151
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Fan K, Meng G, Zhou B, Deng P, Liu X, Jia L, Wang G, Wang L, Zhang J. Intracellular polysaccharide and its antioxidant activity by Cordyceps militaris SU-08. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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152
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Liu Z, Li P, Zhao D, Tang H, Guo J. Anti-inflammation Effects of Cordyceps sinensis Mycelium in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Injury Rats. Inflammation 2010; 34:639-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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153
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Study on macrophage activation and structural characteristics of purified polysaccharide from the liquid culture broth of Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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154
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Das SK, Masuda M, Sakurai A, Sakakibara M. Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: current state and prospects. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:961-8. [PMID: 20650308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a potential harbour of bio-metabolites for herbal drugs and evidences are available about its applications for revitalization of various systems of the body from ancient times. Amongst all the species, C. militaris is considered as the oldest source of some useful chemical constituents. Besides their popular applications for tonic medicine by the all stairs of the community, the constituents of C. militaris are now used extensively in modern systems of medicine. The current survey records the mysterious potentials of C. militaris are boosting up the present herbal treatments, as well as gearing up the green pharmacy revolution, in order to create a friendly environment with reasonable safety. Evidence showed that the active principles of C. militaris are beneficial to act as pro-sexual, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant/anti-aging, anti-tumour/anti-cancer/anti-leukemic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-fibrotic, steroidogenic, hypoglacaemic, hypolipidaemic, anti-angiogenetic, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, liver-protective, reno-protective as well as pneumo-protective, let alone their other synergistic activities, which let it be marketable in the western countries as over-the-counter medicine. A number of culture techniques for this mushroom have been noticed, for example, storage/stock culture, pre-culture, popular/indigenous culture (spawn culture, husked rice culture and saw dust culture) and, special/laboratory culture (shaking culture, submerged culture, surface liquid culture and continuous/repeated batch culture). The prospects for herbal biotechnology regarding drug discovery using C. militaris delivering what it has promised are high, as the technology is now extremely more powerful than before. This study chiefly highlights the medicinal uses of the mushroom C. militaris including its culture techniques, also aiming to draw sufficient attention of the researchers to the frontier research needs in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonkor Kumar Das
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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Self-organizing molecular field analysis of 2,4-thiazolidinediones: A 3D-QSAR model for the development of human PTP1B inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2537-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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156
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Lee JS, Kwon JS, Yun JS, Pahk JW, Shin WC, Lee SY, Hong EK. Structural characterization of immunostimulating polysaccharide from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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157
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Shin S, Kwon J, Lee S, Kong H, Lee S, Lee CK, Cho K, Ha NJ, Kim K. Immunostimulatory Effects of Cordyceps militaris on Macrophages through the Enhanced Production of Cytokines via the Activation of NF-kappaB. Immune Netw 2010; 10:55-63. [PMID: 20532125 PMCID: PMC2881426 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases and has been reported to possess both antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. However, the pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of Cordyceps militaris extract (CME) on macrophages have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we examined how CME induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, transcription factor, and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Methods We confirmed the mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines through RT-PCR and western blot analysis, followed by a FACS analysis for surface molecules. Results CME dose dependently increased the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2, and it induced the protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by western blot and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as ICAM-1, B7-1, and B7-2 was also enhanced by CME. Furthermore, the activation of the nuclear transcription factor, NF-κB in macrophages was stimulated by CME. Conclusion Based on these observations, CME increased proinflammatory cytokines through the activation of NF-κB, further suggesting that CME may prove useful as an immune-enhancing agent in the treatment of immunological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulmee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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158
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Choi JN, Kim J, Lee MY, Park DK, Hong YS, Lee CH. Metabolomics revealed novel isoflavones and optimal cultivation time of Cordyceps militaris fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4258-4267. [PMID: 20225861 DOI: 10.1021/jf903822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Germinated soybean (GS) cultivated with Cordyceps militaris (GSC) might be a promising efficacious source of novel bioactive compounds. In this study, the metabolome changes between GS and GSC were investigated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis coupled with a multivariate data set. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) of GSC clearly showed higher levels of soyasaponin Bd, soyasaponin Bc(II), daidzein, genistein, four isoflavones (compounds 1-4), glycerol, proline, glutamine, pentitol, fructose, inositol, octadecanoic acid, and sucrose together with lower levels of pyroglutamic acid, citric acid, histidine, and palmitic acid in GSC than in GS. The structures of compounds 1-4 were analyzed by mass and NMR spectroscopy and were determined to be novel isoflavone methyl-glycosides (daidzein 7-O-beta-d-glucoside 4''-O-methylate (1), glycitein 7-O-beta-d-glucoside 4''-O-methylate (2), genistein 7-O-beta-d-glucoside 4''-O-methylate (3), and genistein 4'-O-beta-d-glucoside 4''-O-methylate (4)). Multivariate statistical models showed that metabolic changes of GSC were maximal within 1 week after the C. militaris inoculation, consistent with the strongest antioxidant activity of GSC cultivated for 1 week. This metabolomics study provides valuable information in regard to optimizing the cultivation process for bioactive compound production and describes an efficient way to screen for novel bioactive compounds from GSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Nam Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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159
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Jo WS, Choi YJ, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Nam BH, Lee JD, Lee SW, Seo SY, Jeong MH. The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Water Extract from Cordyceps militaris in Murine Macrophage. MYCOBIOLOGY 2010; 38:46-51. [PMID: 23956624 PMCID: PMC3741594 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2010.38.1.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of hot water extract from Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies (CMWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release in RAW 264.7 cells. The treatment of macrophages with various concentrations of hot CMWE significantly reduced LPS-induced production as well as NO, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that CMWE have potent inhibitory effects on the production of these inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wol Soon Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 604-714, Korea
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160
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Cho HJ, Cho JY, Rhee MH, Lim CR, Park HJ. Cordycepin (3‘-deoxyadenosine) inhibits human platelet aggregation induced by U46619, a TXA2 analogue. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:1677-82. [PMID: 17331333 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.12.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), which comes from Cordyceps militaris, the Chinese medicinal fungal genus Cordyceps, is known to have anti-tumour activity. In this study, we investigated the novel effect of cordycepin on human platelet aggregation that was induced by U46619, a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) analogue. TXA2 is an aggregation-inducing autacoidal molecule that is produced in various agonist-activated platelets. Cordycepin completely inhibited U46619-induced platelet aggregation and simultaneously reduced cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), which was increased by U46619 (5 μM) up to 66%. Furthermore, the U46619-stimulated phosphorylation of Ca2+-dependent proteins (20 kDa of a myosin light chain and 47 kDa of pleckstrin) was strongly inhibited by cordycepin. These results suggest that cordycepin may have a beneficial effect on autacoidal TXA2-mediated thrombotic diseases by inhibiting TXA2-induced platelet aggregation via suppression of the Ca2+ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Regional Research Center, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyungnam 621-749, Korea
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161
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Abstract
Abstract
Cordyceps species, including C. sinensis, C. militaris, C. pruinosa and C. ophioglossoides, are prized traditional medicinal materials. The aim of this article is to review the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps species. The chemical constituents include cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) and its derivatives, ergosterol, polysaccharides, a glycoprotein and peptides containing α-aminoisobutyric acid. They include anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, anti-ageing, neuroprotective and renoprotective effects. Polysaccharide accounts for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, steroidogenic and hypolipidaemic effects. Cordycepin contributes to the anti-tumour, insecticidal and antibacterial activity. Ergosterol exhibits anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activity. A DNase has been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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162
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Yoo HJ, Kang HJ, Song YS, Park EH, Lim CJ. Anti-angiogenic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Lonicera japonica extract. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:779-86. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate some novel pharmacological activities of Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae), which is widely used in Oriental folk medicine. The ethanolic extract of L. japonica (LJ) dose dependently inhibited chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis. The antinociceptive activity of LJ was assessed using the acetic acid-induced constriction model in mice. LJ showed anti-inflammatory activity in two in-vivo models: the vascular permeability and air pouch models. LJ suppressed the production of nitric oxide via down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. However, LJ was unable to suppress induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in the stimulated macrophage cells. LJ decreased the reactive oxygen species level in the stimulated macrophage cells. In brief, the flowers of L. japonica possess potent anti-angiogenic and antinociceptive activities, in addition to anti-inflammatory activity, which partly supports its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung, Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kang
- Division of Life Sciences and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Yun Seon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung, Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung, Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Lim
- Division of Life Sciences and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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163
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Han JY, Im J, Choi JN, Lee CH, Park HJ, Park DK, Yun CH, Han SH. Induction of IL-8 expression by Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans through lipid rafts formation and signaling pathways via ERK and JNK in A549 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:55-61. [PMID: 19799982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY In order to elucidate immunoregulatory mechanisms of Cordyceps militaris, a methanol extract of Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans was prepared and its immunoregulatory effect in the human lung epithelial cells was investigated by examining its ability to induce IL-8 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans was extracted with 80% methanol (GSC4M) and used for stimulation of a human lung epithelial cell-line, A549. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine the production of IL-8 protein and its mRNA, respectively. For the analysis of transcription factors regulating IL-8 transcriptional activation, the nuclear fraction was extracted from GSC4M-treated A549 cells and subjected to electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS GSC4M induced IL-8 protein secretion and its mRNA expression from A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. GSC4M-induced IL-8 expression was inhibited by an inhibitor for lipid rafts formation but not by that for clathrin-coated pits. In addition, signaling pathways for GSC4M-induced IL-8 expression were mediated through ERK and JNK but hardly through p38 kinase. Furthermore, GSC4M augmented the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factors AP-1, NF-IL6, and NF-kappaB, all of which are involved in the transcriptional activation of the IL-8 gene. CONCLUSION Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans stimulates lung epithelial cells to produce IL-8 through lipid rafts formation and signaling pathways via ERK and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, Dental Research Institute, and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
There are only a few reports on agglutinins from ascomycete and medicinal fungi. An HA (haemagglutinin), with an N-terminal amino acid sequence different from those of known lectins, was isolated in the present study from dried fruiting bodies of the medicinal ascomycete fungus Cordyceps militaris. The purification protocol consisted of affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The haemagglutinating activity of the HA could not be inhibited by simple sugars or heparin, and was stable over the pH range 2–13 and up to 60°C. Chemical modification of tryptophan and tyrosine residues had no effect. The HA exhibited some antiproliferative activity towards hepatoma (HepG2) cells and inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50=10 μM). However, it did not exhibit antifungal activity, mitogenic activity towards splenocytes, nitric oxide-inducing activity towards macrophages or RNase activity. The results of the present study add to the meagre information pertaining to agglutinins from ascomycete and medicinal mushrooms. It is revealed in this study that C. militaris HA differs from other ascomycete mushroom HAs in a variety of biochemical characteristics.
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165
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Won KJ, Lee SC, Lee CK, Lee HM, Lee SH, Fang Z, Choi OB, Jin M, Kim J, Park T, Choi WS, Kim SK, Kim B. Cordycepin attenuates neointimal formation by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-mediated responses in vascular smooth muscle cells in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:403-12. [PMID: 19305122 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08308fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the action mechanism of cordycepin, a major bioactive component of Cordyceps militaris, on responses of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) and on vascular disorders, especially neointimal formation. Cordycepin inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced RASMCs migration and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. However, pre-treatment with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, and 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulphophenylxanthine (DPSPX), an A(1)/A(2) adenosine-receptor antagonist, abolished the inhibitory role of cordycepin. Cordycepin suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), but not that of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in RASMCs stimulated by PDGF-BB. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2), induced by PDGF-BB was abolished by the treatment of cordycepin. Moreover, the sprout outgrowth of aortic rings by PDGF-BB was inhibited by cordycepin. In vivo neointimal formation evoked by balloon-injury was significantly attenuated by the administration of cordycepin. These results demonstrate that cordycepin may exert inhibitory effects on PDGF-BB-induced migration and proliferation via interfering with adenosine receptor-mediated NOS pathways, thus resulting in the attenuation of neointima formation. In conclusion, cordycepin may be a potent, promising anti-atherosclerosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
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166
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Xie CY, Gu ZX, Fan GJ, Gu FR, Han YB, Chen ZG. Production of cordycepin and mycelia by submerged fermentation of Cordyceps militaris in mixture natural culture. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 158:483-92. [PMID: 19247587 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The submerged fermentation of Cordyceps militaris for cordycepin production and mycelial growth was investigated in this study. Three natural materials of brown rice paste (BRP), beerwort (B), and soybean meal juice (SMJ) were used for fermentation of C. militaris in shaking flasks. The effects of the ratio of three natural materials on dry mycelium weight (DMW) and on cordycepin yield (CY) were analyzed. D-Optional mixture design was used to optimize the ratio of these materials. Compared with the signal culture, the higher mycelial growth and cordycepin production were obtained in mixture. The analysis of Design Expert 6.0 indicated that BRP, B, and SMJ very significantly influenced (P < 0.001) DMW and CY of C. militaris, respectively. The highest DMW (18.96 g/l) and CY (2.17 mg/g) were both obtained at a ratio of 53:6:42. The experiments' results indicated that the above mixture of these natural materials by D-optional mixture design can be used as a proper medium for the growth of mycelium and the production of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yan Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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167
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Noh EM, Kim JS, Hur H, Park BH, Song EK, Han MK, Kwon KB, Yoo WH, Shim IK, Lee SJ, Youn HJ, Lee YR. Cordycepin inhibits IL-1beta-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:45-8. [PMID: 19056796 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MMP is a key enzyme in the degradation of extracellular matrices, and its expression plays important roles in inflammatory diseases. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), a bioactive compound of Cordyceps militaris, has been shown to exhibit many pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-infection activities. In this study, we aimed at the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on IL-1beta-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression as well as the molecular basis using RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). METHODS RASFs were isolated from synovial tissue obtained from 12 patients with RA and cultured in monolayer. Expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was evaluated using western blotting and real-time PCR. Chemokines were analysed by ELISA. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was measured by western blotting. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed to evaluate binding activities of DNA to nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). RESULTS Cordycepin inhibited IL-1beta-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expressions in RASFs in a dose-dependent manner. Among various chemokines [such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), GRO-alpha, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 (ENA-78)], cordycepin specifically blocked IL-1beta-induced ENA-78 production in RASF. Moreover, cordycepin significantly inhibited IL-1beta-induced p38/JNK and AP-1 activation, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and NF-kappaB activation. CONCLUSIONS Cordycepin is a potent inhibitor of IL-1beta-induced chemokine production and MMP expression and strongly blocks the p38/JNK/AP-1 signalling pathway in RASFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-M Noh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
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Chang Y, Jeng KC, Huang KF, Lee YC, Hou CW, Chen KH, Cheng FY, Liao JW, Chen YS. Effect of Cordyceps militaris supplementation on sperm production, sperm motility and hormones in Sprague-Dawley rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2009; 36:849-59. [PMID: 19051352 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x08006296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps species have been traditionally used as for the enhancement of sexual function, but its direct evidence is lacking. We investigated the spermatogenic effect of Cordyceps militaris (CM) as supplementation with CM mycelium to 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Ninety rats (30 for each group) were selected to regular diet or diet supplemented with CM mycelium (1% and 5%) for 6 weeks. Epididymal sperm were collected from 6 animals per group at each interval of observation. They were allowed to recover for one week. The quality and quantity of sperm were compared in these rats. The CM supplementation resulted in an increase of serum cordycepin concentration (n = 6, each group) that correlated with treatment time and the cordycepin level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 5% group as compared to 1% group at the 5th and 6th week. Epididymal sperm count was enhanced significantly from the control, at the 5th week and peaked at the 6th week in both groups supplemented with CM (each time point, n = 6; p < 0.05) and maintained for 2 weeks after stopping the treatment. Increased serum testosterone and estradiol-17 (E2) concentrations were found in rats with the CM supplementation (p < 0.05), but not other hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) or prolactin. Importantly, percentages of motile sperm cells were also enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) paralleled the serum testosterone pattern from the supplement groups as compared to the control group. Taken together, these results indicate that supplementation with CM improves sperm quality and quantity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Jenteh Junior College of Medicine and Nursing Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
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169
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Yu R, Yin Y, Yang W, Ma W, Yang L, Chen X, Zhang Z, Ye B, Song L. Structural elucidation and biological activity of a novel polysaccharide by alkaline extraction from cultured Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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170
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Kim CS, Lee SY, Cho SH, Ko YM, Kim BH, Kim HJ, Park JC, Kim DK, Ahn H, Kim BO, Lim SH, Chun HS, Kim DK. Cordyceps militaris induces the IL-18 expression via its promoter activation for IFN-gamma production. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 120:366-371. [PMID: 18929637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps militaris, one of traditional herbal ingredient in oriental medicine, has been known to promote anticancer and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. However, the biological mechanism of anticancer activity has been unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Cordyceps militaris extract on expression of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) through interlukin-18 (IL-18) induction and its biological mechanism in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were administrated orally with solution extracted from Cordyceps militaris. The transcription level of IL-18 and IFN-gamma production were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. RAW 264.7 cells were transiently transfected with pCATp1 and pCATp2 for IL-18 promoter functional analysis. RESULTS Cordyceps militaris extracts treatment significantly induced level of IL-18 transcription in mouse brain and liver and enhanced IL-18 transcription level and activated the IFN-gamma production in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, Cordyceps militaris extract led to increase the activity of pCATp1 construct containing the 5' franking region of IL-18 promoter in RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Cordyceps militaris extract induced IL-18 mRNA level via enhancing of P1 promoter region result in activation of IFN-gamma production, indicating its potential as an immune activator or anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute and The second stage of BK21, Chosun University College of Dentistry, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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171
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Shimada T, Hiramatsu N, Kasai A, Mukai M, Okamura M, Yao J, Huang T, Tamai M, Takahashi S, Nakamura T, Kitamura M. Suppression of adipocyte differentiation by Cordyceps militaris through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E859-67. [PMID: 18664595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90373.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycelial extracts have a wide range of biological activities that modulate functions of mammalian cells. In this report, we sought to identify antiadipogenic mycelia with the use of 3T3-L1 cells and found that the extract of Cordyceps militaris exclusively suppressed differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes without affecting cell viability. This inhibitory effect was dose dependent, reversible, and associated with 1) a decrease in lipid accumulation, 2) blunted induction of adipocyte markers including adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha, and 3) sustained expression of a preadipocyte marker, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. C. militaris also significantly decreased accumulation of lipid and hypertrophy in mature adipocytes and preserved their response to insulin (phosphorylation of Akt) during prolonged culture. Subsequent experiments revealed that C. militaris has the potential to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In 3T3-L1 cells, treatment with AhR agonists including benzo[a]pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene reproduced the antiadipogenic effect of C. militaris. Furthermore, dominant-negative inhibition of AhR abrogated the suppressive effect of C. militaris on adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that C. militaris has the potential to interfere with adipocyte differentiation through activation of AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shimada
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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172
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Paterson RRM. Cordyceps: a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1469-95. [PMID: 18343466 PMCID: PMC7111646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are growing in popularity. However, are they effective? Cordyceps is not studied as systematically for bioactivity as another TCM, Ganoderma. Cordyceps is fascinating per se, especially because of the pathogenic lifestyle on Lepidopteron insects. The combination of the fungus and dead insect has been used as a TCM for centuries. However, the natural fungus has been harvested to the extent that it is an endangered species. The effectiveness has been attributed to the Chinese philosophical concept of Yin and Yang and can this be compatible with scientific philosophy? A vast literature exists, some of which is scientific, although others are popular myth, and even hype. Cordyceps sinensis is the most explored species followed by Cordyceps militaris. However, taxonomic concepts were confused until a recent revision, with undefined material being used that cannot be verified. Holomorphism is relevant and contamination might account for some of the activity. The role of the insect has been ignored. Some of the analytical methodologies are poor. Data on the "old" compound cordycepin are still being published: ergosterol and related compounds are reported despite being universal to fungi. There is too much work on crude extracts rather than pure compounds with water and methanol solvents being over-represented in this respect (although methanol is an effective solvent). Excessive speculation exists as to the curative properties. However, there are some excellent pharmacological data and relating to apoptosis. For example, some preparations are active against cancers or diabetes which should be fully investigated. Polysaccharides and secondary metabolites are of particular interest. The use of genuine anamorphic forms in bioreactors is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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173
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Yue GGL, Lau CBS, Fung KP, Leung PC, Ko WH. Effects of Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps militaris and their isolated compounds on ion transport in Calu-3 human airway epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:92-101. [PMID: 18358654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis (CS) (Clavicipitaceae) improves pulmonary function and is used to treat respiratory disease. Here, we compare the efficacy and mechanisms of action of Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris (CM) (Clavicipitaceae) in Calu-3 human airway epithelial monolayer model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The extracts of Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris, as well as their isolated compounds, cordycepin and adenosine, stimulated ion transport in a dose-dependent manner in Calu-3 monolayers. In subsequent experiments, transport inhibitor bumetanide and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide were added after Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris extracts to determine their effects on Cl- and HCO3- movement. RESULTS The results suggested that Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris extracts may affect the anion movement from the basolateral to apical compartments in the airway epithelia. CONCLUSIONS Basolateral Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter and apical cAMP-dependent cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- channel are involved in the process. The results provide the first evidence for the pharmacological mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris on respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Gar-Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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174
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Lin YW, Chiang BH. Anti-tumor activity of the fermentation broth of Cordyceps militaris cultured in the medium of Radix astragali. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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175
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Ikeda R, Nishimura M, Sun Y, Wada M, Nakashima K. Simple HPLC-UV determination of nucleosides and its application to the authentication ofCordyceps and its allies. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:630-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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176
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Ohta Y, Lee JB, Hayashi K, Fujita A, Park DK, Hayashi T. In vivo anti-influenza virus activity of an immunomodulatory acidic polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10194-9. [PMID: 17988090 DOI: 10.1021/jf0721287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An acidic polysaccharide (APS) was isolated from the extract of Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans. Analyses of sugar composition indicated that APS consisted of d-galactose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, L-rhamnose, and D-galacturonic acid. On the basis of the result of methylation analysis, APS was considered to be mainly composed of Araf-(1-->, -->5)-Araf-(1-->, -->4)-Galp-(1--> and -->4)-GalAp-(1--> residues. When the polysaccharide was intranasally administered, it decreased virus titers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the lung of mice infected with influenza A virus and increased survival rate. Furthermore, APS increased TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels in mice when compared with those of untreated mice. APS enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production and induced iNOS mRNA and protein expressions in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. The induction of mRNA expression of cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha was also observed. These results demonstrated that APS might have beneficial therapeutic effects on influenza A virus infection at least in part by modulation of the immune function of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohta
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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177
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Yu R, Yang W, Song L, Yan C, Zhang Z, Zhao Y. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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178
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Cho HJ, Rhee MH, Cho JY, Kim HS, Ok WJ, Kang HJ, Park HJ. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) Has an Anti-platelet Effect by Regulating the cGMP-Associated Pathway of Human Platelet Activation. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2007.12.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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179
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Yu R, Ye B, Yan C, Song L, Zhang Z, Yang W, Zhao Y. Fingerprint analysis of fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps militaris by high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:818-23. [PMID: 17512693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and optimized a novel, efficient and accurate fingerprint method using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the quality control of cultured Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link. The feasibility and advantages of the used chromatographic fingerprint were verified for the evaluation of cultured C. militaris by systematically comparing chromatograms with a professional analytical software recommended by State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) of PR China. The results revealed that the chromatographic fingerprint combining similarity evaluation could efficiently identify and distinguish cultured C. militaris from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmin Yu
- Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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180
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Jung HJ, Jeon HJ, Lim EJ, Ahn EK, Song YS, Lee S, Shin KH, Lim CJ, Park EH. Anti-angiogenic activity of the methanol extract and its fractions of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:406-9. [PMID: 17428629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate anti-angiogenic activity of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica that has been widely used in folk medicine. The methanol extract (UDE) of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica concentration-dependently displayed a strong inhibition in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis. The n-butanol fraction of UDE and subsequent 30% MeOH subfraction were identified to be most responsible for the anti-angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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181
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Cho HJ, Cho JY, Rhee MH, Park HJ. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) inhibits human platelet aggregation in a cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent manner. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 558:43-51. [PMID: 17229422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is isolated from Cordyceps militaris, a species of the fungal genus Cordyceps. Cordycepin is an ingredient used in traditional Chinese medicine and is prescribed for various diseases, such as cancer and chronic inflammation. In this study, we investigated the novel effect of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) on collagen-induced human platelet aggregation. Cordycepin inhibited dose-dependently collagen-induced platelet aggregation in the presence of various concentrations of exogenous CaCl(2). Of two aggregation-inducing molecules, cytosolic free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) and thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), cordycepin (500 microM) blocked the up-regulation of [Ca(2+)](i), by up to 74%, but suppressed TXA(2) production by 46%. Subsequently, Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation of both 47-kDa and 20-kDa proteins in collagen-treated platelets was potently diminished by cordycepin. However, upstream pathways for producing these two inducers, such as the activation of phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLC-gamma2) (assessed by the phosphotyrosine level) and the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)), were not altered by cordycepin. Cordycepin increased the level of second messengers adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in collagen-stimulated platelets. Whereas the NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ did not alter the cordycepin-induced up-regulation of cGMP, the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 completely blocked the cAMP enhancement mediated by cordycepin, indicating that cordycepin had different modes of action. Therefore, our data suggest that the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on platelet aggregation might be associated with the down-regulation of [Ca(2+)](i) and the elevation of cAMP/cGMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, and Regional Research Center, Inje University, 607, Obang-Dong, Gimhae, Gyungnam, Republic of Korea
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182
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Wu SJ, Tsai JY, Chang SP, Lin DL, Wang SS, Huang SN, Ng LT. Supercritical carbon dioxide extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Physalis peruviana. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 108:407-13. [PMID: 16820275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Physalis peruviana L. (PP) is a medicinal herb widely used in folk medicine. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) method was employed to obtain three different PP extracts, namely SCEPP-0, SCEPP-4 and SCEPP-5. The total flavonoid and phenol concentrations, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of these extracts were analyzed and compared with aqueous and ethanolic PP extracts. Among all the extracts tested, SCEPP-5 demonstrated the highest total flavonoid (234.63+/-9.61 mg/g) and phenol (90.80+/-2.21 mg/g) contents. At concentrations 0.1-30 microg/ml, SCEPP-5 also demonstrated the strongest superoxide anion scavenging activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect. At 30 microg/ml, SCEPP-5 significantly prevented lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 microg/ml)-induced cell cytotoxicity in murine macrophage (Raw 264.7) cells. At 10-50 microg/ml, it also significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO release and PGE2 formation in a dose-dependent pattern. SCEPP-5 at 30 microg/ml remarkably blocked the LPS induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Taken together, these results suggest that SCEPP-5, an extract of SFE-CO2, displayed the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as compared to other extracts. Its protection against LPS-induced inflammation could be through the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wu
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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183
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Kim HG, Shrestha B, Lim SY, Yoon DH, Chang WC, Shin DJ, Han SK, Park SM, Park JH, Park HI, Sung JM, Jang Y, Chung N, Hwang KC, Kim TW. Cordycepin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by the suppression of NF-κB through Akt and p38 inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 545:192-9. [PMID: 16899239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris, a caterpillar-grown traditional medicinal mushroom, produces an important bioactive compound, cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine). Cordycepin is reported to possess many pharmacological activities including immunological stimulating, anti-cancer, anti-virus and anti-infection activities. The molecular mechanisms of cordycepin on pharmacological and biochemical actions of macrophages in inflammation have not been clearly elucidated yet. In the present study, we tested the role of cordycepin on the anti-inflammation cascades in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In LPS-activated macrophage, nitric oxide (NO) production was inhibited by butanol fraction of C. militaris and the major component of C. militaris butanol faction was identified as cordycepin by high performance liquid chromatography. To investigate the mechanism by which cordycepin inhibits NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, we examined the activation of Akt and MAP kinases in LPS-activated macrophage. Cordycepin markedly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 in dose-dependent manners in LPS-activated macrophage. Moreover, cordycepin suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) expression, IkappaB alpha phosphorylation, and translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). The expressions of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly decreased in RAW 264.7 cell by cordycepin. Taken together, these results suggest that cordycepin inhibits the production of NO production by down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 gene expression via the suppression of NF-kappaB activation, Akt and p38 phosphorylation. Thus, cordycepin may provide a potential therapeutic approach for inflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Gyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea; Mushtech Co. Ltd, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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184
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Sung JM, Park YJ, Lee JO, Han SK, Lee WH, Choi SK, Shrestha B. Selection of Superior Strains of Cordyceps militaris with Enhanced Fruiting Body Productivity. MYCOBIOLOGY 2006; 34:131-137. [PMID: 24039486 PMCID: PMC3769561 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2006.34.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro fruiting bodies were produced from ten different isolates of Cordyceps militaris EFCC C-5736, EFCC C-5941, EFCC C-5976, EFCC C-6040, EFCC C-6849, EFCC C-7268, EFCC C-7342, EFCC C-7992, EFCC C-8027 and EFCC C-8549. Single ascospores were isolated from in vitro grown fruiting bodies and used for fruiting body production in brown rice medium by both intra-strain crossing and out-crossing. Length and dry wt. of stromata grown in vitro were measured. Strains producing highest dry wt. of stromata were selected. Both intra-strain crossings and inter-strain crossings of single ascospore strains were found to produce profuse fruiting bodies of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Mo Sung
- Department of Applied Biology and Entomopathogenic Fungal Culture Collection (EFCC), Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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185
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Lee H, Kim YJ, Kim HW, Lee DH, Sung MK, Park T. Induction of apoptosis by Cordyceps militaris through activation of caspase-3 in leukemia HL-60 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:670-4. [PMID: 16595897 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a traditional herbal ingredient frequently used for tonic and medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. The hot water extract of its cultivated fruiting bodies demonstrated a potent cytotoxic effect against the proliferation of the human premyelocytic leukemia cell HL-60, with an IC50 of 0.8 mg/ml for a 12-h treatment. It induced the characteristic apoptotic symptoms in the HL-60 cells, including DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, occurring within 12-16 h of treatment at a dose of 1 mg/ml. The activation of caspase-3 and the specific proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were detected during the course of apoptosis induction. These results indicate that the hot water extract of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies inhibited cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3, and that the Cordyceps militaris extract may therefore have therapeutic potential against human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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186
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A simple and rapid method for identification and determination of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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