151
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Alcohol Intoxication by Binge Drinking Impairs Neuroplasticity. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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152
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Abstract
Exercising self-control is often difficult, whether declining a drink in order to drive home safely, passing on the chocolate cake to stay on a diet, or ignoring text messages to finish reading an important paper. But enacting self-control is not always difficult, particularly when it takes the form of proactively choosing or changing situations in ways that weaken undesirable impulses or potentiate desirable ones. Examples of situational self-control include the partygoer who chooses a seat far from where drinks are being poured, the dieter who asks the waiter not to bring around the dessert cart, and the student who goes to the library without a cell phone. Using the process model of self-control, we argue that the full range of self-control strategies can be organized by considering the timeline of the developing tempting impulse. Because impulses tend to grow stronger over time, situational self-control strategies-which can nip a tempting impulse in the bud-may be especially effective in preventing undesirable action. Ironically, we may underappreciate situational self-control for the same reason it is so effective-namely, that by manipulating our circumstances to advantage, we are often able to minimize the in-the-moment experience of intrapsychic struggle typically associated with exercising self-control.
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153
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Lutfy K, Zaveri NT. The Nociceptin Receptor as an Emerging Molecular Target for Cocaine Addiction. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:149-81. [PMID: 26810001 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a global public health and socioeconomic issue that requires pharmacological and cognitive therapies. Currently there are no FDA-approved medications to treat cocaine addiction. However, in preclinical studies, interventions ranging from herbal medicine to deep-brain stimulation have shown promise for the therapy of cocaine addiction. Recent developments in molecular biology, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry have enabled scientists to identify novel molecular targets along the pathways involved in drug addiction. In 1994, a receptor that showed a great deal of homology to the traditional opioid receptors was characterized. However, endogenous and exogenous opioids failed to bind to this receptor, which led scientists to name it opioid receptor-like receptor, now referred to as the nociceptin receptor. The endogenous ligand of NOPr was identified a year later and named orphanin FQ/nociceptin. Nociceptin and NOPr are widely distributed throughout the CNS and are involved in many physiological responses, such as food intake, nociceptive processing, neurotransmitter release, etc. Furthermore, exogenous nociceptin has been shown to regulate the activity of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, glutamate, and opioid systems, and the stress circuit. Importantly, exogenous nociceptin has been shown to reduce the rewarding and addictive actions of a number of drugs of abuse, such as psychostimulants, alcohol, and opioids. This paper reviews the existing literature on the role of endogenous nociceptin in the rewarding and addictive actions of cocaine. The effect of exogenous nociceptin on these processes is also reviewed. Furthermore, the effects of novel small-molecule NOPr ligands on these actions of cocaine are discussed. Overall, a review of the literature suggests that NOPr could be an emerging target for cocaine addiction pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA.
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154
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CaM Kinases: From Memories to Addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:153-166. [PMID: 26674562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a major psychiatric disorder with a neurobiological basis that is still insufficiently understood. Initially, non-addicted, controlled drug consumption and drug instrumentalization are established. They comprise highly systematic behaviours acquired by learning and the establishment of drug memories. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are important Ca(2+) sensors translating glutamatergic activation into synaptic plasticity during learning and memory formation. Here we review the role of CaMKs in the establishment of drug-related behaviours in animal models and in humans. Converging evidence now shows that CaMKs are a crucial mechanism of how addictive drugs induce synaptic plasticity and establish various types of drug memories. Thereby, CaMKs are not only molecular relays for glutamatergic activity but they also directly control dopaminergic and serotonergic activity in the mesolimbic reward system. They can now be considered as major molecular pathways translating normal memory formation into establishment of drug memories and possibly transition to drug addiction.
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155
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Spoelder M, Tsutsui KT, Lesscher HMB, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Clark JJ. Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Amplifies the Incentive Value of Reward-Predictive Cues Through Potentiation of Phasic Dopamine Signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2873-85. [PMID: 25971592 PMCID: PMC4864623 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol use remains a major public health concern due in part to well-established findings implicating the age of onset in alcohol use in the development of alcohol use disorders and persistent decision-making deficits in adults. We have previously demonstrated that moderate adolescent alcohol consumption in rats promotes suboptimal decision making and an associated perturbation in mesolimbic dopamine transmission in adulthood. Dopamine-dependent incentive learning processes are an integral component of value-based decision making and a fundamental element to many theoretical accounts of addiction. Thus we tested the hypothesis that adolescent alcohol use selectively alters incentive learning processes through perturbation of mesolimbic dopamine systems. To assess incentive learning, behavioral and neurochemical measurements were made during the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reacquisition of a Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure in adult rats with a history of adolescent alcohol consumption. We show that moderate adolescent alcohol consumption potentiates stimulus-evoked phasic dopamine transmission, measured in vivo by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, in adulthood and biases individuals toward a dopamine-dependent incentive learning strategy. Moreover, we demonstrate that animals exposed to alcohol in adolescence are more sensitive to an unexpected variation in reward outcomes. This pattern of phasic dopamine signaling and the associated bias in learning may provide a mechanism for the well-documented vulnerability of individuals with early-life alcohol use for alcohol use disorders in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly T Tsutsui
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heidi M B Lesscher
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy J Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, 1959 NW Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Tel: +1 206 992 0472, Fax: +1 206 543 9520, E-mail:
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156
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Synaptic plasticity model of therapeutic sleep deprivation in major depression. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 30:53-62. [PMID: 26803484 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic sleep deprivation (SD) is a rapid acting treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Within hours, SD leads to a dramatic decrease in depressive symptoms in 50-60% of patients with MDD. Scientifically, therapeutic SD presents a unique paradigm to study the neurobiology of MDD. Yet, up to now, the neurobiological basis of the antidepressant effect, which is most likely different from today's first-line treatments, is not sufficiently understood. This article puts the idea forward that sleep/wake-dependent shifts in synaptic plasticity, i.e., the neural basis of adaptive network function and behavior, represent a critical mechanism of therapeutic SD in MDD. Particularly, this article centers on two major hypotheses of MDD and sleep, the synaptic plasticity hypothesis of MDD and the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis of sleep-wake regulation, and on how they can be integrated into a novel synaptic plasticity model of therapeutic SD in MDD. As a major component, the model proposes that therapeutic SD, by homeostatically enhancing cortical synaptic strength, shifts the initially deficient inducibility of associative synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) in patients with MDD in a more favorable window of associative plasticity. Research on the molecular effects of SD in animals and humans, including observations in the neurotrophic, adenosinergic, monoaminergic, and glutamatergic system, provides some support for the hypothesis of associative synaptic plasticity facilitation after therapeutic SD in MDD. The model proposes a novel framework for a mechanism of action of therapeutic SD that can be further tested in humans based on non-invasive indices and in animals based on direct studies of synaptic plasticity. Further determining the mechanisms of action of SD might contribute to the development of novel fast acting treatments for MDD, one of the major health problems worldwide.
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157
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Sun WL, Quizon PM, Zhu J. Molecular Mechanism: ERK Signaling, Drug Addiction, and Behavioral Effects. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:1-40. [PMID: 26809997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants has been considered as a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by craving and compulsive drug seeking and use. Over the past two decades, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that repeated drug exposure causes long-lasting neurochemical and cellular changes that result in enduring neuroadaptation in brain circuitry and underlie compulsive drug consumption and relapse. Through intercellular signaling cascades, drugs of abuse induce remodeling in the rewarding circuitry that contributes to the neuroplasticity of learning and memory associated with addiction. Here, we review the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, and its related intracellular signaling pathways in drug-induced neuroadaptive changes that are associated with drug-mediated psychomotor activity, rewarding properties and relapse of drug seeking behaviors. We also discuss the neurobiological and behavioral effects of pharmacological and genetic interferences with ERK-associated molecular cascades in response to abused substances. Understanding the dynamic modulation of ERK signaling in response to drugs may provide novel molecular targets for therapeutic strategies to drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Sun
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela M Quizon
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
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158
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Bandelow B, Wedekind D. Possible role of a dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system in antisocial personality disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:393-415. [PMID: 26250442 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Around half the inmates in prison institutions have antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). A recent theory has proposed that a dysfunction of the endogenous opioid system (EOS) underlies the neurobiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD). In the present theoretical paper, based on a comprehensive database and hand search of the relevant literature, this hypothesis is extended to ASPD, which may be the predominant expression of EOS dysfunction in men, while the same pathology underlies BPD in women. According to evidence from human and animal studies, the problematic behaviours of persons with antisocial, callous, or psychopathic traits may be seen as desperate, unconscious attempts to stimulate their deficient EOS, which plays a key role in brain reward circuits. If the needs of this system are not being met, the affected persons experience dysphoric mood, discomfort, or irritability, and strive to increase binding of endogenous opioids to receptors by using the rewarding effects of aggression by exertion of physical or manipulative power on others, by abusing alcohol or substances that have the reward system as target, by creating an "endorphin rush" by self-harm, by increasing the frequency of their sexual contacts, or by impulsive actions and sensation seeking. Symptoms associated with ASPD can be treated with opioid antagonists like naltrexone, naloxone, or nalmefene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
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159
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Upton M, Lotfipour S. α2-Null mutant mice have altered levels of neuronal activity in restricted midbrain and limbic brain regions during nicotine withdrawal as demonstrated by cfos expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:558-565. [PMID: 26111579 PMCID: PMC4607355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the primary binding sites for nicotine within the brain. Using alpha(α)2 nAChR subunit-null mutant mice, the current study evaluates whether the absence of this gene product during mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal eliminates neuronal activity within selective midbrain and limbic brain regions, as determined by the expression of the immediate early gene, cfos. Our results demonstrate that nicotine withdrawal enhances neuronal activity within the interpeduncular nucleus and dorsal hippocampus, which is absent in mice null for α2-containing nAChRs. In contrast, we observe that α2-null mutant mice exhibit a suppression of neuronal activity in the dentate gyrus in mice undergoing nicotine withdrawal. Interestingly, α2-null mutant mice display potentiated neuronal activity specifically within the stratum lacunosum moleculare layer of the hippocampus, independent of nicotine withdrawal. Overall, our findings demonstrate that α2-null mutant mice have altered cfos expression in distinct populations of neurons within selective midbrain and limbic brain structures that mediate baseline and nicotine withdrawal-induced neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Upton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, MRL Building, Room 2557, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, MRL Building, Room 2557, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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160
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Loheswaran G, Barr MS, Rajji TK, Zomorrodi R, Le Foll B, Daskalakis ZJ. Brain Stimulation in Alcohol Use Disorders: Investigational and Therapeutic Tools. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2015; 1:5-13. [PMID: 29560895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are a major health and social problem worldwide. Brain stimulation holds great promise as an investigational tool to help us understand the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence and as a therapeutic tool to treat AUDs. Numerous studies suggest that glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission are altered by alcohol consumption and among patients with AUDs. Alcohol's disruption of neurotransmission is likely to play an important role in its detrimental effects on neuroplasticity, which, in turn, may contribute to the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. Specifically, aberrant neuroplasticity in the brain reward circuitry is a potential mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a part of the brain's reward circuitry, is directly accessible to noninvasive brain stimulation and may represent a potential target for the treatment of AUDs. While the literature suggests that impairments in neuroplasticity are likely to be present in the DLPFC and brain reward circuitry in alcohol-dependent patients, this is yet to be directly evaluated in humans. Findings from numerous neuromodulatory brain stimulation studies demonstrate that altering neuroplasticity in the DLPFC in alcohol-dependent patients holds promise as a treatment for alcohol dependence, but the optimal neuromodulatory parameters are yet to be identified. Gaining a better understanding of alcohol dependence vis à vis neuroplasticity in the DLPFC and brain reward circuitry can help us optimize the treatment of alcohol dependence using neuromodulatory brain stimulation in the DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genane Loheswaran
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mera S Barr
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Biobehavioural Addictions and Concurrent Disorders Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Biobehavioural Addictions and Concurrent Disorders Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Biobehavioural Addictions and Concurrent Disorders Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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161
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Short-term withdrawal from developmental exposure to cocaine activates the glucocorticoid receptor and alters spine dynamics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1832-41. [PMID: 26004981 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) contribute to the action of cocaine, their role following developmental exposure to the psychostimulant is still unknown. To address this issue, we exposed adolescent male rats to cocaine (20mg/kg/day) from post-natal day (PND) 28 to PND 42 and sacrificed them at PND 45 or 90. We studied the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region that is still developing during adolescence. In PND 45 rats we found enhanced GR transcription and translation as well as increased trafficking toward the nucleus of the receptor, with no alteration in plasma corticosterone levels. We also showed reduced expression of the GR co-chaperone FKBP51, that normally keeps the receptor in the cytoplasm, and increased expression of Src1, which cooperates in the activation of GR transcriptional activity, revealing that short withdrawal alters the finely tuned mechanisms regulating GR action. Since activation of GRs regulate dendritic spine morphology, we next investigated spine dynamics in cocaine-withdrawn rats. We found that PSD95, cofilin and F-actin, molecules regulating spine actin network, are reduced in the mPFC of PND 45 rats suggesting reduced spine density, confirmed by confocal imaging. Further, formation of filopodia, i.e. the inactive spines, is enhanced suggesting the formation of non-functional spines. Of note, no changes were found in molecules related to GR machinery or spine dynamics following long-term abstinence, i.e. in adult rats (PND 90). These findings demonstrate that short withdrawal promotes plastic changes in the developing brain via the dysregulation of the GR system and alterations in the spine network.
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162
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Pometlová M, Nohejlová-Deykun K, Šlamberová R. Anxiogenic Effect of Low-dose Methamphetamine in the Test of Elevated Plus-maze. Prague Med Rep 2015; 113:223-30. [DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamines (MA) are psychostimulant drugs that are known to change individuals’ behavior. Psychostimulants could either evoke positive emotions (e.g. joy and happiness) or attenuate negative emotional states (e.g. anxiety and depression) in humans. In animal experiments, the test of elevated plus-maze (EPM) is widely used. This test is appropriate for evaluation of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects, or for examination of specific subtypes of anxiety disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acute single dose of MA (1 mg/kg) on the behavior of laboratory rat in the EPM. The detailed ethologic analysis of behavior was performed using a modified protocol based on the study of Fernández Espejo (1997). Our results demonstrated that MA affects rat’s behavior in the EPM in the majority of analyzed categories. The present protocol allowed us to determine positive anxiogenic effect of MA.
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163
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Fukuchi M, Kanesaki K, Takasaki I, Tabuchi A, Tsuda M. Convergent effects of Ca(2+) and cAMP signals on the expression of immediate early genes in neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:572-7. [PMID: 26386156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
How the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) is controlled in response to neurotransmissions is unknown. Using cultured rat cortical cells, we investigated the expression of IEGs regulated by Ca(2+) and/or cAMP signals. The expression of c-fos was transiently induced by treatment of cells with high potassium (high K(+)), which evoked depolarization, or forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator. c-fos expression was persistently and synergistically induced by simultaneous treatment with high K(+) and forskolin via cAMP-response element (CRE). Microarray analysis indicated the expression profiles of IEGs caused by depolarization in the presence or absence of forskolin. When a novel index was included to investigate the profile of IEGs, we found that high K(+)-induced expression of IEGs was stimulatory or negatively changed in the presence of forskolin, suggesting distinct convergent effects of Ca(2+) and cAMP signals on the expression of IEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fukuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kazufumi Kanesaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akiko Tabuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tsuda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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164
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Bhatt K, Kumar A. Mechanism of morphine addiction by inhibiting the soluble Guanylate Cyclase–Nitric Oxide (sGC–NO) pathway. Math Biosci 2015; 266:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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165
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Frankfurt M, Luine V. The evolving role of dendritic spines and memory: Interaction(s) with estradiol. Horm Behav 2015; 74:28-36. [PMID: 25993604 PMCID: PMC4573337 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and Cognition". Memory processing is presumed to depend on synaptic plasticity, which appears to have a role in mediating the acquisition, consolidation, and retention of memory. We have studied the relationship between estrogen, recognition memory, and dendritic spine density in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, areas critical for memory, across the lifespan in female rodents. The present paper reviews the literature on dendritic spine plasticity in mediating both short and long term memory, as well as the decreased memory that occurs with aging and Alzheimer's disease. It also addresses the role of acute and chronic estrogen treatments in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Frankfurt
- Department of Science Education, Hofstra-North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, USA.
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166
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Walter M, Bentz D, Schicktanz N, Milnik A, Aerni A, Gerhards C, Schwegler K, Vogel M, Blum J, Schmid O, Roozendaal B, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, de Quervain D. Effects of cortisol administration on craving in heroin addicts. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5. [PMID: 26218852 PMCID: PMC5068724 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heroin dependence is a severe and chronically relapsing substance use disorder with limited treatment options. Stress is known to increase craving and drug-taking behavior, but it is not known whether the stress hormone cortisol mediates these stress effects or whether cortisol may rather reduce craving, for example, by interfering with addiction memory. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of cortisol administration on craving in heroin-dependent patients and to determine whether the effects depend on the daily dose of heroin consumption. We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 29 heroin-dependent patients in a stable heroin-assisted treatment setting. A single oral dose of 20 mg of cortisol or placebo was administered 105 min before the daily heroin administration. The primary outcome measure was cortisol-induced change in craving. Secondary measures included anxiety, anger and withdrawal symptoms. For the visual analog scale for craving, we found a significant interaction (P = 0.0027) between study medication and heroin-dose group (that is, daily low, medium or high dose of heroin). Cortisol administration reduced craving in patients receiving a low dose of heroin (before heroin administration: P = 0.0019; after heroin administration: P = 0.0074), but not in patients receiving a medium or high dose of heroin. In a picture-rating task with drug-related pictures, cortisol administration did not affect the ratings for the picture-characteristic craving in all the three heroin-dose groups. Cortisol also did not significantly affect secondary outcome measures. In conclusion, a single administration of cortisol leads to reduced craving in low-dose heroin addicts. The present findings might have important clinical implications with regard to understanding stress effects and regarding treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walter
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland E-mail:
| | - D Bentz
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Schicktanz
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Milnik
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Aerni
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Gerhards
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Schwegler
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Vogel
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Blum
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - O Schmid
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - U E Lang
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Borgwardt
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D de Quervain
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland. E-mail:
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167
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Neuromodulatory effect of Gαs- or Gαq-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor on NMDA receptor selectively activates the NMDA receptor/Ca2+/calcineurin/cAMP response element-binding protein-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 pathway to effectively induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in neurons. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5606-24. [PMID: 25855176 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3650-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coordinated molecular signaling through excitatory and modulatory neurotransmissions is critical for the induction of immediate early genes (IEGs), which lead to effective changes in synaptic plasticity, the intracellular mechanisms responsible remain obscure. Here we measured the expression of IEGs and used bioluminescence imaging to visualize the expression of Bdnf when GPCRs, major neuromodulator receptors, were stimulated. Stimulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-specific receptor (PAC1), a Gαs/q-protein-coupled GPCR, with PACAP selectively activated the calcineurin (CN) pathway that is controlled by calcium signals evoked via NMDAR. This signaling pathway then induced the expression of Bdnf and CN-dependent IEGs through the nuclear translocation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Intracerebroventricular injection of PACAP and intraperitoneal administration of MK801 in mice demonstrated that functional interactions between PAC1 and NMDAR induced the expression of Bdnf in the brain. Coactivation of NMDAR and PAC1 synergistically induced the expression of Bdnf attributable to selective activation of the CN pathway. This CN pathway-controlled expression of Bdnf was also induced by stimulating other Gαs- or Gαq-coupled GPCRs, such as dopamine D1, adrenaline β, CRF, and neurotensin receptors, either with their cognate agonists or by direct stimulation of the protein kinase A (PKA)/PKC pathway with chemical activators. Thus, the GPCR-induced expression of IEGs in coordination with NMDAR might occur via the selective activation of the CN/CRTC1/CREB pathway under simultaneous excitatory and modulatory synaptic transmissions in neurons if either the Gαs/adenylate cyclase/PKA or Gαq/PLC/PKC-mediated pathway is activated.
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168
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Prosser RA, Glass JD. Assessing ethanol's actions in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Alcohol 2015; 49:321-339. [PMID: 25457753 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past decade has demonstrated substantial interactions between the circadian system and the processes through which alcohol affects behavior and physiology. Here we summarize the results of our collaborative efforts focused on this intersection. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we have shown that ethanol affects many aspects of the mammalian circadian system, both acutely as well as after chronic administration. Conversely, we have shown circadian influences on ethanol consumption. Importantly, we are beginning to delve into the cellular mechanisms associated with these effects. We are also starting to form a picture of the neuroanatomical bases for many of these actions. Finally, we put our current findings into perspective by suggesting new avenues of inquiry for our future efforts.
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169
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Zwiller J. [Epigenetics and drug addiction: a focus on MeCP2 and on histone acetylation]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:439-46. [PMID: 25958763 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic drug exposure alters gene expression in the brain, which is believed to underlie compulsive drug seeking and drug taking behavior. Recent evidence shows that drug-induced long-term neuroadaptations in the brain are mediated in part by epigenetic mechanisms. By remodeling chromatin, this type of regulation contributes to drug-induced synaptic plasticity that translates into behavioral modifications. How drug-induced alterations in DNA methylation regulate gene expression is reviewed here, with a focus on MeCP2, a protein binding methylated DNA. The importance of histone modifications, especially acetylation is also discussed, with an emphasis on the effects of inhibitors of histone deacetylases on drug-induced behavioral changes. The precise identification of the epigenetic mechanisms that are under the control of drugs of abuse may help to uncover novel targets for the treatment of drug seeking and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Zwiller
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives et adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, université de Strasbourg, faculté de psychologie, 12 rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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170
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Han H, Dong Z, Jia Y, Mao R, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Wang L, Xu L, Cao J. Opioid addiction and withdrawal differentially drive long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9666. [PMID: 25942289 PMCID: PMC5386187 DOI: 10.1038/srep09666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive behavior is increasingly accepted as a drug-associated pathological memory in which the hippocampus is profoundly engaged. It has been well documented that adaptations of synaptic plasticity of excitatory transmission in the hippocampus may contribute to opioid addiction. However, it remains unknown whether and how adaptive changes of synaptic plasticity of inhibitory transmission in the hippocampus occurs during opioid abuse. Here, we reported that a single in vivo morphine exposure (SM) did not affect inhibitory long-term depression (I-LTD) in the hippocampus, compared with saline control; while repeated morphine exposure (RM) abolished this I-LTD. Interestingly, opioid withdrawal for 3-5 days after repeated (RMW), but not a single morphine exposure (SMW), largely enhanced I-LTD. More importantly, the I-LTD in single morphine treatment is dependent on presynaptic mechanism since it can be blocked by AM251, a selective cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist. While the large I-LTD in RMW group is dependent on combinatorial presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms since it can be blocked by co-application of AM251 and L-type calcium channel blocker LaCl3. Thus, these results demonstrate that opioid use and withdrawal drive the dynamics of presynaptic and postsynaptic I-LTD expression in the hippocampus that may contribute to the persistent behavioral changes during opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Han
- 1] Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China [2] Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China [3] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yunfang Jia
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongrong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuexiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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171
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MacKillop J, Few LR, Stojek MK, Murphy CM, Malutinok SF, Johnson FT, Hofmann SG, McGeary JE, Swift RM, Monti PM. D-cycloserine to enhance extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol: a translational approach. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e544. [PMID: 25849983 PMCID: PMC4462604 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cue-elicited craving for alcohol is well established but extinction-based treatment to extinguish this response has generated only modest positive outcomes in clinical trials. Basic and clinical research suggests that D-cycloserine (DCS) enhances extinction to fear cues under certain conditions. However, it remains unclear whether DCS would also accelerate extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol. The goal of the current study was to examine whether, compared with placebo (PBO), DCS enhanced extinction of cue-elicited craving among treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Participants were administered DCS (50 mg) or PBO 1 h before an alcohol extinction paradigm in a simulated bar environment on two occasions. The extinction procedures occurred 1 week apart and were fully integrated into outpatient treatment. Subjective craving for alcohol was the primary variable of interest. Follow-up cue reactivity sessions were conducted 1 week and 3 weeks later to ascertain persisting DCS effects. Drinking outcomes and tolerability were also examined. DCS was associated with augmented reductions in alcohol craving to alcohol cues during the first extinction session and these effects persisted through all subsequent sessions, suggesting facilitation of extinction. Participants in the DCS condition reported significant short-term reductions in drinking, although these did not persist to follow-up, and found the medication highly tolerable. These findings provide evidence that DCS enhances extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol in individuals with AUDs in the context of outpatient treatment. The potential clinical utility of DCS is discussed, including methodological considerations and context-dependent learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Homewood Research Institute, Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, ON, Canada,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3K7. E-mail:
| | - L R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M K Stojek
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S F Malutinok
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - F T Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S G Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E McGeary
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA,Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R M Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P M Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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172
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Mao LM, Xue B, Jin DZ, Wang JQ. Dynamic increases in AMPA receptor phosphorylation in the rat hippocampus in response to amphetamine. J Neurochem 2015; 133:795-805. [PMID: 25689263 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the critical role of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors in psychostimulant action. These receptors are regulated via a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism in their trafficking, distribution, and function. The hippocampus is a brain structure important for learning and memory and is emerging as a critical site for processing psychostimulant effects. To determine whether the hippocampal pool of AMPA receptors is regulated by stimulants, we investigated and characterized the impact of amphetamine (AMPH) on phosphorylation of AMPA receptors in the adult rat hippocampus in vivo. We found that AMPH markedly increased phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluA1 subunits at serine 845 (S845) in the hippocampus. The effect of AMPH was dose dependent. A single dose of AMPH induced a rapid and transient increase in S845 phosphorylation. Among different hippocampal subfields, AMPH primarily elevated S845 phosphorylation in the Cornu Ammonis area 1 and dentate gyrus. In contrast to S845, serine 831 phosphorylation of GluA1 and serine 880 phosphorylation of GluA2 were not altered by AMPH. In addition, surface expression of hippocampal GluA1 was up-regulated, while the amount of intracellular GluA1 fraction was concurrently reduced in response to AMPH. GluA2 protein levels in either the surface or intracellular pool were insensitive to AMPH. These data demonstrate that the AMPA receptor in the hippocampus is sensitive to dopamine stimulation. Acute AMPH administration induces dose-, time-, site-, and subunit-dependent phosphorylation of AMPA receptors and facilitates surface trafficking of GluA1 AMPA receptors in hippocampal neurons in vivo. Acute injection of amphetamine increased phosphorylation of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluA1 subunits at a protein kinase A (PKA)-sensitive site (S845) in the rat hippocampus. This increase was dose- and time-dependent and correlated with an increase in surface GluA1 expression. Thus, amphetamine can upregulate GluA1 phosphorylation and surface trafficking of GluA1 in hippocampal neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Mao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Bing Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Dao-Zhong Jin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - John Q Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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173
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Jasinska AJ, Chen BT, Bonci A, Stein EA. Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) circuitry in rodent models of cocaine use: implications for drug addiction therapies. Addict Biol 2015; 20:215-26. [PMID: 24620898 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in cocaine addiction is well established, its precise contribution to cocaine seeking, taking and relapse remains incompletely understood. In particular, across two different models of cocaine self-administration, pharmacological or optogenetic activation of the dorsal MPFC has been reported to sometimes promote and sometimes inhibit cocaine seeking. We highlight important methodological differences between the two experimental paradigms and propose a framework to potentially reconcile the apparent discrepancy. We also draw parallels between these pre-clinical models of cocaine self-administration and human neuro-imaging studies in cocaine users, and argue that both lines of evidence point to dynamic interactions between cue-reactivity processes and control processes within the dorsal MPFC circuitry. From a translational perspective, these findings underscore the importance of interventions and therapeutics targeting not just a brain region, but a specific computational process within that brain region, and may have implications for the design and implementation of more effective treatments for human cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J. Jasinska
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Billy T. Chen
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Psychiatry; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
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174
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Schöpf I, Easton AC, Solati J, Golub Y, Kornhuber J, Giese KP, Müller CP. αCaMKII autophosphorylation mediates neuronal activation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after alcohol and cocaine in mice. Neurosci Lett 2015; 591:65-68. [PMID: 25700946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive drug-induced cellular activation is a key mechanism to promote neuronal plasticity and addiction. Alpha Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (αCaMKII) and its autophosphorylation play a key role in the development of drug use associated behaviours. It has been suggested that αCaMKII autophosphorylation is necessary for drug-induced neuronal activation in the mesolimbic system. Here, we show an alcohol- and cocaine-induced increase in c-fos expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which is absent in αCaMKII(T286A) autophosphorylation deficient mice. These findings may suggest a role in hippocampal αCaMKII autophosphorylation in the acute neuroplastic effects of alcohol and cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Schöpf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alanna C Easton
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jalal Solati
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6 and 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yulia Golub
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6 and 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Peter Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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175
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Rabin RA, George TP. A review of co‐morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: Possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co‐use. Am J Addict 2015; 24:105-116. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Allison Rabin
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Schizophrenia DivisionCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Tony Peter George
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Schizophrenia DivisionCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Brain and TherapeuticsDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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176
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Role of intra-hippocampal orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors in conditioned place preference induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Behav Brain Res 2015; 279:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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177
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178
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Persistent modification of forebrain networks and metabolism in rats following adolescent exposure to a 5-HT7 receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:75-89. [PMID: 24923983 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin 7 receptor (5-HT7-R) is part of a neuro-transmission system with a proposed role in neural plasticity and in mood, cognitive or sleep regulation. OBJECTIVES We investigated long-term consequences of sub-chronic treatment, during adolescence (43-45 to 47-49 days old) in rats, with a novel 5-HT7-R agonist (LP-211, 0 or 0.250 mg/kg/day). METHODS We evaluated behavioural changes as well as forebrain structural/functional modifications by in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) in a 4.7 T system, followed by ex vivo histology. RESULTS Adult rats pre-treated during adolescence showed reduced anxiety-related behaviour, in terms of reduced avoidance in the light/dark test and a less fragmented pattern of exploration in the novel object recognition test. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) revealed decreased mean diffusivity (MD) in the amygdala, increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the hippocampus (Hip) and reduced axial (D||) together with increased radial (D⊥) diffusivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). An increased neural dendritic arborization was confirmed in the NAcc by ex vivo histology. Seed-based functional MR imaging (fMRI) identified increased strength of connectivity within and between "limbic" and "cortical" loops, with affected cross-correlations between amygdala, NAcc and Hip. The latter displayed enhanced connections through the dorsal striatum (dStr) to dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC) and cerebellum. Functional connection also increased between amygdala and limbic elements such as NAcc, orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and hypothalamus. MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) indicated that adolescent LP-211 exposure increased glutamate and total creatine in the adult Hip. CONCLUSIONS Persistent MR-detectable modifications indicate a rearrangement within forebrain networks, accounting for long-lasting behavioural changes as a function of developmental 5-HT7-R stimulation.
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179
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GIRK Channels: A Potential Link Between Learning and Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 123:239-77. [PMID: 26422987 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of drug-associated cues to reinitiate drug craving and seeking, even after long periods of abstinence, has led to the hypothesis that addiction represents a form of pathological learning, in which drugs of abuse hijack normal learning and memory processes to support long-term addictive behaviors. In this chapter, we review evidence suggesting that G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK/Kir3) channels are one mechanism through which numerous drugs of abuse can modulate learning and memory processes. We will examine the role of GIRK channels in two forms of experience-dependent long-term changes in neuronal function: homeostatic plasticity and synaptic plasticity. We will also discuss how drug-induced changes in GIRK-mediated signaling can lead to changes that support the development and maintenance of addiction.
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180
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Role of ADHD symptoms as a contributing factor to obesity in patients with MC4R mutations. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:4-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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181
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Nygard SK, Klambatsen A, Balouch B, Quinones-Jenab V, Jenab S. Region and context-specific intracellular responses associated with cocaine-induced conditioned place preference expression. Neuroscience 2014; 287:1-8. [PMID: 25522720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of cocaine addiction depend heavily on learned reward-environment associations that can induce drug-seeking behavior and relapse. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these cue-induced conditioned responses is important for relapse prevention. To test whether intracellular responses measured after cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) expression are context-dependent, we re-exposed cocaine-treated rats (drug-free) to an environment previously paired with cocaine or saline, 24h after the CPP test. After 8 days of cocaine CPP training with one of two cocaine doses (5mg/kg or 20mg/kg, i.p.), CPP was expressed only after conditioning with the higher cocaine dose. In CPP expressing rats, locomotor responses after re-exposure to the cocaine-chamber were greater than in rats re-exposed to the saline-paired chamber. Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) phosphorylated ERK (pERK) levels were increased after re-exposure to the cocaine-paired, but not the saline-paired chamber, regardless of whether or not CPP behavior was expressed. Caudate Putamen (CPu) pERK and FosB protein levels increased after re-exposure to the cocaine chamber only after conditioning with the higher cocaine dose. Conversely, the higher cocaine dose, independent of environment, resulted in increased NAc FosB, ΔFosB and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) protein levels compared to those conditioned with 5mg/kg cocaine (non-CPP-expressing). Our results suggest that NAc ERK phosphorylation may be involved with retrieving the contextual information of a cocaine-association, without necessarily motivating the expression of CPP behavior. Additionally, we show distinct patterns of intracellular responses in the NAc and CPu indicating a region-specific role for pERK/pCREB/FosB intracellular signaling in the retrieval of cocaine-context associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Nygard
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Subprogram, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - A Klambatsen
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Subprogram, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - B Balouch
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - V Quinones-Jenab
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Subprogram, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - S Jenab
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Subprogram, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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182
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Inoue H, Yoshimura J, Iwabuchi K. Gene expression of protein-coding and non-coding RNAs related to polyembryogenesis in the parasitic wasp, Copidosoma floridanum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114372. [PMID: 25469914 PMCID: PMC4255003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyembryony is a unique form of development in which many embryos are clonally produced from a single egg. Polyembryony is known to occur in many animals, but the underlying genetic mechanism responsible is unknown. In a parasitic wasp, Copidosoma floridanum, polyembryogenesis is initiated during the formation and division of the morula. In the present study, cDNA libraries were constructed from embryos at the cleavage and subsequent primary morula stages, times when polyembryogenesis is likely to be controlled genetically. Of 182 and 263 cDNA clones isolated from these embryos, 38% and 70%, respectively, were very similar to protein-coding genes obtained from BLAST analysis and 55 and 65 clones, respectively, were stage-specific. In our libraries we also detected a high frequency of long non-coding RNA. Some of these showed stage-specific expression patterns in reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The stage-specificity of expression implies that these protein-coding and non-coding genes are related to polyembryogenesis in C. floridanum. The non-coding genes are not similar to any known non-coding RNAs and so are good candidates as regulators of polyembryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kikuo Iwabuchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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183
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Effects of genetic deletion of endogenous opioid system components on the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2974-88. [PMID: 24943644 PMCID: PMC4229567 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The repeated cycles of cessation of consumption and relapse remain the major clinical concern in treating drug addiction. The endogenous opioid system is a crucial component of the reward circuit that participates in the adaptive changes leading to relapse in the addictive processes. We have used genetically modified mice to evaluate the involvement of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) and their main endogenous ligands, the enkephalins derived from proenkephalin (PENK) and prodynorphin (PDYN), in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Constitutive knockout mice of MOR, DOR, PENK, and PDYN, and their wild-type littermates were trained to self-administer cocaine or to seek for palatable food, followed by a period of extinction and finally tested on a cue-induced reinstatement of seeking behavior. The four lines of knockout mice acquired operant cocaine self-administration behavior, although DOR and PENK knockout mice showed less motivation for cocaine than wild-type littermates. Moreover, cue-induced relapse was significantly decreased in MOR and DOR knockout mice. In contrast, PDYN knockout mice showed a slower extinction and increased relapse than wild-type littermates. C-Fos expression analysis revealed differential activation in brain areas related with memory and reward in these knockout mice. No differences were found in any of the four genotypes in operant responding to obtain palatable food, indicating that the changes revealed in knockout mice were not due to unspecific deficit in operant performance. Our results indicate that MOR, DOR, and PDYN have a differential role in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior.
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184
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Darvas M, Palmiter RD. Specific contributions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the dorsal striatum to cognitive flexibility. Neuroscience 2014; 284:934-942. [PMID: 25446363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility is known to be mediated by corticostriatal systems and to involve several major neurotransmitter signaling pathways. The current study investigated the effects of inactivation of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate-(NMDA) receptor signaling in the dorsal striatum on behavioral flexibility in mice. NMDA-receptor inactivation was achieved by virus-mediated inactivation of the Grin1 gene, which encodes the essential NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors. To assess behavioral flexibility, we used a water U-maze paradigm in which mice had to shift from an initially acquired rule to a new rule (strategy shifting) or had to reverse an initially learned rule (reversal learning). Inactivation of NMDA-receptors in all neurons of the dorsal striatum did not affect learning of the initial rule or reversal learning, but impaired shifting from one strategy to another. Strategy shifting was also compromised when NMDA-receptors were inactivated only in dynorphin-expressing neurons in the dorsal striatum, which represent the direct pathway. These data suggest that NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum contributes to strategy shifting and that striatal projection neurons of the direct pathway are particularly relevant for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Darvas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States.
| | - R D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
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185
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Xu L. Leptin action in the midbrain: From reward to stress. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:256-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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186
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Tracking functional brain changes in patients with depression under psychodynamic psychotherapy using individualized stimuli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109037. [PMID: 25275317 PMCID: PMC4183537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neurobiological models of depression posit limbic hyperactivity that should normalize after successful treatment. For psychotherapy, though, brain changes in patients with depression show substantial variability. Two critical issues in relevant studies concern the use of unspecific stimulation experiments and relatively short treatment protocols. Therefore changes in brain reactions to individualized stimuli were studied in patients with depression after eight months of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Methods 18 unmedicated patients with recurrent major depressive disorder were confronted with individualized and clinically derived content in a functional MRI experiment before (T1) and after eight months (T2) of psychodynamic therapy. A control group of 17 healthy subjects was also tested twice without intervention. The experimental stimuli were sentences describing each participant's dysfunctional interpersonal relationship patterns derived from clinical interviews based on Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD). Results At T1 patients showed enhanced activation compared to controls in several limbic and subcortical regions, including amygdala and basal ganglia, when confronted with OPD sentences. At T2 the differences in brain activity between patients and controls were no longer apparent. Concurrently, patients had improved significantly in depression scores. Conclusions Using ecologically valid stimuli, this study supports the model of limbic hyperactivity in depression that normalizes after treatment. Without a control group of untreated patients measured twice, though, changes in patients' brain activity could also be attributed to other factors than psychodynamic therapy.
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187
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Herrold AA, Kletzel SL, Harton BC, Chambers RA, Jordan N, Pape TLB. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: potential treatment for co-occurring alcohol, traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorders. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1712-30. [PMID: 25422632 PMCID: PMC4238159 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.143408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD), mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co-occur (AUD + mTBI + PTSD). These conditions have overlapping symptoms which are, in part, reflective of overlapping neuropathology. These conditions become problematic because their co-occurrence can exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, treatments must be developed that are inclusive to all three conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is non-invasive and may be an ideal treatment for co-occurring AUD + mTBI + PTSD. There is accumulating evidence on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, mTBI, and PTSD each alone. However, there are no published studies to date on rTMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD + mTBI + PTSD. This review article advances the knowledge base for rTMS as a treatment for AUD + mTBI + PTSD. This review provides background information about these co-occurring conditions as well as rTMS. The existing literature on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, TBI, and PTSD each alone is reviewed. Finally, neurobiological findings in support of a theoretical model are discussed to inform TMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD + mTBI + PTSD. The peer-reviewed literature was identified by targeted literature searches using PubMed and supplemented by cross-referencing the bibliographies of relevant review articles. The existing evidence on rTMS as a treatment for these conditions in isolation, coupled with the overlapping neuropathology and symptomology of these conditions, suggests that rTMS may be well suited for the treatment of these conditions together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Herrold
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Research Service PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA
- The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 East Ontario, #7-200, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra L. Kletzel
- The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA
| | - Brett C. Harton
- Chicago Association for Research and Education in Science, Hines, IL, USA
| | - R. Andrew Chambers
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15 Street, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Neil Jordan
- The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 East Ontario, #7-200, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theresa Louise-Bender Pape
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Research Service PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA
- The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Office of Medical Educ. (1574), 345 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL, USA
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188
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Perry CJ, Zbukvic I, Kim JH, Lawrence AJ. Role of cues and contexts on drug-seeking behaviour. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4636-72. [PMID: 24749941 PMCID: PMC4209936 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are powerful mediators of craving and relapse in substance-abuse disorders. This review examined how animal models have been used to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which cues are able to affect drug-seeking behaviour. We address how animal models can describe the way drug-associated cues come to facilitate the development and persistence of drug taking, as well as how these cues are critical to the tendency to relapse that characterizes substance-abuse disorders. Drug-associated cues acquire properties of conditioned reinforcement, incentive motivation and discriminative control, which allow them to influence drug-seeking behaviour. Using these models, researchers have been able to investigate the pharmacology subserving the behavioural impact of environmental stimuli, some of which we highlight. Subsequently, we examine whether the impact of drug-associated stimuli can be attenuated via a process of extinction, and how this question is addressed in the laboratory. We discuss how preclinical research has been translated into behavioural therapies targeting substance abuse, as well as highlight potential developments to therapies that might produce more enduring changes in behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Perry
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Isabel Zbukvic
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
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189
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Niimi K, Takahashi E. Characterization of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) as an animal model for brain research. Exp Anim 2014; 63:1-9. [PMID: 24521858 PMCID: PMC4160935 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) was developed by selective breeding of the AKR/J
strain, based on a graded score for senescence, which led to the development of both
senescence-accelerated prone (SAMP), and senescence-accelerated resistant (SAMR) strains.
Among the SAMP strains, SAMP6 is well characterized as a model of senile osteoporosis, but
its brain and neuronal functions have not been well studied. We therefore decided to
characterize the central nervous system of SAMP6, in combination with different behavioral
tests and analysis of its biochemical and pharmacological properties. Multiple behavioral
tests revealed higher motor activity, reduced anxiety, anti-depressant activity, motor
coordination deficits, and enhanced learning and memory in SAMP6 compared with SAMR1.
Biochemical and pharmacological analyses revealed several alterations in the dopamine and
serotonin systems, and in long-term potentiation (LTP)-related molecules. In this review,
we discuss the possibility of using SAMP6 as a model of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Niimi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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190
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Dehkordi O, Rose JE, Asadi S, Manaye KF, Millis RM, Jayam-Trouth A. Neuroanatomical circuitry mediating the sensory impact of nicotine in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:230-43. [PMID: 25223294 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Direct actions of nicotine in the CNS appear to be essential for its reinforcing properties. However, activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on afferent sensory nerve fibers is an important component of addiction to, and withdrawal from, cigarette smoking. The aim of the present study was to identify the neuroanatomical substrates activated by the peripheral actions of nicotine and to determine whether these sites overlap brain structures stimulated by direct actions of nicotine. Mouse brains were examined by immunohistochemistry for c-Fos protein after intraperitoneal injection of either nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt (NIC; 30 and 40 μg/kg) or nicotine pyrrolidine methiodide (NIC-PM; 20 and 30 μg/kg). NIC-PM induced c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR) at multiple brain sites. In the brainstem, c-Fos IR was detected in the locus coeruleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and pedunculotegmental nucleus. In the midbrain, c-Fos IR was observed in areas overlapping the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which includes the paranigral nucleus, parainterfascicular nucleus, parabrachial pigmental area, and rostral VTA. Other structures of the nicotine brain-reward circuitry activated by NIC-PM included the hypothalamus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, hippocampus, amygdala, accumbens nucleus, piriform cortex, angular insular cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, lateral septal nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and medial and lateral orbital cortex. NIC, acting through central and peripheral nAChRs, produced c-Fos IR in areas that overlapped NIC-PM-induced c-Fos-expressing sites. These neuroanatomical data are the first to demonstrate that the CNS structures that are the direct targets of nicotine are also anatomical substrates for the peripheral sensory impact of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozra Dehkordi
- Department of Neurology, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
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191
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Macúchová E, Nohejlová-Deykun K, Slamberová R. Effect of methamphetamine on cognitive functions of adult female rats prenatally exposed to the same drug. Physiol Res 2014; 62:S89-98. [PMID: 24329708 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure and application of the same drug in adulthood on cognitive functions of adult female rats. Animals were prenatally exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline (control group). The cognitive function was tested as ability of spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Each day of the experiment animals received an injection of MA (1 mg/kg) or saline. Our results demonstrated that prenatal MA exposure did not affect the latency to reach the hidden platform or the distance traveled during the Place Navigation Test; however, the speed of swimming was increased in prenatally MA-exposed rats compared to controls regardless of the treatment in adulthood. MA treatment in adulthood increased the latency and distance when compared to controls regardless of the prenatal exposure. Neither prenatal exposure, nor treatment in adulthood affected memory retrieval. As far as the estrous cycle is concerned, our results showed that prenatally MA-exposed females in proestrus/estrus swam faster than females in diestrus. This effect of estrous cycle was not apparent in control females. In conclusion, our results indicate that postnatal, but not prenatal exposure to MA affects learning of adult female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Macúchová
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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192
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von Trotha JW, Vernier P, Bally-Cuif L. Emotions and motivated behavior converge on an amygdala-like structure in the zebrafish. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3302-15. [PMID: 25145867 PMCID: PMC4278443 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The brain reward circuitry plays a key role in emotional and motivational behaviors, and its dysfunction underlies neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction. Here, we characterized the neuronal activity pattern induced by acute amphetamine administration and during drug-seeking behavior in the zebrafish, and demonstrate the existence of conserved underlying brain circuitry. Combining quantitative analyses of cfos expression with neuronal subtype-specific markers at single-cell resolution, we show that acute d-amphetamine administration leads to both increased neuronal activation and the recruitment of neurons in the medial (Dm) and the lateral (Dl) domains of the adult zebrafish pallium, which contain homologous structures to the mammalian amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. Calbindin-positive and glutamatergic neurons are recruited in Dm, and glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons in Dl. The drug-activated neurons in Dm and Dl are born at juvenile stage rather than in the embryo or during adulthood. Furthermore, the same territory in Dm is activated during both drug-seeking approach and light avoidance behavior, while these behaviors do not elicit activation in Dl. These data identify the pallial territories involved in acute psychostimulant response and reward formation in the adult zebrafish. They further suggest an evolutionarily conserved function of amygdala-like structures in positive emotions and motivated behavior in zebrafish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob William von Trotha
- Institute of Neurobiology A. Fessard, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Development, CNRS UPR3294, Team Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Avenue de la Terrasse, bldg 5, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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193
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Krawczyk M, deBacker J, Mason X, Jones AA, Dumont EC. Dopamine decreases NMDA currents in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of cocaine self-administering rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:83-8. [PMID: 24472317 PMCID: PMC4011798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) contribute in the neural processes underlying drug-driven behaviors. DA is a potent modulator of NMDAR, but few studies have investigated the functional interaction between DA and NMDAR in the context of substance abuse. We combined the rat model of cocaine self-administration with brain slice electrophysiology to study DA modulation of NMDA currents in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (ovBNST), a dense DA terminal field involved in maintenance of cocaine self-administration amongst other drug related behaviors. Long-Evans rats self-administered intravenous cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/injection) on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement for 15 days and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were done on the 16th day. DA reduced NMDA currents in brain-slices from cocaine self-administering rats, but not in those of drug-naïve and sucrose self-administering, or when cocaine exposure was passive (yoked), revealing a mechanism unique to voluntary cocaine intake. DA reduced NMDA currents by activating G-protein-coupled D1- and D2-like receptors that converged on phospholipase C and protein phosphatases. Accordingly, our study reveals a mechanism that may contribute to dysfunctional synaptic plasticity associated with drug-driven behaviors during acute withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Krawczyk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Julian deBacker
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xenos Mason
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Andrea A Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eric C Dumont
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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194
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Effect of fendiline on the maintenance and expression of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2019-29. [PMID: 24264565 PMCID: PMC3988275 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fendiline is a GABAB receptor-positive allosteric modulator and L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker that is safe for human use. Based on these pharmacological properties, fendiline may be useful to disrupt associative memories that can drive relapse to drug use in drug-addicted individuals OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated the potential of fendiline to inhibit the maintenance and expression of learned associations between methamphetamine (meth) and an environmental context using conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, to model for the associative learning that occurs during drug abuse by humans METHODS Following meth conditioning (1 mg/kg), fendiline (5 mg/kg) was administered at various post-conditioning times to ascertain if there was a temporal window during which fendiline would be effective. RESULTS Two once-daily injections of fendiline did not influence the maintenance of CPP regardless of the post-conditioning treatment time while 10 once-daily fendiline treatments inhibited CPP maintenance (p < 0.05). Fendiline administered immediately prior to the CPP test inhibited expression of meth-induced CPP in rats with a fendiline treatment history of 10 once-daily injections (p < 0.05) or those that received two injections that corresponded to the last 2 days of the 10-day treatment (p < 0.05). Fendiline did not produce preference or aversion on its own, nor did it alter motivated motor behavior. CONCLUSION Maintenance and expression of meth CPP is mitigated by repeated fendiline treatments when administered during the days that precede CPP testing. Reduction in the significance of meth-associated cues can reduce relapse; therefore, fendiline may be of value for addiction therapy in abstinent, meth-addicted humans.
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195
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Macúchová E, Nohejlová K, Slamberová R. Gender differences in the effect of adult amphetamine on cognitive functions of rats prenatally exposed to methamphetamine. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:8-17. [PMID: 24786327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants have been shown to affect brain regions involved in the process of learning and memory consolidation. It has been shown that females are more sensitive to the effects of drugs than males. The aim of our study was to investigate how prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure and application of amphetamine (AMP) in adulthood would affect spatial learning of adult female and male rats. Mothers of the tested offspring were exposed to injections of MA (5mg/kg) or saline (SA) throughout the entire gestation period. Cognitive functions of adult rats were evaluated in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. Adult offspring were injected daily with AMP (5mg/kg) or SA through the period of MWM testing. Our data from the MWM tests demonstrates the following. Prenatal MA exposure did not change the learning ability of adult male and female rats. However, AMP administration to adult animals affected cognitive function in terms of exacerbation of spatial learning (increasing the latency to reach the hidden platform, the distance traveled and the search error) only in female subjects. There were sex differences in the speed of swimming. Prenatal MA exposure and adult AMP treatment increased the speed of swimming in female groups greater than in males. Overall, the male subjects showed a better learning ability than females. Thus, our results indicate that the adult AMP treatment affects the cognitive function and behavior of rats in a sex-specific manner, regardless of prenatal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Macúchová
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Nohejlová
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Slamberová
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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196
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Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of cellular identity and function is at least partly achieved through changes in covalent modifications on DNA and histones. Much progress has been made in recent years to understand how these covalent modifications affect cell identity and function. Despite the advances, whether and how epigenetic factors contribute to memory formation is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss recent progress in elucidating epigenetic mechanisms of learning and memory, primarily at the DNA level, and look ahead to discuss their potential implications in reward memory and development of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Tuesta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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197
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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198
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Zamora-Martinez ER, Edwards S. Neuronal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity as marker and mediator of alcohol and opioid dependence. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:24. [PMID: 24653683 PMCID: PMC3949304 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early pioneering work in the field of biochemistry identified phosphorylation as a crucial post-translational modification of proteins with the ability to both indicate and arbitrate complex physiological processes. More recent investigations have functionally linked phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to a variety of neurophysiological mechanisms ranging from acute neurotransmitter action to long-term gene expression. ERK phosphorylation serves as an intracellular bridging mechanism that facilitates neuronal communication and plasticity. Drugs of abuse, including alcohol and opioids, act as artificial yet powerful rewards that impinge upon natural reinforcement processes critical for survival. The graded progression from initial exposure to addiction (or substance dependence) is believed to result from drug- and drug context-induced adaptations in neuronal signaling processes across brain reward and stress circuits following excessive drug use. In this regard, commonly abused drugs as well as drug-associated experiences are capable of modifying the phosphorylation of ERK within central reinforcement systems. In addition, chronic drug and alcohol exposure may drive ERK-regulated epigenetic and structural alterations that underlie a long-term propensity for escalating drug use. Under the influence of such a neurobiological vulnerability, encountering drug-associated cues and contexts can produce subsequent alterations in ERK signaling that drive relapse to drug and alcohol seeking. Current studies are determining precisely which molecular and regional ERK phosphorylation-associated events contribute to the addiction process, as well as which neuroadaptations need to be targeted in order to return dependent individuals to a healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Zamora-Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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199
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Howell KK, Monk BR, Carmack SA, Mrowczynski OD, Clark RE, Anagnostaras SG. Inhibition of PKC disrupts addiction-related memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:70. [PMID: 24639635 PMCID: PMC3945752 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The atypical PKC isoforms, PKMζ and PKCλ have been proposed as integral substrates of long-term memory (LTM). Inhibition of these isoforms has recently been demonstrated to be sufficient for impairing the expression and maintenance of long-term potentiation. Additionally, the pseudosubstrate inhibitor, zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP), which effectively blocks PKMζ and PKCλ, has previously been shown to disrupt associative memory; very little is known about its effects on pathological nonassociative forms of memory related to addiction. The neural and molecular substrates of memory and addiction have recently been argued to overlap. Here, we used ZIP to disrupt PKMζ and PKCλ activity to examine their role in cocaine sensitization, a nonassociative, addiction-related memory argued to underlie the transition from casual to pathological drug use. We examined the effects of both continuous and acute administration of ZIP. Even a single application of ZIP blocked the development of sensitization; sustained inhibition using osmotic pumps produced an almost complete blockade of sensitization. Further, a single application of ZIP was shown to reduce membrane-bound AMPAR expression. These results demonstrate a novel, critical role for the atypical PKC isoforms in nonassociative memory and cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Howell
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bradley R Monk
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Carmack
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oliver D Mrowczynski
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Diego, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephan G Anagnostaras
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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200
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Matteliano D, St Marie BJ, Oliver J, Coggins C. Adherence monitoring with chronic opioid therapy for persistent pain: a biopsychosocial-spiritual approach to mitigate risk. Pain Manag Nurs 2014; 15:391-405. [PMID: 24602442 PMCID: PMC3950820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Opioids represent a mainstay in the pharmacologic management of persistent pain. Although these drugs are intended to support improved comfort and function, the inherent risk of abuse or addiction must be considered in the delivery of care. The experience of living with persistent pain often includes depression, fear, loss, and anxiety, leading to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and spiritual crisis. Collectively, these factors represent an increased risk for all patients, particularly those with a history of substance abuse or addiction. This companion article to the American Society for Pain Management Nursing "Position Statement on Pain Management in Patients with Substance Use Disorders" (2012) focuses on the intersection of persistent pain, substance use disorder (SUD), and chronic opioid therapy and the clinical implications of monitoring adherence with safe use of opioids for those with persistent pain. This paper presents an approach to the comprehensive assessment of persons with persistent pain when receiving opioid therapy by presenting an expansion of the biopsychosocial model to include spiritual factors associated with pain and SUD, thus formulating a biopsychosocial-spiritual approach to mitigate risk. Key principles are provided for adherence monitoring using the biopsychosocial-spiritual assessment model developed by the authors as a means of promoting sensitive and respectful care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Matteliano
- School of Nursing, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York; Pain Management and Rehabilitation Center, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Barbara J St Marie
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Fairview Ridges Hospital, Burnsville, MN
| | - June Oliver
- Swedish Covenant Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Candace Coggins
- Hospice Care of the Low Country, Coastal Pain and Spine Center, Bluffton, South Carolina
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