suppressor response to regenerative versus developmental environments. The antagonistic pleiotropic characteristics of ARF as both tumor and regeneration suppressor imply that inducing epimorphic regeneration clinically would require modulation of ARF -p53 axis activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Hesse
- Department of Surgery,
Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology,
University of California, San Francisco,
San
Francisco, United States
| | - Gayle K Kouklis
- Department of Surgery,
Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology,
University of California, San Francisco,
San
Francisco, United States
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of
Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Institute for Human
Genetics, University of California, San
Francisco, San
Francisco, United States
| | - Jason H Pomerantz
- Departments of Surgery
and Orofacial Sciences, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial
Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell
Research, University of California, San
Francisco, San
Francisco, United States
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Abstract
Bone defects do not heal in 5-10% of the fractures. In order to enhance bone regeneration, drug delivery systems are needed. They comprise a scaffold with or without inducing factors and/or cells. To test these drug delivery systems before application in patients, they finally need to be tested in animal models. The choice of animal model depends on the main research question; is a functional or mechanistic evaluation needed? Furthermore, which type of bone defects are investigated: load-bearing (i.e. orthopedic) or non-load-bearing (i.e. craniomaxillofacial)? This determines the type of model and in which type of animal. The experiments need to be set-up using the 3R principle and must be reported following the ARRIVE guidelines.
Collapse
|
194
|
Mariotti M, Carnovali M, Banfi G. Danio rerio: the Janus of the bone from embryo to scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 12:188-94. [PMID: 26604948 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Danio rerio (zebrafish), like the Roman god Janus, is an old animal model which is recently emerged and looks to the future with an increasing scientific success. Unlike other traditional animal models, zebrafish represents a versatile way to approach the study of the skeleton. Transparency of the larval stage, genetic manipulability and unique anatomical structures (scales) makes zebrafish a powerful and versatile instrument to investigate the bone tissue in terms of structure and function. Like Janus, zebrafish offers two different faces, or better, two models in one animal: larval and adult stage. The embryo can be used to isolate new genes involved in osteogenesis by large-scale mutagenesis screenings. The behavior of bone cells and genes in osteogenesis can be investigate by using transgenic lines, vital dyes, mutants and traditional molecular biology techniques. The adult zebrafish represents an important resource to study the pathways related to the bone metabolism and turnover. In particular, the properties of the caudal fin allow to study mechanisms of bone regeneration and reparation whereas the elasmoid scale represents an unique tool to investigate the bone metabolism under physiological or pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariotti
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy ; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy ; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Abstract
The formation of the face and skull involves a complex series of developmental events mediated by cells derived from the neural crest, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Although vertebrates boast an enormous diversity of adult facial morphologies, the fundamental signaling pathways and cellular events that sculpt the nascent craniofacial skeleton in the embryo have proven to be highly conserved from fish to man. The zebrafish Danio rerio, a small freshwater cyprinid fish from eastern India, has served as a popular model of craniofacial development since the 1990s. Unique strengths of the zebrafish model include a simplified skeleton during larval stages, access to rapidly developing embryos for live imaging, and amenability to transgenesis and complex genetics. In this chapter, we describe the anatomy of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton; its applications as models for the mammalian jaw, middle ear, palate, and cranial sutures; the superior imaging technology available in fish that has provided unprecedented insights into the dynamics of facial morphogenesis; the use of the zebrafish to decipher the genetic underpinnings of craniofacial biology; and finally a glimpse into the most promising future applications of zebrafish craniofacial research.
Collapse
|
196
|
Osteogenic programs during zebrafish fin regeneration. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:745. [PMID: 26421148 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomic, screening and imaging technologies have provided new opportunities to examine the molecular and cellular landscape underlying human physiology and disease. In the context of skeletal research, technologies for systems genetics, high-throughput screening and high-content imaging can aid an unbiased approach when searching for new biological, pathological or therapeutic pathways. However, these approaches necessitate the use of specialized model systems that rapidly produce a phenotype, are easy to manipulate, and amenable to optical study, all while representing mammalian bone physiologies at the molecular and cellular levels. The emerging use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for modeling human disease highlights its potential to accelerate therapeutic and pathway discovery in the mammalian skeleton. In this review, we consider the potential value of zebrafish fin ray regeneration (a rapid, genetically tractable and optically transparent model of intramembranous ossification) as a translational model for such studies.
Collapse
|
197
|
Saera-Vila A, Kasprick DS, Junttila TL, Grzegorski SJ, Louie KW, Chiari EF, Kish PE, Kahana A. Myocyte Dedifferentiation Drives Extraocular Muscle Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4977-93. [PMID: 26230763 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize the injury response of extraocular muscles (EOMs) in adult zebrafish. METHODS Adult zebrafish underwent lateral rectus (LR) muscle myectomy surgery to remove 50% of the muscle, followed by molecular and cellular characterization of the tissue response to the injury. RESULTS Following myectomy, the LR muscle regenerated an anatomically correct and functional muscle within 7 to 10 days post injury (DPI). Following injury, the residual muscle stump was replaced by a mesenchymal cell population that lost cell polarity and expressed mesenchymal markers. Next, a robust proliferative burst repopulated the area of the regenerating muscle. Regenerating cells expressed myod, identifying them as myoblasts. However, both immunofluorescence and electron microscopy failed to identify classic Pax7-positive satellite cells in control or injured EOMs. Instead, some proliferating nuclei were noted to express mef2c at the very earliest point in the proliferative burst, suggesting myonuclear reprogramming and dedifferentiation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling of regenerating cells followed by a second myectomy without repeat labeling resulted in a twice-regenerated muscle broadly populated by BrdU-labeled nuclei with minimal apparent dilution of the BrdU signal. A double-pulse experiment using BrdU and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) identified double-labeled nuclei, confirming the shared progenitor lineage. Rapid regeneration occurred despite a cell cycle length of 19.1 hours, whereas 72% of the regenerating muscle nuclei entered the cell cycle by 48 hours post injury (HPI). Dextran lineage tracing revealed that residual myocytes were responsible for muscle regeneration. CONCLUSIONS EOM regeneration in adult zebrafish occurs by dedifferentiation of residual myocytes involving a muscle-to-mesenchyme transition. A mechanistic understanding of myocyte reprogramming may facilitate novel approaches to the development of molecular tools for targeted therapeutic regeneration in skeletal muscle disorders and beyond.
Collapse
|
198
|
Duran I, Csukasi F, Taylor S, Krakow D, Becerra J, Bombarely A, Marí-Beffa M. Collagen duplicate genes of bone and cartilage participate during regeneration of zebrafish fin skeleton. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 19:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
199
|
Govindan J, Iovine MK. Dynamic remodeling of the extra cellular matrix during zebrafish fin regeneration. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 19:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
200
|
Blum N, Begemann G. Osteoblast de- and redifferentiation are controlled by a dynamic response to retinoic acid during zebrafish fin regeneration. Development 2015; 142:2894-903. [PMID: 26253409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish restore amputated fins by forming tissue-specific blastema cells that coordinately regenerate the lost structures. Fin amputation triggers the synthesis of several diffusible signaling factors that are required for regeneration, raising the question of how cell lineage-specific programs are protected from regenerative crosstalk between neighboring fin tissues. During fin regeneration, osteoblasts revert from a non-cycling, mature state to a cycling, preosteoblastic state to establish a pool of progenitors within the blastema. After several rounds of proliferation, preosteoblasts redifferentiate to produce new bone. Blastema formation and proliferation are driven by the continued synthesis of retinoic acid (RA). Here, we find that osteoblast dedifferentiation and redifferentiation are inhibited by RA signaling, and we uncover how the bone regenerative program is achieved against a background of massive RA synthesis. Stump osteoblasts manage to contribute to the blastema by upregulating expression of the RA-degrading enzyme cyp26b1. Redifferentiation is controlled by a presumptive gradient of RA, in which high RA levels towards the distal tip of the blastema suppress redifferentiation. We show that this might be achieved through a mechanism involving repression of Bmp signaling and promotion of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In turn, cyp26b1(+) fibroblast-derived blastema cells in the more proximal regenerate serve as a sink to reduce RA levels, thereby allowing differentiation of neighboring preosteoblasts. Our findings reveal a mechanism explaining how the osteoblast regenerative program is protected from adverse crosstalk with neighboring fibroblasts that advances our understanding of the regulation of bone repair by RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Blum
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany RTG1331, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Gerrit Begemann
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| |
Collapse
|