151
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Villali J, Dark J, Brechtel TM, Pei F, Sindi SS, Serio TR. Nucleation seed size determines amyloid clearance and establishes a barrier to prion appearance in yeast. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:540-549. [PMID: 32367069 PMCID: PMC7293557 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid appearance is a rare event that is promoted in the presence of
other aggregated proteins. These aggregates were thought to act by templating
the formation of an assembly-competent nucleation seed, but we find an
unanticipated role for them in enhancing the persistence of amyloid after it
arises. Specifically, Saccharoymyces cerevisiae Rnq1 amyloid
reduces chaperone-mediated disassembly of Sup35 amyloid, promoting its
persistence in yeast. Mathematical modeling and corresponding in
vivo experiments link amyloid persistence to the conformationally
defined size of the Sup35 nucleation seed and suggest that amyloid is actively
cleared by disassembly below this threshold to suppress appearance of the
[PSI+] prion in vivo.
Remarkably, this framework resolves multiple known inconsistencies in the
appearance and curing of yeast prions. Thus, our observations establish the size
of the nucleation seed as a previously unappreciated characteristic of prion
variants that is key to understanding transitions between prion states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Villali
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Relay Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Dark
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Teal M Brechtel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Fen Pei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne S Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Tricia R Serio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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152
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van Dam L, Dansen TB. Cross-talk between redox signalling and protein aggregation. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:379-397. [PMID: 32311028 PMCID: PMC7200635 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that both an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS: i.e. O2•-, H2O2 and OH•), as well as protein aggregation, accompany ageing and proteinopathies such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. However, it is far from clear whether there is a causal relation between the two. This review describes how protein aggregation can be affected both by redox signalling (downstream of H2O2), as well as by ROS-induced damage, and aims to give an overview of the current knowledge of how redox signalling affects protein aggregation and vice versa. Redox signalling has been shown to play roles in almost every step of protein aggregation and amyloid formation, from aggregation initiation to the rapid oligomerization of large amyloids, which tend to be less toxic than oligomeric prefibrillar aggregates. We explore the hypothesis that age-associated elevated ROS production could be part of a redox signalling-dependent-stress response in an attempt to curb protein aggregation and minimize toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes van Dam
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias B. Dansen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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153
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Skuodas S, Clemons A, Hayes M, Goll A, Zora B, Weeks DL, Phillips BT, Fassler JS. The ABCF gene family facilitates disaggregation during animal development. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1324-1345. [PMID: 32320318 PMCID: PMC7353142 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation, once believed to be a harbinger and/or consequence of stress, age, and pathological conditions, is emerging as a novel concept in cellular regulation. Normal versus pathological aggregation may be distinguished by the capacity of cells to regulate the formation, modification, and dissolution of aggregates. We find that Caenorhabditis elegans aggregates are observed in large cells/blastomeres (oocytes, embryos) and in smaller, further differentiated cells (primordial germ cells), and their analysis using cell biological and genetic tools is straightforward. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that aggregates are involved in normal development. Using cross-platform analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. elegans, and Xenopus laevis, we present studies identifying a novel disaggregase family encoded by animal genomes and expressed embryonically. Our initial analysis of yeast Arb1/Abcf2 in disaggregation and animal ABCF proteins in embryogenesis is consistent with the possibility that members of the ABCF gene family may encode disaggregases needed for aggregate processing during the earliest stages of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Skuodas
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Amy Clemons
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Michael Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ashley Goll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Betul Zora
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Daniel L Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Jan S Fassler
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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154
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW GBA1 mutations, which result in the lysosomal disorder Gaucher disease, are the most common known genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). The pathogenesis of this association is not fully understood, but further elucidation of this link could lead to new therapeutic options. RECENT FINDINGS The characteristic clinical phenotype of GBA1-PD resembles sporadic Parkinson disease, but with an earlier onset and more severe course. Many different GBA1 mutations increase the risk of Parkinson disease, some primarily detected in specific populations. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency appears to be associated with increased α-synuclein aggregation and accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction because of impaired autophagy, and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress. SUMMARY As our understanding of GBA1-associated Parkinson disease increases, new treatment opportunities emerge. MicroRNA profiles are providing examples of both up-regulated and down-regulated proteins related to GBA1 and may provide new therapeutic targets. Chaperone therapy, directed at either misfolded glucocerebrosidase or α-synuclein aggregation, is currently under development and there are several early clinical trials ongoing. Substrate reduction therapy, aimed at lowering the accumulation of metabolic by-products, especially glucosylsphingosine, is also being explored. Basic science insights from the rare disorder Gaucher disease are serving to catapult drug discovery for parkinsonism.
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155
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Cliffe R, Sang JC, Kundel F, Finley D, Klenerman D, Ye Y. Filamentous Aggregates Are Fragmented by the Proteasome Holoenzyme. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2140-2149.e3. [PMID: 30784595 PMCID: PMC6381791 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous aggregates (fibrils) are regarded as the final stage in the assembly of amyloidogenic proteins and are formed in many neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulation of aggregates occurs as a result of an imbalance between their formation and removal. Here we use single-aggregate imaging to show that large fibrils assembled from full-length tau are substrates of the 26S proteasome holoenzyme, which fragments them into small aggregates. Interestingly, although degradation of monomeric tau is not inhibited by adenosine 5’-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS), fibril fragmentation is predominantly dependent on the ATPase activity of the proteasome. The proteasome holoenzyme also targets fibrils assembled from α-synuclein, suggesting that its fibril-fragmenting function may be a general mechanism. The fragmented species produced by the proteasome shows significant toxicity to human cell lines compared with intact fibrils. Together, our results indicate that the proteasome holoenzyme possesses a fragmentation function that disassembles large fibrils into smaller and more cytotoxic species. The proteasome fragments tau and α-synuclein fibrils into small aggregates Single-aggregate imaging was used to quantify changes in fibril and aggregate size Fibril fragmentation depends on proteasomal ATPase but not proteolytic activity Fragmented aggregate species induce cell death more potently than fibrils
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cliffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jason C Sang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Franziska Kundel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Yu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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156
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Cao X, Jin X, Liu B. The involvement of stress granules in aging and aging-associated diseases. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13136. [PMID: 32170904 PMCID: PMC7189987 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are nonmembrane assemblies formed in cells in response to stress conditions. SGs mainly contain untranslated mRNA and a variety of proteins. RNAs and scaffold proteins with intrinsically disordered regions or RNA-binding domains are essential for the assembly of SGs, and multivalent macromolecular interactions among these components are thought to be the driving forces for SG assembly. The SG assembly process includes regulation through post-translational modification and involvement of the cytoskeletal system. During aging, many intracellular bioprocesses become disrupted by factors such as cellular environmental changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and decline in the protein quality control system. Such changes could lead to the formation of aberrant SGs, as well as alterations in their maintenance, disassembly, and clearance. These aberrant SGs might in turn promote aging and aging-associated diseases. In this paper, we first review the latest progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying SG assembly and SG functioning under stress conditions. Then, we provide a detailed discussion of the relevance of SGs to aging and aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture School of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture School of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture School of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Goteborg Sweden
- Center for Large‐scale Cell‐based Screening Faculty of Science University of Gothenburg Goteborg Sweden
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157
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Kinetics of the conformational cycle of Hsp70 reveals the importance of the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of Hsp70 for its function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7814-7823. [PMID: 32198203 PMCID: PMC7148561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914376117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70) plays a central role in maintaining protein homeostasis. It cooperates with cochaperone Hsp40, which stimulates Hsp70 ATPase activity and presents protein substrates to Hsp70 to assist refolding. The mechanism by which Hsp40 regulates the intramolecular and intermolecular changes of Hsp70 is still largely unknown. Here, by bulk and single-molecule FRET, we report the conformational dynamics of Hsp70 and its regulation by Hsp40 as well as the kinetics of the multistep Hsp70–Hsp40 functional cycle. We show that Hsp40 modulates the conformations of ATP-bound Hsp70 to a domain-undocked ATPase-stimulated state, and facilitates the formation of a heterotetrameric Hsp70–Hsp40 complex. Our findings provide insights into the functional mechanism of this core chaperone machinery. Hsp70 is a conserved molecular chaperone that plays an indispensable role in regulating protein folding, translocation, and degradation. The conformational dynamics of Hsp70 and its regulation by cochaperones are vital to its function. Using bulk and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) techniques, we studied the interdomain conformational distribution of human stress-inducible Hsp70A1 and the kinetics of conformational changes induced by nucleotide and the Hsp40 cochaperone Hdj1. We found that the conformations between and within the nucleotide- and substrate-binding domains show heterogeneity. The conformational distribution in the ATP-bound state can be induced by Hdj1 to form an “ADP-like” undocked conformation, which is an ATPase-stimulated state. Kinetic measurements indicate that Hdj1 binds to monomeric Hsp70 as the first step, then induces undocking of the two domains and closing of the substrate-binding cleft. Dimeric Hdj1 then facilitates dimerization of Hsp70 and formation of a heterotetrameric Hsp70–Hsp40 complex. Our results provide a kinetic view of the conformational cycle of Hsp70 and reveal the importance of the dynamic nature of Hsp70 for its function.
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158
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Hernandez SM, Tikhonova EB, Karamyshev AL. Protein-Protein Interactions in Alpha-Synuclein Biogenesis: New Potential Targets in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:72. [PMID: 32256340 PMCID: PMC7092629 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder defined by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain. It is associated with cytosolic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. The major component of Lewy bodies is aggregated alpha-synuclein. The molecular mechanism of alpha-synuclein aggregation is not known. Our conceptual model is that alpha-synuclein aggregates due to a dysregulation of its interactions with other protein partners that are required for its biogenesis. In this mini review article, we identified alpha-synuclein interactions using both current literature and predictive pathway analysis. Alterations of these interactions may be crucial elements for the molecular mechanism of the protein aggregation and related pathology in the disease. Identification of alpha-synuclein interactions provides valuable tools to understand PD pathology and find new pharmacological targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hernandez
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Elena B Tikhonova
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Andrey L Karamyshev
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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159
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Necroptosis-blocking compound NBC1 targets heat shock protein 70 to inhibit MLKL polymerization and necroptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6521-6530. [PMID: 32156734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916503117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated necrotic cell death pathway involved in development and disease. Its signaling cascade results in the formation of disulfide bond-dependent amyloid-like polymers of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which mediate proinflammatory cell membrane disruption. We screened compound libraries provided by the National Cancer Institute and identified a small-molecule inhibitor of necroptosis named necroptosis-blocking compound 1 (NBC1). Biotin-labeled NBC1 specifically conjugates to heat shock protein Hsp70. NBC1 and PES-Cl, a known Hsp70 substrate-binding inhibitor, block the formation of MLKL polymers, but not MLKL tetramers in necroptosis-induced cells. In vitro, recombinant Hsp70 interacts with the N-terminal domain (NTD) of MLKL and promotes NTD polymerization, which has been shown to mediate the cell killing activity. Furthermore, the substrate-binding domain (SBD) of Hsp70 is sufficient to promote MLKL polymerization. NBC1 covalently conjugates cysteine 574 and cysteine 603 of the SBD to block its function. In addition, an SBD mutant with both cysteines mutated to serines loses its ability to promote MLKL polymerization. Interestingly, knockdown of Hsp70 in cells leads to MLKL destabilization, suggesting that MLKL might also be a client protein of Hsp70. In summary, using NBC1, an inhibitor of necroptosis, we identified Hsp70 as a molecular chaperone performing dual functions in necroptosis. It stabilizes MLKL protein under normal condition and promotes MLKL polymerization through its substrate-binding domain during necroptosis.
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160
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Initiation and propagation of α-synuclein aggregation in the nervous system. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:19. [PMID: 32143659 PMCID: PMC7060612 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The two main pathological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease are loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and proteinaceous amyloid fibrils composed mostly of α-synuclein, called Lewy pathology. Levodopa to enhance dopaminergic transmission remains one of the most effective treatment for alleviating the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (Olanow, Mov Disord 34:812–815, 2019). In addition, deep brain stimulation (Bronstein et al., Arch Neurol 68:165, 2011) to modulate basal ganglia circuit activity successfully alleviates some motor symptoms. MRI guided focused ultrasound in the subthalamic nucleus is a promising therapeutic strategy as well (Martinez-Fernandez et al., Lancet Neurol 17:54–63, 2018). However, to date, there exists no treatment that stops the progression of this disease. The findings that α-synuclein can be released from neurons and inherited through interconnected neural networks opened the door for discovering novel treatment strategies to prevent the formation and spread of Lewy pathology with the goal of halting PD in its tracks. This hypothesis is based on discoveries that pathologic aggregates of α-synuclein induce the endogenous α-synuclein protein to adopt a similar pathologic conformation, and is thus self-propagating. Phase I clinical trials are currently ongoing to test treatments such as immunotherapy to prevent the neuron to neuron spread of extracellular aggregates. Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding how Lewy pathology forms and spreads throughout the brain, cell intrinsic factors also play a critical role in the formation of pathologic α-synuclein, such as mechanisms that increase endogenous α-synuclein levels, selective expression profiles in distinct neuron subtypes, mutations and altered function of proteins involved in α-synuclein synthesis and degradation, and oxidative stress. Strategies that prevent the formation of pathologic α-synuclein should consider extracellular release and propagation, as well as neuron intrinsic mechanisms.
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161
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Rosenzweig R, Nillegoda NB, Mayer MP, Bukau B. The Hsp70 chaperone network. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:665-680. [PMID: 31253954 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) are ubiquitous molecular chaperones that act in a large variety of cellular protein folding and remodelling processes. They function virtually at all stages of the life of proteins from synthesis to degradation and are thus crucial for maintaining protein homeostasis, with direct implications for human health. A large set of co-chaperones comprising J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors regulate the ATPase cycle of Hsp70s, which is allosterically coupled to substrate binding and release. Moreover, Hsp70s cooperate with other cellular chaperone systems including Hsp90, Hsp60 chaperonins, small heat shock proteins and Hsp100 AAA+ disaggregases, together constituting a dynamic and functionally versatile network for protein folding, unfolding, regulation, targeting, aggregation and disaggregation, as well as degradation. In this Review we describe recent advances that have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and working principles of the Hsp70 network. This knowledge showcases how the Hsp70 chaperone system controls diverse cellular functions, and offers new opportunities for the development of chemical compounds that modulate disease-related Hsp70 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Rosenzweig
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Nadinath B Nillegoda
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
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162
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Davis AK, Pratt WB, Lieberman AP, Osawa Y. Targeting Hsp70 facilitated protein quality control for treatment of polyglutamine diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:977-996. [PMID: 31552448 PMCID: PMC7137528 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of nine fatal, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of mutant proteins containing toxic expansions of CAG/polyQ tracts. The heat shock protein 90 and 70 (Hsp90/Hsp70) chaperone machinery is a key component of cellular protein quality control, playing a role in the regulation of folding, aggregation, and degradation of polyQ proteins. The ability of Hsp70 to facilitate disaggregation and degradation of misfolded proteins makes it an attractive therapeutic target in polyQ diseases. Genetic studies have demonstrated that manipulation of Hsp70 and related co-chaperones can enhance the disaggregation and/or degradation of misfolded proteins in models of polyQ disease. Therefore, the development of small molecules that enhance Hsp70 activity is of great interest. However, it is still unclear if currently available Hsp70 modulators can selectively enhance disaggregation or degradation of misfolded proteins without perturbing other Hsp70 functions essential for cellular homeostasis. This review discusses the multifaceted role of Hsp70 in protein quality control and the opportunities and challenges Hsp70 poses as a potential therapeutic target in polyQ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William B Pratt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Yoichi Osawa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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163
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Smith JW, Jiang X, An H, Barclay AM, Licari G, Tajkhorshid E, Moore EG, Rienstra CM, Moore JS, Chen Q. Polymer-Peptide Conjugates Convert Amyloid into Protein Nanobundles through Fragmentation and Lateral Association. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:937-945. [PMID: 32149271 PMCID: PMC7059651 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.9b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of proteins into amyloid fibrils has become linked not only with the progression of myriad human diseases, but also important biological functions. Understanding and controlling the formation, structure, and stability of amyloid fibrils is therefore a major scientific goal. Here we utilize electron microscopy-based approaches combined with quantitative statistical analysis to show how recently developed kind of amyloid modulators-multivalent polymer-peptide conjugates (mPPCs)-can be applied to control the structure and stability of amyloid fibrils. In doing so, we demonstrate that mPPCs are able to convert 40-residue amyloid beta fibrils into ordered nanostructures through a combination of fragmentation and bundling. Fragmentation is shown to be consistent with a model where the rate constant of fibril breakage is independent of the fibril length, suggesting a local and specific interaction between fibrils and mPPCs. Subsequent bundling, which was previously not observed, leads to the formation of sheet-like nanostructures which are surprisingly much more uniform than the starting fibrils. These nanostructures have dimensions independent of the molecular weight of the mPPC and retain the molecular-level ordering of the starting amyloid fibrils. Collectively, we reveal quantitative and nanoscopic understanding of how mPPCs can be applied to control amyloid structure and stability, and demonstrate approaches to elucidate nanoscale amyloid phase behavior in the presence of functional macromolecules and other modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xing Jiang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hyosung An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander M. Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giuseppe Licari
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Edwin G. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
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164
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Kumar ST, Donzelli S, Chiki A, Syed MMK, Lashuel HA. A simple, versatile and robust centrifugation-based filtration protocol for the isolation and quantification of α-synuclein monomers, oligomers and fibrils: Towards improving experimental reproducibility in α-synuclein research. J Neurochem 2020; 153:103-119. [PMID: 31925956 PMCID: PMC7155127 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the process of alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) aggregation from monomers into amyloid fibrils and Lewy bodies, via oligomeric intermediates plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of different synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). However, the nature of the toxic species and the mechanisms by which they contribute to neurotoxicity and disease progression remain elusive. Over the past two decades, significant efforts and resources have been invested in studies aimed at identifying and targeting toxic species along the pathway of α‐syn fibrillization. Although this approach has helped to advance the field and provide insights into the biological properties and toxicity of different α‐syn species, many of the fundamental questions regarding the role of α‐syn aggregation in PD remain unanswered, and no therapeutic compounds targeting α‐syn aggregates have passed clinical trials. Several factors have contributed to this slow progress, including the complexity of the aggregation pathways and the heterogeneity and dynamic nature of α‐syn aggregates. In the majority of experiment, the α‐syn samples used contain mixtures of α‐syn species that exist in equilibrium and their ratio changes upon modifying experimental conditions. The failure to quantitatively account for the distribution of different α‐syn species in different studies has contributed not only to experimental irreproducibility but also to misinterpretation of results and misdirection of valuable resources. Towards addressing these challenges and improving experimental reproducibility in Parkinson's research, we describe here a simple centrifugation‐based filtration protocol for the isolation, quantification and assessment of the distribution of α‐syn monomers, oligomers and fibrils, in heterogeneous α‐syn samples of increasing complexity. The protocol is simple, does not require any special instrumentation and can be performed rapidly on multiple samples using small volumes. Here, we present and discuss several examples that illustrate the applications of this protocol and how it could contribute to improving the reproducibility of experiments aimed at elucidating the structural basis of α‐syn aggregation, seeding activity, toxicity and pathology spreading. This protocol is applicable, with slight modifications, to other amyloid‐forming proteins. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil T Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Donzelli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anass Chiki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muhammed Muazzam Kamil Syed
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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165
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Gusev EY, Zotova NV. Cellular Stress and General Pathological Processes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:251-297. [PMID: 31198111 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
From the viewpoint of the general pathology, most of the human diseases are associated with a limited number of pathogenic processes such as inflammation, tumor growth, thrombosis, necrosis, fibrosis, atrophy, pathological hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia. The phenomenon of chronic low-grade inflammation could be attributed to non-classical forms of inflammation, which include many neurodegenerative processes, pathological variants of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and other manifestations of the endothelial dysfunction. Individual and universal manifestations of cellular stress could be considered as a basic element of all these pathologies, which has both physiological and pathophysiological significance. The review examines the causes, main phenomena, developmental directions and outcomes of cellular stress using a phylogenetically conservative set of genes and their activation pathways, as well as tissue stress and its role in inflammatory and para-inflammatory processes. The main ways towards the realization of cellular stress and its functional blocks were outlined. The main stages of tissue stress and the classification of its typical manifestations, as well as its participation in the development of the classical and non-classical variants of the inflammatory process, were also described. The mechanisms of cellular and tissue stress are structured into the complex systems, which include networks that enable the exchange of information with multidirectional signaling pathways which together make these systems internally contradictory, and the result of their effects is often unpredictable. However, the possible solutions require new theoretical and methodological approaches, one of which includes the transition to integral criteria, which plausibly reflect the holistic image of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny Yu Gusev
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Zotova
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ural Federal University named after B.N.Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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166
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Hunt AP, Minett GM, Gibson OR, Kerr GK, Stewart IB. Could Heat Therapy Be an Effective Treatment for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases? A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1556. [PMID: 31998141 PMCID: PMC6965159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases involve the progressive deterioration of structures within the central nervous system responsible for motor control, cognition, and autonomic function. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are among the most common neurodegenerative disease and have an increasing prevalence over the age of 50. Central in the pathophysiology of these neurodegenerative diseases is the loss of protein homeostasis, resulting in misfolding and aggregation of damaged proteins. An element of the protein homeostasis network that prevents the dysregulation associated with neurodegeneration is the role of molecular chaperones. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones that regulate the aggregation and disaggregation of proteins in intracellular and extracellular spaces, and evidence supports their protective effect against protein aggregation common to neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, upregulation of HSPs, such as HSP70, may be a target for therapeutic intervention for protection against neurodegeneration. A novel therapeutic intervention to increase the expression of HSP may be found in heat therapy and/or heat acclimation. In healthy populations, these interventions have been shown to increase HSP expression. Elevated HSP may have central therapeutic effects, preventing or reducing the toxicity of protein aggregation, and/or peripherally by enhancing neuromuscular function. Broader physiological responses to heat therapy have also been identified and include improvements in muscle function, cerebral blood flow, and markers of metabolic health. These outcomes may also have a significant benefit for people with neurodegenerative disease. While there is limited research into body warming in patient populations, regular passive heating (sauna bathing) has been associated with a reduced risk of developing neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, the emerging evidence is compelling and warrants further investigation of the potential benefits of heat acclimation and passive heat therapy for sufferers of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Hunt
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Minett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Oliver R. Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham K. Kerr
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian B. Stewart
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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167
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Jayaraj GG, Hipp MS, Hartl FU. Functional Modules of the Proteostasis Network. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a033951. [PMID: 30833457 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells invest in an extensive network of factors to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and prevent the accumulation of potentially toxic protein aggregates. This proteostasis network (PN) comprises the machineries for the biogenesis, folding, conformational maintenance, and degradation of proteins with molecular chaperones as central coordinators. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the modular architecture of the PN in mammalian cells and how it is modified during cell differentiation. We discuss the capacity and limitations of the PN in maintaining proteome integrity in the face of proteotoxic stresses, such as aggregate formation in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we outline various pharmacological interventions to ameliorate proteostasis imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal G Jayaraj
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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168
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Challenging Proteostasis: Role of the Chaperone Network to Control Aggregation-Prone Proteins in Human Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:53-68. [PMID: 32297211 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (Proteostasis) is essential for correct and efficient protein function within the living cell. Among the critical components of the Proteostasis Network (PN) are molecular chaperones that serve widely in protein biogenesis under physiological conditions, and prevent protein misfolding and aggregation enhanced by conditions of cellular stress. For Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases and ALS, multiple classes of molecular chaperones interact with the highly aggregation-prone proteins amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, huntingtin and SOD1 to influence the course of proteotoxicity associated with these neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, overexpression of molecular chaperones and induction of the heat shock response have been shown to be protective in a wide range of animal models of these diseases. In contrast, for cancer cells the upregulation of chaperones has the undesirable effect of promoting cellular survival and tumor growth by stabilizing mutant oncoproteins. In both situations, physiological levels of molecular chaperones eventually become functionally compromised by the persistence of misfolded substrates, leading to a decline in global protein homeostasis and the dysregulation of diverse cellular pathways. The phenomenon of chaperone competition may underlie the broad pathology observed in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and restoration of physiological protein homeostasis may be a suitable therapeutic avenue for neurodegeneration as well as for cancer.
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169
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Yamamoto H, Fukui N, Adachi M, Saiki E, Yamasaki A, Matsumura R, Kuroyanagi D, Hongo K, Mizobata T, Kawata Y. Human Molecular Chaperone Hsp60 and Its Apical Domain Suppress Amyloid Fibril Formation of α-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010047. [PMID: 31861692 PMCID: PMC6982183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins play roles in assisting other proteins to fold correctly and in preventing the aggregation and accumulation of proteins in misfolded conformations. However, the process of aging significantly degrades this ability to maintain protein homeostasis. Consequently, proteins with incorrect conformations are prone to aggregate and accumulate in cells, and this aberrant aggregation of misfolded proteins may trigger various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated the possibilities of suppressing α-synuclein aggregation by using a mutant form of human chaperonin Hsp60, and a derivative of the isolated apical domain of Hsp60 (Hsp60 AD(Cys)). In vitro measurements were used to detect the effects of chaperonin on amyloid fibril formation, and interactions between Hsp60 proteins and α-synuclein were probed by quartz crystal microbalance analysis. The ability of Hsp60 AD(Cys) to suppress α-synuclein intracellular aggregation and cytotoxicity was also demonstrated. We show that Hsp60 mutant and Hsp60 AD(Cys) both effectively suppress α-synuclein amyloid fibril formation, and also demonstrate for the first time the ability of Hsp60 AD(Cys) to function as a mini-chaperone inside cells. These results highlight the possibility of using Hsp60 AD as a method of prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Naoya Fukui
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Mayuka Adachi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (M.A.); (A.Y.); (R.M.)
| | - Eiichi Saiki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan;
| | - Anna Yamasaki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (M.A.); (A.Y.); (R.M.)
| | - Rio Matsumura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (M.A.); (A.Y.); (R.M.)
| | - Daichi Kuroyanagi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Kunihiro Hongo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (M.A.); (A.Y.); (R.M.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan;
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Koyama-Minami, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mizobata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (M.A.); (A.Y.); (R.M.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan;
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Koyama-Minami, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (M.A.); (A.Y.); (R.M.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan;
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Koyama-Minami, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-857-31-5787
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170
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Vettore N, Buell AK. Thermodynamics of amyloid fibril formation from chemical depolymerization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:26184-26194. [PMID: 31755512 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are homo-molecular protein polymers that play an important role in disease and biological function. While much is known about their kinetics and mechanisms of formation, the origin and magnitude of their thermodynamic stability has received significantly less attention. This is despite the fact that the thermodynamic stability of amyloid fibrils is an important determinant of their lifetimes and processing in vivo. Here we use depolymerization by chemical denaturants of amyloid fibrils of two different proteins (PI3K-SH3 and glucagon) at different concentrations and show that the previously applied isodesmic linear polymerization model is an oversimplification that does not capture the concentration dependence of chemical depolymerization of amyloid fibrils. We show that cooperative polymerization, which is compatible with the picture of amyloid formation as a nucleated polymerization process, is able to quantitatively describe the thermodynamic data. We use this combined experimental and conceptual framework in order to probe the ionic strength dependence of amyloid fibril stability. In combination with previously published data on the ionic strength dependence of amyloid fibril growth kinetics, our results provide strong evidence for the product-like nature of the transition state of amyloid fibril growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vettore
- Institut for Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, Duesseldorf, Germany
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171
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Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease is correlated with the occurrence of Lewy bodies, intracellular inclusions containing aggregates of the intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) α-Synuclein1. The aggregation propensity of α-Synuclein in cells is modulated by specific factors including posttranslational modifications2,3, Abelson-kinase-mediated phosphorylation4,5 and interactions with intracellular machineries such as molecular chaperones, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear6–8. Here, we systematically characterize the interaction of molecular chaperones with α-Synuclein in vitro as well as in cells at the atomic level. We find that six vastly different molecular chaperones commonly recognize a canonical motif in α-Synuclein, consisting of the amino-terminus and a segment around Tyr39, hindering its aggregation. In-cell NMR experiments9 show the same transient interaction pattern preserved inside living mammalian cells. Specific inhibition of the interactions between α-Synuclein and the chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp90 yields transient membrane binding and triggers a remarkable re-localization of α-Synuclein to mitochondria and concomitant aggregate formation. Phosphorylation of α-Synuclein at Tyr39 directly impairs the chaperone interaction, thus providing a functional explanation for the role of Abelson kinase in Parkinson’s disease progression. Our results establish a master regulatory mechanism of α-Synuclein function and aggregation in mammalian cells, extending the functional repertoire of molecular chaperones and opening new perspectives for therapeutic interventions for Parkinson’s disease.
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172
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Deane CAS, Brown IR. Intracellular Targeting of Heat Shock Proteins in Differentiated Human Neuronal Cells Following Proteotoxic Stress. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1295-1308. [PMID: 30412487 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HSPA6 (Hsp70B') is an inducible member of the Hsp70 (HSPA) family of heat shock proteins that is present in the human genome and not found in mouse and rat. Hence it is lacking in current animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. To advance knowledge of the little studied HSPA6, differentiated human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells were treated with the proteotoxic stress-inducing agent MG132. A robust induction of HSPA6 was apparent which localized to the periphery of MG132-induced protein aggregates in the neuronal cytoplasm. Components of the protein disaggregation/refolding machine that co-operate with Hsp70 also targeted the periphery of cytoplasmic protein aggregates, including DNAJB1 (Hsp40-1), HSPH1 (Hsp105α), and HSPB1 (Hsp27). These data suggest that HSPA6 is involved in the response of human neuronal cells to proteotoxic stress that is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases which have been characterized as protein misfolding disorders. Constitutively expressed HSPA8 (Hsc70) also localized tothe periphery of cytoplasmic protein aggregates following the treatment of differentiated human neuronal cells with MG132. HSPA8 could provide a rapid response to proteotoxic stress in neuronal cells, circumventing the time required to upregulate inducible Hsps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A S Deane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian R Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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173
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the aggregation of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein and its deposition into pathologic Lewy bodies. While extensive research has been carried out on mediators of α-synuclein aggregation, molecular facilitators of α-synuclein disaggregation are still generally unknown. We investigated the role of molecular chaperones in both preventing and disaggregating α-synuclein oligomers and fibrils, with a focus on the mammalian disaggregase complex. Here, we show that overexpression of the chaperone Hsp110 is sufficient to reduce α-synuclein aggregation in a mammalian cell culture model. Additionally, we demonstrate that Hsp110 effectively mitigates α-synuclein pathology in vivo through the characterization of transgenic Hsp110 and double-transgenic α-synuclein/Hsp110 mouse models. Unbiased analysis of the synaptic proteome of these mice revealed that overexpression of Hsp110 can override the protein changes driven by the α-synuclein transgene. Furthermore, overexpression of Hsp110 is sufficient to prevent endogenous α-synuclein templating and spread following injection of aggregated α-synuclein seeds into brain, supporting a role for Hsp110 in the prevention and/or disaggregation of α-synuclein pathology.
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174
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Kampinga HH, Mayer MP, Mogk A. Protein quality control: from mechanism to disease : EMBO Workshop, Costa de la Calma (Mallorca), Spain, April 28 - May 03, 2019. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:1013-1026. [PMID: 31713048 PMCID: PMC6882752 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular protein quality control machinery with its central constituents of chaperones and proteases is vital to maintain protein homeostasis under physiological conditions and to protect against acute stress conditions. Imbalances in protein homeostasis also are keys to a plethora of genetic and acquired, often age-related, diseases as well as aging in general. At the EMBO Workshop, speakers covered all major aspects of cellular protein quality control, from basic mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level to medical translation. In this report, the highlights of the meeting will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Axel Mogk
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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175
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Jia C, Ma X, Liu Z, Gu J, Zhang X, Li D, Zhang S. Different Heat Shock Proteins Bind α-Synuclein With Distinct Mechanisms and Synergistically Prevent Its Amyloid Aggregation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1124. [PMID: 31749672 PMCID: PMC6842937 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) forms pathological amyloid aggregates deposited in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are the major components of the cellular chaperone network, which are responsible for preventing proteins from amyloid aggregation. Different Hsps were reported to interact with α-syn. However, the underlying mechanism of the interplay between α-syn and different Hsps remains unclear. Here, by combing NMR spectroscopy, electron microscope and other biochemical approaches, we systemically investigated the interaction between α-syn and three Hsps from different families including Hsp27, HDJ1, and Hsp104. We found that all three Hsps can weakly bind to α-syn and inhibit it from amyloid aggregation. Intriguingly, different Hsps recognize distinct regions of α-syn monomer, and act synergistically in chaperoning α-syn from fibril formation in sub-stoichiometry. Our results revealed the diverse binding mechanisms employed by different Hsps to tackle α-syn, and suggested that different Hsps form a network for cooperatively chaperoning α-syn from pathological aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Jia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinge Gu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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176
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The molecular lifecycle of amyloid – Mechanism of assembly, mesoscopic organisation, polymorphism, suprastructures, and biological consequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:140257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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177
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Kumar R, Kumar S, Hanpude P, Singh AK, Johari T, Majumder S, Maiti TK. Partially oxidized DJ-1 inhibits α-synuclein nucleation and remodels mature α-synuclein fibrils in vitro. Commun Biol 2019; 2:395. [PMID: 31701024 PMCID: PMC6821844 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is a deglycase enzyme which exhibits a redox-sensitive chaperone-like activity. The partially oxidized state of DJ-1 is active in inhibiting the aggregation of α-synuclein, a key protein associated with Parkinson's disease. The underlying molecular mechanism behind α-synuclein aggregation inhibition remains unknown. Here we report that the partially oxidized DJ-1 possesses an adhesive surface which sequesters α-synuclein monomers and blocks the early stages of α-synuclein aggregation and also restricts the elongation of α-synuclein fibrils. DJ-1 remodels mature α-synuclein fibrils into heterogeneous toxic oligomeric species. The remodeled fibers show loose surface topology due to a decrease in elastic modulus and disrupt membrane architecture, internalize easily and induce aberrant nitric oxide release. Our results provide a mechanism by which partially oxidized DJ-1 counteracts α-synuclein aggregation at initial stages of aggregation and provide evidence of a deleterious effect of remodeled α-synuclein species generated by partially oxidized DJ-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Pranita Hanpude
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 India
| | - Tanu Johari
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sushanta Majumder
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 India
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178
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Liu Q, Liang C, Zhou L. Structural and functional analysis of the Hsp70/Hsp40 chaperone system. Protein Sci 2019; 29:378-390. [PMID: 31509306 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant and highly conserved molecular chaperones, the 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) play a key role in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis), one of the most fundamental tasks for every living organism. In this role, Hsp70s are inextricably linked to many human diseases, most notably cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, and are increasingly recognized as important drug targets for developing novel therapeutics for these diseases. Hsp40s are a class of essential and universal partners for Hsp70s in almost all aspects of proteostasis. Thus, Hsp70s and Hsp40s together constitute one of the most important chaperone systems across all kingdoms of life. In recent years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of this chaperone system through structural and functional analysis. This review will focus on this recent progress, mainly from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ce Liang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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179
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Fitzpatrick AW, Saibil HR. Cryo-EM of amyloid fibrils and cellular aggregates. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 58:34-42. [PMID: 31200186 PMCID: PMC6778506 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and other protein misfolding diseases are associated with the aggregation of a protein, which may be mutated in genetic forms of disease, or the wild type form in late onset sporadic disease. A wide variety of proteins and peptides can be involved, with aggregation originating from a natively folded or a natively unstructured species. Large deposits of amyloid fibrils are typically associated with cell death in late stage pathology. In this review, we illustrate the contributions of cryo-EM and related methods to the structure determination of amyloid fibrils extracted post mortem from patient brains or formed in vitro. We also discuss cell models of protein aggregation and the contributions of electron tomography to understanding the cellular context of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wp Fitzpatrick
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, Quad 4C, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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180
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Aktar F, Burudpakdee C, Polanco M, Pei S, Swayne TC, Lipke PN, Emtage L. The huntingtin inclusion is a dynamic phase-separated compartment. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/5/e201900489. [PMID: 31527136 PMCID: PMC6749095 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusions of disordered protein are a characteristic feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein; mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) is unstable and accumulates in large intracellular inclusions both in affected individuals and when expressed in eukaryotic cells. Using mHtt-GFP expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we find that mHtt-GFP inclusions are dynamic, mobile, gel-like structures that concentrate mHtt together with the disaggregase Hsp104. Although inclusions may associate with the vacuolar membrane, the association is reversible and we find that inclusions of mHtt in S. cerevisiae are not taken up by the vacuole or other organelles. Instead, a pulse-chase study using photoconverted mHtt-mEos2 revealed that mHtt is directly and continuously removed from the inclusion body. In addition to mobile inclusions, we also imaged and tracked the movements of small particles of mHtt-GFP and determine that they move randomly. These observations suggest that inclusions may grow through the collision and coalescence of small aggregative particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Aktar
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | - Mercedes Polanco
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sen Pei
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Theresa C Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter N Lipke
- Biology Department, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lesley Emtage
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA .,Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
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181
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Deshayes N, Arkan S, Hansen C. The Molecular Chaperone DNAJB6, but Not DNAJB1, Suppresses the Seeded Aggregation of Alpha-Synuclein in Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184495. [PMID: 31514384 PMCID: PMC6769935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) can misfold and aggregate, causing the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, as seen in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We recently demonstrated that DNAJB6, a co-chaperone found in Lewy bodies (LB), suppresses the aggregation of α-Syn in cells and in vitro. In this study, we compared the capacities of DNAJB1 and DNAJB6 to suppress the seeded α-Syn aggregation in HEK293 cells expressing α-Syn tagged with cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) or yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). The aggregation of α-Syn was seeded by the transfection of the cells with recombinant α-Syn pre-formed fibrils (PFFs), following the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of these two genes, respectively. We quantified the α-Syn aggregation by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis. We detected significantly more aggregates in the DNAJB6 KO cells compared with the parental cells, whereas the DNAJB1 KO had no effect on the α-Syn aggregation. This is the first evidence that DNAJB6 can suppress α-Syn aggregation, induced by exogenous α-Syn seeds, in cells. Next, we explored whether this mechanism could be dependent on protein degradation pathways. We observed that the increase in the α-Syn PFF-induced aggregation in the DNAJB6 KO cells compared with the parental cells was strongly diminished upon the incubation of the cells with the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. These results consolidate that DNAJB6 is a suppressor of α-Syn aggregation, and suggest that DNAJB6 may target misfolded and/or aggregated α-Syn for proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Deshayes
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sertan Arkan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christian Hansen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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182
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Velasco L, Dublang L, Moro F, Muga A. The Complex Phosphorylation Patterns that Regulate the Activity of Hsp70 and Its Cochaperones. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174122. [PMID: 31450862 PMCID: PMC6747476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins must fold into their native structure and maintain it during their lifespan to display the desired activity. To ensure proper folding and stability, and avoid generation of misfolded conformations that can be potentially cytotoxic, cells synthesize a wide variety of molecular chaperones that assist folding of other proteins and avoid their aggregation, which unfortunately is unavoidable under acute stress conditions. A protein machinery in metazoa, composed of representatives of the Hsp70, Hsp40, and Hsp110 chaperone families, can reactivate protein aggregates. We revised herein the phosphorylation sites found so far in members of these chaperone families and the functional consequences associated with some of them. We also discuss how phosphorylation might regulate the chaperone activity and the interaction of human Hsp70 with its accessory and client proteins. Finally, we present the information that would be necessary to decrypt the effect that post-translational modifications, and especially phosphorylation, could have on the biological activity of the Hsp70 system, known as the “chaperone code”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorea Velasco
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Dublang
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Moro
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Arturo Muga
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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183
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Sun L, Lian Y, Ding J, Meng Y, Li C, Chen L, Qiu P. The role of chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurotoxicity induced by alpha-synuclein after methamphetamine exposure. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01352. [PMID: 31286692 PMCID: PMC6710200 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is an autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) that is different from the other two lysosomal pathways, namely, macroautophagy and microautophagy, and can selectively degrade cytosolic proteins in lysosomes without vesicle formation. CMA activity declines in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, and similar neurotoxicity can occur after methamphetamine (METH) treatment. The relationship between CMA and METH-induced neurotoxicity is not clear. METHODS We detected changes in the chaperone protein Hsc70 and the lysosomal surface receptor Lamp-2a after METH treatment and then regulated these two proteins by small interfering RNA and DNA plasmid transfection to investigate how CMA influences METH-induced neurotoxicity. RESULTS We found that CMA activity is decreased after METH exposure in neurons and downregulated Lamp-2a can aggravate the neurotoxicity induced by α-Syn after METH exposure and that Hsc70 overexpression can relieve the abnormal levels of alpha-synuclein and its aggregate forms and the increase in cell apoptosis induced by METH. CONCLUSIONS The results provide in vivo evidence for CMA plays a pivotal role in METH-induced neurotoxicity, and upregulation of Hsc70 expression significantly protects neuronal cells against METH-induced toxicity. This research may pave the way for potential therapeutic approaches targeting CMA for METH abuse and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongling Lian
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Yunle Meng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingming Qiu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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184
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Shorter J, Southworth DR. Spiraling in Control: Structures and Mechanisms of the Hsp104 Disaggregase. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034033. [PMID: 30745294 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ ATPase and protein disaggregase found in yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to the dissolution of diverse polypeptides trapped in toxic preamyloid oligomers, phase-transitioned gels, disordered aggregates, amyloids, and prions. Hsp104 shows plasticity in disaggregating diverse substrates, but how its hexameric architecture operates as a molecular machine has remained unclear. Here, we highlight structural advances made via cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) that enhance our mechanistic understanding of Hsp104 and other related AAA+ translocases. Hsp104 hexamers are dynamic and adopt open "lock-washer" spiral states and closed ring structures that envelope polypeptide substrate inside the axial channel. ATP hydrolysis-driven conformational changes at the spiral seam ratchet substrate deeper into the channel. Remarkably, this mode of polypeptide translocation is reminiscent of models for how hexameric helicases unwind DNA and RNA duplexes. Thus, Hsp104 likely adapts elements of a deeply rooted, ring-translocase mechanism to the specialized task of protein disaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Daniel R Southworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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185
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Owen MC, Gnutt D, Gao M, Wärmländer SKTS, Jarvet J, Gräslund A, Winter R, Ebbinghaus S, Strodel B. Effects of in vivo conditions on amyloid aggregation. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3946-3996. [PMID: 31192324 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges of biophysical chemistry is to understand the principles that govern protein misfolding and aggregation, which is a highly complex process that is sensitive to initial conditions, operates on a huge range of length- and timescales, and has products that range from protein dimers to macroscopic amyloid fibrils. Aberrant aggregation is associated with more than 25 diseases, which include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and type II diabetes. Amyloid aggregation has been extensively studied in the test tube, therefore under conditions that are far from physiological relevance. Hence, there is dire need to extend these investigations to in vivo conditions where amyloid formation is affected by a myriad of biochemical interactions. As a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, these interactions need to be understood in detail to develop novel therapeutic interventions, as millions of people globally suffer from neurodegenerative disorders and type II diabetes. The aim of this review is to document the progress in the research on amyloid formation from a physicochemical perspective with a special focus on the physiological factors influencing the aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide, the islet amyloid polypeptide, α-synuclein, and the hungingtin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Owen
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - David Gnutt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany and Lead Discovery Wuppertal, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mimi Gao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany and Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri Jarvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Winter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 42525 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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186
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Olsen AL, Feany MB. Glial α-synuclein promotes neurodegeneration characterized by a distinct transcriptional program in vivo. Glia 2019; 67:1933-1957. [PMID: 31267577 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized pathologically by α-synuclein inclusions in neurons and glia. The pathologic contribution of glial α-synuclein in these diseases is not well understood. Glial α-synuclein may be of particular importance in multiple system atrophy (MSA), which is defined pathologically by glial cytoplasmic α-synuclein inclusions. We have previously described Drosophila models of neuronal α-synucleinopathy, which recapitulate key features of the human disorders. We have now expanded our model to express human α-synuclein in glia. We demonstrate that expression of α-synuclein in glia alone results in α-synuclein aggregation, death of dopaminergic neurons, impaired locomotor function, and autonomic dysfunction. Furthermore, co-expression of α-synuclein in both neurons and glia worsens these phenotypes as compared to expression of α-synuclein in neurons alone. We identify unique transcriptomic signatures induced by glial as opposed to neuronal α-synuclein. These results suggest that glial α-synuclein may contribute to the burden of pathology in the α-synucleinopathies through a cell type-specific transcriptional program. This new Drosophila model system enables further mechanistic studies dissecting the contribution of glial and neuronal α-synuclein in vivo, potentially shedding light on mechanisms of disease that are especially relevant in MSA but also the α-synucleinopathies more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Olsen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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187
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Cytosolic Trapping of a Mitochondrial Heat Shock Protein Is an Early Pathological Event in Synucleinopathies. Cell Rep 2019; 28:65-77.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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188
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Wentink A, Nussbaum-Krammer C, Bukau B. Modulation of Amyloid States by Molecular Chaperones. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:a033969. [PMID: 30755450 PMCID: PMC6601462 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant protein aggregation is a defining feature of most neurodegenerative diseases. During pathological aggregation, key proteins transition from their native state to alternative conformations, which are prone to oligomerize into highly ordered fibrillar states. As part of the cellular quality control machinery, molecular chaperones can intervene at many stages of the aggregation process to inhibit or reverse aberrant protein aggregation or counteract the toxicity associated with amyloid species. Although the action of chaperones is considered cytoprotective, essential housekeeping functions can be hijacked for the propagation and spreading of protein aggregates, suggesting the cellular protein quality control system constitutes a double-edged sword in neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss the various mechanisms used by chaperones to influence protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils to understand how the interplay of these activities produces specific cellular outcomes and to define mechanisms that may be targeted by pharmacological agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wentink
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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189
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Pan BB, Yang Y, Liu HZ, Li YH, Su XC. Coordination of Platinum to α-Synuclein Inhibits Filamentous Aggregation in Solution. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1953-1958. [PMID: 30958607 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of filamentous aggregates of α-synuclein (AS) in Lewy bodies and neurites is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of AS fibrillation is helpful for understanding of AS aggregate structure and for developing chemical therapies. Herein, we report that the PtII -containing antitumor drug cisplatin suppresses filamentous aggregation of AS in solution. PtII thus contrasts strongly with reported transition-metal ions such as MnII , FeIII , and CuII , which accelerate AS aggregation. Interaction between PtII and the side chains of methionine and histidine residues was essential for inhibition of AS fibrillation. Binding of PtII to AS did not change the protein's overall random coil structure, as indicated by solution-state two-dimensional NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy; and a solution of the AS⋅PtII complex remained free of filamentous aggregates. Our results constitute interesting new information about the biological chemistry of metal ions in Parkinson's disease and might open new lines of research into the suppression of filamentous aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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190
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Hsp70 molecular chaperones: multifunctional allosteric holding and unfolding machines. Biochem J 2019; 476:1653-1677. [PMID: 31201219 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Hsp70 family of chaperones works with its co-chaperones, the nucleotide exchange factors and J-domain proteins, to facilitate a multitude of cellular functions. Central players in protein homeostasis, these jacks-of-many-trades are utilized in a variety of ways because of their ability to bind with selective promiscuity to regions of their client proteins that are exposed when the client is unfolded, either fully or partially, or visits a conformational state that exposes the binding region in a regulated manner. The key to Hsp70 functions is that their substrate binding is transient and allosterically cycles in a nucleotide-dependent fashion between high- and low-affinity states. In the past few years, structural insights into the molecular mechanism of this allosterically regulated binding have emerged and provided deep insight into the deceptively simple Hsp70 molecular machine that is so widely harnessed by nature for diverse cellular functions. In this review, these structural insights are discussed to give a picture of the current understanding of how Hsp70 chaperones work.
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191
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Froula JM, Castellana-Cruz M, Anabtawi NM, Camino JD, Chen SW, Thrasher DR, Freire J, Yazdi AA, Fleming S, Dobson CM, Kumita JR, Cremades N, Volpicelli-Daley LA. Defining α-synuclein species responsible for Parkinson's disease phenotypes in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10392-10406. [PMID: 31142553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by fibrillar neuronal inclusions composed of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). These inclusions are associated with behavioral and pathological PD phenotypes. One strategy for therapeutic interventions is to prevent the formation of these inclusions to halt disease progression. α-Synuclein exists in multiple structural forms, including disordered, nonamyloid oligomers, ordered amyloid oligomers, and fibrils. It is critical to understand which conformers contribute to specific PD phenotypes. Here, we utilized a mouse model to explore the pathological effects of stable β-amyloid-sheet oligomers compared with those of fibrillar α-synuclein. We biophysically characterized these species with transmission EM, atomic-force microscopy, CD spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, and thioflavin T assays. We then injected these different α-synuclein forms into the mouse striatum to determine their ability to induce PD-related phenotypes. We found that β-sheet oligomers produce a small but significant loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Injection of small β-sheet fibril fragments, however, produced the most robust phenotypes, including reduction of striatal dopamine terminals, SNc loss of dopamine neurons, and motor-behavior defects. We conclude that although the β-sheet oligomers cause some toxicity, the potent effects of the short fibrillar fragments can be attributed to their ability to recruit monomeric α-synuclein and spread in vivo and hence contribute to the development of PD-like phenotypes. These results suggest that strategies to reduce the formation and propagation of β-sheet fibrillar species could be an important route for therapeutic intervention in PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Froula
- From the Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Marta Castellana-Cruz
- the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and
| | - Nadia M Anabtawi
- From the Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - José D Camino
- the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Serene W Chen
- the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and
| | - Drake R Thrasher
- From the Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jennifer Freire
- From the Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Allen A Yazdi
- From the Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Sheila Fleming
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and
| | - Janet R Kumita
- the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain,
| | - Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- From the Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,
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192
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Yamamoto N, Akai T, Inoue R, Sugiyama M, Tamura A, Chatani E. Structural Insights into the Inhibition of Amyloid Fibril Formation by Fibrinogen via Interaction with Prefibrillar Intermediates. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2769-2781. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taiki Akai
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Atsuo Tamura
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Eri Chatani
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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193
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Garbuz DG, Zatsepina OG, Evgen’ev MB. The Major Human Stress Protein Hsp70 as a Factor of Protein Homeostasis and a Cytokine-Like Regulator. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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194
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The Physics of Entropic Pulling: A Novel Model for the Hsp70 Motor Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092334. [PMID: 31083504 PMCID: PMC6539501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70s use ATP to generate forces that disassemble protein complexes and aggregates, and that translocate proteins into organelles. Entropic pulling has been proposed as a novel mechanism, distinct from the more familiar power-stroke and Brownian ratchet models, for how Hsp70s generate these forces. Experimental evidence supports entropic pulling, but this model may not be well understood among scientists studying these systems. In this review we address persistent misconceptions regarding the dynamics of proteins in solution that contribute to this lack of understanding, and we clarify the basic physics of entropic pulling with some simple analogies. We hope that increased understanding of the entropic pulling mechanism will inform future efforts to characterize how Hsp70s function as motors, and how they coordinate with their regulatory cochaperones in mechanochemical cycles that transduce the energy of ATP hydrolysis into physical changes in their protein substrates.
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195
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Narayanan A, Meriin A, Andrews JO, Spille JH, Sherman MY, Cisse II. A first order phase transition mechanism underlies protein aggregation in mammalian cells. eLife 2019; 8:39695. [PMID: 30716021 PMCID: PMC6361590 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of misfolded protein aggregates is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. The aggregate formation process exhibits an initial lag phase when precursor clusters spontaneously assemble. However, most experimental assays are blind to this lag phase. We develop a quantitative assay based on super-resolution imaging in fixed cells and light sheet imaging of living cells to study the early steps of aggregation in mammalian cells. We find that even under normal growth conditions mammalian cells have precursor clusters. The cluster size distribution is precisely that expected for a so-called super-saturated system in first order phase transition. This means there exists a nucleation barrier, and a critical size above which clusters grow and mature. Homeostasis is maintained through a Szilard model entailing the preferential clearance of super-critical clusters. We uncover a role for a putative chaperone (RuvBL) in this disassembly of large clusters. The results indicate early aggregates behave like condensates. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Narayanan
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anatoli Meriin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - J Owen Andrews
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jan-Hendrik Spille
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Ibrahim I Cisse
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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196
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Feleciano DR, Juenemann K, Iburg M, Brás IC, Holmberg CI, Kirstein J. Crosstalk Between Chaperone-Mediated Protein Disaggregation and Proteolytic Pathways in Aging and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:9. [PMID: 30760997 PMCID: PMC6361847 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional protein quality control machinery is crucial to maintain cellular and organismal physiology. Perturbation in the protein homeostasis network can lead to the formation of misfolded and aggregated proteins that are a hallmark of protein conformational disorders and aging. Protein aggregation is counteracted by the action of chaperones that can resolubilize aggregated proteins. An alternative protein aggregation clearance strategy is the elimination by proteolysis employing the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) or autophagy. Little is known how these three protein aggregate clearance strategies are regulated and coordinated in an organism with the progression of aging or upon expression of disease-associated proteins. To unravel the crosstalk between the protein aggregate clearance options, we investigated how autophagy and the UPS respond to perturbations in protein disaggregation capacity. We found that autophagy is induced as a potential compensatory mechanism, whereas the UPS exhibits reduced capacity upon depletion of disaggregating chaperones in C. elegans and HEK293 cells. The expression of amyloid proteins Aβ3-42 and Q40 result in an impairment of autophagy as well as the UPS within the same and even across tissues. Our data indicate a tight coordination between the different nodes of the proteostasis network (PN) with the progression of aging and upon imbalances of the capacity of each clearance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo R Feleciano
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Juenemann
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Iburg
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inês C Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carina I Holmberg
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology Program, and Medicum, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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197
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Cellular Handling of Protein Aggregates by Disaggregation Machines. Mol Cell 2019; 69:214-226. [PMID: 29351843 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both acute proteotoxic stresses that unfold proteins and expression of disease-causing mutant proteins that expose aggregation-prone regions can promote protein aggregation. Protein aggregates can interfere with cellular processes and deplete factors crucial for protein homeostasis. To cope with these challenges, cells are equipped with diverse folding and degradation activities to rescue or eliminate aggregated proteins. Here, we review the different chaperone disaggregation machines and their mechanisms of action. In all these machines, the coating of protein aggregates by Hsp70 chaperones represents the conserved, initializing step. In bacteria, fungi, and plants, Hsp70 recruits and activates Hsp100 disaggregases to extract aggregated proteins. In the cytosol of metazoa, Hsp70 is empowered by a specific cast of J-protein and Hsp110 co-chaperones allowing for standalone disaggregation activity. Both types of disaggregation machines are supported by small Hsps that sequester misfolded proteins.
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198
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Proteomic analysis of protein homeostasis and aggregation. J Proteomics 2018; 198:98-112. [PMID: 30529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) refers to the ability of cells to preserve the correct balance between protein synthesis, folding and degradation. Proteostasis is essential for optimal cell growth and survival under stressful conditions. Various extracellular and intracellular stresses including heat shock, oxidative stress, proteasome malfunction, mutations and aging-related modifications can result in disturbed proteostasis manifested by enhanced misfolding and aggregation of proteins. To limit protein misfolding and aggregation cells have evolved various strategies including molecular chaperones, proteasome system and autophagy. Molecular chaperones assist folding of proteins, protect them from denaturation and facilitate renaturation of the misfolded polypeptides, whereas proteasomes and autophagosomes remove the irreversibly damaged proteins. The impairment of proteostasis results in protein aggregation that is a major pathological hallmark of numerous age-related disorders, such as cataract, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases. To discover protein markers and speed up diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by protein aggregation, proteomic tools have increasingly been used in recent years. Systematic and exhaustive analysis of the changes that occur in the proteomes of affected tissues and biofluids in humans or in model organisms is one of the most promising approaches to reveal mechanisms underlying protein aggregation diseases, improve their diagnosis and develop therapeutic strategies. Significance: In this review we outline the elements responsible for maintaining cellular proteostasis and present the overview of proteomic studies focused on protein-aggregation diseases. These studies provide insights into the mechanisms responsible for age-related disorders and reveal new potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntigton's and prion diseases.
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199
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Mayer MP, Gierasch LM. Recent advances in the structural and mechanistic aspects of Hsp70 molecular chaperones. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2085-2097. [PMID: 30455352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 chaperones are central hubs of the protein quality control network and collaborate with co-chaperones having a J-domain (an ∼70-residue-long helical hairpin with a flexible loop and a conserved His-Pro-Asp motif required for ATP hydrolysis by Hsp70s) and also with nucleotide exchange factors to facilitate many protein-folding processes that (re)establish protein homeostasis. The Hsp70s are highly dynamic nanomachines that modulate the conformation of their substrate polypeptides by transiently binding to short, mostly hydrophobic stretches. This interaction is regulated by an intricate allosteric mechanism. The J-domain co-chaperones target Hsp70 to their polypeptide substrates, and the nucleotide exchange factors regulate the lifetime of the Hsp70-substrate complexes. Significant advances in recent years are beginning to unravel the molecular mechanism of this chaperone machine and how they treat their substrate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Mayer
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and
| | - Lila M Gierasch
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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200
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Gupta A, Puri A, Singh P, Sonam S, Pandey R, Sharma D. The yeast stress inducible Ssa Hsp70 reduces α-synuclein toxicity by promoting its degradation through autophagy. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007751. [PMID: 30376576 PMCID: PMC6226208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the role of Hsp70s in toxicity associated with intracellular accumulation of toxic protein inclusions is under intense investigation. In current study, we examined the roles of all different isoforms of yeast cytosolic Ssa Hsp70 on α-synuclein mediated cellular toxicity. The study showed that yeast cells expressing stress-inducible Ssa3 or Ssa4 as sole Ssa Hsp70 isoforms, reduced α-synuclein toxicity better than those expressing a constitutive counterpart. The protective effect of stress-inducible Ssa Hsp70s was not α-syn specific, but more general to other inclusion forming proteins such as polyQ. We show that the protective effect is not by induction of a general stress response in Ssa3 cells rather by promoting α-synuclein degradation through autophagy. The present study revealed that effect of Hsp70s was isoform dependent, and that autophagy protects Ssa3 cells from the deleterious effects of toxic protein inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Gupta
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anuradhika Puri
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surabhi Sonam
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Richa Pandey
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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