151
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Mulders PC, van Eijndhoven PF, Schene AH, Beckmann CF, Tendolkar I. Resting-state functional connectivity in major depressive disorder: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:330-44. [PMID: 26234819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects multiple large-scale functional networks in the brain, which has initiated a large number of studies on resting-state functional connectivity in depression. We review these recent studies using either seed-based correlation or independent component analysis and propose a model that incorporates changes in functional connectivity within current hypotheses of network-dysfunction in MDD. Although findings differ between studies, consistent findings include: (1) increased connectivity within the anterior default mode network, (2) increased connectivity between the salience network and the anterior default mode network, (3) changed connectivity between the anterior and posterior default mode network and (4) decreased connectivity between the posterior default mode network and the central executive network. These findings correspond to the current understanding of depression as a network-based disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Mulders
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Philip F van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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152
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Lin F, Zhou Y, Du Y, Zhao Z, Qin L, Xu J, Lei H. Aberrant corticostriatal functional circuits in adolescents with Internet addiction disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:356. [PMID: 26136677 PMCID: PMC4468611 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal structure and function in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been revealed in Internet addiction disorder (IAD). However, little is known about alterations of corticostriatal functional circuits in IAD. The aim of this study was to investigate the integrity of corticostriatal functional circuits and their relations to neuropsychological measures in IAD by resting-state functional connectivity (FC). Fourteen IAD adolescents and 15 healthy controls underwent resting-state fMRI scans. Using six predefined bilateral striatal regions-of-interest, voxel-wise correlation maps were computed and compared between groups. Relationships between alterations of corticostriatal connectivity and clinical measurements were examined in the IAD group. Compared to controls, IAD subjects exhibited reduced connectivity between the inferior ventral striatum and bilateral caudate head, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and posterior cingulate cortex, and between the superior ventral striatum and bilateral dorsal/rostral ACC, ventral anterior thalamus, and putamen/pallidum/insula/inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and between the dorsal caudate and dorsal/rostral ACC, thalamus, and IFG, and between the left ventral rostral putamen and right IFG. IAD subjects also showed increased connectivity between the left dorsal caudal putamen and bilateral caudal cigulate motor area. Moreover, altered cotricostriatal functional circuits were significantly correlated with neuropsychological measures. This study directly provides evidence that IAD is associated with alterations of corticostriatal functional circuits involved in the affective and motivation processing, and cognitive control. These findings emphasize that functional connections in the corticostriatal circuits are modulated by affective/motivational/cognitive states and further suggest that IAD may have abnormalities of such modulation in this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Lin
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School Shanghai, China
| | - Yasong Du
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Zhao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Lindi Qin
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School Shanghai, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lei
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China
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153
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Kaiser RH, Andrews-Hanna JR, Wager TD, Pizzagalli DA. Large-Scale Network Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:603-11. [PMID: 25785575 PMCID: PMC4456260 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1352] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been linked to imbalanced communication among large-scale brain networks, as reflected by abnormal resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). However, given variable methods and results across studies, identifying consistent patterns of network dysfunction in MDD has been elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate network dysfunction in MDD through a meta-analysis of rsFC studies. DATA SOURCES Seed-based voxelwise rsFC studies comparing individuals with MDD with healthy controls (published before June 30, 2014) were retrieved from electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE) and authors contacted for additional data. STUDY SELECTION Twenty-seven seed-based voxel-wise rsFC data sets from 25 publications (556 individuals with MDD and 518 healthy controls) were included in the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Coordinates of seed regions of interest and between-group effects were extracted. Seeds were categorized into seed-networks by their location within a priori functional networks. Multilevel kernel density analysis of between-group effects identified brain systems in which MDD was associated with hyperconnectivity (increased positive or reduced negative connectivity) or hypoconnectivity (increased negative or reduced positive connectivity) with each seed-network. RESULTS Major depressive disorder was characterized by hypoconnectivity within the frontoparietal network, a set of regions involved in cognitive control of attention and emotion regulation, and hypoconnectivity between frontoparietal systems and parietal regions of the dorsal attention network involved in attending to the external environment. Major depressive disorder was also associated with hyperconnectivity within the default network, a network believed to support internally oriented and self-referential thought, and hyperconnectivity between frontoparietal control systems and regions of the default network. Finally, the MDD groups exhibited hypoconnectivity between neural systems involved in processing emotion or salience and midline cortical regions that may mediate top-down regulation of such functions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Reduced connectivity within frontoparietal control systems and imbalanced connectivity between control systems and networks involved in internal or external attention may reflect depressive biases toward internal thoughts at the cost of engaging with the external world. Meanwhile, altered connectivity between neural systems involved in cognitive control and those that support salience or emotion processing may relate to deficits regulating mood. These findings provide an empirical foundation for a neurocognitive model in which network dysfunction underlies core cognitive and affective abnormalities in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselinde H. Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478,Correspondence to: Roselinde H. Kaiser or Diego A. Pizzagalli, Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478. Telephone: 617-855-4234. Fax: 617-855-4231. or
| | - Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478
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154
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Gabbay V, Johnson AR, Alonso CM, Evans LK, Babb JS, Klein RG. Anhedonia, but not irritability, is associated with illness severity outcomes in adolescent major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015; 25:194-200. [PMID: 25802984 PMCID: PMC4403015 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2014.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unlike adult major depressive disorder (MDD) which requires anhedonia or depressed mood for diagnosis, adolescent MDD can be sufficiently diagnosed with irritability in the absence of the former symptoms. In addition, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) schema does not account for the interindividual variability of symptom severity among depressed adolescents. This practice has contributed to the high heterogeneity and diagnostic complexity of adolescent MDD. Here, we sought to examine relationships between two core symptoms of adolescent MDD - irritability and anhedonia, assessed both quantitatively and categorically - and other clinical correlates among depressed adolescents. METHODS Ninety adolescents with MDD (51 females), ages 12-20, were enrolled. Anhedonia and irritability scores were quantified by summing related items on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised and the Beck Depression Inventory. Extremes of score distribution were defined as high or low irritability/anhedonia subgroups. A significance level of p=0.01 was set to adjust for the five comparisons. RESULTS Despite all subjects exhibiting moderate to severe MDD, both irritability and anhedonia scores manifested a full and normally distributed severity range including the lowest values possible. However, only anhedonia severity was associated with more severe clinical outcomes, including greater overall illness severity (p<0.001), suicidality scores (p<0.001), episode duration (p=0.006), and number of MDD episodes (p=0.01). Similarly, only the high-anhedonia subgroup manifested more severe outcomes; specifically, greater illness severity (p<0.0001), number of MDD episodes (p=0.01), episode duration (p=0.01), and suicidality scores (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the significance of anhedonia as a hallmark of adolescent MDD and the need to incorporate dimensional analyses. These data are preliminary, and future prospective studies are needed to better characterize the syndrome of adolescent MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Gabbay
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Amy R. Johnson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Lori K. Evans
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - James S. Babb
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachel G. Klein
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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155
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Yip SW, Worhunsky PD, Rogers RD, Goodwin GM. Hypoactivation of the ventral and dorsal striatum during reward and loss anticipation in antipsychotic and mood stabilizer-naive bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:658-66. [PMID: 25139065 PMCID: PMC4289954 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased activity within known reward-processing neurocircuitry (eg, ventral striatum, VS) has been reported among medicated individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) I and II. However, such findings are confounded by the potential ameliorative effects of mood-stabilizing and antipsychotic medications on neural activations. This study tests the hypothesis that a pathophysiological locus of alterations in reward processing is present within the striatum in antipsychotic and lithium-naive individuals with BD. Twenty antipsychotic and lithium-naive individuals with BD II or BD not-otherwise specified (NOS) and 20 matched healthy comparison individuals participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging during the performance of a monetary incentive delay task. Between-group comparisons were conducted using small-volume correction focusing on orthogonal a priori regions of interest centered in the VS and dorsal striatum (DS), respectively. During reward anticipation, unmedicated individuals with BD II/NOS had decreased activity within the DS (but not VS). During loss anticipation, on the other hand, decreased activation within both the VS and DS was observed. Across all participants, DS activity (during reward anticipation) was positively associated with putamen volume. This is the first report of decreased dorsal and ventral striatal activity among unmedicated individuals with BD II/NOS. These data contradict a simple 'reward hypersensitivity' model of BD, and add to a growing body of literature suggesting that blunted reward processing may be a vulnerability factor for both mood- and addiction-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Room 732, Suite 7, New Haven, CT 06519, USA, Tel: +1 203 704 7588, Fax: +1 203 737 3591, E-mail:
| | - Patrick D Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert D Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,School of Psychology, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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156
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Bebko G, Bertocci M, Chase H, Dwojak A, Bonar L, Almeida J, Perlman SB, Versace A, Schirda C, Travis M, Gill MK, Demeter C, Diwadka V, Sunshine J, Holland S, Kowatch R, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Horwitz S, Frazier T, Arnold LE, Fristad M, Youngstrom E, Findling R, Phillips ML. Decreased amygdala-insula resting state connectivity in behaviorally and emotionally dysregulated youth. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:77-86. [PMID: 25433424 PMCID: PMC4272653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) adopts a dimensional approach for examining pathophysiological processes underlying categorically defined psychiatric diagnoses. We used this framework to examine relationships among symptom dimensions, diagnostic categories, and resting state connectivity in behaviorally and emotionally dysregulated youth selected from the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study (n=42) and healthy control youth (n=18). Region of interest analyses examined relationships among resting state connectivity, symptom dimensions (behavioral and emotional dysregulation measured with the Parent General Behavior Inventory-10 Item Mania Scale [PGBI-10M]; dimensional severity measures of mania, depression, anxiety), and diagnostic categories (Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, and Disruptive Behavior Disorders). After adjusting for demographic variables, two dimensional measures showed significant inverse relationships with resting state connectivity, regardless of diagnosis: 1) PGBI-10M with amygdala-left posterior insula/bilateral putamen; and 2) depressive symptoms with amygdala-right posterior insula connectivity. Diagnostic categories showed no significant relationships with resting state connectivity. Resting state connectivity between amygdala and posterior insula decreased with increasing severity of behavioral and emotional dysregulation and depression; this suggests an intrinsic functional uncoupling of key neural regions supporting emotion processing and regulation. These findings support the RDoC dimensional approach for characterizing pathophysiologic processes that cut across different psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genna Bebko
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | - Michele Bertocci
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Henry Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amanda Dwojak
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Bonar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jorge Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan Beth Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amelia Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claudiu Schirda
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Travis
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Kay Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christine Demeter
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vaibhav Diwadka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Sunshine
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott Holland
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert Kowatch
- Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Axelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah Horwitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Frazier
- Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mary Fristad
- Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric Youngstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Findling
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Louise Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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157
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Rosa MJ, Portugal L, Hahn T, Fallgatter AJ, Garrido MI, Shawe-Taylor J, Mourao-Miranda J. Sparse network-based models for patient classification using fMRI. Neuroimage 2015; 105:493-506. [PMID: 25463459 PMCID: PMC4275574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition applied to whole-brain neuroimaging data, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), has proved successful at discriminating psychiatric patients from healthy participants. However, predictive patterns obtained from whole-brain voxel-based features are difficult to interpret in terms of the underlying neurobiology. Many psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, are thought to be brain connectivity disorders. Therefore, pattern recognition based on network models might provide deeper insights and potentially more powerful predictions than whole-brain voxel-based approaches. Here, we build a novel sparse network-based discriminative modeling framework, based on Gaussian graphical models and L1-norm regularized linear Support Vector Machines (SVM). In addition, the proposed framework is optimized in terms of both predictive power and reproducibility/stability of the patterns. Our approach aims to provide better pattern interpretation than voxel-based whole-brain approaches by yielding stable brain connectivity patterns that underlie discriminative changes in brain function between the groups. We illustrate our technique by classifying patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy participants, in two (event- and block-related) fMRI datasets acquired while participants performed a gender discrimination and emotional task, respectively, during the visualization of emotional valent faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Rosa
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, University College London, London, UK; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Liana Portugal
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, University College London, London, UK; LABNEC, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Cognitive Psychology II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marta I Garrido
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Australia
| | - John Shawe-Taylor
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janaina Mourao-Miranda
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, University College London, London, UK
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158
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Wehry AM, McNamara RK, Adler CM, Eliassen JC, Croarkin P, Cerullo MA, DelBello MP, Strawn JR. Neurostructural impact of co-occurring anxiety in pediatric patients with major depressive disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Affect Disord 2015; 171:54-9. [PMID: 25285899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive and anxiety disorders are among the most frequently occurring psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents and commonly present occur together. Co-occurring depression and anxiety is associated with increased functional impairment and suicidality compared to depression alone. Despite this, little is known regarding the neurostructural differences between anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD). Moreover, the neurophysiologic impact of the presence of anxiety in adolescents with MDD is unknown. METHODS Using voxel-based morphometry, gray matter volumes were compared among adolescents with MDD (and no co-morbid anxiety disorders, n=14), adolescents with MDD and co-morbid anxiety ("anxious depression," n=12), and healthy comparison subjects (n=41). RESULTS Patients with anxious depression exhibited decreased gray matter volumes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to patients with MDD alone. Compared to healthy subjects, adolescents with anxious depression had increased gray matter volumes in the pre- and post-central gyri. LIMITATIONS The current sample size was small and precluded an analysis of multiple covariates which may influence GMV. CONCLUSIONS Gray matter deficits in the DLPFC in youth with anxious depression compared to patients with MDD and no co-occurring anxiety may reflect the more severe psychopathology in these patients. Additionally, the distinct gray matter fingerprints of MDD and anxious depression (compared to healthy subjects) suggest differing neurophysiologic substrates for these conditions, though the etiology and longitudinal trajectory of the differences remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wehry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
| | - Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA
| | - Caleb M Adler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA; Center for Imaging Research, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James C Eliassen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA; Center for Imaging Research, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Cerullo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA
| | - Melissa P DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA
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159
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Henderson SE, Vallejo AI, Ely BA, Kang G, Krain Roy A, Pine DS, Stern ER, Gabbay V. The neural correlates of emotional face-processing in adolescent depression: a dimensional approach focusing on anhedonia and illness severity. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:234-41. [PMID: 25448398 PMCID: PMC4254639 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in emotion processing, a known clinical feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), have been widely investigated using emotional face paradigms and neuroimaging. However, most studies have not accounted for the high inter-subject variability of symptom severity. Similarly, only sparse research has focused on MDD in adolescence, early in the course of the illness. Here we sought to investigate neural responses to emotional faces using both categorical and dimensional analyses with a focus on anhedonia, a core symptom of MDD associated with poor outcomes. Nineteen medication-free depressed adolescents and 18 healthy controls (HC) were scanned during presentation of happy, sad, fearful, and neutral faces. ANCOVAs and regressions assessed group differences and relationships with illness and anhedonia severity, respectively. Findings included a group by valence interaction with depressed adolescents exhibiting decreased activity in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), putamen and premotor cortex. Post-hoc analyses confirmed decreased STG activity in MDD adolescents. Dimensional analyses revealed associations between illness severity and altered responses to negative faces in prefrontal, cingulate, striatal, and limbic regions. However, anhedonia severity was uniquely correlated with responses to happy faces in the prefrontal, cingulate, and insular regions. Our work highlights the need for studying specific symptoms dimensionally in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana I Vallejo
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin A Ely
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guoxin Kang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Krain Roy
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily R Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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Distinct structural neural patterns of trait physical and social anhedonia: evidence from cortical thickness, subcortical volumes and inter-regional correlations. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:184-91. [PMID: 25288478 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia is an enduring trait accounting for the reduced capacity to experience pleasure. Few studies have investigated the brain structural features associated with trait anhedonia. In this study, the relationships between cortical thickness, volume of subcortical structures and scores on the Chapman physical and social anhedonia scales were examined in a non-clinical sample (n=72, 35 males). FreeSurfer was used to examine the cortical thickness and the volume of six identified subcortical structures related to trait anhedonia. We found that the cortical thickness of the superior frontal gyrus and the volume of the pallidum in the left hemisphere were correlated with anhedonia scores in both physical and social aspects. Specifically, positive correlations were found between levels of social anhedonia and the thickness of the postcentral and the inferior parietal gyri. Cortico-subcortical inter-correlations between these clusters were also observed. Our findings revealed distinct correlation patterns of neural substrates with trait physical and social anhedonia in a non-clinical sample. These findings contribute to the understanding of the pathologies underlying the anhedonia phenotype in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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161
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Kerestes R, Harrison BJ, Dandash O, Stephanou K, Whittle S, Pujol J, Davey CG. Specific functional connectivity alterations of the dorsal striatum in young people with depression. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 7:266-72. [PMID: 25610789 PMCID: PMC4300014 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Altered basal ganglia function has been implicated in the pathophysiology of youth Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Studies have generally focused on characterizing abnormalities in ventral “affective” corticostriatal loops supporting emotional processes. Recent evidence however, has implicated alterations in functional connectivity of dorsal “cognitive” corticostriatal loops in youth MDD. The contribution of dorsal versus ventral corticostriatal alterations to the pathophysiology of youth MDD remains unclear. Methods Twenty-one medication-free patients with moderate-to-severe MDD between the ages of 15 and 24 years old were matched with 21 healthy control participants. Using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging we systematically investigated connectivity of eight dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the striatum. Voxelwise statistical maps of each subregion's connectivity with other brain areas were compared between the depressed and control groups. Results Depressed youths showed alterations in functional connectivity that were confined to the dorsal corticostriatal circuit. Compared to controls, depressed patients showed increased connectivity between the dorsal caudate nucleus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally. Increased depression severity correlated with the magnitude of dorsal caudate connectivity with the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. There were no significant between-group differences in connectivity of ventral striatal regions. Conclusions The results provide evidence that alterations in corticostriatal connectivity are evident at the early stages of the illness and are not a result of antidepressant treatment. Increased connectivity between the dorsal caudate, which is usually associated with cognitive processes, and the more affectively related ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may reflect a compensatory mechanism for dysfunctional cognitive-emotional processing in youth depression. We systematically examine dorsal and ventral striatal connectivity in youth MDD. Alterations in functional connectivity in youth MDD are confined to the dorsal circuit. Youths with MDD show increased dorsal caudate connectivity with the VLPFC. Altered dorsal caudate–VLPFC connectivity in MDD may reflect a compensatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kerestes
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Orwa Dandash
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katerina Stephanou
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain ; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia ; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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162
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Increased neural activity during overt and continuous semantic verbal fluency in major depression: mainly a failure to deactivate. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:631-45. [PMID: 24557502 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is associated with impairments in semantic verbal fluency (VF). However, the neural correlates underlying dysfunctional cognitive processing in depressed subjects during the production of semantic category members still remain unclear. In the current study, an overt and continuous semantic VF paradigm was used to examine these mechanisms in a representative sample of 33 patients diagnosed with a current episode of unipolar depression and 33 statistically matched healthy controls. Subjects articulated words in response to semantic category cues while brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Compared to controls, patients showed poorer task performance. On the neural level, a group by condition interaction analysis, corrected for task performance, revealed a reduced task-related deactivation in patients in the right parahippocampal gyrus, the right fusiform gyrus, and the right supplementary motor area. An additional and an increased task-related activation in patients were observed in the right precentral gyrus and the left cerebellum, respectively. These results indicate that a failure to suppress potentially interfering activity from inferior temporal regions involved in default-mode network functions and visual imagery, accompanied by an enhanced recruitment of areas implicated in speech initiation and higher-order language processes, may underlie dysfunctional cognitive processing during semantic VF in depression. The finding that patients with depression demonstrated both decreased performance and aberrant brain activation during the current semantic VF task demonstrates that this paradigm is a sensitive tool for assessing brain dysfunctions in clinical populations.
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163
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Cullen KR, Westlund M, Klimes-Dougan B, Mueller BA, Houri A, Eberly LE, Lim KO. Abnormal amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in adolescent depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:1138-47. [PMID: 25133665 PMCID: PMC4378862 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently emerges during adolescence and can lead to persistent illness, disability, and suicide. The maturational changes that take place in the brain during adolescence underscore the importance of examining neurobiological mechanisms during this time of early illness. However, neural mechanisms of depression in adolescents have been understudied. Research has implicated the amygdala in emotion processing in mood disorders, and adult depression studies have suggested amygdala-frontal connectivity deficits. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is an advanced tool that can be used to probe neural networks and identify brain-behavior relationships. OBJECTIVE To examine amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in adolescents with and without MDD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging as well as how amygdala RSFC relates to a broad range of symptom dimensions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study was conducted within a depression research program at an academic medical center. Participants included 41 adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 19 years with MDD and 29 healthy adolescents (frequency matched on age and sex) with no psychiatric diagnoses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Using a whole-brain functional connectivity approach, we examined the correlation of spontaneous fluctuation of the blood oxygen level-dependent signal of each voxel in the whole brain with that of the amygdala. RESULTS Adolescents with MDD showed lower positive RSFC between the amygdala and hippocampus, parahippocampus, and brainstem (z >2.3, corrected P < .05); this connectivity was inversely correlated with general depression (R = -.523, P = .01), dysphoria (R = -.455, P = .05), and lassitude (R = -.449, P = .05) and was positively correlated with well-being (R = .470, P = .03). Patients also demonstrated greater (positive) amygdala-precuneus RSFC (z >2.3, corrected P < .05) in contrast to negative amygdala-precuneus RSFC in the adolescents serving as controls. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Impaired amygdala-hippocampal/brainstem and amygdala-precuneus RSFC have not previously been highlighted in depression and may be unique to adolescent MDD. These circuits are important for different aspects of memory and self-processing and for modulation of physiologic responses to emotion. The findings suggest potential mechanisms underlying both mood and vegetative symptoms, potentially via impaired processing of memories and visceral signals that spontaneously arise during rest, contributing to the persistent symptoms experienced by adolescents with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Westlund
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts
| | | | - Bryon A. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School
| | - Alaa Houri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School
| | | | - Kelvin O. Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School
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164
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Why are cortical GABA neurons relevant to internal focus in depression? A cross-level model linking cellular, biochemical and neural network findings. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:966-977. [PMID: 25048001 PMCID: PMC4169738 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a complex and severe psychiatric disorder whose symptomatology encompasses a critical shift in awareness, especially in the balance from external to internal mental focus. This is reflected by unspecific somatic symptoms and the predominance of the own cognitions manifested in increased self-focus and rumination. We posit here that sufficient empirical data has accumulated to build a coherent biologic model that links these psychologic concepts and symptom dimensions to observed biochemical, cellular, regional and neural network deficits. Specifically, deficits in inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid regulating excitatory cell input/output and local cell circuit processing of information in key brain regions may underlie the shift that is observed in depressed subjects in resting-state activities between the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This regional dysbalance translates at the network level in a dysbalance between default-mode and executive networks, which psychopathologically surfaces as a shift in focus from external to internal mental content and associated symptoms. We focus here on primary evidence at each of those levels and on putative mechanistic links between those levels. Apart from its implications for neuropsychiatric disorders, our model provides for the first time a set of hypotheses for cross-level mechanisms of how internal and external mental contents may be constituted and balanced in healthy subjects, and thus also contributes to the neuroscientific debate on the neural correlates of consciousness.
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165
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Henje Blom E, Duncan LG, Ho TC, Connolly CG, LeWinn KZ, Chesney M, Hecht FM, Yang TT. The development of an RDoC-based treatment program for adolescent depression: "Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action" (TARA). Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:630. [PMID: 25191250 PMCID: PMC4137278 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the current leading causes of disability worldwide. Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the onset of depression, with MDD affecting 8–20% of all youth. Traditional treatment methods have not been sufficiently effective to slow the increasing prevalence of adolescent depression. We therefore propose a new model for the treatment of adolescent depression – Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action (TARA) – that is based on current understanding of developmental and depression neurobiology. The TARA model is aligned with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) of the National Institute of Mental Health. In this article, we first address the relevance of RDoC to adolescent depression. Second, we identify the major RDoC domains of function involved in adolescent depression and organize them in a way that gives priority to domains thought to be driving the psychopathology. Third, we select therapeutic training strategies for TARA based on current scientific evidence of efficacy for the prioritized domains of function in a manner that maximizes time, resources, and feasibility. The TARA model takes into consideration the developmental limitation in top-down cognitive control in adolescence and promotes bottom-up strategies such as vagal afference to decrease limbic hyperactivation and its secondary effects. The program has been informed by mindfulness-based therapy and yoga, as well as modern psychotherapeutic techniques. The treatment program is semi-manualized, progressive, and applied in a module-based approach designed for a group setting that is to be conducted one session per week for 12 weeks. We hope that this work may form the basis for a novel and more effective treatment strategy for adolescent depression, as well as broaden the discussion on how to address this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Larissa G Duncan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Chesney
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederick M Hecht
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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166
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Abstract
Resting state functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) is a novel means to examine functional brain networks. It allows investigators to identify functional networks defined by distinct, spontaneous signal fluctuations. Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) studies examining child and adolescent psychiatric disorders are being published with increasing frequency, despite concerns about the impact of motion on findings. Here we review important RSFC findings on typical brain development and recent publications of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. We close with a summary of the major findings and current strengths and limitations of RSFC studies.
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167
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Functional connectivity of negative emotional processing in adolescent depression. J Affect Disord 2014; 155:65-74. [PMID: 24268546 PMCID: PMC4961511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and its connected circuitry have been heavily implicated in emotional functioning in adolescent-onset major depressive disorder (MDD). While several recent studies have examined sgACC functional connectivity (FC) in depressed youth at rest, no studies to date have investigated sgACC FC in adolescent depression during negative emotional processing. METHODS Nineteen medication-naïve adolescents with MDD and 19 matched healthy controls (HCL) performed an implicit fear facial affect recognition task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We defined seeds in bilateral sgACC and assessed FC using the psychophysiological interaction method. We also applied cognitive behavioral modeling to estimate group differences in perceptual sensitivity in this task. Finally, we correlated connectivity strength with clinical data and perceptual sensitivity. RESULTS Depressed adolescents showed increased sgACC-amygdala FC and decreased sgACC-fusiform gyrus, sgACC-precuneus, sgACC-insula, and sgACC-middle frontal gyrus FC compared to HCL (p<0.05, corrected). Among the MDD, sgACC-precuneus FC negatively correlated with depression severity (p<0.05, corrected). Lastly, MDD adolescents exhibited poorer perceptual sensitivity in the task than HCL, and individual differences in perceptual sensitivity significantly correlated with sgACC FC and depression scores (p<0.05, corrected). LIMITATIONS Subjects were clinically homogenous, possibly limiting generalizability of the findings. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent depression is associated with biased processing of negative stimuli that may be driven by sgACC dysregulation and may possibly lead to an imbalance among intrinsic functional brain networks. This work also establishes the use of combining neuroimaging and cognitive behavioral modeling methods to investigate cognitive and neural differences between psychiatric and healthy populations.
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168
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Blom EH, Forsman M, Yang TT, Serlachius E, Larsson JO. Latent Classes of Symptoms related to Clinically Depressed Mood in Adolescents. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2014; 2:19-28. [DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2014-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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169
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A systems neuroscience approach to the pathophysiology of pediatric mood and anxiety disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 16:297-317. [PMID: 24281907 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation is a core feature of pediatric mood and anxiety disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that these disorders are mediated by abnormalities in the functions and structures of the developing brain. This chapter reviews recent behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research on pediatric mood and anxiety disorders, focusing on the neural mechanisms underlying these disorders. Throughout the chapter, we highlight the relationship between neural and behavioral findings, and potential novel treatments. The chapter concludes with directions for future research.
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170
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Smallwood J, Gorgolewski KJ, Golchert J, Ruby FJM, Engen H, Baird B, Vinski MT, Schooler JW, Margulies DS. The default modes of reading: modulation of posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex connectivity associated with comprehension and task focus while reading. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:734. [PMID: 24282397 PMCID: PMC3825257 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is a fundamental human capacity and yet it can easily be derailed by the simple act of mind-wandering. A large-scale brain network, referred to as the default mode network (DMN), has been shown to be involved in both mind-wandering and reading, raising the question as to how the same neural system could be implicated in processes with both costs and benefits to narrative comprehension. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was used to explore whether the intrinsic functional connectivity of the two key midline hubs of the DMN—the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC)—was predictive of individual differences in reading comprehension and task focus recorded outside of the scanner. Worse comprehension was associated with greater functional connectivity between the PCC and a region of the ventral striatum. Better comprehension was associated with greater functional connectivity with a region of the right insula. By contrast reports of increasing task focus were associated with functional connectivity from the aMPFC to clusters in the PCC, the left parietal and temporal cortex, and the cerebellum. Our results suggest that the DMN has both costs (such as poor comprehension) and benefits to reading (such as an on-task focus) because its midline core can couple its activity with other regions to form distinct functional communities that allow seemingly opposing mental states to occur. This flexible coupling allows the DMN to participate in cognitive states that complement the act of reading as well as others that do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Smallwood
- Department of Psychology, University of York Hesslington, North Yorkshire, UK
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171
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Developmental pathways to functional brain networks: emerging principles. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:627-40. [PMID: 24183779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The human brain undergoes protracted developmental changes during which it constructs functional networks that engender complex cognitive abilities. Understanding brain function ultimately depends on knowledge of how dynamic interactions between distributed brain regions mature with age to produce sophisticated cognitive systems. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of the ontogeny of functional brain networks. Here I describe how complementary methods for probing functional connectivity are providing unique insights into the emergence and maturation of distinct functional networks from childhood to adulthood. I highlight six emerging principles governing the development of large-scale functional networks and discuss how they inform cognitive and affective function in typically developing children and in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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172
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Henderson SE, Johnson AR, Vallejo AI, Katz L, Wong E, Gabbay V. A preliminary study of white matter in adolescent depression: relationships with illness severity, anhedonia, and irritability. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:152. [PMID: 24324445 PMCID: PMC3839092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) during adolescence is a common and disabling psychiatric condition; yet, little is known about its neurobiological underpinning. Evidence indicates that MDD in adults involves alterations in white and gray matter; however, sparse research has focused on adolescent MDD. Similarly, little research has accounted for the wide variability of symptom severity among depressed teens. Here, we aimed to investigate white matter (WM) microstructure between 17 adolescents with MDD and 16 matched healthy controls (HC) using diffusion tensor imaging. We further assessed within the MDD group relationships between WM integrity and depression severity, as well as anhedonia and irritability - two core symptoms of adolescent MDD. As expected, adolescents with MDD manifested decreased WM integrity compared to HC in the anterior cingulum and anterior corona radiata. Within the MDD group, greater depression severity was correlated with reduced WM integrity in the genu of corpus callosum, anterior thalamic radiation, anterior cingulum, and sagittal stratum. However, anhedonia and irritability were associated with alterations in distinct WM tracts. Specifically, anhedonia was associated with disturbances in tracts related to reward processing, including the anterior limb of the internal capsule and projection fibers to the orbitofrontal cortex. Irritability was associated with decreased integrity in the sagittal stratum, anterior corona radiata, and tracts leading to prefrontal and temporal cortices. Overall, these preliminary findings provide further support for the hypotheses that there is a disconnect between prefrontal and limbic emotional regions in depression, and that specific clinical symptoms involve distinct alterations in WM tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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