151
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TGF-β and BMP signals regulate insect diapause through Smad1-POU-TFAM pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1239-1249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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152
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Chowdhury PS, Chamoto K, Kumar A, Honjo T. PPAR-Induced Fatty Acid Oxidation in T Cells Increases the Number of Tumor-Reactive CD8+ T Cells and Facilitates Anti–PD-1 Therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1375-1387. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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153
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Chimienti G, Picca A, Sirago G, Fracasso F, Calvani R, Bernabei R, Russo F, Carter CS, Leeuwenburgh C, Pesce V, Marzetti E, Lezza AMS. Increased TFAM binding to mtDNA damage hot spots is associated with mtDNA loss in aged rat heart. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:447-453. [PMID: 29969715 PMCID: PMC6319621 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The well-known age-related mitochondrial dysfunction deeply affects heart because of the tissue's large dependence on mitochondrial ATP provision. Our study revealed in aged rat heart a significant 25% decrease in mtDNA relative content, a significant 29% increase in the 4.8 Kb mtDNA deletion relative content, and a significant inverse correlation between such contents as well as a significant 38% decrease in TFAM protein amount. The TFAM-binding activity to specific mtDNA regions increased at those encompassing the mtDNA replication origins, D-loop and Ori-L. The same mtDNA regions were screened for different kinds of oxidative damage, namely Single Strand Breaks (SSBs), Double Strand Breaks (DSBs), abasic sites (AP sites) and oxidized bases as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8oxoG). A marked increase in the relative content of mtDNA strand damage (SSBs, DSBs and AP sites) was found in the D-loop and Ori-L regions in the aged animals, unveiling for the first time in vivo an age-related, non-stochastic accumulation of oxidative lesions in these two regions that appear as hot spots of mtDNA damage. The use of Formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) demonstrated also a significant age-related accumulation of oxidized purines particularly in the D-loop and Ori-L regions. The detected increased binding of TFAM to the mtDNA damage hot spots in aged heart suggests a link between TFAM binding to mtDNA and loss of mitochondrial genome likely through hindrance of repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Chimienti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Russo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases - I.R.C.C.S. "Saverio de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Christy S Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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154
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Weikard R, Kuehn C. Different mitochondrial DNA copy number in liver and mammary gland of lactating cows with divergent genetic background for milk production. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1209-1218. [PMID: 30051250 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adequate metabolic adaptation of key tissues playing an essential role for bioenergetic homeostasis and lactogenesis is critical in cows to adapt to changes in energy requirements and physiological processes during the lactation period. Mitochondria are recognized as central to meet energy needs and maintaining of metabolic homeostasis because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is template for several polypeptides of the respiratory chain complexes essential for ATP generation. The quantity of mtDNA in a cell has been widely used as a surrogate marker for the capacity of cells for energy generation. In our study we analyzed the mtDNA copy number and the mRNA expression of important nuclear encoded genes controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in liver and mammary gland. We compared cows with a nuclear genome dairy × beef crossbred make-up to purebred German Holstein dairy cows. The study revealed tissue-specific variations of mtDNA copy number and expression levels of nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis when comparing lactating cows with different genetic predisposition regarding milk performance. This may reflect nuclear genome-determined genetic differences between the cow groups in coping with metabolic demands and physiological changes during lactation. The results indicate that mitochondrial biogenesis processes in the liver and mammary gland appear to be impaired in high lactating dairy cows, which consequently, would point to a disturbed energy adaptation. The results provide a basis to further elucidate the adaptive and regulatory modulation of the mitochondrial biogenesis in response to lactation-associated metabolic challenges in lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Weikard
- Institute Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christa Kuehn
- Institute Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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155
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Chan SHH, Chan JYH. Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to Neurogenic Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 32:308-321. [PMID: 28615314 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond its primary role as fuel generators, mitochondria are engaged in a variety of cellular processes, including redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction, therefore, may have a profound impact on high-energy-demanding organs such as the brain. Here, we review the roles of mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics, and their associated signaling in cellular redox homeostasis, and illustrate their contributions to the oxidative stress-related neural mechanism of hypertension, focusing on specific brain areas that are involved in the generation or modulation of sympathetic outflows to the cardiovascular system. We also highlight future challenges of research on mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H H Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Julie Y H Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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156
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Zheng J, Shi L, Liang F, Xu W, Li T, Gao L, Sun Z, Yu J, Zhang J. Sirt3 Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Diabetic Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:414. [PMID: 29970985 PMCID: PMC6018086 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Sirtuin3 (sirt3) plays a pivotal role in improving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction which directly induced neuronal apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also a critical activator in triggering NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes activation which can regulate inflammatory responses in brain. Moreover, hyperglycemia can aggravate the ICH-induced damage. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of neuroprotection of sirt3 in hyperglycemic ICH. Methods: ICH model was established by autologous blood injection. Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin. Honokiol (HKL, a pharmacological agonist of sirt3) was injected intraperitoneally at doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg. Sirt3 small interfering RNA transfection was implemented through intracerebroventricular injection. The expression of sirt3 and its downstream signaling molecules were detected using Western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. Morphological changes of mitochondria were detected by electron microscopy. SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with 10 μM oxyhemoglobin for 48 h to establish an in vitro ICH model, and then JC-1 staining was used to determine mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Results: Hyperglycemia could suppress sirt3 expression after ICH when compared with non-diabetic rats. Sirt3 protein expression was decreased to the minimum at 24 h in perihematoma tissues. Electron microscope analysis indicated that hyperglycemic ICH induced extensive mitochondrial vacuolization. HKL attenuated ROS accumulation, adenosine triphosphate reduction, and Δψm through Sirt3–superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and Sirt3–NRF1–TFAM pathway. Sirt3 knockdown could exacerbate the neuronal apoptosis and reverse the positive effects of HKL. Sirt3 activation could decrease NLRP3 and interleukin-1β levels through deacetylating SOD2 and scavenging ROS. Conclusion: HKL protects against hyperglycemic ICH-induced neuronal injury via a sirt3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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157
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Chen XL, Wang Y, Peng WW, Zheng YJ, Zhang TN, Wang PJ, Huang JD, Zeng QY. Effects of interleukin-6 and IL-6/AMPK signaling pathway on mitochondrial biogenesis and astrocytes viability under experimental septic condition. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:287-294. [PMID: 29674256 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a neuromodulation factor with extensive and complex biological activities. IL-6 has been reported to activate AMPK, while AMPK regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IL-6 in mitochondrial biogenesis using astrocytes under experimental septic condition and examined how IL-6/AMPK signaling pathway affected this process. METHODS The primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes were randomly allocated into six groups: control group, LPS+IFN-γ group, IL-6 group (LPS+IFN-γ+IL-6), C group (LPS+IFN-γ+IL-6+Compound C), siRNA group (LPS+IFN-γ+IL-6+IL-6R siRNA) and siRNA+C group (LPS+IFN-γ+IL-6+IL-6R siRNA+ Compound C). All groups were stimulated for 6 h. Cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses, detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mtDNA content and cell viability, evaluation of the mitochondrial ultrastructure and volume density, western blots of proteins associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and phospho-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) were performed respectively. RESULTS Compared with LPS+IFN-γ group, IL-6 group had milder ultrastructural damage of mitochondria, higher mtDNA content and mitochondrial volume density, higher expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF-1 and TFAM) and p-AMPK, and thus higher cell viability, whereas blocking IL-6/AMPK signaling pathway, the protective effect of IL-6 has been diminished, compared with IL-6 group. CONCLUSION IL-6 enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in astrocytes under experimental septic condition through IL-6/AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan-Wan Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Jun Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Da Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Yi Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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158
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Mitochondrial DNA as an inflammatory mediator in cardiovascular diseases. Biochem J 2018; 475:839-852. [PMID: 29511093 PMCID: PMC5840331 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in multiple cellular functions, including energy production, calcium homeostasis, and cell death. Currently, growing evidence indicates the vital roles of mitochondria in triggering and maintaining inflammation. Chronic inflammation without microbial infection — termed sterile inflammation — is strongly involved in the development of heart failure. Sterile inflammation is triggered by the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense endogenous ligands called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondria release multiple DAMPs including mitochondrial DNA, peptides, and lipids, which induce inflammation via the stimulation of multiple PRRs. Among the mitochondrial DAMPs, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is currently highlighted as the DAMP that mediates the activation of multiple PRRs, including Toll-like receptor 9, Nod-like receptors, and cyclic GMP–AMP synthetase/stimulator of interferon gene pathways. These PRR signalling pathways, in turn, lead to the activation of nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor, which enhances the transcriptional activity of inflammatory cytokines and interferons, and induces the recruitment of inflammatory cells. As the heart is an organ comprising abundant mitochondria for its ATP consumption (needed to maintain constant cyclic contraction and relaxation), the generation of massive amounts of mitochondrial radical oxygen species and mitochondrial DAMPs are predicted to occur and promote cardiac inflammation. Here, we will focus on the role of mtDNA in cardiac inflammation and review the mechanism and pathological significance of mtDNA-induced inflammatory responses in cardiac diseases.
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159
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Moreno-Ulloa A, Miranda-Cervantes A, Licea-Navarro A, Mansour C, Beltrán-Partida E, Donis-Maturano L, Delgado De la Herrán HC, Villarreal F, Álvarez-Delgado C. (-)-Epicatechin stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and cell growth in C2C12 myotubes via the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:95-107. [PMID: 29355558 PMCID: PMC5809192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have reported on the capacity of (-)-epicatechin ((-)-EPI) to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis (MiB) in mouse skeletal muscle (SkM). However, the mechanisms mediating the effects of (-)-EPI are not fully understood. We previously identified a role of the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in modulating the vascular effects of (-)-EPI. We therefore tested the hypothesis that GPER mediates (at least in part) the stimulatory effects of (-)-EPI on MiB in SkM cells. As an in vitro model, we employed mouse SkM-derived C2C12 myoblasts differentiated into myotubes. Using confocal microscopy, we detected GPER at the cell surface and cytoplasm in C2C12 myotubes. Treatment with (-)-EPI (3 and 10μM) resulted in the stimulation of MiB as per increases in mitochondrial inner (MitoTracker Red FM fluorescence staining) and outer membrane (porin protein levels) markers, transcription factors involved in MiB stimulation (i.e., nuclear respiratory factor-2 [NRF-2] and mitochondrial transcription factor A [TFAM] protein levels) and citrate synthase (CS) activity levels. (-)-EPI-treated myotubes were longer and wider compared to vehicle-treated myotubes. The effects of (-)-EPI on myotube mitochondria and cell size were larger in magnitude to those observed with the GPER agonist G-1. The chemical blockade and down-regulation (siRNA) of GPER evidenced a partial and complete blockade of measured endpoints following (-)-EPI- or G-1-treatment, respectively. Altogether, results indicate that GPER is expressed in muscle cells and appears to mediate to a significant extent, the stimulatory effects of (-)-EPI on MiB. Thus, GPER activation may account for the stimulatory effects of (-)-EPI on SkM structure/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Moreno-Ulloa
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, México
| | - Adriana Miranda-Cervantes
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, México
| | - Alexei Licea-Navarro
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, México
| | | | | | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, México
| | - Hilda C Delgado De la Herrán
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, México
| | | | - Carolina Álvarez-Delgado
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, México.
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160
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Kang I, Chu CT, Kaufman BA. The mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in neurodegeneration: emerging evidence and mechanisms. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:793-811. [PMID: 29364506 PMCID: PMC5851836 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial transcription factor A, or TFAM, is a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-binding protein essential for genome maintenance. TFAM functions in determining the abundance of the mitochondrial genome by regulating packaging, stability, and replication. More recently, TFAM has been shown to play a central role in the mtDNA stress-mediated inflammatory response. Emerging evidence indicates that decreased mtDNA copy number is associated with several aging-related pathologies; however, little is known about the association of TFAM abundance and disease. In this Review, we evaluate the potential associations of altered TFAM levels or mtDNA copy number with neurodegeneration. We also describe potential mechanisms by which mtDNA replication, transcription initiation, and TFAM-mediated endogenous danger signals may impact mitochondrial homeostasis in Alzheimer, Huntington, Parkinson, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine (C3M), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Charleen T. Chu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Conformational Protein Diseases Center, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine (C3M), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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161
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Han Y, Xu J, Huang W, Li Z. Medium Chain Triglycerides enhances exercise endurance through the increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191182. [PMID: 29420554 PMCID: PMC5805166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) is a dietary supplement and usually used along with medications for treating food absorption disorders including diarrhea, steatorrhea and liver disease. It has been shown that MCT plays a role in lowering weight, and decreasing metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity and inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether MCT enhances exercise endurance. Here, we demonstrated that MCT containing diet improves high temperature induced exercise performance impairment. We found that MCT up-regulates the expression and protein levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. Further investigation demonstrated that the increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism is mediated through the activation of Akt and AMPK signaling pathways and inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate a beneficial effect of dietary MCT in exercise performance through the increase of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Han
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiping Xu
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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162
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Update on mitochondria and muscle aging: all wrong roads lead to sarcopenia. Biol Chem 2018; 399:421-436. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a well-known geriatric syndrome that has been endorsed over the years as a biomarker allowing for the discrimination, at a clinical level, of biological from chronological age. Multiple candidate mechanisms have been linked to muscle degeneration during sarcopenia. Among them, there is wide consensus on the central role played by the loss of mitochondrial integrity in myocytes, secondary to dysfunctional quality control mechanisms. Indeed, mitochondria establish direct or indirect contacts with other cellular components (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes/vacuoles) as well as the extracellular environment through the release of several biomolecules. The functional implications of these interactions in the context of muscle physiology and sarcopenia are not yet fully appreciated and represent a promising area of investigation. Here, we present an overview of recent findings concerning the interrelation between mitochondrial quality control processes, inflammation and the metabolic regulation of muscle mass in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia highlighting those pathways that may be exploited for developing preventive and therapeutic interventions against muscle aging.
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163
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Nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial diseases caused by instability of mitochondrial DNA. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:43-57. [PMID: 29344903 PMCID: PMC5799321 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-017-0424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are defined by a respiratory chain dysfunction and in most of the cases manifest as multisystem disorders with predominant expression in muscles and nerves and may be caused by mutations in mitochondrial (mtDNA) or nuclear (nDNA) genomes. Most of the proteins involved in respiratory chain function are nuclear encoded, although 13 subunits of respiratory chain complexes (together with 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs necessary for their translation) encoded by mtDNA are essential for cell function. nDNA encodes not only respiratory chain subunits but also all the proteins responsible for mtDNA maintenance, especially those involved in replication, as well as other proteins necessary for the transcription and copy number control of this multicopy genome. Mutations in these genes can cause secondary instability of the mitochondrial genome in the form of depletion (decreased number of mtDNA molecules in the cell), vast multiple deletions or accumulation of point mutations which in turn leads to mitochondrial diseases inherited in a Mendelian fashion. The list of genes involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance is long, and still incomplete.
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164
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Lymphocytes eject interferogenic mitochondrial DNA webs in response to CpG and non-CpG oligodeoxynucleotides of class C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E478-E487. [PMID: 29295921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711950115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is receiving increasing attention as a danger-associated molecular pattern in conditions such as autoimmunity, cancer, and trauma. We report here that human lymphocytes [B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells], monocytes, and neutrophils derived from healthy blood donors, as well as B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, rapidly eject mtDNA as web filament structures upon recognition of CpG and non-CpG oligodeoxynucleotides of class C. The release was quenched by ZnCl2, independent of cell death (apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy), and continued in the presence of TLR9 signaling inhibitors. B-cell mtDNA webs were distinct from neutrophil extracellular traps concerning structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependence, and were devoid of antibacterial proteins. mtDNA webs acted as rapid (within minutes) messengers, priming antiviral type I IFN production. In summary, our findings point at a previously unrecognized role for lymphocytes in antimicrobial defense, utilizing mtDNA webs as signals in synergy with cytokines and natural antibodies, and cast light on the interplay between mitochondria and the immune system.
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Picca A, Lezza AMS, Leeuwenburgh C, Pesce V, Calvani R, Bossola M, Manes-Gravina E, Landi F, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Circulating Mitochondrial DNA at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation During Aging and Muscle Wasting Disorders. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:350-359. [PMID: 29125070 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial structural and functional integrity is maintained through the coordination of several processes (e.g., biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy), collectively referred to as mitochondrial quality control (MQC). Dysfunctional MQC and inflammation are hallmarks of aging and are involved in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting disorders, including sarcopenia and cachexia. One of the consequences of failing MQC is the release of mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). By virtue of their bacterial ancestry, these molecules can trigger an inflammatory response by interacting with receptors similar to those involved in pathogen-associated responses. Mitochondria-derived DAMPs, especially cell-free mitochondrial DNA, have recently been associated with conditions characterized by chronic inflammation, such as aging and degenerative diseases. Yet, their actual implication in the aging process and muscle wasting disorders is at an early stage of investigation. Here, we review the contribution of mitochondria-derived DAMPs to age-related systemic inflammation. We also provide arguments in support of the exploitation of such signaling pathways for the management of muscle wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- 3 Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vito Pesce
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bossola
- 4 Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Ester Manes-Gravina
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
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166
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Lee WR, Na H, Lee SW, Lim WJ, Kim N, Lee JE, Kang C. Transcriptomic analysis of mitochondrial TFAM depletion changing cell morphology and proliferation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17841. [PMID: 29259235 PMCID: PMC5736646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) has been implicated in promoting tumor growth and invasion. TFAM activates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription, and affects nuclear gene expression through mitochondrial retrograde signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of TFAM depletion on the morphology and transcriptome of MKN45 gastric cancer cells. Morphology alteration became visible at 12 h after TFAM knockdown: the proportion of growth-arrested polygonal cells versus oval-shaped cells increased, reaching a half-maximum at 24 h and a near-maximum at 36 h. TFAM knockdown upregulated four genes and downregulated six genes by more than threefold at 24 h and similarly at 48 h. Among them, the knockdown of CFAP65 (cilia and flagella associated protein 65) or PCK1 (cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) rescued the effects of TFAM depletion on cell morphology and proliferation. PCK1 was found to act downstream of CFAP65 in calcium-mediated retrograde signaling. Furthermore, mtDNA depletion by 2',3'-dideoxycytidine was sufficient for induction of CFAP65 and PCK1 expression and inhibition of cell proliferation, but oxidative phosphorylation blockade or mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization was not. Thus, the TFAM-mtDNA-calcium-CFAP65-PCK1 axis participates in mitochondrial retrograde signaling, affecting tumor cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Rin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Heeju Na
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seon Woo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Won-Jun Lim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Namshin Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - J Eugene Lee
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
| | - Changwon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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167
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Picca A, Pesce V, Lezza AMS. Does eating less make you live longer and better? An update on calorie restriction. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1887-1902. [PMID: 29184395 PMCID: PMC5685139 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s126458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of aging is hard to be captured. However, apart from its tissue-specific features, a structural and functional progressive decline of the whole organism that leads to death, often preceded by a phase of chronic morbidity, characterizes the common process of aging. Therefore, the research goal of scientists in the field moved from the search for strategies able to extend longevity to those ensuring healthy aging associated with a longer lifespan referred to as “healthspan”. The aging process is plastic and can be tuned by multiple mechanisms including dietary and genetic interventions. To date, the most robust approach, efficient in warding off the cellular markers of aging, is calorie restriction (CR). Here, after a preliminary presentation of the major debate originated by CR, we concisely overviewed the recent results of CR treatment on humans. We also provided an update on the molecular mechanisms involved by CR and the effects on some of the age-associated cellular markers. We finally reviewed a number of tested CR mimetics and concluded with an evaluation of future applications of such dietary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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168
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Heden TD, Ryan TE, Ferrara PJ, Hickner RC, Brophy PM, Neufer PD, McClung JM, Funai K. Greater Oxidative Capacity in Primary Myotubes from Endurance-trained Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:2151-2157. [PMID: 28617704 PMCID: PMC5645226 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise training promotes skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and an increase in maximal oxygen consumption. Primary myotubes retain some metabolic properties observed in vivo but it is unknown whether this includes exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations. The goal of this study was to test if primary myotubes from exercise-trained women have higher mitochondrial content and maximal oxygen consumption compared with untrained women. METHODS Six trained and nine untrained white women participated in this study. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle of the right leg were obtained and primary muscle cells were isolated. Maximal respiration rates, mitochondrial mRNA and protein content, and succinate dehydrogenase activity were measured in skeletal muscle and primary myotubes from trained and untrained women. RESULTS Trained women, compared with untrained women, had higher maximal whole-body oxygen consumption (+18%, P = 0.03), in vivo maximal skeletal muscle oxidative capacity measured with near infrared spectroscopy (+48%, P < 0.01), and maximal oxygen consumption in permeabilized muscle fibers (+38%, P = 0.02), which coincided with higher protein levels of muscle mitochondrial enzymes. Primary myotubes from trained women had higher maximal oxygen consumption (+38%, P = 0.03), suggesting that some elements of exercise-induced metabolic programming persists ex vivo. Consistent with this idea, myotubes from trained women had higher mRNA levels of transcriptional regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to higher protein levels of mitochondrial enzymes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the existence of an "exercise metabolic program," where primary myotubes isolated from exercise-trained individuals exhibit greater mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity compared with untrained individuals. These myotubes may be a useful model to study molecular mechanisms relevant to exercise adaptations in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Heden
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
| | - Patricia M. Brophy
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
| | - P. Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
| | - Joseph M. McClung
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville,
NC
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169
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Sirago G, Conte E, Fracasso F, Cormio A, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Musicco C, Camerino GM, Fonzino A, Rizzi L, Torsello A, Lezza AMS, Liantonio A, Cantatore P, Pesce V. Growth hormone secretagogues hexarelin and JMV2894 protect skeletal muscle from mitochondrial damages in a rat model of cisplatin-induced cachexia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13017. [PMID: 29026190 PMCID: PMC5638899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy can cause cachexia, which consists of weight loss associated with muscle atrophy. The exact mechanisms underlying this skeletal muscle toxicity are largely unknown and co-therapies to attenuate chemotherapy-induced side effects are lacking. By using a rat model of cisplatin-induced cachexia, we here characterized the mitochondrial homeostasis in tibialis anterior cachectic muscle and evaluated the potential beneficial effects of the growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) hexarelin and JMV2894 in this setting. We found that cisplatin treatment caused a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF-1, TFAM, mtDNA, ND1), mitochondrial mass (Porin and Citrate synthase activity) and fusion index (MFN2, Drp1), together with changes in the expression of autophagy-related genes (AKT/FoxO pathway, Atg1, Beclin1, LC3AII, p62) and enhanced ROS production (PRX III, MnSOD). Importantly, JMV2894 and hexarelin are capable to antagonize this chemotherapy-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, our findings reveal a key-role played by mitochondria in the mechanism responsible for GHS beneficial effects in skeletal muscle, strongly indicating that targeting mitochondrial dysfunction might be a promising area of research in developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or limit muscle wasting in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Cormio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Clara Musicco
- IBBE Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Palmiro Cantatore
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.
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170
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Nah J, Miyamoto S, Sadoshima J. Mitophagy as a Protective Mechanism against Myocardial Stress. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1407-1424. [PMID: 28915329 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can undergo fusion, fission, biogenesis, and autophagic elimination to maintain mitochondrial quality control. Since the heart is in constant need of high amounts of energy, mitochondria, as a central energy supply source, play a crucial role in maintaining optimal cardiac performance. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the pathophysiology of heart diseases. In non-dividing, post-mitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes, elimination of dysfunctional organelles is essential to maintaining cellular function because non-dividing cells cannot dilute dysfunctional organelles through cell division. In this review, we discuss the recent findings regarding the physiological role of mitophagy in the heart and cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we discuss the functional role of mitophagy in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemic injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1407-1424, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Nah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pharmacology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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171
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Tong H, Zhang L, Gao J, Wen S, Zhou H, Feng S. Methylation of mitochondrial DNA displacement loop region regulates mitochondrial copy number in colorectal cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5347-5353. [PMID: 28849075 PMCID: PMC5647067 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not established whether de-methylation of the displacement loop (D-loop) region if mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) directly influences mtDNA copy number and further alters the cell cycle, apoptosis and cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. The current study employed cell viability assays, cell cycle analysis, and mtDNA methylation analysis using 5 colorectal cancer cell lines. The present results demonstrated that 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA), a DNA hypomethylating agent, significantly increased proliferation of Lovo and Colo-205 colorectal cancer cell lines. In Colo-205 cells, the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells was increased following 5-AZA treatment. Additionally, the apoptosis rate in Colo-205 cells was decreased by 5-AZA treatment. Compared with their controls, a significantly higher mtDNA copy number was observed in Colo-205 and Lovo cells following 5-AZA treatment. Notably, the Colo-205 and Lovo cells had relatively higher methylation levels at the 4 and 6th/7th CpG sites of D-loop region, respectively, compared with the levels at the corresponding sites following 5-AZA treatment. However, in HCT116, SW480, LS-174T, and HT-29 cells, 5-AZA treatment did not induce a significant change in proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and mtDNA copy number. Demethylation at the 4 and 6th/7th CpG sites of the D-loop region of HCT116, SW480, LS-174T and HT-29 cells was not observed following 5-AZA treatment. In conclusion, de-methylation of specific sites on CpG islands of D-loop promoter may lead to the elevation of mtDNA copy number in colorectal cancer, triggering alterations in biological behaviors, including increased cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis and a relative cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tong
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Linhao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shilei Wen
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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172
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Wang J, Xiao B, Han F, Shi Y. Metformin Alleviated the Neuronal Oxidative Stress in Hippocampus of Rats under Single Prolonged Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:28-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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173
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Busquets-Cortés C, Capó X, Martorell M, Tur JA, Sureda A, Pons A. Training and acute exercise modulates mitochondrial dynamics in football players' blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1977-1987. [PMID: 28748372 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regular physical activity induces oxidative stress but also causes adaptations in antioxidant defences including the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, which activates target genes related to antioxidant defences such as uncoupling proteins (UCPs), and mitochondrial biogenesis mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of long-term training and acute exercise on oxidant/antioxidant status and the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Twelve professional football players performed an 8-week exercise programme comprising a daily 2-h football training session. Blood samples were taken before and after the training season. RESULTS The results reported a significant increase in antioxidant protein levels and in mitochondrial proteins in resting conditions after the 8-week training period. PGC1α, UCP-2 and mitofusin 2 protein levels also increased after acute exercise compared to pre-exercise levels. After the training, the expression of PGC1α, cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 messenger RNA (mRNA) significantly augmented after the acute physical activity compared to pre-exercise levels; while no changes occurred in these mRNA in basal conditions. NF-κB activation and ROS production reported a significant increase after acute exercise. CONCLUSIONS Training increases the levels of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis and improves the antioxidant capabilities of mitochondria in PBMCs among well-trained football players. Acute exercise may act as an inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis through NF-κB activation and PGC1α gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Busquets-Cortés
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Capó
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Chile, 4070386, Concepción, Chile
| | - Josep A Tur
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma De Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma De Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antoni Pons
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. .,CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma De Mallorca, Spain.
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174
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Fueling Inflamm-Aging through Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050933. [PMID: 28452964 PMCID: PMC5454846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the complex determinants of aging, mitochondrial dysfunction has been in the spotlight for a long time. As the hub for many cellular functions, the maintenance of an adequate pool of functional mitochondria is crucial for tissue homeostasis. Their unique role in energy supply makes these organelles essential, especially in those tissues strictly dependent on oxidative metabolism. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is ensured by pathways related to protein folding and degradation as well as by processes involving the entire organelle, such as biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy. Dysfunctional MQC, oxidative stress and inflammation are hallmarks of senescence and chronic degenerative diseases. One of the consequences of age-related failing MQC and oxidative stress is the release of mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Through their bacterial ancestry, these molecules contribute to mounting an inflammatory response by interacting with receptors similar to those involved in pathogen-associated responses. Mitochondrial DAMPs, especially cell-free mitochondrial DNA, have recently become the subject of intensive research because of their possible involvement in conditions associated with inflammation, such as aging and degenerative diseases. Here, we review the contribution of mitochondrial DAMPs to inflammation and discuss some of the mechanisms at the basis of their generation.
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175
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Lee H, Park J, Tran Q, Kim D, Hong Y, Cho H, Kwon SH, Brazil D, Kim SH, Park J. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is upregulated in glioma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3781-3786. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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176
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Resveratrol and Brain Mitochondria: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2085-2101. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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177
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El-Hattab AW, Craigen WJ, Scaglia F. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance defects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1539-1555. [PMID: 28215579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depends on a number of nuclear gene-encoded proteins including a battery of enzymes forming the replisome needed to synthesize mtDNA. These enzymes need to be in balanced quantities to function properly that is in part achieved by exchanging intramitochondrial contents through mitochondrial fusion. In addition, mtDNA synthesis requires a balanced supply of nucleotides that is achieved by nucleotide recycling inside the mitochondria and import from the cytosol. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance defects (MDMDs) are a group of diseases caused by pathogenic variants in the nuclear genes involved in mtDNA maintenance resulting in impaired mtDNA synthesis leading to quantitative (mtDNA depletion) and qualitative (multiple mtDNA deletions) defects in mtDNA. Defective mtDNA leads to organ dysfunction due to insufficient mtDNA-encoded protein synthesis, resulting in an inadequate energy production to meet the needs of affected organs. MDMDs are inherited as autosomal recessive or dominant traits, and are associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from mild adult-onset ophthalmoplegia to severe infantile fatal hepatic failure. To date, pathogenic variants in 20 nuclear genes known to be crucial for mtDNA maintenance have been linked to MDMDs, including genes encoding enzymes of mtDNA replication machinery (POLG, POLG2, TWNK, TFAM, RNASEH1, MGME1, and DNA2), genes encoding proteins that function in maintaining a balanced mitochondrial nucleotide pool (TK2, DGUOK, SUCLG1, SUCLA2, ABAT, RRM2B, TYMP, SLC25A4, AGK, and MPV17), and genes encoding proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion (OPA1, MFN2, and FBXL4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - William J Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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178
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Yu L, Gong B, Duan W, Fan C, Zhang J, Li Z, Xue X, Xu Y, Meng D, Li B, Zhang M, Bin Zhang, Jin Z, Yu S, Yang Y, Wang H. Melatonin ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in type 1 diabetic rats by preserving mitochondrial function: role of AMPK-PGC-1α-SIRT3 signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41337. [PMID: 28120943 PMCID: PMC5264601 DOI: 10.1038/srep41337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress have emerged as crucial therapeutic strategies to ameliorate diabetic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Melatonin has been reported to be a safe and potent cardioprotective agent. However, its role on mitochondrial biogenesis or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in type 1 diabetic myocardium and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesize that melatonin ameliorates MI/R injury in type 1 diabetic rats by preserving mitochondrial function via AMPK-PGC-1α-SIRT3 signaling pathway. Both our in vivo and in vitro data showed that melatonin reduced MI/R injury by improving cardiac function, enhancing mitochondrial SOD activity, ATP production and oxidative phosphorylation complex (II, III and IV), reducing myocardial apoptosis and mitochondrial MDA, H2O2 generation. Importantly, melatonin also activated AMPK-PGC-1α-SIRT3 signaling and increased SOD2, NRF1 and TFAM expressions. However, these effects were abolished by Compound C (a specific AMPK signaling blocker) administration. Additionally, our cellular experiment showed that SIRT3 siRNA inhibited the cytoprotective effect of melatonin without affecting p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and PGC-1α expression. Taken together, we concluded that melatonin preserves mitochondrial function by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and enhancing its biogenesis, thus ameliorating MI/R injury in type 1 diabetic state. AMPK-PGC1α-SIRT3 axis plays an essential role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Weixun Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chongxi Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiaodong Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yinli Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Buying Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shiqiang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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179
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Hu Y, Sun Q, Liu J, Jia Y, Cai D, Idriss AA, Omer NA, Zhao R. In ovo injection of betaine alleviates corticosterone-induced fatty liver in chickens through epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40251. [PMID: 28059170 PMCID: PMC5216338 DOI: 10.1038/srep40251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine alleviates high-fat diet-induced fatty liver and prenatal betaine programs offspring hepatic lipid metabolism. Excessive corticosterone (CORT) exposure causes fatty liver in chickens, yet it remains unknown whether and how prenatal betaine modulates the susceptibility of CORT-induced fatty liver later in life. In this study, fertilized eggs were injected with saline or betaine before incubation, and the hatchlings were raised at 8 weeks of age followed by 7 days of subcutaneous CORT injection. CORT-induced fatty liver was less severe in betaine-treated chickens, with significantly reduced oil-red staining and hepatic triglyceride content (P < 0.05). The protective effect of prenatal betaine was associated with significantly up-regulated expression of PPARα and CPT1α, as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded genes (P < 0.05). Moreover, betaine rescued CORT-induced alterations in methionine cycle genes, which coincided with modifications of CpG methylation on CPT1α gene promoter and mtDNA D-loop regions. Furthermore, the elevation of hepatic GR protein content after CORT treatment was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the reduction of GR binding to the control region of affected genes was significantly increased (P < 0.05), in betaine-treated chickens. These results indicate that in ovo betaine injection protects the juvenile chickens from CORT-induced fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qinwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Demin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Abdulrahman A Idriss
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Nagmeldin A Omer
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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180
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Altered mitochondrial quality control signaling in muscle of old gastric cancer patients with cachexia. Exp Gerontol 2017; 87:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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181
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Sex dependent alterations in mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins following neonatal rat cerebral hypoxic-ischemia. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:591-598. [PMID: 27683241 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Males are more susceptible to brain mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction following neonatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemia (HI) than females. Mitochondrial biogenesis has been implicated in the cellular response to HI injury, but sex differences in biogenesis following HI have not been described. We tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial biogenesis or the expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) proteins are differentially stimulated in the brains of 8 day old male and female rats one day following HI, and promoted by treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR). There were no sex differences in mitochondrial mass, as reflected by the ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA (mtDNA/nDNA) and citrate synthase enzyme activity present one day following HI or sham surgery. There was an increase in mtDNA/nDNA, however, in the hypoxic and ischemic (ipsilateral) hemisphere after HI in both male and female brains at one day post-injury, which was suppressed by ALCAR. Citrate synthase activity was increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere of ALCAR treated male and female brain. Most importantly, the levels of representative mitochondrial proteins present in ETC complexes I, II and IV increased substantially one day following HI in female, but not male brain. This sex difference is consistent with the increase in the mitochondrial biogenesis-associated transcription factor NRF-2/GABPα following HI in females, in contrast to the decrease observed with males. In conclusion, the female sex-selective increase in ETC proteins following HI may at least partially explain the relative female resilience to mitochondrial respiratory impairment and neuronal death that occur after HI.
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182
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Picca A, Pesce V, Sirago G, Fracasso F, Leeuwenburgh C, Lezza AMS. "What makes some rats live so long?" The mitochondrial contribution to longevity through balance of mitochondrial dynamics and mtDNA content. Exp Gerontol 2016; 85:33-40. [PMID: 27620821 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extremely interesting for aging research are those individuals able to reach older ages still with functions similar to those of younger counterparts. We examined liver samples from ad libitum-fed old (28-month-old, AL-28) and ad libitum-fed very old (32-month-old, AL-32) rats for a number of markers, relevant for mitochondrial functionality and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. As for the mtDNA content and the protein amounts of the citrate synthase and the antioxidant peroxiredoxin III there were no significant changes in the AL-32 animals. No significant longevity-related change was found for TFAM amount, but a 50% reduction in the amount of the Lon protease, responsible for turnover of TFAM inside mitochondria, characterized the AL-32 rats. No longevity-related change was observed also for the amounts of the mtDNA repair enzymes OGG1 and APE1, whereas the intra-mitochondrial amount of the cytochrome c protein showed a 50% increase in the AL-32 rats, indicating a likely reduced initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Totally unexpected was the doubling of two proteins, very relevant for mitochondrial dynamics, namely MFN2 and DRP1, in the AL-32 rats. This prompted us to the calculation of all individual fusion indexes that grouped together in the AL-32 rats, while in the AL-28 animals were very different. We found a strong positive correlation between the fusion indexes and the respective mtDNA contents in two AL-28 and four AL-32 rats. This supports the idea that the limited prevalence of fusion above a still active fission should have ensured a functional mitochondrial network and should have led to a quite narrow range of high mtDNA contents, likely the best-suitable for extended longevity. Our findings strongly suggest that, among the multiple causes leading to the longevity of the AL-32 rats, the maintenance of an adult-like balance of mitochondrial dynamics seems to be very relevant for the regulation of mtDNA content and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, (USA)
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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183
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Curcumin, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy: Exploring recent data and indicating future needs. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:813-826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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184
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Stiles AR, Simon MT, Stover A, Eftekharian S, Khanlou N, Wang HL, Magaki S, Lee H, Partynski K, Dorrani N, Chang R, Martinez-Agosto JA, Abdenur JE. Mutations in TFAM, encoding mitochondrial transcription factor A, cause neonatal liver failure associated with mtDNA depletion. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:91-9. [PMID: 27448789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndromes are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorders that arise as a consequence of defects in mtDNA replication or nucleotide synthesis. Clinical manifestations are variable and include myopathic, encephalomyopathic, neurogastrointestinal or hepatocerebral phenotypes. Through clinical exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous missense variant (c.533C>T; p.Pro178Leu) in mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) segregating in a consanguineous kindred of Colombian-Basque descent in which two siblings presented with IUGR, elevated transaminases, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and hypoglycemia with progression to liver failure and death in early infancy. Results of the liver biopsy in the proband revealed cirrhosis, micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, cholestasis and mitochondrial pleomorphism. Electron microscopy of muscle revealed abnormal mitochondrial morphology and distribution while enzyme histochemistry was underwhelming. Electron transport chain testing in muscle showed increased citrate synthase activity suggesting mitochondrial proliferation, while respiratory chain activities were at the lower end of normal. mtDNA content was reduced in liver and muscle (11% and 21% of normal controls respectively). While Tfam mRNA expression was upregulated in primary fibroblasts, Tfam protein level was significantly reduced. Furthermore, functional investigations of the mitochondria revealed reduced basal respiration and spare respiratory capacity, decreased mtDNA copy number and markedly reduced nucleoids. TFAM is essential for transcription, replication and packaging of mtDNA into nucleoids. Tfam knockout mice display embryonic lethality secondary to severe mtDNA depletion. In this report, for the first time, we associate a homozygous variant in TFAM with a novel mtDNA depletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R Stiles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mariella T Simon
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Developmental and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Stover
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Shaya Eftekharian
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Negar Khanlou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hanlin L Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kate Partynski
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Nagmeh Dorrani
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard Chang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Julian A Martinez-Agosto
- UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jose E Abdenur
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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185
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Mitochondrial role in adaptive response to stress conditions in preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32410. [PMID: 27573305 PMCID: PMC5004102 DOI: 10.1038/srep32410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome, characterized in general by hypertension with proteinuria or other systemic disturbances. PE is the major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the etiology of PE still remains unclear. Our study involved 38 patients: 14 with uncomplicated pregnancy; 13 with early-onset PE (eoPE); and 11 with late-onset PE (loPE). We characterized the immunophenotype of cells isolated from the placenta and all biopsy samples were stained positive for Cytokeratin 7, SOX2, Nestin, Vimentin, and CD44. We obtained a significant increase in OPA1 mRNA and protein expression in the eoPE placentas. Moreover, TFAM expression was down-regulated in comparison to the control (p < 0.01). Mitochondrial DNA copy number in eoPE placentas was significantly higher than in samples from normal pregnancies. We observed an increase of maximum coupled state 3 respiration rate in mitochondria isolated from the placenta in the presence of complex I substrates in the eoPE group and an increase of P/O ratio, citrate synthase activity and decrease of Ca(2+)-induced depolarization rate in both PE groups. Our results suggest an essential role of mitochondrial activity changes in an adaptive response to the development of PE.
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186
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Kühl I, Miranda M, Posse V, Milenkovic D, Mourier A, Siira SJ, Bonekamp NA, Neumann U, Filipovska A, Polosa PL, Gustafsson CM, Larsson NG. POLRMT regulates the switch between replication primer formation and gene expression of mammalian mtDNA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600963. [PMID: 27532055 PMCID: PMC4975551 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital in providing cellular energy via their oxidative phosphorylation system, which requires the coordinated expression of genes encoded by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA). Transcription of the circular mammalian mtDNA depends on a single mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT). Although the transcription initiation process is well understood, it is debated whether POLRMT also serves as the primase for the initiation of mtDNA replication. In the nucleus, the RNA polymerases needed for gene expression have no such role. Conditional knockout of Polrmt in the heart results in severe mitochondrial dysfunction causing dilated cardiomyopathy in young mice. We further studied the molecular consequences of different expression levels of POLRMT and found that POLRMT is essential for primer synthesis to initiate mtDNA replication in vivo. Furthermore, transcription initiation for primer formation has priority over gene expression. Surprisingly, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) exists in an mtDNA-free pool in the Polrmt knockout mice. TFAM levels remain unchanged despite strong mtDNA depletion, and TFAM is thus protected from degradation of the AAA(+) Lon protease in the absence of POLRMT. Last, we report that mitochondrial transcription elongation factor may compensate for a partial depletion of POLRMT in heterozygous Polrmt knockout mice, indicating a direct regulatory role of this factor in transcription. In conclusion, we present in vivo evidence that POLRMT has a key regulatory role in the replication of mammalian mtDNA and is part of a transcriptional mechanism that provides a switch between primer formation for mtDNA replication and mitochondrial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kühl
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Miranda
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktor Posse
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Göteborgs Universitet, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dusanka Milenkovic
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Université de Bordeaux and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires UMR 5095, Saint-Saëns, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan J. Siira
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Nina A. Bonekamp
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Paola Loguercio Polosa
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Claes M. Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Göteborgs Universitet, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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187
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Malarkey CS, Lionetti C, Deceglie S, Roberti M, Churchill ME, Cantatore P, Loguercio Polosa P. The sea urchin mitochondrial transcription factor A binds and bends DNA efficiently despite its unusually short C-terminal tail. Mitochondrion 2016; 29:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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188
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Bomhof MR, Paul HA, Geuking MB, Eller LK, Reimer RA. Improvement in adiposity with oligofructose is modified by antibiotics in obese rats. FASEB J 2016; 30:2720-32. [PMID: 27059718 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the intimate link between gut microbiota and host physiology, there is growing interest in understanding the mechanisms by which diet influences gut microbiota and affects human metabolic health. Using antibiotics and the prebiotic oligofructose, which has been shown to counteract excess fat mass, we explored the gut microbiota-dependent effects of oligofructose on body composition and host metabolism. Diet-induced obese male Sprague Dawley rats, fed a background high-fat/sucrose diet, were randomized to one of the following diets for 6 wk: 1) high-energy control; 2) 10% oligofructose; 3) ampicillin; 4) ampicillin + 10% oligofructose; 5) ampicillin/neomycin; or 6) ampicillin/neomycin + 10% oligofructose. Combining oligofructose with ampicillin treatment blunted the decrease in adiposity seen with oligofructose. Although ampicillin did not affect total bacteria, ampicillin impeded oligofructose-induced increases in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus In contrast, the combination of ampicillin and neomycin reduced total bacteria but did not abrogate the oligofructose-induced decrease in adiposity. Oligofructose-mediated effects on host adiposity and metabolic health appear to be in part dependent on the presence of specific microbial species within the gut.-Bomhof, M. R., Paul, H. A., Geuking, M. B., Eller, L. K., Reimer, R. A. Improvement in adiposity with oligofructose is modified by antibiotics in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Heather A Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada; and
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Research, University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay K Eller
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada; and
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189
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Manayi A, Daglia M, Hajheydari Z, Nabavi SM. Resveratrol and the mitochondria: From triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway to inducing mitochondrial biogenesis, a mechanistic view. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:727-45. [PMID: 26802309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria, the power plants of the cell, are known as a cross-road of different cellular signaling pathways. These cytoplasmic double-membraned organelles play a pivotal role in energy metabolism and regulate calcium flux in the cells. It is well known that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with different diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. A growing body of literature has shown that polyphenolic compounds exert direct effects on mitochondrial ultra-structure and function. Resveratrol is known as one of the most common bioactive constituents of red wine, which improves mitochondrial functions under in vitro and in vivo conditions. SCOPE OF REVIEW This paper aims to review the molecular pathways underlying the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial structure and functions. In addition, we discuss the chemistry and main sources of resveratrol. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol represents the promising effects on mitochondria in different experimental models. However, there are several reports on the detrimental effects elicited by resveratrol on mitochondria. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE An understanding of the chemistry and source of resveratrol, its bioavailability and the promising effects on mitochondria brings a new hope to therapy of mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Manayi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Zohreh Hajheydari
- Department of Dermatology, Boo Ali Sina (Avicenna) Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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