151
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Ebeling J, Knispel H, Fünfhaus A, Genersch E. The biological role of the enigmatic C3larvinAB toxin of the honey bee pathogenic bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3091-3106. [PMID: 31187922 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the notifiable epizootic American foulbrood, a fatal bacterial disease of honey bee larvae. The species P. larvae has been classified into four differentially virulent and prevalent genotypes (ERIC I-IV), which also differ in their virulence factor equipment. Recently, a novel P. larvae toxin, the C3-like C3larvin, has been described. Genome analysis now revealed that the C3larvin gene is actually a part of a toxin locus encompassing two genes encoding a binary AB toxin with the A subunit being C3larvin (C3larvinA) and a putative B subunit (C3larvinB) encoded by the second gene. Sequence and structural analyses demonstrated that C3larvinB is a homologue of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), the B subunit of anthrax toxin. The C3larvinAB toxin locus was interrupted by point mutations in all analysed P. larvae ERIC I and ERIC II strains. Only one P. larvae ERIC III/IV strain harboured an uninterrupted toxin locus comprising full-length genes for C3larvinA and B. Exposure bioassays did not substantiate a role as virulence factor for C3larvinAB in P. larvae ERIC I/II. However, the PA homologue C3larvinB had an influence on the virulence of the unique P. larvae strain expressing the functional C3larvinAB locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ebeling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Henriette Knispel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Anne Fünfhaus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Elke Genersch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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152
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Locke B, Low M, Forsgren E. An integrated management strategy to prevent outbreaks and eliminate infection pressure of American foulbrood disease in a commercial beekeeping operation. Prev Vet Med 2019; 167:48-52. [PMID: 31027721 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial disease American Foulbrood (AFB), caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, is considered the most contagious and destructive infectious disease affecting honeybees world-wide. The resilient nature of P. larvae bacterial spores presents a difficult problem for the control of AFB. Burning clinically symptomatic colonies is widely considered the only workable strategy to prevent further spread of the disease. Antibiotic use is banned in EU countries, and although used commonly in the U.S. and Canada, it only masks symptoms and does not prevent the further spread of the disease. Not surprisingly, there is an increased demand for chemical-free strategies to prevent and control of AFB. The aim of this study was to implement a management program with a long-term perspective to reduce infection pressure and eliminate AFB outbreaks. The study was conducted within a commercial beekeeping operation in central Sweden that has previously experienced reoccurring AFB outbreaks. For 5 years, P. larvae were cultured from adult bee samples taken in the fall. The following spring, any identified sub-clinically infected colonies were shaken onto new material and quarantined from the rest of the beekeeping operation. After the first year clinical symptoms were not again observed, and during the 5 years of the study the proportion of apiaries harbouring P. larvae spores decreased from 74% to 4%. A multinomial regression analysis also clearly demonstrated that the proportion of infected colonies with the highest levels of spore counts disproportionately declined so that by the end of the study the only remaining infected apiaries were in the lowest spore count category (the three higher spore count categories having been eradicated). These results demonstrate the importance of management practices on AFB disease epidemiology. Early detection of subclinical spore prevelance and quarantine management as presented here can provide an effective sustainable chemical-free preventive solution to reduce both the incidence of AFB outbreaks and continued transmission risk at a large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Locke
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Matthew Low
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva Forsgren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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153
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Pereira KDS, Meeus I, Smagghe G. Honey bee-collected pollen is a potential source of Ascosphaera apis infection in managed bumble bees. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4241. [PMID: 30862950 PMCID: PMC6414677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade of bumble bees started in the early nineties for pollinator-dependent greenhouse plants. Nowadays, its rearing and transport have received public attention, since managed bees can transfer pathogens to wild bee populations. Therefore, guaranteeing pathogen-free bumble bees is fundamental. The major protein source used in rearing facilities is honey bee-collected pollen. This can carry pathogens, however to date, solid data on the risk of this food source to the health of bumble bees is lacking. Here we performed a large pathogen screening of non-irradiated honey bee-collected pollen to discover particles infective to Bombus terrestris. We identified seven parasites (Apicystis bombi, Ascosphaera apis, Crithidia mellificae, Nosema ceranae, Paenibacillus larvae and two parasites resembling Nosema thomsoni and Microsporidium sp. Oise) and four viruses (CBPV, DWV, IAPV and SBV) in 17 pollen batches from two major European pollen source regions (Spain and Romania). Ascosphaera apis was capable of infecting bumble bees; the larvae showed similar symptoms to chalkbrood disease reported in honey bees. Bumble bee breeding facilities need to be cautious about the potential presence of this disease, which was originally reported in honey bees. Thorough diagnostic and control methods are needed, as risk of spillover to wild bee species is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber de Sousa Pereira
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
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154
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Santos SB, Oliveira A, Melo LDR, Azeredo J. Identification of the first endolysin Cell Binding Domain (CBD) targeting Paenibacillus larvae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2568. [PMID: 30796258 PMCID: PMC6385185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins present enormous biotechnological potentials and have been successfully used to control and detect bacterial pathogens. Endolysins targeting Gram-positive bacteria are modular, displaying a cell binding (CBD) and an enzymatically active domain. The CBD of phage endolysins are recognized by their high specificity and host affinity, characteristics that make them promising diagnostic tools. No CBD able to bind Paenibacillus larvae has been identified so far. P. larvae is a Gram-positive spore forming bacteria that causes the American Foulbrood. This highly contagious infection leads to honeybee larvae sepsis and death, resulting in an adverse impact on pollination and on the beekeeping industry. In this work, the first CBD targeting P. larvae was identified and its core binding sequence was investigated. Moreover, it was shown that the domain is highly specific, targeting exclusively P. larvae cells from all ERIC genotypes. The identification of such a domain represents a step forward for the development of effective methods to detect and control this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvio B Santos
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Luís D R Melo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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155
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Antibiotic residues in honey: A review on analytical methods by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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156
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Barrasso R, Bonerba E, Savarino AE, Ceci E, Bozzo G, Tantillo G. Simultaneous Quantitative Detection of Six Families of Antibiotics in Honey Using A Biochip Multi-Array Technology. Vet Sci 2018; 6:E1. [PMID: 30597843 PMCID: PMC6466162 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical residues of veterinary drugs such as streptomycin, chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and aminoglycosides and other contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals have been found in honey, leading to concerns for human health. Indeed, there is a growing interest in their presence and persistence in the environment because low levels of antibiotics may favour the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Moreover, antibiotics present in honey may produce residues in foodstuffs, causing adverse effects on humans such as allergic reactions, toxic effects and damage to the central nervous systems. For food and health/safety reasons, antibiotic drugs are not authorized for the treatment of honey bees in the EU, even though these antimicrobial drugs have been approved in many third-party countries. For this reason, contaminated honey products can still be found in European markets. Therefore, there is a need to develop a precise, accurate and sensitive analytical method that may be used to simply and rapidly detect these compounds in honey. The aim of our study was to detect the presence of antibiotics in Apulian honey using the Anti-Microbial array II (AM II) as an innovative screening method to test the health quality of honey and honey products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Barrasso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Bonerba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Emilia Savarino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Edmondo Ceci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Bozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Tantillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
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157
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Keller A, Brandel A, Becker MC, Balles R, Abdelmohsen UR, Ankenbrand MJ, Sickel W. Wild bees and their nests host Paenibacillus bacteria with functional potential of avail. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:229. [PMID: 30579360 PMCID: PMC6303958 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, the gram-positive firmicute genus Paenibacillus was found with significant abundances in nests of wild solitary bees. Paenibacillus larvae is well-known for beekeepers as a severe pathogen causing the fatal honey bee disease American foulbrood, and other members of the genus are either secondary invaders of European foulbrood or considered a threat to honey bees. We thus investigated whether Paenibacillus is a common bacterium associated with various wild bees and hence poses a latent threat to honey bees visiting the same flowers. RESULTS We collected 202 samples from 82 individuals or nests of 13 bee species at the same location and screened each for Paenibacillus using high-throughput sequencing-based 16S metabarcoding. We then isolated the identified strain Paenibacillus MBD-MB06 from a solitary bee nest and sequenced its genome. We did find conserved toxin genes and such encoding for chitin-binding proteins, yet none specifically related to foulbrood virulence or chitinases. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a closer relationship to strains of root-associated Paenibacillus rather than strains causing foulbrood or other accompanying diseases. We found anti-microbial evidence within the genome, confirmed by experimental bioassays with strong growth inhibition of selected fungi as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The isolated wild bee associate Paenibacillus MBD-MB06 is a common, but irregularly occurring part of wild bee microbiomes, present on adult body surfaces and guts and within nests especially in megachilids. It was phylogenetically and functionally distinct from harmful members causing honey bee colony diseases, although it shared few conserved proteins putatively toxic to insects that might indicate ancestral predisposition for the evolution of insect pathogens within the group. By contrast, our strain showed anti-microbial capabilities and the genome further indicates abilities for chitin-binding and biofilm-forming, suggesting it is likely a useful associate to avoid fungal penetration of the bee cuticula and a beneficial inhabitant of nests to repress fungal threats in humid and nutrient-rich environments of wild bee nests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Keller
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
- Present Address: Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Hubland Nord, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
- Present Address: Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Brandel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Present Address: Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Present Address: BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mira C Becker
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Behavioral Physiology & Sociobiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Balles
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Markus J Ankenbrand
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Present Address: Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Hubland Nord, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sickel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Present Address: Molecular Biology of the Rhizosphere, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Nussallee 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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158
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Šedivá M, Laho M, Kohútová L, Mojžišová A, Majtán J, Klaudiny J. 10-HDA, A Major Fatty Acid of Royal Jelly, Exhibits pH Dependent Growth-Inhibitory Activity Against Different Strains of Paenibacillus larvae. Molecules 2018; 23:E3236. [PMID: 30544571 PMCID: PMC6320966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is a bacterial pathogen causing American foulbrood (AFB), the most serious disease of honeybee larvae. The food of young larvae could play an important role in the resistance of larvae against AFB. It contains antibacterial substances produced by honeybees that may inhibit the propagation of the pathogen in larval midguts. In this study, we identified and investigated the antibacterial effects of one of these substances, trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), against P. larvae strains including all Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) genotypes. Its inhibitory activities were studied by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). It was found that 10-HDA efficacy increases substantially with decreasing pH; up to 12-fold differences in efficacy were observed between pH = 5.5 and pH = 7.2. P. larvae strains showed different susceptibility to 10-HDA; up to 2.97-fold differences existed among various strains with environmentally important ERIC I and ERIC II genotypes. Germinating spores of the pathogen were generally more susceptible to 10-HDA than vegetative cells. Our findings suggest that 10-HDA could play significant role in conferring antipathogenic activity to larval food in the midguts of young larvae and contribute to the resistance of individual larvae to P. larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Šedivá
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Maroš Laho
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Kohútová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Andrea Mojžišová
- Veterinary and Food Institute in Dolny Kubin, Janoškova 58, 02601 Dolný Kubín, Slovakia.
| | - Juraj Majtán
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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159
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Brady TS, Fajardo CP, Merrill BD, Hilton JA, Graves KA, Eggett DL, Hope S. Bystander Phage Therapy: Inducing Host-Associated Bacteria to Produce Antimicrobial Toxins against the Pathogen Using Phages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E105. [PMID: 30518109 PMCID: PMC6315864 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus is often present in beehives, including presence in hives infected with the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), Paenibacillus larvae. In this work, 12 B. laterosporus bacteriophages induced bactericidal products in their host. Results demonstrate that P. larvae is susceptible to antimicrobials induced from field isolates of the bystander, B. laterosporus. Bystander antimicrobial activity was specific against the pathogen and not other bacterial species, indicating that the production was likely due to natural competition between the two bacteria. Three B. laterosporus phages were combined in a cocktail to treat AFB. Healthy hives treated with B. laterosporus phages experienced no difference in brood generation compared to control hives over 8 weeks. Phage presence in bee larvae after treatment rose to 60.8 ± 3.6% and dropped to 0 ± 0.8% after 72 h. In infected hives the recovery rate was 75% when treated, however AFB spores were not susceptible to the antimicrobials as evidenced by recurrence of AFB. We posit that the effectiveness of this treatment is due to the production of the bactericidal products of B. laterosporus when infected with phages resulting in bystander-killing of P. larvae. Bystander phage therapy may provide a new avenue for antibacterial production and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Christopher P Fajardo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Bryan D Merrill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Jared A Hilton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Kiel A Graves
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Dennis L Eggett
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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160
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Regan T, Barnett MW, Laetsch DR, Bush SJ, Wragg D, Budge GE, Highet F, Dainat B, de Miranda JR, Watson M, Blaxter M, Freeman TC. Characterisation of the British honey bee metagenome. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4995. [PMID: 30478343 PMCID: PMC6255801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The European honey bee (Apis mellifera) plays a major role in pollination and food production. Honey bee health is a complex product of the environment, host genetics and associated microbes (commensal, opportunistic and pathogenic). Improved understanding of these factors will help manage modern challenges to bee health. Here we used DNA sequencing to characterise the genomes and metagenomes of 19 honey bee colonies from across Britain. Low heterozygosity was observed in many Scottish colonies which had high similarity to the native dark bee. Colonies exhibited high diversity in composition and relative abundance of individual microbiome taxa. Most non-bee sequences were derived from known honey bee commensal bacteria or pathogens. However, DNA was also detected from additional fungal, protozoan and metazoan species. To classify cobionts lacking genomic information, we developed a novel network analysis approach for clustering orphan DNA contigs. Our analyses shed light on microbial communities associated with honey bees and demonstrate the power of high-throughput, directed metagenomics for identifying novel biological threats in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Mark W Barnett
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dominik R Laetsch
- The Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Stephen J Bush
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Budge
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ, York, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Fiona Highet
- Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, 1 Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ, UK
| | - Benjamin Dainat
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim R de Miranda
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- The Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK.
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161
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Berg JA, Merrill BD, Breakwell DP, Hope S, Grose JH. A PCR-Based Method for Distinguishing between Two Common Beehive Bacteria, Paenibacillus larvae and Brevibacillus laterosporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01886-18. [PMID: 30217838 PMCID: PMC6210111 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01886-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae and Brevibacillus laterosporus are two bacteria that are members of the Paenibacillaceae family. Both are commonly found in beehives and have historically been difficult to distinguish from each other due to related genetic and phenotypic characteristics and a shared ecological niche. Here, we discuss the likely mischaracterization of three 16S rRNA sequences previously published as P. larvae and provide the phylogenetic evidence that supported the GenBank reassignment of the sequences as B. laterosporus We explore the issues that arise by using only 16S rRNA or other single-gene analyses to distinguish between these bacteria. We also present three sets of molecular markers, two sets that distinguish P. larvae from B. laterosporus and other closely related species within the Paenibacillus genus and a third set that distinguishes B. laterosporus from P. larvae and other closely related species within the Brevibacillus genus. These molecular markers provide a tool for proper identification of these oft-mistaken species.IMPORTANCE 16S rRNA gene sequencing in bacteria has long been held as the gold standard for typing bacteria and, for the most part, is an excellent method of taxonomically identifying different bacterial species. However, the high level of 16S rRNA sequence similarity of some published strains of P. larvae and B. laterosporus, as well as possible horizontal gene transfer events within their shared ecological niche, complicates the use of 16S rRNA sequence as an effective molecular marker for differentiating these two species. Additionally, shared characteristics of these bacteria limit the effectiveness of using traditional phenotypic identification assays, such as the catalase test. The results from this study provide PCR methods to quickly differentiate between these two genera and will be useful when studying Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, and other disease-relevant bacteria commonly found in beehives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Berg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Bryan D Merrill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Donald P Breakwell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Julianne H Grose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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162
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Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Strain m401, Isolated from Honey in Argentina. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01158-18. [PMID: 30533773 PMCID: PMC6256538 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01158-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the 6,092,003-bp draft genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis strain m401, a tetracycline-resistant isolate recovered from honey. The isolate contained three plasmids of 8,307 bp, 9,934 bp, and 69,561 bp and a tetracycline resistance gene with high homology to tet45 in a contig of 236,180 bp.
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163
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Stoffer-Bittner AJ, Alexander CR, Dingman DW, Mourad GS, Schultes NP. Functional characterization of the uracil transporter from honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:305-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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164
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Voulgari-Kokota A, Grimmer G, Steffan-Dewenter I, Keller A. Bacterial community structure and succession in nests of two megachilid bee genera. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 95:5145846. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Voulgari-Kokota
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Wuerzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Emil Fischer Straße, Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Grimmer
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Wuerzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Emil Fischer Straße, Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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165
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Menegatti C, Da Paixão Melo WG, Carrão DB, De Oliveira ARM, Do Nascimento FS, Lopes NP, Pupo MT. Paenibacillus polymyxa Associated with the Stingless Bee Melipona scutellaris Produces Antimicrobial Compounds against Entomopathogens. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:1158-1169. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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166
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Abstract
Recently, it has become apparent that multiple factors are responsible for honey bee decline, including climate change, pests and pathogens, pesticides, and loss of foraging habitat. Of the large number of pathogens known to infect honey bees, very few are bacteria. Because adult workers abandon hives when diseased, many of their pathogens may go unnoticed. Here we characterized the virulence of Serratia marcescens strains isolated from honey bee guts and hemolymph. Our results indicate that S. marcescens, an opportunistic pathogen of many plants and animals, including humans, is a virulent opportunistic pathogen of honey bees, which could contribute to bee decline. Aside from the implications for honey bee health, the discovery of pathogenic S. marcescens strains in honey bees presents an opportunity to better understand how opportunistic pathogens infect and invade hosts. Although few honey bee diseases are known to be caused by bacteria, pathogens of adult worker bees may be underrecognized due to social immunity mechanisms. Specifically, infected adult bees typically abandon the hive or are removed by guards. Serratia marcescens, an opportunistic pathogen of many plants and animals, is often present at low abundance in the guts of honey bee workers and has recently been isolated from Varroa mites and from the hemolymph of dead and dying honey bees. However, the severity and prevalence of S. marcescens pathogenicity in honey bees have not been fully investigated. Here we characterized three S. marcescens strains isolated from the guts of honey bees and one previously isolated from hemolymph. In vivo tests confirmed that S. marcescens is pathogenic in workers. All strains caused mortality when a few cells were injected into the hemocoel, and the gut-isolated strains caused mortality when administered orally. In vitro assays and comparative genomics identified possible mechanisms of virulence of gut-associated strains. Expression of antimicrobial peptide and phenoloxidase genes was not elevated following infection, suggesting that these S. marcescens strains derived from honey bees can evade the immune response in their hosts. Finally, surveys from four locations in the United States indicated the presence of S. marcescens in the guts of over 60% of the worker bees evaluated. Taken together, these results suggest that S. marcescens is a widespread opportunistic pathogen of adult honey bees and that it may be highly virulent under some conditions such as perturbation of the normal gut microbiota or the presence of Varroa mites that puncture the integument, thereby enabling entry of bacterial cells.
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167
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Gajda A, Antczak M, Mitrowska K, Posyniak A. Development, validation and application to real samples of a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of tetracyclines in beeswax. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3821-3829. [PMID: 30207426 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Beeswax is a valuable honeybee product, which finds applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in cosmetic production. However, some substances used in apiculture, like tetracyclines, can be delivered to hives where they cause contamination of honeybee products such as beeswax. Tetracyclines are commonly used for the treatment of American and European foulbrood diseases, but in the European Union their usage by beekeepers is forbidden. Thus, a sensitive method for the analysis of tetracyclines in beeswax is an important analytical tool. A new liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of tetracyclines including oxytetracycline, 4-epioxytetracycline, tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, chlorotetracycline, 4-epichlorotetracycline, and doxycycline in beeswax was developed. The method involved dilution of beeswax in n-hexane after a melting step, liquid-liquid extraction with oxalic acid and clean-up using a weak cation exchange phase. Satisfactory separation was performed on an octadecyl column with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile in a total run time of 5 min. The application of this method was evaluated by the analysis of real beeswax samples. The presence of oxytetracycline was confirmed in 5 out of 48 tested beeswax samples, which shows the method can be successfully used to determine the tetracyclines in beeswax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute Partyzantów 57, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maja Antczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute Partyzantów 57, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Kamila Mitrowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute Partyzantów 57, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute Partyzantów 57, Pulawy, Poland
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168
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Stoffer‐Bittner AJ, Alexander CR, Dingman DW, Mourad GS, Schultes NP. The solute transport and binding profile of a novel nucleobase cation symporter 2 from the honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1322-1331. [PMID: 30087835 PMCID: PMC6070649 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report that a novel nucleobase cation symporter 2 encoded in the genome of the honeybee bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae reveals high levels of amino acid sequence similarity to the Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis uric acid and xanthine transporters. This transporter is named P. larvae uric acid permease-like protein (PlUacP). Even though PlUacP displays overall amino acid sequence similarities, has common secondary structures, and shares functional motifs and functionally important amino acids with E. coli xanthine and uric acid transporters, these commonalities are insufficient to assign transport function to PlUacP. The solute transport and binding profile of PlUacP was determined by radiolabeled uptake experiments via heterologous expression in nucleobase transporter-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. PlUacP transports the purines adenine and guanine and the pyrimidine uracil. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, and cytosine are not transported by PlUacP, but, along with uric acid, bind in a competitive manner. PlUacP has strong affinity for adenine Km 7.04 ± 0.18 μm, and as with other bacterial and plant NCS2 proteins, PlUacP function is inhibited by the proton disruptor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The solute transport and binding profile identifies PlUacP as a novel nucleobase transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas W. Dingman
- Department of EntomologyThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | - George S. Mourad
- Department of BiologyIndiana University‐Purdue University Fort WayneINUSA
| | - Neil P. Schultes
- Department of Plant Pathology & EcologyThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
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169
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Stamereilers C, Fajardo CP, Walker JK, Mendez KN, Castro-Nallar E, Grose JH, Hope S, Tsourkas PK. Genomic Analysis of 48 Paenibacillus larvae Bacteriophages. Viruses 2018; 10:E377. [PMID: 30029517 PMCID: PMC6070908 DOI: 10.3390/v10070377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic-resistant bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), currently the most destructive bacterial disease in honeybees. Phages that infect P. larvae were isolated as early as the 1950s, but it is only in recent years that P. larvae phage genomes have been sequenced and annotated. In this study we analyze the genomes of all 48 currently sequenced P. larvae phage genomes and classify them into four clusters and a singleton. The majority of P. larvae phage genomes are in the 38⁻45 kbp range and use the cohesive ends (cos) DNA-packaging strategy, while a minority have genomes in the 50⁻55 kbp range that use the direct terminal repeat (DTR) DNA-packaging strategy. The DTR phages form a distinct cluster, while the cos phages form three clusters and a singleton. Putative functions were identified for about half of all phage proteins. Structural and assembly proteins are located at the front of the genome and tend to be conserved within clusters, whereas regulatory and replication proteins are located in the middle and rear of the genome and are not conserved, even within clusters. All P. larvae phage genomes contain a conserved N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase that serves as an endolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Stamereilers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Christopher P Fajardo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Jamison K Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Katterinne N Mendez
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Faculty of the Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Faculty of the Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile.
| | - Julianne H Grose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Philippos K Tsourkas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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170
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Beck JJ, Alborn HT, Block AK, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Rering CC, Seidl-Adams I, Stuhl CJ, Torto B, Tumlinson JH. Interactions Among Plants, Insects, and Microbes: Elucidation of Inter-Organismal Chemical Communications in Agricultural Ecology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6663-6674. [PMID: 29895142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The last 2 decades have witnessed a sustained increase in the study of plant-emitted volatiles and their role in plant-insect, plant-microbe, and plant-plant interactions. While each of these binary systems involves complex chemical and biochemical processes between two organisms, the progression of increasing complexity of a ternary system (i.e., plant-insect-microbe), and the study of a ternary system requires nontrivial planning. This planning can include an experimental design that factors in potential overarching ecological interactions regarding the binary or ternary system, correctly identifying and understanding unexpected observations that may occur during the experiment and thorough interpretation of the resultant data. This challenge of planning, performing, and interpreting a plant's defensive response to multiple biotic stressors will be even greater when abiotic stressors (i.e., temperature or water) are factored into the system. To fully understand the system, we need to not only continue to investigate and understand the volatile profiles but also include and understand the biochemistry of the plant's response to these stressors. In this review, we provide examples and discuss interaction considerations with respect to how readers and future authors of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry can contribute their expertise toward the extraction and interpretation of chemical information exchanged between agricultural commodities and their associated pests. This holistic, multidisciplinary, and thoughtful approach to interactions of plants, insects, and microbes, and the resultant response of the plants can lead to a better understanding of agricultural ecology, in turn leading to practical and viable solutions to agricultural problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Caitlin C Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Irmgard Seidl-Adams
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Charles J Stuhl
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , 30772-00100 , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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171
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Fünfhaus A, Göbel J, Ebeling J, Knispel H, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Genersch E. Swarming motility and biofilm formation of Paenibacillus larvae, the etiological agent of American Foulbrood of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Sci Rep 2018; 8:8840. [PMID: 29892084 PMCID: PMC5995878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
American Foulbrood is a worldwide distributed, fatal disease of the brood of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera). The causative agent of this fatal brood disease is the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, which can be classified into four different genotypes (ERIC I-IV), with ERIC I and II being the ones isolated from contemporary AFB outbreaks. P. larvae is a peritrichously flagellated bacterium and, hence, we hypothesized that P. larvae is capable of coordinated and cooperative multicellular behaviors like swarming motility and biofilm formation. In order to analyze these behaviors of P. larvae, we firstly established appropriate functional assays. Using these assays we demonstrated that P. larvae ERIC II, but not P. larvae ERIC I, was capable of swarming. Swarming motility was hampered in a P. larvae ERIC II-mutant lacking production of paenilarvin, an iturin-like lipopeptide exclusively expressed by this genotype. Both genotypes were able to form free floating biofilm aggregates loosely attached to the walls of the culture wells. Visualizing the biofilms by Congo red and thioflavin S staining suggested structural differences between the biofilms formed. Biofilm formation was shown to be independent from paenilarvin production because the paenilarvin deficient mutant was comparably able to form a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fünfhaus
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Josefine Göbel
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Julia Ebeling
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Henriette Knispel
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Eva Garcia-Gonzalez
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany.
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Berlin, Germany.
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172
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Abstract
Since pollination by insects is vitally important for much of global crop production, and to provide pollination services more widely throughout the planetary ecosystems, the prospect of an imminent 'pollination crisis', due to a die-off of flying insects, is most disquieting, to say the least. Indeed, the term 'ecological Armageddon' has been used in the media. However, to know whether or not a wholesale decline in flying pollinators (including non-bee species) is occurring across the world is very difficult, due to an insufficiency of geographically widespread and long-term data. Bees, as the best documented species, can be seen to be suffering from chronic exposure to a range of stressors, which include: a loss of abundance and diversity of flowers, and a decline in suitable habitat for them to build nests; long-term exposure to agrochemicals, including pesticides such as neonicotinoids; and infection by parasites and pathogens, many inadvertently spread by the actions of humans. It is likely that climate change may impact further on particular pollinators, for example bumble bees, which are cool-climate specialists. Moreover, the co-operative element of various different stress factors should be noted; thus, for example, exposure to pesticides is known to diminish detoxification mechanisms and also immune responses, hence lowering the resistance of bees to parasitic infections. It is further conspicuous that for those wild non-bee insects - principally moths and butterflies - where data are available, the picture is also one of significant population losses. Alarmingly, a recent study in Germany indicated that a decline in the biomass of flying insects had occurred by 76% in less than three decades, as sampled in nature reserves across the country. Accordingly, to fully answer the question posed in the title of this article 'pollinator decline - an ecological calamity in the making?' will require many more detailed, more geographically encompassing, more species-inclusive, and longer-term studies, but the available evidence points to a clear 'probably', and the precautionary principle would suggest this is not a prospect we can afford to ignore.
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173
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Audisio MC. Gram-Positive Bacteria with Probiotic Potential for the Apis mellifera L. Honey Bee: The Experience in the Northwest of Argentina. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:22-31. [PMID: 27655068 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apis mellifera L. is one of the most important natural pollinators of significant crops and flowers around the world. It can be affected by different types of illnesses: american foulbrood, nosemosis, varroasis, viruses, among others. Such infections mainly cause a reduction in honey production and in extreme situations, the death of the colony. Argentina is the world's second largest honey exporter and the third largest honey producer, after China and Turkey. Given both the prominence of the honey bee in nature and the economic importance of apiculture in Argentina and the world, it is crucial to develop efficient and sustainable strategies to control honey bee diseases and to improve bee colony health. Gram-positive bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus, and Bacillus spp. are promising options. In the Northwest of Argentina, several Lactobacillus and Bacillus strains from the honey bee gut and honey were isolated by our research group and characterized by using in vitro tests. Two strains were selected because of their potential probiotic properties: Lactobacillus johnsonii CRL1647 and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis Mori2. Under independent trials with both experimental and commercial hives, it was determined that each strain was able to elicit probiotic effects on bee colonies reared in the northwestern region of Argentina. One result was the increase in egg-laying by the queen which therefore produced an increase in bee number and, consequently, a higher honey yield. Moreover, the beneficial bacteria reduced the incidence of two important bee diseases: nosemosis and varroosis. These results are promising and extend the horizon of probiotic bacteria to the insect world, serving beekeepers worldwide as a natural tool that they can administer as is, or combine with other disease-controlling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Carina Audisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Avenida Bolivia 5150, 4400, Salta, Argentina.
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174
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Kačániová M, Gasper J, Terentjeva M, Kunová S, Kluz M, Puchalski C. Antibacterial Activity of Bees Gut Lactobacilli against Paenibacillus Larvae In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/arls-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of bees gastrointestinal Lactobacillus spp. of against Paenibacillus larvae. Content of the intestinal tract was cultured for isolation of Lactobacillus spp. Gut homogenates were plated on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar (MRS, Oxoid) plates and incubated for 48-72h at 30°C anaerobically. Then, the identification of isolates with MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper was done. The bacterial strains Lactobacillus gasseri, L. amylovorus, L. kunkeei, L. fructivorans, Paenibacillus larvae were isolated from gut content of bees. The disc diffusion method was used for the determination of antimicrobial activities of the Lactobacillus supernatant against two strains of Paenibacillus larvae. The best antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus against Paenibacillus larvae from gut was found in L. gasseri supernatant. Lesser degree of antimicrobial activity against P. larvae was found in L. kunkeei supernatant. The strongest antibacterial activity against P. larvae CCM 4438 was found in L. gasseri and L. amylovorus and the least antibacterial activity was found in L. fructivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra , Slovakia
- University of Rzeszow, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, Department of Bioenergy and Food Technology 35-601 Rzeszow , Zelwerowicza St. 4, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Gasper
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra , Slovakia
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004, Jelgava , Latvia
| | - Simona Kunová
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra , Slovakia
| | - Maciej Kluz
- University of Rzeszow, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, Department of Bioenergy and Food Technology 35-601 Rzeszow , Zelwerowicza St. 4, Poland
| | - Czeslaw Puchalski
- University of Rzeszow, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, Department of Bioenergy and Food Technology 35-601 Rzeszow , Zelwerowicza St. 4, Poland
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175
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Fünfhaus A, Ebeling J, Genersch E. Bacterial pathogens of bees. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:89-96. [PMID: 29764667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollination is an indispensable ecosystem service provided by many insects, especially by wild and managed bee species. Hence, reports on large scale honey bee colony losses and on population declines of many wild bees were alarming and resulted in increased awareness of the importance of bee health and increased interest in bee pathogens. To serve this interest, this review will give a comprehensive overview on bacterial bee pathogens by covering not only the famous pathogens (Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcus plutonius), but also the orphan pathogens which have largely been neglected by the scientific community so far (spiroplasmas) and the pathogens which were only recently discovered as being pathogenic to bees (Serratia marcescens, Lysinibacillus sphaericus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fünfhaus
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Julia Ebeling
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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176
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Ueno Y, Yoshida E, Misumi W, Watando E, Suzuki K, Hirai Y, Okura M, Osaki M, Katsuda K, Takamatsu D. Population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Paenibacillus larvae isolates from American foulbrood cases in Apis mellifera in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:210-216. [PMID: 29393586 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most destructive disease of the honey bee brood. In this study, we investigated the population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Japanese P. larvae using 100 isolates isolated between 1993 and 2017 in 17 prefectures. Using repetitive-element PCR and multilocus sequence typing, isolates from diverse origins were classified into six genotypes, including the novel genotype ERIC II-ST24. Among these genotypes, ERIC I-ST15 is the most common in Japan, while ERIC II-ST10 isolates were found to be increasing during the 2010s. Regardless of genotype or origin, all isolates were susceptible to the major antimicrobials used in the control of AFB, including mirosamicin and tylosin, which were approved for the prevention of AFB in Japan in 1999 and 2017 respectively. Despite nearly 20 years of use, mirosamicin is still effective against Japanese P. larvae in vitro; however, the development of AFB in honey bee colonies may not always be suppressed by this drug. The case information collected in this study provides insight into the conditions under which prophylactic medicine may not exert sufficient preventive effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ueno
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Emi Yoshida
- Iwate Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Wakako Misumi
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kagoshima Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hioki, Kagoshima 899-2201, Japan
| | - Eri Watando
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Nagano Prefectural Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirai
- Aichi Prefectural Seibu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Chita-gun, Aichi 470-2324, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ken Katsuda
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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177
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Gamma irradiation inactivates honey bee fungal, microsporidian, and viral pathogens and parasites. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 153:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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178
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Mahdi OS, Fisher NA. Sporulation and Germination of Paenibacillus larvae Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 48:9E.2.1-9E.2.10. [PMID: 29512116 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endospores are metabolically dormant cells formed by a variety of Gram-positive bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes in response to nutrient limiting or otherwise unfavorable growth conditions. American foulbrood disease (AFB) is a serious disease of honeybees that is caused by the introduction of Paenibacillus larvae endospores into a honeybee colony. Progression to fulminant disease and eventual collapse of the colony requires multiple rounds of endospore germination, vegetative replication, endospore formation, and subsequent spread within the colony. This unit includes protocols for the in vitro sporulation and germination of P. larvae to assist investigators in the study of these processes. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama S Mahdi
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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179
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Mahdi OS, Fisher NA. Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Paenibacillus larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 48:9E.1.1-9E.1.6. [PMID: 29512117 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium and the causative agent of American foulbrood disease (AFB), a highly contagious, fatal disease affecting managed honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. As the etiological agent of American foulbrood disease, P. larvae is the most economically significant bacterial pathogen infecting honeybees. This unit includes protocols for the in vitro growth and laboratory maintenance of P. larvae. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama S Mahdi
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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180
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Determination of Antimicrobial Residues in Honey by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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181
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Dainat B, Grossar D, Ecoffey B, Haldemann C. Triplex real-time PCR method for the qualitative detection of European and American foulbrood in honeybee. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 146:61-63. [PMID: 29391178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The bacteria Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, causative agents of respectively European and American foulbrood, damage honeybee health worldwide. Here, we present a specific and sensitive qualitative triplex real-time PCR method to detect simultaneously those microbial agents and a honeybee gene, validated through a study involving 7 laboratories through Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dainat
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Grossar
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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182
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Alexander CR, Dingman DW, Schultes NP, Mourad GS. The solute transport profile of two Aza-guanine transporters from the Honey bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4828326. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Candace R Alexander
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA
| | - Douglas W Dingman
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Neil P Schultes
- Department of Plant Pathology & Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - George S Mourad
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA
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183
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Forsgren E, Locke B, Sircoulomb F, Schäfer MO. Bacterial Diseases in Honeybees. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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184
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Rütering M, Cress BF, Schilling M, Rühmann B, Koffas MAG, Sieber V, Schmid J. Tailor-made exopolysaccharides-CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in Paenibacillus polymyxa. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2017; 2:ysx007. [PMID: 32995508 PMCID: PMC7445874 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysx007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of state-of-the-art genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 drastically increase the number of undomesticated micro-organisms amenable to highly efficient and rapid genetic engineering. Adaptation of these tools to new bacterial families can open up entirely new possibilities for these organisms to accelerate as biotechnologically relevant microbial factories, also making new products economically competitive. Here, we report the implementation of a CRISPR-Cas9 based vector system in Paenibacillus polymyxa, enabling fast and reliable genome editing in this host. Homology directed repair allows for highly efficient deletions of single genes and large regions as well as insertions. We used the system to investigate the yet undescribed biosynthesis machinery for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in P. polymyxa DSM 365, enabling assignment of putative roles to several genes involved in EPS biosynthesis. Using this simple gene deletion strategy, we generated EPS variants that differ from the wild-type polymer not only in terms of monomer composition, but also in terms of their rheological behavior. The developed CRISPR-Cas9 mediated engineering approach will significantly contribute to the understanding and utilization of socially and economically relevant Paenibacillus species and extend the polymer portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Rütering
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Brady F Cress
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Martin Schilling
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kirschenallee, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Broder Rühmann
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany.,Fraunhofer IGB, Straubing Branch Bio, Electro, and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing, Germany.,Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
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185
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Ebeling J, Fünfhaus A, Knispel H, Krska D, Ravulapalli R, Heney KA, Lugo MR, Merrill AR, Genersch E. Characterization of the toxin Plx2A, a RhoA-targeting ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by the honey bee pathogenPaenibacillus larvae. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:5100-5116. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ebeling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases; Institute for Bee Research; 16540 Hohen Neuendorf Germany
| | - Anne Fünfhaus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases; Institute for Bee Research; 16540 Hohen Neuendorf Germany
| | - Henriette Knispel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases; Institute for Bee Research; 16540 Hohen Neuendorf Germany
| | - Daniel Krska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | - Kayla A. Heney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Miguel R. Lugo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1
| | - A. Rod Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Elke Genersch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases; Institute for Bee Research; 16540 Hohen Neuendorf Germany
- Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen; Freie Universität Berlin; 14163 Berlin Germany
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186
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Ludvigsen J, Porcellato D, L'Abée-Lund TM, Amdam GV, Rudi K. Geographically widespread honeybee-gut symbiont subgroups show locally distinct antibiotic-resistant patterns. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6590-6607. [PMID: 29087008 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How long-term antibiotic treatment affects host bacterial associations is still largely unknown. The honeybee-gut microbiota has a simple composition, so we used this gut community to investigate how long-term antibiotic treatment affects host-associated microbiota. We investigated the phylogenetic relatedness, genomic content (GC percentage, genome size, number of genes and CRISPR) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG) for strains from two abundant members of the honeybee core gut microbiota (Gilliamella apicola and Snodgrassella alvi). Domesticated honeybees are subjected to geographically different management policies, so we used two research apiaries, representing different antibiotic treatment regimens in their apiculture: low antibiotic usage (Norway) and high antibiotic usage (Arizona, USA). We applied whole-genome shotgun sequencing on 48 G. apicola and 22 S. alvi. We identified three predominating subgroups of G. apicola in honeybees from both Norway and Arizona. For G. apicola, genetic content substantially varied between subgroups and distance similarity calculations showed similarity discrepancy between subgroups. Functional differences between subgroups, such as pectin-degrading enzymes (G. apicola), were also identified. In addition, we identified horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of transposon (Tn10)-associated tetracycline resistance (Tet B) across the G. apicola subgroups in the Arizonan honeybees, using interspace polymorphisms in the Tet B determinant. Our results support that honeybee-gut symbiont subgroups can resist long-term antibiotic treatment and maintain functionality through acquisition of geographically distinct antibiotic-resistant genes by HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ludvigsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Trine M L'Abée-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro V Amdam
- Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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187
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Ågren J, Schäfer MO, Forsgren E. Using whole genome sequencing to study American foulbrood epidemiology in honeybees. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187924. [PMID: 29140998 PMCID: PMC5687730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB), caused by Paenibacillus larvae, is a devastating disease in honeybees. In most countries, the disease is controlled through compulsory burning of symptomatic colonies causing major economic losses in apiculture. The pathogen is endemic to honeybees world-wide and is readily transmitted via the movement of hive equipment or bees. Molecular epidemiology of AFB currently largely relies on placing isolates in one of four ERIC-genotypes. However, a more powerful alternative is multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), which allows for high-resolution studies of disease outbreaks. To evaluate WGS as a tool for AFB-epidemiology, we applied core genome MLST (cgMLST) on isolates from a recent outbreak of AFB in Sweden. The high resolution of the cgMLST allowed different bacterial clones involved in the disease outbreak to be identified and to trace the source of infection. The source was found to be a beekeeper who had sold bees to two other beekeepers, proving the epidemiological link between them. No such conclusion could have been made using conventional MLST or ERIC-typing. This is the first time that WGS has been used to study the epidemiology of AFB. The results show that the technique is very powerful for high-resolution tracing of AFB-outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Ågren
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc Oliver Schäfer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Eva Forsgren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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188
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Chaimanee V, Thongtue U, Sornmai N, Songsri S, Pettis J. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the honeybee pathogens,Paenibacillus larvaeandAscosphaera apisand their topical toxicity toApis melliferaadults. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1160-1167. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Chaimanee
- Department of Biotechnology; Maejo University Phrae Campus; Phrae Thailand
| | - U. Thongtue
- Department of Biotechnology; Maejo University Phrae Campus; Phrae Thailand
| | - N. Sornmai
- Department of Biotechnology; Maejo University Phrae Campus; Phrae Thailand
| | - S. Songsri
- Department of Chemistry; Maejo University Phrae Campus; Phrae Thailand
| | - J.S. Pettis
- Bee Research Laboratory; USDA-ARS; Beltsville MD USA
- Institute of Bee Health; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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189
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Biocidal properties of maltose reduced silver nanoparticles against American foulbrood diseases pathogens. Biometals 2017; 30:893-902. [PMID: 28986750 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bee disease caused by spore-forming Paenibacillus larvae and Paenibacillus alvei is a serious problem for honey production. Thus, there is an ongoing effort to find an effective agent that shows broad biocidal activity with minimal environmental hazard. In this study, the biocidal effect of maltose reduced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is evaluated against American foulbrood and European foulbrood pathogens. The results demonstrate that the maltose reduced AgNPs are excellent short and long-term biocides against P. larvae isolates. The long-term effect suggests that the Ag+ ions are released from the AgNPs with increasing time in a controlled manner.
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190
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Takamatsu D, Osawa A, Nakamura K, Yoshiyama M, Okura M. High-level resistance of Melissococcus plutonius clonal complex 3 strains to antimicrobial activity of royal jelly. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:562-570. [PMID: 28892305 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Melissococcus plutonius is the causative agent of European foulbrood of honey bee larvae. Among its three genetically distinct groups (CC3, CC12 and CC13), CC3 strains have been suggested to be more virulent at the colony level. Honey bee larvae are fed royal or worker jellies by adult bees, and these jellies exhibit antimicrobial activity. Since M. plutonius orally infects larvae via brood food, we herein investigated the resistance of M. plutonius to the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly (RJ). The results obtained revealed that M. plutonius strains were more resistant to RJ and its component, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, than the other species tested. Moreover, among the M. plutonius strains examined, CC3 strains exhibited the strongest resistance to antimicrobial activity; they temporarily proliferated and survived for a long period in 50% RJ-containing broth. However, resistance was not observed when freshly cultured bacteria were used, it was only detected after a preculture on agar media for five or more days, suggesting that, under certain conditions, CC3 strains change their physiological state to that which is advantageous for survival in brood food. This high-level RJ resistance of CC3 strains may contribute to their virulence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Aya Osawa
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakamura
- Research and Business Promotion Division, Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - Mikio Yoshiyama
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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191
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Alvarado I, Margotta JW, Aoki MM, Flores F, Agudelo F, Michel G, Elekonich MM, Abel-Santos E. Inhibitory effect of indole analogs against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:4469416. [PMID: 29117379 PMCID: PMC7206643 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera Linnaeus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). P. larvae spores exit dormancy in the gut of bee larvae, the germinated cells proliferate, and ultimately bacteremia kills the host. Hence, spore germination is a required step for establishing AFB disease. We previously found that P. larvae spores germinate in response to l-tyrosine plus uric acid in vitro. Additionally, we determined that indole and phenol blocked spore germination. In this work, we evaluated the antagonistic effect of 35 indole and phenol analogs and identified strong inhibitors of P. larvae spore germination in vitro. We further tested the most promising candidate, 5-chloroindole, and found that it significantly reduced bacterial proliferation. Finally, feeding artificial worker jelly containing anti-germination compounds to AFB-exposed larvae significantly decreased AFB infection in laboratory-reared honey bee larvae. Together, these results suggest that inhibitors of P. larvae spore germination could provide another method to control AFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Alvarado
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Joseph W Margotta
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Mai M Aoki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Fernando Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Fresia Agudelo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Guillermo Michel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Michelle M Elekonich
- Directorate for Biological Sciences, National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22314, and
| | - Ernesto Abel-Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
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192
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Glenny W, Cavigli I, Daughenbaugh KF, Radford R, Kegley SE, Flenniken ML. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony health and pathogen composition in migratory beekeeping operations involved in California almond pollination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182814. [PMID: 28817641 PMCID: PMC5560708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops. Pathogens and other factors have been implicated in high annual losses of honey bee colonies in North America and some European countries. To further investigate the relationship between multiple factors, including pathogen prevalence and abundance and colony health, we monitored commercially managed migratory honey bee colonies involved in California almond pollination in 2014. At each sampling event, honey bee colony health was assessed, using colony population size as a proxy for health, and the prevalence and abundance of seven honey bee pathogens was evaluated using PCR and quantitative PCR, respectively. In this sample cohort, pathogen prevalence and abundance did not correlate with colony health, but did correlate with the date of sampling. In general, pathogen prevalence (i.e., the number of specific pathogens harbored within a colony) was lower early in the year (January-March) and was greater in the summer, with peak prevalence occurring in June. Pathogen abundance in individual honey bee colonies varied throughout the year and was strongly associated with the sampling date, and was influenced by beekeeping operation, colony health, and mite infestation level. Together, data from this and other observational cohort studies that monitor individual honey bee colonies and precisely account for sampling date (i.e., day of year) will lead to a better understanding of the influence of pathogens on colony mortality and the effects of other factors on these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Glenny
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Ian Cavigli
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Katie F. Daughenbaugh
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie Radford
- Pesticide Research Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Kegley
- Pesticide Research Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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193
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El Hawari K, Al Iskandarani M, Mompelat S, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Verdon E. Design for the transfer of a validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for the determination of antimicrobial residues in honey from low-resolution to high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1103-1110. [PMID: 28488287 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This paper investigates the validity of the transfer of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of veterinary medicinal products in honey and compares it with an LC/linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometry method. A descriptive statistical approach was used in order to assess whether such a transfer would succeed or fail. This approach is based on the simultaneous evaluation of the trueness and of the intermediate precision for each compound at a 95% interval of confidence of both analytical techniques. METHODS Two grams of honey were placed in a centrifuge tube and diluted with 2.5 mL of ultra-pure water and 2.5 mL of acidified methanol with hydrochloric acid at 2 mol.mL-1 . The extract was purified with 50 mg of primary secondary amine and then analyzed using LC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and LC/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry in full scan mode. Both analytical techniques were compared by using the descriptive statistical approach for the determination of antimicrobial residues in honey. RESULTS The transfer of the method showed that the Orbitrap system provides the same accurate analytical results compared with the LC/MS/MS method except for 4-epitetracycline, anhydroerythromycin A, erythromycin A enol ether, and dihydrostreptomycin. Furthermore, the LC/LTQ-Orbitrap system is capable of successfully competing with the LC/MS/MS method by additional provision of high mass resolution and mass accuracy even though it shows less sensitivity compared with the LC/MS/MS instrument. CCα levels for most analytes were 1.3 times higher by LC/MS/MS than those observed by LC/LTQ-Orbitrap. The method was assessed in terms of relative bias through analysis of a reference material provided by FAPAS (Food Analysis Performance and Assessment Scheme) and also through the control of several contaminated honey samples from local Lebanese markets. Satisfactory relative bias was below 22% except for tetracycline found in one sample that showed a higher bias at 29%. CONCLUSIONS The LC/LTQ-Orbitrap method offers adequate performance in comparison with previously validated method on a LC/MS/MS system resulting in acceptance of the transfer of the method from LC/MS/MS to LC/LTQ-Orbitrap. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled El Hawari
- CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds (LAOC), Airport Road, PO Box 11-8281, Beirut, Lebanon
- French Agency for Safety of Food, Environment and Occupational Health, Laboratory of Fougères, French National and European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues of Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Products in Food from Animal Origin, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Bioagropolis, Javené, F-35306, Fougères, France
| | - Mohamad Al Iskandarani
- CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds (LAOC), Airport Road, PO Box 11-8281, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sophie Mompelat
- French Agency for Safety of Food, Environment and Occupational Health, Laboratory of Fougères, French National and European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues of Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Products in Food from Animal Origin, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Bioagropolis, Javené, F-35306, Fougères, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- French Agency for Safety of Food, Environment and Occupational Health, Laboratory of Fougères, French National and European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues of Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Products in Food from Animal Origin, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Bioagropolis, Javené, F-35306, Fougères, France
| | - Eric Verdon
- French Agency for Safety of Food, Environment and Occupational Health, Laboratory of Fougères, French National and European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues of Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Products in Food from Animal Origin, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Bioagropolis, Javené, F-35306, Fougères, France
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194
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Erban T, Ledvinka O, Kamler M, Nesvorna M, Hortova B, Tyl J, Titera D, Markovic M, Hubert J. Honeybee (Apis mellifera)-associated bacterial community affected by American foulbrood: detection of Paenibacillus larvae via microbiome analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5084. [PMID: 28698604 PMCID: PMC5506040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) workers act as passive vectors of Paenibacillus larvae spores, which cause the quarantine disease American foulbrood (AFB). We assessed the relative proportions of P. larvae within the honeybee microbiome using metabarcoding analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene. The microbiome was analyzed in workers outside of the AFB zone (control - AFB0), in workers from asymptomatic colonies in an AFB apiary (AFB1), and in workers from colonies exhibiting clinical AFB symptoms (AFB2). The microbiome was processed for the entire community and for a cut-off microbiome comprising pathogenic/environmental bacteria following the removal of core bacterial sequences; varroosis levels were considered in the statistical analysis. No correlation was observed between AFB status and varroosis level, but AFB influenced the worker bee bacterial community, primarily the pathogenic/environmental bacteria. There was no significant difference in the relative abundance of P. larvae between the AFB1 and AFB0 colonies, but we did observe a 9-fold increase in P. larvae abundance in AFB2 relative to the abundance in AFB1. The relative sequence numbers of Citrobacter freundii and Hafnia alvei were higher in AFB2 and AFB1 than in AFB0, whereas Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Spiroplasma melliferum and Morganella morganii were more abundant in AFB0 and AFB1 than in AFB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.
| | - Ondrej Ledvinka
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 2050/17, Prague 412, CZ-143 06, Czechia
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, Libcice nad Vltavou, CZ-252 66, Czechia
| | - Marta Nesvorna
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Bronislava Hortova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Jan Tyl
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, Libcice nad Vltavou, CZ-252 66, Czechia
| | - Dalibor Titera
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, Libcice nad Vltavou, CZ-252 66, Czechia
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Martin Markovic
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
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195
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Amiri E, Strand MK, Rueppell O, Tarpy DR. Queen Quality and the Impact of Honey Bee Diseases on Queen Health: Potential for Interactions between Two Major Threats to Colony Health. INSECTS 2017; 8:E48. [PMID: 28481294 PMCID: PMC5492062 DOI: 10.3390/insects8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Western honey bees, Apis mellifera, live in highly eusocial colonies that are each typically headed by a single queen. The queen is the sole reproductive female in a healthy colony, and because long-term colony survival depends on her ability to produce a large number of offspring, queen health is essential for colony success. Honey bees have recently been experiencing considerable declines in colony health. Among a number of biotic and abiotic factors known to impact colony health, disease and queen failure are repeatedly reported as important factors underlying colony losses. Surprisingly, there are relatively few studies on the relationship and interaction between honey bee diseases and queen quality. It is critical to understand the negative impacts of pests and pathogens on queen health, how queen problems might enable disease, and how both factors influence colony health. Here, we review the current literature on queen reproductive potential and the impacts of honey bee parasites and pathogens on queens. We conclude by highlighting gaps in our knowledge on the combination of disease and queen failure to provide a perspective and prioritize further research to mitigate disease, improve queen quality, and ensure colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Amiri
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Micheline K Strand
- Life Science Division, U.S. Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
| | - David R Tarpy
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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196
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Krongdang S, Evans JD, Pettis JS, Chantawannakul P. Multilocus sequence typing, biochemical and antibiotic resistance characterizations reveal diversity of North American strains of the honey bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176831. [PMID: 28467471 PMCID: PMC5415181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is a Gram positive bacterium and the causative agent of the most widespread fatal brood disease of honey bees, American foulbrood (AFB). A total of thirty-three independent Paenibacillus larvae isolates from various geographical origins in North America and five reference strains were investigated for genetic diversity using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). This technique is regarded to be a powerful tool for epidemiological studies of pathogenic bacteria and is widely used in genotyping assays. For MLST, seven housekeeping gene loci, ilvD (dihydroxy-acid dyhydrogenase), tri (triosephosphate isomerase), purH (phospharibosyl-aminoimidazolecarboxamide), recF (DNA replication and repair protein), pyrE (orotate phosphoribosyltransferase), sucC (succinyl coenzyme A synthetase β subunit) and glpF (glycerol uptake facilitator protein) were studied and applied for primer designs. Previously, ERIC type DNA fingerprinting was applied to these same isolates and the data showed that almost all represented the ERIC I type, whereas using BOX-PCR gave an indication of more diversity. All isolates were screened for resistance to four antibiotics used by U.S. beekeepers, showing extensive resistance to tetracycline and the first records of resistance to tylosin and lincomycin. Our data highlight the intraspecies relationships of P. larvae and the potential application of MLST methods in enhancing our understanding of epidemiological relationships among bacterial isolates of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasiprapa Krongdang
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jay D. Evans
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffery S. Pettis
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Material Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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197
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Hubert J, Bicianova M, Ledvinka O, Kamler M, Lester PJ, Nesvorna M, Kopecky J, Erban T. Changes in the Bacteriome of Honey Bees Associated with the Parasite Varroa destructor, and Pathogens Nosema and Lotmaria passim. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:685-698. [PMID: 27730366 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee, Apis mellifera, is a globally important species that suffers from a variety of pathogens and parasites. These parasites and pathogens may have sublethal effects on their bee hosts via an array of mechanisms, including through a change in symbiotic bacterial taxa. Our aim was to assess the influence of four globally widespread parasites and pathogens on the honey bee bacteriome. We examined the effects of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, the fungal pathogens Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, and the trypanosome Lotmaria passim. Varroa was detected by acaricidal treatment, Nosema and L. passim by PCR, and the bacteriome using MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, the 1,858,850 obtained sequences formed 86 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 3 % dissimilarity. Location, time of year, and degree of infestation by Varroa had significant effects on the composition of the bacteriome of honey bee workers. Based on statistical correlations, we found varroosis more important factor than N. ceranae, N. apis, and L. passim infestation influencing the honey bee bacteriome and contributing to the changes in the composition of the bacterial community in adult bees. At the population level, Varroa appeared to modify 20 OTUs. In the colonies with high Varroa infestation levels (varroosis), the relative abundance of the bacteria Bartonella apis and Lactobacillus apis decreased. In contrast, an increase in relative abundance was observed for several taxa including Lactobacillus helsingborgensis, Lactobacillus mellis, Commensalibacter intestini, and Snodgrassella alvi. The results showed that the "normal" bacterial community is altered by eukaryotic parasites as well as displaying temporal changes and changes associated with the geographical origin of the beehive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, CZ-161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia.
| | - Martina Bicianova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, CZ-161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Ledvinka
- Hydrological Database & Water Balance, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 2050/17, CZ-143 06, Prague, 412, Czechia
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, Libcice nad Vltavou, CZ-252 66, Czechia
| | - Philip J Lester
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Marta Nesvorna
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, CZ-161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, CZ-161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia
| | - Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, CZ-161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia
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198
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Hernández López J, Riessberger-Gallé U, Crailsheim K, Schuehly W. Cuticular hydrocarbon cues of immune-challenged workers elicit immune activation in honeybee queens. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3062-3073. [PMID: 28271576 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, evidence has shown that variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) profile allow healthy honeybees to identify diseased nestmates, eliciting agonistic responses in the former. Here, we determined whether these 'immunologic cues' emitted by diseased nestmates were only detected by workers, who consequently took hygienic measures and excluded these individuals from the colony, or whether queens were also able to detect these cues and respond accordingly. Healthy honeybee queens were exposed to (i) healthy, (ii) Ringer-injected and (iii) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected nestmates by allowing direct body contact. Quantitative differences in the CHC profiles of these three groups were measured using GC-MS. The transcript levels of the products of four genes that encode for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are part of the queen's immune response, were measured in bees exposed to direct contact using qPCR. A significant increase in the transcript levels of these AMP genes over baseline levels in queens was observed when body contact was allowed between the queens and the Ringer- and LPS-injected nestmates. These results provide the first evidence that the detection of CHCs contributes to the initiation of an immune response in insects. In an additional experiment, CHCs were extracted from diseased workers and directly presented to queens, which also evoked a similar immune response. A potential mechanism that relied on volatile compounds could be ruled out by conducting a distance experiment. The study helps to expand our knowledge of chemical communication in insects and sheds light on a likely new mechanism of social immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández López
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Riessberger-Gallé
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Crailsheim
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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199
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Raymann K, Shaffer Z, Moran NA. Antibiotic exposure perturbs the gut microbiota and elevates mortality in honeybees. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001861. [PMID: 28291793 PMCID: PMC5349420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiomes play crucial roles in animal health, and shifts in the gut microbial community structure can have detrimental impacts on hosts. Studies with vertebrate models and human subjects suggest that antibiotic treatments greatly perturb the native gut community, thereby facilitating proliferation of pathogens. In fact, persistent infections following antibiotic treatment are a major medical issue. In apiculture, antibiotics are frequently used to prevent bacterial infections of larval bees, but the impact of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) on bee health and susceptibility to disease has not been fully elucidated. Here, we evaluated the effects of antibiotic exposure on the size and composition of honeybee gut communities. We monitored the survivorship of bees following antibiotic treatment in order to determine if dysbiosis of the gut microbiome impacts honeybee health, and we performed experiments to determine whether antibiotic exposure increases susceptibility to infection by opportunistic pathogens. Our results show that antibiotic treatment can have persistent effects on both the size and composition of the honeybee gut microbiome. Antibiotic exposure resulted in decreased survivorship, both in the hive and in laboratory experiments in which bees were exposed to opportunistic bacterial pathogens. Together, these results suggest that dysbiosis resulting from antibiotic exposure affects bee health, in part due to increased susceptibility to ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens. Not only do our results highlight the importance of the gut microbiome in honeybee health, but they also provide insights into how antibiotic treatment affects microbial communities and host health. There is growing evidence for the importance of gut microbes in animal health. Unlike most other insects, honeybees possess a highly conserved gut microbial community, which is acquired through social contact, and several results have suggested that these microbes play an important role in honeybee health. Antibiotics, which can severely disrupt gut microbial communities, are commonly used in beekeeping in several countries. However, it is unknown how antibiotic treatment affects the gut microbial communities of honeybees. Here, we evaluated the effects of antibiotic treatment on the size and composition of the honeybee gut microbiome and on honeybee health. We found that exposure to antibiotics significantly alters the honeybee gut microbial community structure and leads to decreased survivorship of honeybees in the hive, likely due to increased susceptibility to infection by opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasie Raymann
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zack Shaffer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Moran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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200
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Shanks JL, Haigh AM, Riegler M, Spooner-Hart RN. First confirmed report of a bacterial brood disease in stingless bees. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 144:7-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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