151
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Waduthanthri KD, He Y, Montemagno C, Cetinel S. An injectable peptide hydrogel for reconstruction of the human trabecular meshwork. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:244-254. [PMID: 31557533 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Current treatments of glaucoma involve lowering the IOP by means of decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing non-trabecular aqueous humor outflow with the help of IOP-lowering eye drops, nanotechnology enabled glaucoma drainage implants, and trabeculectomy. However, there is currently no effective and permanent cure for this disease. In order to investigate new therapeutic strategies, three dimensional (3D) biomimetic trabecular meshwork (TM) models are in demand. Therefore, we adapted MAX8B, a peptide hydrogel system to bioengineer a 3D trabecular meshwork scaffold. We assessed mechanical and bio-instructive properties of this engineered tissue matrix by using rheological analysis, 3D cell culture and imaging techniques. The scaffold material exhibited shear-thinning ability and biocompatibility for proper hTM growth and proliferation indicating a potential utilization as an injectable implant. Additionally, by using a perfusion system, MAX8B scaffold was tested as an in vitro platform for investigating the effect of Dexamethasone (Dex) on trabecular meshwork outflow facility. The physiological response of hTM cells within the scaffold to Dex treatment clearly supported the effectiveness of this 3D model as a drug-testing platform, which can accelerate discovery of new therapeutic targets for glaucoma. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Artificial 3D-TM (3-dimentional Trabecular Meshwork) developed here with hTM (human TM) cells seeded on peptide-hydrogel scaffolds exhibits the mechanical strength and physiological properties mimicking the native TM tissue. Besides serving a novel and effective 3D-TM model, the MAX8B hydrogel could potentially function as an injectable trabecular meshwork implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala D Waduthanthri
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yuan He
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carlo Montemagno
- Southern Illinois University, 1265 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Sibel Cetinel
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Sabancı University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, TR-34956 Istanbul, Turkey.
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152
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Elevated pressure influences relative distribution of segmental regions of the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107888. [PMID: 31786158 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary risk factor for glaucoma and is the only treatable feature of the disease. There is a correlation between elevated pressure and homeostatic reductions in the aqueous humor outflow resistance via changes in the extracellular matrix of the trabecular meshwork. It is unclear how these extracellular matrix changes affect segmental patterns of aqueous humor outflow, nor do we understand their causal relationship. The goal of this study was to determine whether there are changes in the segmental outflow regions with perfusion in normal eyes, and whether these regions change during the IOP homeostatic response to elevated pressure. Using human anterior segment perfusion organ culture, we measured the amount of high flow (HF), intermediate flow (MF), and low flow (LF) regions before and after 7 days of perfusion at either physiologic pressure ("1x") or at elevated pressure ("2x"). We found a small but significant decrease in the amount of HF regions over 7 days perfusion at 1x pressure, and a twofold increase in the amount of MF regions over 7 days perfusion at 2x pressure. Small positional differences, or shifts in the specific location of HF, MF, or LF, occurred on a per eye basis and were not found to be statistically significant across biological replicates. Differences in the amount of segmental flow regions of contralateral eyes flowed at 1x pressure for 7 days were small and not statistically significant. These results demonstrate that perfusion at physiologic pressure had little effect on the distribution and amount of HF, MF and LF regions. However, the overall amount of MF regions is significantly increased in response to perfusion at elevated pressure during IOP homeostatic resistance adjustment. The amount of both HF and LF regions was decreased accordingly suggesting a coordinated response in the TM to elevated pressure.
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153
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Tan J, Wang X, Cai S, He F, Zhang D, Li D, Zhu X, Zhou L, Fan N, Liu X. C3 Transferase-Expressing scAAV2 Transduces Ocular Anterior Segment Tissues and Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Mouse and Monkey. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:143-155. [PMID: 31909087 PMCID: PMC6938898 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a lifelong disease with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as the main risk factor, and reduction of IOP remains the major treatment for this disease. However, current IOP-lowering therapies are far from being satisfactory. We have demonstrated that the lentivirus-mediated exoenzyme C3 transferase (C3) expression in rat and monkey eyes induced relatively long-term IOP reduction. We now show that intracameral injection of self-complementary AAV2 containing a C3 gene into mouse and monkey eyes resulted in morphological changes in trabecular meshwork and IOP reduction. The vector-transduced corneal endothelium and the C3 transgene expression, not vector itself, induced corneal edema as a result of actin-associated endothelial barrier disruption. There was a positive (quadratic) correlation between measured IOP and grade of corneal edema. This is the first report of using an AAV to transduce the trabecular meshwork of monkeys with a gene capable of altering cellular structure and physiology, indicating a potential gene therapy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Tan
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suping Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fen He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daren Zhang
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dongkan Li
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Fan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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154
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Yan J, Yang X, Jiao X, Yang X, Guo M, Chen Y, Zhan L, Chen W. Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals CD9/ITGA4/PI3K-Akt axis mediates trabecular meshwork cell apoptosis in human glaucoma. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:814-829. [PMID: 31680442 PMCID: PMC6933396 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma has been the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a high‐risk factor of glaucoma, repression of which has been the important treatment of glaucoma in clinic. Trabecular meshwork is crucial for maintaining IOP in aqueous humour out‐flow system. It is urgent to reveal the molecular mechanism of trabecular meshwork in glaucoma. Previous studies found that some pathways were related to glaucoma, such as extracellular matrix (ECM)‐receptor interaction, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐protein kinase B (Akt) and apoptosis. To identify novel molecules in glaucoma, we performed high‐throughput transcriptome and proteome analysis to immortal human trabecular meshwork cells (iHTM) and glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork cells (GTM3), respectively. Twenty‐six up‐regulated genes/proteins and 59 down‐regulated genes/proteins were identified as the high‐risk factors based on differential analysis, including some known factors of glaucoma. Furthermore, a glaucoma‐related protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for investigating the function roles of risk factors. Some genes were identified as potential regulator in the pathogenesis of glaucoma based on the topology analysis and module analysis to the network. Importantly, we identified and demonstrated that CD9 played key roles in glaucoma by biological experiment. CD9 is down‐regulated in glaucoma, overexpression of CD9 can active integrin α4 (ITGA4), PI3K and Akt, which lead to the decreased apoptosis and attenuate glaucoma. All these results provide a novel molecular therapy of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuefei Jiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingjin Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunqing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenshi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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155
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Youngblood H, Hauser MA, Liu Y. Update on the genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107795. [PMID: 31525344 PMCID: PMC6901111 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Affecting nearly 80 million individuals, glaucoma is the number one cause of irreversible blindness in the world. This ocular disease describes a set of optic neuropathies of which primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common. POAG is associated with progressive visual field deterioration resulting from damage to the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells. Risk factors for POAG include elevated intraocular pressure, aging, African and Hispanic ancestry, and a positive family history of POAG. Multiple genes have been found to contribute to POAG. Much of POAG genetics and pathology has yet to be explained. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of novel loci associated with POAG and its endophenotypes. Genomic and proteomic profiling of biofluids has contributed to our knowledge of differential gene expression in POAG. Functional studies both in cell culture and animal models have confirmed the effects of variants and differential gene expression on ocular physiology while in silico analyses have increased our understanding of disease risk and progression so that we might better diagnose and treat this complex genetic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, 300 N Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, United States.
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
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156
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Juliana FR, Kesse S, Boakye-Yiadom KO, Veroniaina H, Wang H, Sun M. Promising Approach in the Treatment of Glaucoma Using Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine-Based Systems. Molecules 2019; 24:E3805. [PMID: 31652593 PMCID: PMC6833088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is considered a leading cause of blindness with the human eye being one of the body's most delicate organs. Ocular diseases encompass diverse diseases affecting the anterior and posterior ocular sections, respectively. The human eye's peculiar and exclusive anatomy and physiology continue to pose a significant obstacle to researchers and pharmacologists in the provision of efficient drug delivery. Though several traditional invasive and noninvasive eye therapies exist, including implants, eye drops, and injections, there are still significant complications that arise which may either be their low bioavailability or the grave ocular adverse effects experienced thereafter. On the other hand, new nanoscience technology and nanotechnology serve as a novel approach in ocular disease treatment. In order to interact specifically with ocular tissues and overcome ocular challenges, numerous active molecules have been modified to react with nanocarriers. In the general population of glaucoma patients, disease growth and advancement cannot be contained by decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP), hence a spiking in future research for novel drug delivery systems and target therapeutics. This review focuses on nanotechnology and its therapeutic and diagnostic prospects in ophthalmology, specifically glaucoma. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine history, the human eye anatomy, research frontiers in nanomedicine and nanotechnology, its imaging modal quality, diagnostic and surgical approach, and its possible application in glaucoma will all be further explored below. Particular focus will be on the efficiency and safety of this new therapy and its advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Kesse
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Kofi Oti Boakye-Yiadom
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Hanitrarimalala Veroniaina
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Meihao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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157
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How many aqueous humor outflow pathways are there? Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 65:144-170. [PMID: 31622628 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous humor (AH) outflow pathways definition is still matter of intense debate. To date, the differentiation between conventional (trabecular meshwork) and unconventional (uveoscleral) pathways is widely accepted, distinguishing the different impact of the intraocular pressure on the AH outflow rate. Although the conventional route is recognized to host the main sites for intraocular pressure regulation, the unconventional pathway, with its great potential for AH resorption, seems to act as a sort of relief valve, especially when the trabecular resistance rises. Recent evidence demonstrates the presence of lymphatic channels in the eye and proposes that they may participate in the overall AH drainage and intraocular pressure regulation, in a presumably adaptive fashion. For this reason, the uveolymphatic route is increasingly thought to play an important role in the ocular hydrodynamic system physiology. As a result of the unconventional pathway characteristics, hydrodynamic disorders do not develop until the adaptive routes cannot successfully counterbalance the increased AH outflow resistance. When their adaptive mechanisms fail, glaucoma occurs. Our review deals with the standard and newly discovered AH outflow routes, with particular attention to the importance they may have in opening new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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158
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Applications of microneedles in delivering drugs for various ocular diseases. Life Sci 2019; 237:116907. [PMID: 31606378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of majority of eye diseases involve the use of eye drops or eye ointments, which have major drawbacks of needing frequent administration, lower bioavailability and inability to cross the various eye barriers. This necessitates the use of novel delivery systems. Microneedles (MNs) as an alternate novel delivery system facilitate drug delivery to various ocular diseases with promising approaches in healthcare. Advances in pharmaceutical technology have made MNs provide localized, effective, less invasive and targeted drug delivery in the eye. The purpose of this review is to provide an insight to efficacious therapeutic applications the MNs can bring in various ocular diseases. Out of which, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, retinal vascular occlusion and retinitis pigmentosa are majorly discussed. Among the various types of MNs; solid coated, hollow and dissolving polymeric MNs are specifically focused for their applications in ocular diseases. In addition, MNs shows improvement in the visual acuity and decreases the progression of the different ocular diseases.
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159
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Andrew NH, Akkach S, Casson RJ. A review of aqueous outflow resistance and its relevance to microinvasive glaucoma surgery. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 65:18-31. [PMID: 31425701 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and intraocular pressure reduction remains the only proven treatment strategy. Elevated intraocular pressure occurs as the result of impaired aqueous humor outflow. Both a passive model and a dynamic model have been used to explain trabecular outflow resistance. The passive model posits that the trabecular meshwork acts as a static filter that exerts stable and passive resistance to outflow. In contrast, the dynamic model involves a "biomechanical pump." In recent years, the range of surgical management options for glaucoma has dramatically expanded, particularly the class of procedures known as microinvasive glaucoma surgery. These procedures typically target and enhance specific outflow routes. Optimal patient outcomes with microinvasive glaucoma surgery require a clear understanding of aqueous outflow and a surgical approach that is targeted to overcome the site of abnormal resistance in the individual. We review the anatomy and physiology of trabecular and suprachoroidal outflow that is of relevance to microinvasive glaucoma surgery-performing surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Andrew
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarmad Akkach
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Robert J Casson
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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160
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Waduthanthri KD, Montemagno C, Çetinel S. Establishment of human trabecular meshwork cell cultures using nontransplantable corneoscleral rims. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:89-98. [PMID: 31410078 PMCID: PMC6667097 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1810-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human trabecular meshwork (hTM) cell isolation in academic settings utilizes the motile nature of these cells, allowing them to migrate away from the explant and proliferate on distal regions of the culture substrate. Corneoscleral rims used for transplantation are a potential source of explants for the establishment of hTM cell cultures. However, cell isolation and the initiation of primary cell cultures from ocular tissues stored in Optisol-GS medium for an extended period of time (>6 days) has proven difficult, since Optisol-GS remarkably reduces cell viability and cellularity. Therefore, explants obtained from ocular tissues stored in Optisol-GS do not often provide adequate cell yield to initiate primary cell cultures if conventional culture techniques are used. Therefore, the majority of the research on primary hTM cell isolation has been accomplished using donor tissue obtained within 72 h postmortem. The goal of this study was to develop an hTM cell isolation procedure from nontransplantable ocular materials, utilizing the anchorage dependency of TM cells. This procedure yielded functionally viable cells, eficiently dissociated from the trabecular meshwork. Isolated cells demonstrated typical hTM cell characteristics including monolayer formation, contact inhibition, phagocytosis, and responses to glucocorticoid exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time an expired explant has been utilized in the successful isolation of hTM cells. Our results clearly demonstrate the advantage of increasing the anchor points of hTM cells for enhanced cell migration out from the explants, which have limited cell proliferative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala D Waduthanthri
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | | | - Sibel Çetinel
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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161
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Danielewska ME, Messner A, Werkmeister RM, Placek MM, Aranha Dos Santos V, Rękas M, Schmetterer L. Relationship Between the Parameters of Corneal and Fundus Pulse Signals Acquired With a Combined Ultrasound and Laser Interferometry Technique. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:15. [PMID: 31388467 PMCID: PMC6675519 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To estimate the relationship between the characteristics of the corneal pulse (CP) signal and those of the fundus pulse (FP) signal measured with a combined noncontact ultrasonic and laser interferometry technique in healthy subjects. Methods Twenty-two healthy subjects participated in experiments that included measurements of intraocular pressure, ocular pulse amplitude, ocular biometry, blood pressure, and heart rate. Additionally, simultaneous recordings of CP and FP signals were acquired with a noncontact ultrasonic device combined with laser interferometry. Subsequently, ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) and the time and spectral parameters of CP and FP signals were computed. A system model was proposed to relate the FP signal to the CP signal. Results The system model revealed that the eye globe transfers information between signals of the posterior and anterior eye, relatively amplifying higher spectral harmonics. The amplitude of the second CP harmonic is predicted by FPRMS and OPP (R2 = 0.468, P = 0.002). Partial correlation analysis showed that the CP signal parameters are statistically significantly correlated with those of the FP signal and OPP, after correcting for age and sex. Conclusions The eye globe can be viewed as a high pass filter, in which the CP characteristic changes in relation to the fundus pulsation. The FP signal and OPP have an impact on the variations of the CP signal morphology. Translational Relevance Investigation of differences between the characteristics of the anterior and posterior tissue movements is a promising method for evaluating the role of circulatory and biomechanical components in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika E Danielewska
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Messner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - René M Werkmeister
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michał M Placek
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Marek Rękas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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162
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Reina-Torres E, Bertrand JA, O'Callaghan J, Sherwood JM, Humphries P, Overby DR. Reduced humidity experienced by mice in vivo coincides with reduced outflow facility measured ex vivo. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107745. [PMID: 31351057 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice are routinely used to study aqueous humour dynamics. However, physical factors such as temperature and hydration affect outflow facility in enucleated eyes. This retrospective study examined whether differences in temperature and relative humidity experienced by living mice within their housing environment in vivo coincide with differences in outflow facility measured ex vivo. Facility data and environmental records were collected for one enucleated eye from 116 mice (C57BL/6J males, 9-15 weeks old) at two institutions. Outflow facility was reduced when relative humidity was below the lower limit of 45% recommended by the UK Code of Practice, but there was no detectable effect of temperature on outflow facility. Even when accounting for effects of humidity, there were differences in outflow facility measured between institutions and between individual researchers at the same institution. These data indicate that humidity, as well as additional environmental factors experienced by living mice within their housing environment, may significantly affect outflow facility measured ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacques A Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey O'Callaghan
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph M Sherwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Humphries
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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163
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Influence of holding weights of different magnitudes on intraocular pressure and anterior eye biometrics. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:2233-2238. [PMID: 31257548 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is aimed at determining the impact of holding weight corresponding to the 10% and 20% of participants' body weight during 5-min on intraocular pressure (IOP) and anterior eye biometrics. METHODS Eighteen healthy young adults grabbed two jugs with comfort-grip handles, which were filled with water in order to achieve the desirable load (10% and 20% of participants' body weight). A rebound tonometer and Oculus Pentacam were used to assess IOP and anterior segment biometrics, respectively, at baseline, after 0.5, 2, 3.5, and 5 min of holding weights, as well as after 0.5 and 2 min of recovery in each experimental condition (control, 10%, and 20%). RESULTS There was a significant effect of the load used on IOP (p = 0.016, ƞp2 = 0.215) and anterior chamber angle (p = 0.018, ƞp2 = 0.211), with the load corresponding to 20% of participants' body weight promoting a significant IOP rise (corrected p value = 0.035, d = 0.67), and anterior chamber angle reduction (corrected p value = 0.029, d = 0.69) in comparison with the control condition. No effects of holding weight were observed for anterior chamber depth and central corneal thickness (p > 0.348). CONCLUSIONS Our data evidence that holding weight during 5 min increases IOP and narrows the anterior chamber angle, being these effects significant when using a load corresponding to 20% of body weight. Based on the current outcomes, lifting or carrying heavy loads may be discouraged for glaucoma patients or individuals at high risk for glaucoma onset, although future studies should explore the clinical relevance of our findings.
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164
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Ye M, Chen Z, Li M, Chen W, Zhang H, Wang J. Effect of topical application of adrenaline on Schlemm canal, trabecular meshwork and intraocular pressure. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15558. [PMID: 31145276 PMCID: PMC6708954 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To measure changes in the sizes of Schlemm canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) in healthy individuals before and after topical application of 1% adrenaline at 15, 45, and 90 minutes using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT). METHODS Anterior chamber angle imaging of the nasal and temporal regions of the right eyes was performed with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) before and after topical application of 1% adrenaline at 15, 45, and 90 minutes. The diameter and area of SC, width and thickness of TM, anterior chamber depth (ACD) and pupil diameter (PD) were measured with ASOCT images. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also recorded simultaneously. RESULTS A total of 15 healthy individuals were enrolled and included 7 male subjects and 8 female subjects; Compared with the parameters before intervention, both the SC diameter and area in the 2 quadrants increased after the application of adrenaline at the 3 time points (P < .05). The TM width increased after medication (P < .05). IOP decreased significantly after application (P < .05). There were no statistically significant changes in TM thickness, ACD, and PD at any point of time (P > .05). CONCLUSION Topical application of 1% adrenaline in eye led to decrease in IOP with the SC diameter and area as well as the TM width increased after medication. While the TM thickness, ACD, PD seemed to remain constant.
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165
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Gallab M, Omata S, Harada K, Mitsuishi M, Sugimoto K, Ueta T, Totsuka K, Araki F, Takao M, Aihara M, Arai F. Development of a Spherical Model with a 3D Microchannel: An Application to Glaucoma Surgery. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10050297. [PMID: 31052324 PMCID: PMC6562714 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic channels, which simulate human tissues such as blood vessels, are useful in surgical simulator models for evaluating surgical devices and training novice surgeons. However, animal models and current artificial models do not sufficiently mimic the anatomical and mechanical properties of human tissues. Therefore, we established a novel fabrication method to fabricate an eye model for use as a surgical simulator. For the glaucoma surgery task, the eye model consists of a sclera with a clear cornea; a 3D microchannel with a width of 200–500 µm, representing the Schlemm’s canal (SC); and a thin membrane with a thickness of 40–132 µm, representing the trabecular meshwork (TM). The sclera model with a clear cornea and SC was fabricated by 3D molding. Blow molding was used to fabricate the TM to cover the inner surface of the sclera part. Soft materials with controllable mechanical behaviors were used to fabricate the sclera and TM parts to mimic the mechanical properties of human tissues. Additionally, to simulate the surgery with constraints similar to those in a real operation, the eye model was installed on a skull platform. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an integration method for fabricating an eye model that has a 3D microchannel representing the SC and a membrane representing the TM, to develop a glaucoma model for training novice surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Gallab
- Nagoya University, Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical science and Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Seiji Omata
- Nagoya University, Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical science and Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Kanako Harada
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8666, Japan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Mitsuishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Sugimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ueta
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Totsuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Fumiyuki Araki
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Muneyuki Takao
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Nagoya University, Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical science and Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan.
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166
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Outflow facility and extent of angle closure in a porcine model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1239-1245. [PMID: 30944988 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the extent of anterior chamber angle circumference needed to maintain a physiological outflow facility (C). This could create a model to investigate focal outflow regulation. METHODS Twenty anterior segments of porcine eyes were assigned to five groups, each with a different degree of cyanoacrylate-mediated angle closure: 90° (n = 4), 180° (n = 4), 270° (n = 4), 360° (n = 4), and four unoccluded control eyes. The outflow facility was measured at baseline, 3, 12, 24, and 36 h after angle closure. Outflow patterns were evaluated with canalograms and the histomorphology was compared. RESULTS Baseline outflow facilities of the five groups were similar (F = 0.922, p = 0.477). Occlusion of 360° induced a significant decrease in facility from baseline at all time-points (p ≤ 0.023 at 3, 12, 24, and 36 h). However, no difference from baseline was found in any of the partially occluded (0-270°) groups (F ≥ 0.067, p ≥ 0.296 at 3, 12, 24, and 36 h). The canalograms confirmed the extent of occlusion with flow through the unblocked regions. Histology revealed no adverse effects of blockage on the TM or aqueous plexus in the unoccluded angle portions. The unoccluded TM appeared normal. CONCLUSION Cyanoacrylate-mediated angle occlusion created a reproducible angle closure model. Ninety degrees of unoccluded anterior chamber angle circumference was sufficient to maintain physiological outflow. This model may help understand how outflow can be regulated in healthy, nonglaucomatous TM.
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167
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Laroche D, Okaka Y, Ng C. A Novel Low Cost Effective Technique in Using a 23 Gauge Straight Cystotome to Perform Goniotomy: Making Micro-invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) Accessible to the Africans and the Diaspora. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111:193-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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168
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Laroche D, Anugo D, Ng C, Ishikawa H. Intra-Scleral Ciliary Sulcus Suprachoroidal Microtube: Making Supraciliary Glaucoma Surgery Affordable. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111:427-435. [PMID: 30926218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The suprachoroidal space (SCS) has been a successful target to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients. We present the results of 4 patients who underwent a novel glaucoma surgical procedure to lower IOP: Intrascleral Ciliary Sulcus-Suprachoroidal Microtube. METHODS A sterile medical grade silicone microtube (Tube extender, New World Medical) was surgically placed to drain aqueous from the posterior chamber ciliary sulcus of the eye to the SCS. The internal diameter of the tube was 300 um and the length varied from 8-10mm. After informed consent was obtained and witnessed, this procedure was performed in glaucoma patients with pseudophakia. The tube was placed intrasclerally beneath an inferotemporal sclera flap (50% thickness approximately 4mm x 4mm). The anterior end of the tube was inserted into the ciliary sulcus approximately 2mm from the limbus and the posterior end was placed into the SCS approximately 4mm from the limbus. The microtube was sutured to the sclera with a 10-0 nylon suture. 8-0 vicryl sutures were used to close the sclera flap and the conjunctiva inferotemporally. RESULTS All 4 patients had lower IOP. The average reduction of IOP was 36% at 3 months. The amount of glaucoma medications per patient at 3 months dropped from an average of 3 to 0.25. The risks are similar to traditional glaucoma incisional surgery. CONCLUSION This new technique of Intrascleral Ciliary Sulcus-Suprachoroidal Microtube in all four patients with mild, moderate, and advanced glaucoma demonstrated a significant lowering of IOP and a decrease in the number of medications. Further research is required to assess long term efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Laroche
- Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Davis Anugo
- Albert Einstein School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chester Ng
- Advanced Eyecare of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
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169
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Kim WJ, Kim JM, Lee WH, Kim KN, Kim CS. Effect of combined goniotomy and phacoemulsification on intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 47:757-765. [PMID: 30924282 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although goniotomy is known to be successful in treating congenital glaucoma, its effect in adult glaucoma patients remains unclear. BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy and safety of goniotomy performed simultaneously with cataract surgery in treatment of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). DESIGN Retrospective comparative study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 76 patients with moderately controlled OAG (intraocular pressure [IOP] ≤ 21 mmHg using medications) undergoing cataract surgery. METHODS Comparison of patients who underwent the conventional goniotomy during cataract surgery (combined goniotomy group) with those who underwent cataract surgery alone (phaco group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in IOP and medications, and complications through 12 months. RESULTS Baseline IOP was 18.2 ± 2.4 mmHg in the combined goniotomy group and 17.4 ± 1.9 mmHg in the phaco group; number of medications was 2.6 ± 1.1 and 2.4 ± 0.9, respectively (P > 0.05). The reduction in IOP and medication use from baseline in the combined goniotomy group was significantly greater at 12 months compared to the phaco group (-3.1 ± 2.9 mmHg vs -1.3 ± 2.4 mmHg and -1.2 ± 0.9 vs -0.7 ± 0.9, respectively, both P < 0.05). The success rate was 76.7% in the combined goniotomy group and 50.0% in the phaco group at 12 months (P = 0.021). No significant complication was observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Combined goniotomy and cataract surgery showed a significantly greater reduction in IOP and number of medications compared to cataract surgery alone at 1 year after surgery, with similarly favourable safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ju-Mi Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woo-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Nam Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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170
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Impact of pigment dispersion on trabecular meshwork cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1217-1230. [PMID: 30919079 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM) in pigmentary glaucoma contributes to increased aqueous humor outflow resistance and intraocular pressure. In this study, we investigated the effect of pigment dispersion on trabecular meshwork cells. METHODS Porcine TM cells from ab interno trabeculectomy specimens were exposed to pigment dispersion, then, analyzed for changes in morphology, immunostaining, and ultrastructure. Their abilities to phagocytose migrate, and contraction was quantified. An expression microarray, using 23,937 probes, and a pathway analysis were performed. RESULTS Stress fiber formation was increased in the pigment dispersion group (P) (60.1 ± 0.3%, n = 10) compared to control (C) (38.4 ± 2.5%, n = 11, p < 0.001). Phagocytosis declined (number of cells with microspheres in P = 37.0 ± 1.1% and in C = 68.7 ± 1.3%, n = 3, p < 0.001) and migration was reduced after 6 h (cells within the visual field over 6 h in P = 28.0.1 ± 2.3 (n = 12) and in C = 40.6 ± 3.3 (n = 13), p < 0.01). Pigment induced contraction at 24 h onwards (p < 0.01). Microarray analysis revealed that Rho signaling was central to these responses. CONCLUSION Exposure of TM cells to pigment dispersion resulted in reduced phagocytosis and migration, as well as increased stress fiber formation and cell contraction. The Rho signaling pathway played a central and early role, suggesting that its inhibitors could be used as a specific intervention in treatment of pigmentary glaucoma.
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171
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Ficarrotta KR, Bello SA, Mohamed YH, Passaglia CL. Aqueous Humor Dynamics of the Brown-Norway Rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2529-2537. [PMID: 29847660 PMCID: PMC5967599 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study aimed to provide a quantitative description of aqueous humor dynamics in healthy rat eyes. Methods One eye of 26 anesthetized adult Brown-Norway rats was cannulated with a needle connected to a perfusion pump and pressure transducer. Pressure-flow data were measured in live and dead eyes by varying pump rate (constant-flow technique) or by modulating pump duty cycle to hold intraocular pressure (IOP) at set levels (modified constant-pressure technique). Data were fit by the Goldmann equation to estimate conventional outflow facility (\begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}C\end{document}) and unconventional outflow rate (\begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}{F_{un}}\end{document}). Parameter estimates were respectively checked by inserting a shunt of similar conductance into the eye and by varying eye hydration methodology. Results Rat IOP averaged 14.6 ± 1.9 mm Hg at rest. Pressure-flow data were repeatable and indistinguishable for the two perfusion techniques, yielding \begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}C\end{document} = 0.023 ± 0.002 μL/min/mm Hg and \begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}{F_{un}}\end{document} = 0.096 ± 0.024 μL/min. \begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}C\end{document} was similar for live and dead eyes and increased upon shunt insertion by an amount equal to shunt conductance, validating measurement accuracy. At 100% humidity \begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}{F_{un}}\end{document} dropped to 0.003 ± 0.030 μL/min. Physiological washout was not observed (−0.35 ± 0.65%/h), and trabecular anatomy looked normal. Conclusions Rat aqueous humor dynamics are intermediate in magnitude compared to those in mice and humans, consistent with species differences in eye size. \begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}C\end{document} does not change with time or death. Evaporation complicates measurement of \begin{document}\newcommand{\bialpha}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\newcommand{\bibeta}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\newcommand{\bigamma}{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\newcommand{\bidelta}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\newcommand{\bivarepsilon}{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\newcommand{\bizeta}{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\newcommand{\bieta}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\newcommand{\bitheta}{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\newcommand{\biiota}{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\newcommand{\bikappa}{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\newcommand{\bilambda}{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\newcommand{\bimu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\newcommand{\binu}{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\newcommand{\bixi}{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\newcommand{\biomicron}{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\newcommand{\bipi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\newcommand{\birho}{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\newcommand{\bisigma}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\newcommand{\bitau}{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\newcommand{\biupsilon}{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\newcommand{\biphi}{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\newcommand{\bichi}{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\newcommand{\bipsi}{\boldsymbol{\psi}}\newcommand{\biomega}{\boldsymbol{\omega}}{F_{un}}\end{document} even when eyes are not enucleated. Absence of washout is a notable finding seen only in mouse and human eyes to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla R Ficarrotta
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Simon A Bello
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Youssef H Mohamed
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Christopher L Passaglia
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States.,Ophthalmology Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
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172
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Abstract
Many diseases are related to age, among these neurodegeneration is particularly important. Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's and Glaucoma have many common pathogenic events including oxidative damage, Mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial alterations and changes in the visual field. These are well known in the case of glaucoma, less in the case of neurodegeneration of the brain. Many other molecular aspects are common, such as the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and neuronal apoptosis while others have been neglected due to lack of space such as inflammatory cytokine or miRNA. Moreover, the loss of specific neuronal populations, the induction of similar mechanisms of cell injury and the deposition of protein aggregates in specific anatomical areas are very similar events between these diseases. Intracellular and/or extracellular accumulation of protein aggregates is a key feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. The existence of abnormal protein aggregates has been documented in the RGCs of glaucomatous patients such as the anomalous Tau protein or the β-amyloid accumulations. Intra-cell catabolic processes also appear to be common in both glaucoma and neurodegeneration. They also help us to understand how the basis between these diseases is common and how the visual aspects can be a serious problem for those who are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alberto Cutolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Science, University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Eye Clinic Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Rossi
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy
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173
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Song YY, Lee TE. The Incidence of Increased Intraocular Pressure and Clinical Course in Traumatic Hyphema. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2019.60.12.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yeon Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae Eun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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174
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Dillinger AE, Guter M, Froemel F, Weber GR, Perkumas K, Stamer WD, Ohlmann A, Fuchshofer R, Breunig M. Intracameral Delivery of Layer-by-Layer Coated siRNA Nanoparticles for Glaucoma Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803239. [PMID: 30353713 PMCID: PMC6599181 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a mediator of pathological effects in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC). A novel, causative therapeutic concept which involves the intracameral delivery of small interfering RNA against CTGF is proposed. Layer-by-layer coated nanoparticles of 200-260 nm with a final layer of hyaluronan (HA) are developed. The HA-coating should provide the nanoparticles sufficient mobility in the extracellular matrix and allow for binding to TM and SC cells via CD44. By screening primary TM and SC cells in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo, the validity of the concept is confirmed. CD44 expression is elevated in glaucomatous versus healthy cells by about two- to sixfold. CD44 is significantly involved in the cellular uptake of HA-coated nanoparticles. Ex vivo organ culture of porcine, murine, and human eyes demonstrates up to threefold higher accumulation of HA compared to control nanoparticles and much better penetration into the target tissue. Gene silencing in primary human TM cells results in a significant reduction of CTGF expression. Thus, HA-coated nanoparticles combined with RNA interference may provide a potential strategy for glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Dillinger
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Guter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Froemel
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gregor R Weber
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Andreas Ohlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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Hu C, Sun J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Lei Y, Sun X, Deng Y. Local Delivery and Sustained-Release of Nitric Oxide Donor Loaded in Mesoporous Silica Particles for Efficient Treatment of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1801047. [PMID: 30387326 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) donors are ideal drug candidates for reducing intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma. However, poor cornea penetration, short duration of efficacy, and narrow therapeutic index of most NO donors obstruct their clinical applications in glaucoma treatment. This study reports a novel NO donor delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles that can readily overcome the above difficulties and deliver the NO-donating drug sodium nitroprusside to the target tissues (trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with sodium nitroprusside can produce more exogenous NO and sustain higher NO concentration in animal eye models, which significantly extend the duration of intraocular pressure reduction from 3 to 48 h with only 1/40 of the dose of sodium nitroprusside solution. These findings open up the possibility of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loading sodium nitroprusside for effective management of ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual ScienceEye InstituteEye & ENT HospitalShanghai Medical CollegeFudan University Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual ScienceEye InstituteEye & ENT HospitalShanghai Medical CollegeFudan University Shanghai 200031 China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University) Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials iChEMFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual ScienceEye InstituteEye & ENT HospitalShanghai Medical CollegeFudan University Shanghai 200031 China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University) Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual ScienceEye InstituteEye & ENT HospitalShanghai Medical CollegeFudan University Shanghai 200031 China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University) Shanghai 200031 China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceFudan University Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yonghui Deng
- Department of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials iChEMFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China
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176
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Belmares R, Raychaudhuri U, Maansson S, Clark AF. Histological investigation of human glaucomatous eyes: Extracellular fibrotic changes and galectin 3 expression in the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head. Clin Anat 2018; 31:1031-1049. [PMID: 30117188 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss and is associated with fibrotic changes in two ocular tissues-the optic nerve head (ONH) and trabecular meshwork (TM). We investigated the differences in extracellular matrix components (ECM) including collagen, elastin, transforming growth factor beta-2, type-II receptor (TGFβRII) and Galectin3 (Gal3) in the glaucomatous human eyes to quantify fibrotic changes in ONH and TM. Glaucomatous and control human donor eyes were prepared for chemical and immunological staining to quantify ECM protein expression in the TM and ONH. Chemical staining included: Trichrome (collagen), Vernhoeff-Van Giesen (elastin) and Sirius Red (collagen). Immunohistochemistry was used to determine levels of Gal3 and TGFβ2RII. Quantitative analyses were performed using Image J software. Student's t-test was used to compare groups and Pearson's test was used to determine correlations P-values of 0.05 (or less) were considered statistically significant. Deposition of ECM proteins was elevated in glaucomatous tissues. There was increased collagen (P = 0.0469), Gal3 (P < 0.0001) and TGFβ2RII (P = 0.0005) in the TM of glaucomatous eyes. Likewise, collagen (P = 0.0517) and Galectin3 (P = 0.041) were increased in the ONH glaucomatous eyes. There was a correlation of TGFβRII with Gal3 in the TM (P < 0.0001) and optic nerve (P = 0.0003). The TM and ONH of glaucomatous eyes showed increased expression of ECM proteins supporting a fibrotic pathology. Galectin3 and TGFβ-2R II showed a positive correlation in TM and optic nerve supporting co-localization and suggesting their potential role in the glaucoma fibrotic process. Clin. Anat. 31:1031-1049, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Clinical Anatomy published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Clinical Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Belmares
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas.,Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Urmimala Raychaudhuri
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Sandra Maansson
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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178
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Ang M, Baskaran M, Werkmeister RM, Chua J, Schmidl D, Aranha dos Santos V, Garhöfer G, Mehta JS, Schmetterer L. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:132-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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179
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Bhatti A, Singh G. Efficacy of three different formulations of brimonidine for control of intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma: A 6-week randomized trial. Oman J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:140-143. [PMID: 29930448 PMCID: PMC5991052 DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_98_2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of brimonidine (0.2%), brimonidine purite (0.15%), and brimonidine purite (0.1%) in patients of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients of POAG with IOP >21 mmHg were enrolled into this study for 6-week duration. The patients were randomly divided into three groups with 20 patients in each group. Group A instilled brimonidine 0.2%, Group B instilled brimonidine purite 0.15%, and Group C instilled brimonidine purite 0.1% twice daily. IOP was recorded by applanation tonometry at baseline and subsequently at 2, 4, and 6 weeks at 9:00–10:00 am during each visit around 30 min after instillation of eye drops. RESULTS: Mean IOP reduction in Group A was from 25.55 ± 2.01 to 19.85 ± 2.05 mmHg at the end of study, thus resulting in fall of 5.70 mmHg (22.30%), in Group B, it decreased from 25.65 ± 2.41 to 19.55 ± 2.43 mmHg, thus resulting in fall of 6.10 mmHg (23.78%), and in Group C, it decreased from 25.80 ± 2.26 mmHg to 19.85 ± 2.16 mmHg, thus resulting in fall of 6.35 mmHg (24.61%). There was no statistically significant difference in IOP-lowering efficacy of study drugs. Conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, dry eye, and papillary reaction were the important side effects seen with study drugs. Brimonidine 0.2% caused more side effects than brimonidine purite 0.15% and brimonidine purite 0.1%. CONCLUSION: All the three formulations of brimonidine produced statistically equal lowering of IOP in patients of POAG with reduced systemic and ocular adverse reactions with brimonidine purite 0.15% and 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Bhatti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gursatinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
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180
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Chen Z, Sun J, Li M, Liu S, Chen L, Jing S, Cai Z, Xiang Y, Song Y, Zhang H, Wang J. Effect of age on the morphologies of the human Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork measured with swept‑source optical coherence tomography. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:1621-1628. [PMID: 29921951 PMCID: PMC6189106 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to measure the sizes of Schlemm’s canal (SC) and the trabecular meshwork (TM) in healthy individuals and to evaluate variations with age from childhood to old age by using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Anterior chamber angle imaging of the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal regions of the right and left eyes was performed with swept-source OCT. The diameter and area of SC and TM width and thickness were measured manually from OCT images. Results A total of 114 healthy individuals were enrolled and included 48 male subjects and 66 female subjects; their ages ranged from 7 to 83 years. Both the SC diameter and area in the four quadrants decreased significantly with aging (P < 0.001) and were wider in the nasal and temporal quadrants compared with the superior and inferior quadrants. Changes in SC size showed significant positive correlations with axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive association between age and TM thickness in the nasal and temporal quadrants (P < 0.05). The inferior quadrant TM width was the widest among the quadrants. The superior quadrant TM thickness was the thinnest among the quadrants. Changes in TM thickness in the nasal and temporal quadrants showed a significant negative correlation with AL (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation in SC and TM parameters with central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, sex, or right or left eye (P > 0.05). Conclusions With aging, the SC diameter and area became smaller, TM thickness increased, and TM width seemed to remain constant. Measurements of the sizes of SC and the TM with swept-source OCT could assist in clinical assessments and treatment planning for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liugui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sili Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yinwei Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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181
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Raychaudhuri U, Millar JC, Clark AF. Knockout of tissue transglutaminase ameliorates TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension: A novel therapeutic target for glaucoma? Exp Eye Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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182
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Stern JH, Tian Y, Funderburgh J, Pellegrini G, Zhang K, Goldberg JL, Ali RR, Young M, Xie Y, Temple S. Regenerating Eye Tissues to Preserve and Restore Vision. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:834-849. [PMID: 29859174 PMCID: PMC6492284 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ocular regenerative therapies are on track to revolutionize treatment of numerous blinding disorders, including corneal disease, cataract, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. A variety of transplantable products, delivered as cell suspensions or as preformed 3D structures combining cells and natural or artificial substrates, are in the pipeline. Here we review the status of clinical and preclinical studies for stem cell-based repair, covering key eye tissues from front to back, from cornea to retina, and including bioengineering approaches that advance cell product manufacturing. While recognizing the challenges, we look forward to a deep portfolio of sight-restoring, stem cell-based medicine. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Stern
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - James Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G.Gottardi 100, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Kang Zhang
- Shiley Eye Institute and Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Laboratory, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Genetics, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK; Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Michael Young
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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183
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Man X, Arroyo E, Dunbar M, Reed DM, Shah N, Kagemann L, Kim W, Moroi SE, Argento A. Perilimbal sclera mechanical properties: Impact on intraocular pressure in porcine eyes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195882. [PMID: 29718942 PMCID: PMC5931674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive knowledge on the relationship of posterior scleral biomechanics and intraocular pressure (IOP) load on glaucomatous optic neuropathy; however, the role for biomechanical influence of the perilimbal scleral tissue on the aqueous humor drainage pathway, including the distal venous outflow system, and IOP regulation is not fully understood. The purpose of this work is to study the outflow characteristics of perfused porcine eyes relative to the biomechanical properties of the perilimbal sclera, the posterior sclera and the cornea. Enucleated porcine eyes from eleven different animals were perfused with surrogate aqueous at two fixed flow rates while monitoring their IOP. After perfusion, mechanical stress-strain and relaxation tests were conducted on specimens of perilimbal sclera, posterior sclera, and cornea from the same perfused eyes. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated a strong correlation between increased tangent modulus of the perilimbal sclera tissues and increased perfusion IOP (R2 = 0.74, p = 0.0006 at lower flow rate and R2 = 0.71, p = 0.0011 at higher flow rate). In contrast, there were no significant correlations between IOP and the tangent modulus of the other tissues (Posterior sclera: R2 = 0.17 at lower flow rate and R2 = 0.30 at higher flow rate; cornea: R2 = 0.02 at lower flow rate and R2<0.01 at higher flow rate) nor the viscoelastic properties of any tissue (R2 ≤ 0.08 in all cases). Additionally, the correlation occurred for IOP and not net outflow facility (R2 ≤ 0.12 in all cases). These results provide new evidence that IOP in perfused porcine eyes is strongly influenced by the tangent modulus, sometimes called the tissue stiffness, of the most anterior portion of the sclera, i.e. the limbus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Man
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Elizabeth Arroyo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Martha Dunbar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David M. Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Neil Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Larry Kagemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Medical Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Ophthalmic and Ear, Nose and Throat Devices, Office of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wonsuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sayoko E. Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alan Argento
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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184
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Williams R, Lace R, Kennedy S, Doherty K, Levis H. Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Approaches for the Anterior Segment of the Eye. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701328. [PMID: 29388397 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies to treat vision loss associated with damage to tissues in the anterior segment of the eye has been studied for several years. This has mostly involved replacement and support for the cornea and conjunctiva. These are complex tissues with specific functional requirements for different parts of the tissue. Amniotic membrane (AM) is used in clinical practice to transplant autologous or allogenic cells to the corneal surface. Fibrin gels have also progressed to clinical use under specific conditions. Alternatives to AM such as collagen gels, other natural materials, for example keratin and silks, and synthetic polymers have received considerable attention in laboratory and animal studies. This experience is building a body of evidence to demonstrate the potential of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in corneal and conjunctival reconstruction and can also lead to other applications in the anterior segment of the eye, for example, the trabecular meshwork. There is a real clinical need for new procedures to overcome vision loss but there are also opportunities for developments in ocular applications to lead to biomaterials innovations for use in other clinical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Williams
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Rebecca Lace
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Stephnie Kennedy
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Kyle Doherty
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Hannah Levis
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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185
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Wang K, Li G, Read AT, Navarro I, Mitra AK, Stamer WD, Sulchek T, Ethier CR. The relationship between outflow resistance and trabecular meshwork stiffness in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5848. [PMID: 29643342 PMCID: PMC5895808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24165-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that common mechanisms may underlie the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG). The biomechanical properties (stiffness) of the trabecular meshwork (TM) have been shown to differ between POAG patients and unaffected individuals. While features such as ocular hypertension and increased outflow resistance in POAG and SIG have been replicated in mouse models, whether changes of TM stiffness contributes to altered IOP homeostasis remains unknown. We found that outer TM was stiffer than the inner TM and, there was a significant positive correlation between outflow resistance and TM stiffness in mice where conditions are well controlled. This suggests that TM stiffness is intimately involved in establishing outflow resistance, motivating further studies to investigate factors underlying TM biomechanical property regulation. Such factors may play a role in the pathophysiology of ocular hypertension. Additionally, this finding may imply that manipulating TM may be a promising approach to restore normal outflow dynamics in glaucoma. Further, novel technologies are being developed to measure ocular tissue stiffness in situ. Thus, the changes of TM stiffness might be a surrogate marker to help in diagnosing altered conventional outflow pathway function if those technologies could be adapted to TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States of America
| | - A Thomas Read
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States of America
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110, United States of America
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States of America
| | - Todd Sulchek
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America. .,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America.
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186
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Keller KE, Bhattacharya SK, Borrás T, Brunner TM, Chansangpetch S, Clark AF, Dismuke WM, Du Y, Elliott MH, Ethier CR, Faralli JA, Freddo TF, Fuchshofer R, Giovingo M, Gong H, Gonzalez P, Huang A, Johnstone MA, Kaufman PL, Kelley MJ, Knepper PA, Kopczynski CC, Kuchtey JG, Kuchtey RW, Kuehn MH, Lieberman RL, Lin SC, Liton P, Liu Y, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Mao W, Masis-Solano M, McDonnell F, McDowell CM, Overby DR, Pattabiraman PP, Raghunathan VK, Rao PV, Rhee DJ, Chowdhury UR, Russell P, Samples JR, Schwartz D, Stubbs EB, Tamm ER, Tan JC, Toris CB, Torrejon KY, Vranka JA, Wirtz MK, Yorio T, Zhang J, Zode GS, Fautsch MP, Peters DM, Acott TS, Stamer WD. Consensus recommendations for trabecular meshwork cell isolation, characterization and culture. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:164-173. [PMID: 29526795 PMCID: PMC6042513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultured trabecular meshwork (TM) cells are a valuable model system to study the cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of conventional outflow resistance and thus intraocular pressure; and their dysfunction resulting in ocular hypertension. In this review, we describe the standard procedures used for the isolation of TM cells from several animal species including humans, and the methods used to validate their identity. Having a set of standard practices for TM cells will increase the scientific rigor when used as a model, and enable other researchers to replicate and build upon previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbott F Clark
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | - Yiqin Du
- University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | | | | | | | - Thomas F Freddo
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex Huang
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shan C Lin
- University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | | | - Weiming Mao
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James C Tan
- University of Southern California, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mary K Wirtz
- Oregon Health and Science University, United States
| | - Thomas Yorio
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Gulab S Zode
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Ted S Acott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
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187
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Dang Y, Waxman S, Wang C, Shah P, Loewen RT, Loewen NA. Intraocular pressure elevation precedes a phagocytosis decline in a model of pigmentary glaucoma. F1000Res 2018; 7:174. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13797.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Outflow regulation and phagocytosis are key functions of the trabecular meshwork (TM), but it is not clear how the two are related in secondary open angle glaucomas characterized by an increased particle load. We hypothesized that diminished TM phagocytosis is not the primary cause of early ocular hypertension and recreated pigment dispersion in a porcine ex vivo model. Methods: Sixteen porcine anterior chamber cultures received a continuous infusion of pigment granules (Pg), while 16 additional anterior chambers served as controls (C). Pressure transducers recorded the intraocular pressure (IOP). The phagocytic capacity of the trabecular meshwork was determined by fluorescent microspheres. Results: The baseline IOPs in Pg and C were similar (P=0.82). A significant IOP elevation occurred in Pg at 48, 120, and 180 hours (all P<0.01, compared to baseline). The pigment did not cause a reduction in TM phagocytosis at 48 hours, when the earliest IOP elevation occurred, but at 120 hours onward (P=0.001 compared to C). This reduction did not result in an additional IOP increase at 120 or 180 hours compared to the first IOP elevation at 48 hours (P>0.05). Conclusions: In this porcine model of pigmentary glaucoma, an IOP elevation occurs much earlier than when phagocytosis fails, suggesting that two separate mechanisms might be at work.
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Dang Y, Waxman S, Wang C, Shah P, Loewen RT, Loewen NA. Intraocular pressure elevation precedes a phagocytosis decline in a model of pigmentary glaucoma. F1000Res 2018; 7:174. [PMID: 29721307 PMCID: PMC5915754 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13797.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Outflow regulation and phagocytosis are key functions of the trabecular meshwork (TM), but it is not clear how the two are related in secondary open angle glaucomas characterized by an increased particle load. We hypothesized that diminished TM phagocytosis is not the primary cause of early ocular hypertension and recreated pigment dispersion in a porcine
ex vivo model. Methods: Sixteen porcine anterior chamber cultures received a continuous infusion of pigment granules (Pg), while 16 additional anterior chambers served as controls (C). Pressure transducers recorded the intraocular pressure (IOP). The phagocytic capacity of the trabecular meshwork was determined by fluorescent microspheres. Results: The baseline IOPs in Pg and C were similar (
P=0.82). A significant IOP elevation occurred in Pg at 48, 120, and 180 hours (all
P<0.01, compared to baseline). The pigment did not cause a reduction in TM phagocytosis at 48 hours when the earliest IOP elevation occurred, but at 120 hours onward (
P=0.001 compared to C). This reduction did not result in an additional IOP increase at 120 or 180 hours compared to the first IOP elevation at 48 hours (
P>0.05). Conclusions: In this porcine model of pigmentary glaucoma, an IOP elevation occurs much earlier than when phagocytosis fails, suggesting that two separate mechanisms might be at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Susannah Waxman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Priyal Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ralitsa T Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nils A Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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189
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Ji P, Chen L, Gong J, Yuan Y, Li M, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Co-expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and protein gene product 9.5 surrounding the lumen of human Schlemm's canal. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:1-7. [PMID: 29432726 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of aqueous humor outflow have focused primarily on resistance at the trabecular meshwork (TM), and little is known about the function of Schlemm's canal (SC). Here, we aimed to investigate whether SC is innervated by the peripheral nervous system. Ten eye specimens from eight donors were processed for histological analysis. CD31 was used to identify SC, after which we used protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 as a marker to detect nerve fibers around SC. We then characterized the nerves by double staining for PGP9.5 and sympathetic nerve markers, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), or the parasympathetic marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as well as sensory nerve marker calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were also performed to detect the expression of γ-epithelial Na+ channel (γ-ENaC) in SC. We found that different markers were expressed in the anterior chamber angle, with the luminal surface of SC were only positive stained for PGP9.5, VIP, and γ-ENaC. CGRP and VGLUT2 were expressed in TM and scleral spur (SS), whereas TH and DβH were absent in both TM and SC. Furthermore, PGP9.5 was co-expressed with VIP and γ-ENaC in the region surrounding the SC as well as in SS. Our findings indicate that the peripheral nerves anatomically spread in the tissues around the SC and the local nerve fibers may be parasympathetic or sensory rather than sympathetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingting Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jieling Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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190
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Ohia SE, Njie-Mbye YF, Robinson J, Mitchell L, Mckoy M, Opere CA, Sharif NA. Serotonin-2B/2C Receptors Mediate Bovine Ciliary Muscle Contraction: Role in Intraocular Pressure Regulation. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:70-75. [PMID: 29364761 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the pharmacological profile of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptor subtype mediating contractions in bovine isolated ciliary muscles. METHODS Ciliary muscle strips were isolated from bovine eyeballs and mounted in organ baths containing aerated (95% O2, 5% CO2) Krebs buffer solution maintained at 37°C. Each muscle strip was attached at 1 end to a Grass Force-displacement Transducer connected to a Polyview Computer System for recording changes in isometric tension. After an equilibration period, ciliary muscle strips were exposed to selective agonists and antagonists of 5-HT receptors. RESULTS Both selective and nonselective agonists for 5-HT produced concentration-dependent contractions of isolated ciliary muscles with the following rank order of potency: BW723C86>α-methyl-5-HT>MK-212>>8-hydroxy-DPAT>quipazine>R-DOI>>5-HT>>tryptamine. The selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, M-100907 (5-HT2A), RS-127445 (5-HT2B), and RS-102221 (5-HT2C), produced noncompetitive inhibition of the contractile effects of selective agonists yielding antagonist potency (pKB) values of 251 ± 27.2 nM (n = 4), 52.5 ± 6.3 nM (n = 4), and 79.4 ± 9.5 nM (n = 4), respectively. CONCLUSION On the basis of the profile of activity of selective agonists and antagonists, we conclude that the 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes appear to be the predominant serotonin receptors that mediate the contractile action of this amine in bovine isolated ciliary muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny E Ohia
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
| | - Ya Fatou Njie-Mbye
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
| | - Jenaye Robinson
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
| | - Leah Mitchell
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
| | - Marshalyn Mckoy
- 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of the West Indies , Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Catherine A Opere
- 3 Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Naj A Sharif
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas.,4 Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
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191
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Wang X, Huai G, Wang H, Liu Y, Qi P, Shi W, Peng J, Yang H, Deng S, Wang Y. Mutual regulation of the Hippo/Wnt/LPA/TGF‑β signaling pathways and their roles in glaucoma (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1201-1212. [PMID: 29286147 PMCID: PMC5819904 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and there is no effective treatment thus far. The trabecular meshwork has been identified as the major pathological area involved. Certain signaling pathways in the trabecular meshwork, including the Wnt, lysophosphatidic acid and transforming growth factor-β pathways, have been identified as novel therapeutic targets in glaucoma treatment. Meanwhile, it has been reported that key proteins in these pathways, particularly the primary transcription regulator Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), exhibit interactions with the Hippo pathway. The Hippo pathway, which was first identified in Drosophila, has drawn great focus with regard to various aspects of studies in recent years. One role of the Hippo pathway in the regulation of organ size was indicated by more recent evidence. Defining the relevant physiological function of the Hippo pathway has proven to be extremely complicated. Studies have ascribed a role for the Hippo pathway in an overwhelming number of processes, including cell proliferation, cell death and cell differentiation. Therefore, the present review aimed to unravel the roles of YAP and TAZ in the Hippo pathway and the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Furthermore, a new and creative study for the treatment of glaucoma is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Guoli Huai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yuande Liu
- 91388 Military Hospital, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524022, P.R. China
| | - Ping Qi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hongji Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
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192
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Zhang LF, Hargens AR. Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension and Visual Impairment: Pathophysiology and Countermeasures. Physiol Rev 2017; 98:59-87. [PMID: 29167331 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP) syndrome is considered an unexplained major risk for future long-duration spaceflight. NASA recently redefined this syndrome as Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). Evidence thus reviewed supports that chronic, mildly elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in space (as opposed to more variable ICP with posture and activity on Earth) is largely accounted for by loss of hydrostatic pressures and altered hemodynamics in the intracranial circulation and the cerebrospinal fluid system. In space, an elevated pressure gradient across the lamina cribrosa, caused by a chronic but mildly elevated ICP, likely elicits adaptations of multiple structures and fluid systems in the eye which manifest themselves as the VIIP syndrome. A chronic mismatch between ICP and intraocular pressure (IOP) in space may acclimate the optic nerve head, lamina cribrosa, and optic nerve subarachnoid space to a condition that is maladaptive to Earth, all contributing to the pathogenesis of space VIIP syndrome. Relevant findings help to evaluate whether artificial gravity is an appropriate countermeasure to prevent this seemingly adverse effect of long-duration spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fan Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Alan R Hargens
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
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193
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194
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Systems genetics identifies a role for Cacna2d1 regulation in elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma susceptibility. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1755. [PMID: 29176626 PMCID: PMC5701146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multi-factorial blinding disease in which genetic factors play an important role. Elevated intraocular pressure is a highly heritable risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma and currently the only target for glaucoma therapy. Our study helps to better understand underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate intraocular pressure, and identifies a new candidate gene, Cacna2d1, that modulates intraocular pressure and a promising therapeutic, pregabalin, which binds to CACNA2D1 protein and lowers intraocular pressure significantly. Because our study utilizes a genetically diverse population of mice with known sequence variants, we are able to determine that the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of pregabalin is dependent on the Cacna2d1 haplotype. Using human genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, evidence for association of a CACNA2D1 single-nucleotide polymorphism and primary open angle glaucoma is found. Importantly, these results demonstrate that our systems genetics approach represents an efficient method to identify genetic variation that can guide the selection of therapeutic targets. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a heritable risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma. Using forward mouse genetics, cell biology, pharmacology and human genetic data, the authors identify CACNA2D1 as an IOP risk gene that can be therapeutically targeted by the drug pregabalin in animal models.
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195
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Co-management of cataract and glaucoma in the era of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017; 29:88-95. [PMID: 29064837 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses the options available to be used in conjunction with phacoemulsification cataract surgery to control intraocular pressure. We present a strategy for planning which surgery should be performed based on goals of care. RECENT FINDINGS New clinical evidence for using the CyPass, Kahook and Xen45 devices has been published recently and is summarized. SUMMARY Cataract and glaucoma frequently exist together. Because the field of glaucoma surgical care is expanding and cataract surgery is becoming progressively safer, it is important to frequently re-evaluate our treatment paradigms. We review and evaluate current studies and treatment options.
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196
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Snider EJ, Vannatta RT, Schildmeyer L, Stamer WD, Ethier CR. Characterizing differences between MSCs and TM cells: Toward autologous stem cell therapies for the glaucomatous trabecular meshwork. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:695-704. [PMID: 28556530 DOI: 10.1002/term.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, is characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure, which is largely determined by resistance to aqueous humour outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM). In glaucoma, the cellularity of the TM is decreased, and, as a result, stem cell therapies for the TM represent a potential therapeutic option for restoring TM function and treating glaucoma patients. We here focus on adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a potential autologous cell source for TM regenerative medicine applications and describe characterization techniques at the messenger (reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction), protein (western blotting, flow cytometry), and functional (contractility, phagocytosis) levels to distinguish MSCs from TM cells. We present a panel of 12 transcripts to allow: (a) suitable normalization of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction results across cell types and after exposure to potential differentiation stimuli; (b) distinguishing MSCs from TM cells; (c) distinguishing subtypes of TM cells; and (d) distinguishing TM cells from those in neighbouring tissue. At the protein level, dexamethasone induction of myocilin was a robust discriminating factor between MSCs and TM cells and was complemented by other protein markers. Finally, we show that contractility and phagocytosis differ between MSCs and TM cells. These methods are recommended for use in future differentiation studies to fully define if a functional TM-like phenotype is being achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Snider
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Taylor Vannatta
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa Schildmeyer
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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197
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Chang J, Huang J, Li L, Liu Z, Yuan F. Stiffness characterization of anisotropic trabecular meshwork. J Biomech 2017; 61:144-150. [PMID: 28784463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure has been correlated to changes in stiffness of trabecular meshwork (TM) in glaucomatous eyes although mechanical properties of the TM remain to be quantitatively determined. Data in the literature suggest that the TM cannot be considered mechanically as a uniform layer of isotropic elastic material, because the value of its Young's modulus depends on the methods of measurements and can vary up to five orders of magnitude. To this end, we proposed a new theoretical framework for mechanical analysis of the TM, in which the inner wall of Schlemm's canal and the juxtacanalicular tissue in the TM were treated as a uniform layer of isotropic elastic material, and the rest of the TM, i.e., the uveal and corneoscleral meshworks, were modeled as a uniform layer of transversely isotropic material. Using the model, we demonstrated that the large discrepancy in the apparent Young's modulus reported in the literature could be caused by the anisotropy of the meshwork that was significantly stiffer in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction. The theoretical framework could be used to integrate existing data of the stiffness, investigate anisotropic behaviors of the tissues, and develop new methods to measure mechanical properties of the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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198
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Reina-Torres E, Wen JC, Liu KC, Li G, Sherwood JM, Chang JYH, Challa P, Flügel-Koch CM, Stamer WD, Allingham RR, Overby DR. VEGF as a Paracrine Regulator of Conventional Outflow Facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1899-1908. [PMID: 28358962 PMCID: PMC5374885 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates microvascular endothelial permeability, and the permeability of Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelium influences conventional aqueous humor outflow. We hypothesize that VEGF signaling regulates outflow facility. Methods We measured outflow facility (C) in enucleated mouse eyes perfused with VEGF-A164a, VEGF-A165b, VEGF-D, or inhibitors to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). We monitored VEGF-A secretion from human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells by ELISA after 24 hours of static culture or cyclic stretch. We used immunofluorescence microscopy to localize VEGF-A protein within the TM of mice. Results VEGF-A164a increased C in enucleated mouse eyes. Cyclic stretch increased VEGF-A secretion by human TM cells, which corresponded to VEGF-A localization in the TM of mice. Blockade of VEGFR-2 decreased C, using either of the inhibitors SU5416 or Ki8751 or the inactive splice variant VEGF-A165b. VEGF-D increased C, which could be blocked by Ki8751. Conclusions VEGF is a paracrine regulator of conventional outflow facility that is secreted by TM cells in response to mechanical stress. VEGF affects facility via VEGFR-2 likely at the level of SC endothelium. Disruption of VEGF signaling in the TM may explain why anti-VEGF therapy is associated with decreased outflow facility and sustained ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne C Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Katy C Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joseph M Sherwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Y H Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Cassandra M Flügel-Koch
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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199
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Mody AA, Wordinger RJ, Clark AF. Role of ID Proteins in BMP4 Inhibition of Profibrotic Effects of TGF-β2 in Human TM Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:849-859. [PMID: 28159972 PMCID: PMC5295782 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increased expression of TGF-β2 in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) aqueous humor (AH) and trabecular meshwork (TM) causes deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the TM and elevated IOP. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate TGF-β2–induced ECM production. The underlying mechanism for BMP4 inhibition of TGF-β2–induced fibrosis remains undetermined. Bone morphogenic protein 4 induces inhibitor of DNA binding proteins (ID1, ID3), which suppress transcription factor activities to regulate gene expression. Our study will determine whether ID1and ID3 proteins are downstream targets of BMP4, which attenuates TGF-β2 induction of ECM proteins in TM cells. Methods Primary human TM cells were treated with BMP4, and ID1 and ID3 mRNA, and protein expression was determined by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) and Western immunoblotting. Intracellular ID1 and ID3 protein localization was studied by immunocytochemistry. Transformed human TM cells (GTM3 cells) were transfected with ID1 or ID3 expression vectors to determine their potential inhibitory effects on TGF-β2–induced fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-1) protein expression. Results Basal expression of ID1-3 was detected in primary human TM cells. Bone morphogenic protein 4 significantly induced early expression of ID1 and ID3 mRNA (P < 0.05) and protein in primary TM cells, and a BMP receptor inhibitor blocked this induction. Overexpression of ID1 and ID3 significantly inhibited TGF-β2–induced expression of fibronectin and PAI-1 in TM cells (P < 0.01). Conclusions Bone morphogenic protein 4 induced ID1 and ID3 expression suppresses TGF-β2 profibrotic activity in human TM cells. In the future, targeting specific regulators may control the TGF-β2 profibrotic effects on the TM, leading to disease modifying IOP lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani A Mody
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J Wordinger
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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200
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11:122-142. [PMID: 28761566 PMCID: PMC5510558 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101711010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides and peptidases and at least six receptors. Six central components constitute the two main axes of the RAS cascade. Angiotensin (1-7), an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor axis (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR) counterbalances the harmful effects of the angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (ACE1-AngII-AT1R) Whereas systemic RAS is an important factor in blood pressure regulation, tissue-specific regulatory system, responsible for long term regional changes, that has been found in various organs. In other words, RAS is not only endocrine but also complicated autocrine system. The human eye has its own intraocular RAS that is present e.g. in the structures involved in aqueous humor dynamics. Local RAS may thus be a target in the development of new anti-glaucomatous drugs. In this review, we first describe the systemic RAS cascade and then the local ocular RAS especially in the anterior part of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Holappa
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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