151
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Sakr H, Cruise M, Chahal P, Cotta C, Cook J, Chalikonda S, Rosenblatt S, Hamadeh F, Al-Nourhji O, Sturgis CD. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive large B-cell lymphoma: Literature review and report of an endoscopic fine needle aspiration case with tigroid backgrounds mimicking seminoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 45:148-155. [PMID: 27686567 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma (ALK+ LBCL) is a rare distinct type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that arises in association with alterations of the ALK gene. This distinct disease entity is typically associated with an aggressive clinical course and appears in light microscopic preparations as a monomorphic population of large, immunoblast-like cells. In this report, we describe a case of ALK+ LBCL diagnosed by transgastric endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS FNA) of splenic hilar lymph nodes. Modified Giemsa stained direct smears from the FNA sample demonstrated large lesional cells with foamy cytoplasm and macronucleoli admixed with small lymphocytes in tigroid backgrounds, mimicking the cytologic appearance of seminoma. Ancillary immunohistochemical studies subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of ALK+ LBCL with the lesional cells being immunoreactive for CD138, VS38c, MUM1, ALK1, and lambda light chain. The cohesiveness of the cells, the cellular morphology, and the tigroid backgrounds were all pitfalls for accurate diagnosis of this rare specific type of lymphoid malignancy by cytology. To our knowledge this is the first case report detailing the diagnosis of ALK+ LBCL by EUS FNA and the first report describing a glycogen-rich tigroid background in direct FNA smears. Establishing a refined diagnosis in cases of this rare form of LBCL is necessary, as therapies targeting ALK may be of value in clinical management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:148-155. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Sakr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael Cruise
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Prabhleen Chahal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudiu Cotta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James Cook
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Fatima Hamadeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Omar Al-Nourhji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Charles D Sturgis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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152
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You L, Shou J, Deng D, Jiang L, Jing Z, Yao J, Li H, Xie J, Wang Z, Pan Q, Pan H, Huang W, Han W. Crizotinib induces autophagy through inhibition of the STAT3 pathway in multiple lung cancer cell lines. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40268-82. [PMID: 26384345 PMCID: PMC4741894 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved survival pathway in eukaryote and is frequently upregulated in cancer cells after chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Thus induction of autophagy has emerged as a drug resistance mechanism. In this study, we found that crizotinib induced a high level of autophagy in lung cancer cells through inhibition of STAT3. Ectopic expression of wild-type or constitutive activated STAT3 significantly suppressed the effect of crizotinib on autophagy. Interestingly, crizotinib-mediated inhibition of STAT3 is in a step-wise manner. Firstly it inhibited cytoplasmic STAT3, which leads to the phosphorylation of EIF2A, then inhibited nuclear STAT3, which leads to the downregulation of BCL-2. Cell death induced by crizotinib was greatly enhanced after the inhibition of autophagy by the pharmacological inhibitors or shRNAs against Beclin-1. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor HCQ significantly augmented the anti-tumor effect of crizotinib in a mouse xenograft model. In conclusion, crizotinib can induce cytoprotective autophagy by suppression of STAT3 in lung cancer cells. Thus, autophagy inhibition represents a promising approach to improve the efficacy of crizotinib in the treatment of targeted lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun You
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Shou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danchen Deng
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao Jing
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlin Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongsen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanggui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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153
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Sami N, Kumar V, Islam A, Ali S, Ahmad F, Hassan I. Exploring Missense Mutations in Tyrosine Kinases Implicated with Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5085-5106. [PMID: 27544236 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the largest families of evolutionarily related proteins and the third most common protein class of human genome. All the protein kinases share the same structural organization. They are made up of an extracellular domain, transmembrane domain and an intra cellular kinase domain. Missense mutations in these kinases have been studied extensively and correlated with various neurological disorders. Individual mutations in the kinase domain affect the functions of protein. The enhanced or reduced expression of protein leads to hyperactivation or inactivation of the signalling pathways, resulting in neurodegeneration. Here, we present extensive analyses of missense mutations in the tyrosine kinase focussing on the neurodegenerative diseases encompassing structure function relationship. This is envisaged to enhance our understanding about the neurodegeneration and possible therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sami
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sher Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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154
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Izzedine H, El-Fekih RK, Perazella MA. The renal effects of ALK inhibitors. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:643-9. [PMID: 27468827 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase 1 (ALK-1) is a member of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase family. In clinical practice, three small molecule inhibitors of ALK-1 are used, namely crizotinib, ceritinib and alectinib. Several more agents are in active pre-clinical and clinical studies. Crizotinib is approved for the treatment of advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). According to the package insert and published literature, treatment with crizotinib appears to be associated with kidney failure as well as an increased risk for the development and progression of renal cysts. In addition, this agent is associated with development of peripheral edema and rare electrolyte disorders. This review focuses on the adverse renal effects of Crizotinib in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Izzedine
- Department of Nephrology, Monceau Park International Clinic Paris, Paris, France.
| | | | - Mark A Perazella
- Department of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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155
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Seo M, Kim JH, Suk K. Role of the p55-gamma subunit of PI3K in ALK-induced cell migration: RNAi-based selection of cell migration regulators. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:205-210. [PMID: 27322022 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1202385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, unbiased functional genetic selection identified novel cell migration-regulating genes. This RNAi-based functional selection was performed using 63,996 pooled lentiviral shRNAs targeting 21,332 mouse genes. After five rounds of selection using cells with accelerated or impaired migration, shRNAs were retrieved and identified by half-hairpin barcode sequencing using cells with the selected phenotypes. This selection process led to the identification of 29 novel cell migration regulators. One of these candidates, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), was further investigated. Subsequent studies revealed that ALK promoted cell migration through the PI3K-AKT pathway via the p55γ regulatory subunit of PI3K, rather than more commonly used p85 subunit. Western blot and immunohistochemistry studies using mouse brain tissues revealed similar temporal expression patterns of ALK, phospho-p55γ, and phospho-AKT during different stages of development. These data support an important role for the p55γ subunit of PI3K in ALK-induced cell migration during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Seo
- a Department of Agricultural Biology , National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program , Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- b Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program , Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- b Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program , Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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156
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Wheeler SR, Shi C, Holt JA, Vnencak-Jones CL. Mutation profiles of synchronous colorectal cancers from a patient with Lynch syndrome suggest distinct oncogenic pathways. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:E64-71. [PMID: 27284491 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Lynch syndrome often present with multiple synchronous or metachronous colorectal cancers (CRCs). The presence of multiple CRCs with distinct genetic profiles and driver mutations could complicate treatment as each cancer may respond differently to therapy. Studies of sporadic CRCs suggested that synchronous tumors have distinct etiologies, but could not rule out differences in genetic background. The presence of multiple cancers in a patient with a predisposing mutation provides an opportunity to profile synchronous cancers in the same genetic background. Here, we describe the case of a patient with Lynch syndrome that presented with six synchronous CRCs. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and genomic profiling indicated that each lesion had a unique pattern of instability and a distinct profile of affected genes. These findings support the idea that in Lynch syndrome, synchronous CRCs can develop in parallel with distinct mutation profiles and that these differences may inform treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Wheeler
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, 2 Department of Bioinformatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37211, USA
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, 2 Department of Bioinformatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37211, USA
| | - Jonathan A Holt
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, 2 Department of Bioinformatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37211, USA
| | - Cindy L Vnencak-Jones
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, 2 Department of Bioinformatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37211, USA
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157
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Salgia R. Mutation testing for directing upfront targeted therapy and post-progression combination therapy strategies in lung adenocarcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:737-49. [PMID: 27139190 PMCID: PMC4926789 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1181545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Advances in the biology of non-small-cell lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, reveal multiple molecular subtypes driving oncogenesis. Accordingly, individualized targeted therapeutics are based on mutational diagnostics. Areas covered: Advances in strategies and techniques for individualized treatment, particularly of adenocarcinoma, are described through literature review. Approved therapies are established for some molecular subsets, with new driver mutations emerging that represent increasing proportions of patients. Actionable mutations are denovo oncogenic drivers or acquired resistance mediators, and mutational profiling is important for directing therapy. Patients should be monitored for emerging actionable resistance mutations. Liquid biopsy and associated multiplex diagnostics will be important means to monitor patients during treatment. Expert commentary: Outcomes with targeted agents may be improved by integrating mutation screens during treatment to optimize subsequent therapy. In order for this to be translated into impactful patient benefit, appropriate platforms and strategies need to be optimized and then implemented universally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Salgia
- a Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research , City of Hope , Duarte , CA , USA
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158
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Morcos PN, Yu L, Bogman K, Sato M, Katsuki H, Kawashima K, Moore DJ, Whayman M, Nieforth K, Heinig K, Guerini E, Muri D, Martin-Facklam M, Phipps A. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of the ALK inhibitor alectinib: results from an absolute bioavailability and mass balance study in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:217-229. [PMID: 27180975 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1179821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Alectinib is a highly selective, central nervous system-active small molecule anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. 2. The absolute bioavailability, metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of alectinib were studied in a two-period single-sequence crossover study. A 50 μg radiolabelled intravenous microdose of alectinib was co-administered with a single 600 mg oral dose of alectinib in the first period, and a single 600 mg/67 μCi oral dose of radiolabelled alectinib was administered in the second period to six healthy male subjects. 3. The absolute bioavailability of alectinib was moderate at 36.9%. Geometric mean clearance was 34.5 L/h, volume of distribution was 475 L and the hepatic extraction ratio was low (0.14). 4. Near-complete recovery of administered radioactivity was achieved within 168 h post-dose (98.2%) with excretion predominantly in faeces (97.8%) and negligible excretion in urine (0.456%). Alectinib and its major active metabolite, M4, were the main components in plasma, accounting for 76% of total plasma radioactivity. In faeces, 84% of dose was excreted as unchanged alectinib with metabolites M4, M1a/b and M6 contributing to 5.8%, 7.2% and 0.2% of dose, respectively. 5. This novel study design characterised the full absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties in each subject, providing insight into alectinib absorption and disposition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Morcos
- a Roche Innovation Center , New York , NY , United States
| | - Li Yu
- a Roche Innovation Center , New York , NY , United States
| | | | - Mika Sato
- c Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd , Shizuoka , Japan
| | | | | | - David J Moore
- a Roche Innovation Center , New York , NY , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Dieter Muri
- b Roche Innovation Center , Basel , Switzerland
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159
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Roskoski R. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitors including palbociclib as anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:249-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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160
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Tu CH, Lin WH, Peng YH, Hsu T, Wu JS, Chang CY, Lu CT, Lyu PC, Shih C, Jiaang WT, Wu SY. Pyrazolylamine Derivatives Reveal the Conformational Switching between Type I and Type II Binding Modes of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). J Med Chem 2016; 59:3906-19. [PMID: 27031565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Most anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors adopt a type I binding mode, but only limited type II ALK structural studies are available. Herein, we present the structure of ALK in complex with N1-(3-4-[([5-(tert-butyl)-3-isoxazolyl]aminocarbonyl)amino]-3-methylphenyl-1H-5-pyrazolyl)-4-[(4-methylpiperazino)methyl]benzamide (5a), a novel ALK inhibitor adopting a type II binding mode. It revealed binding of 5a resulted in the conformational change and reposition of the activation loop, αC-helix, and juxtamembrane domain, which are all important domains for the autoinhibition mechanism and downstream signal pathway regulation of ALK. A structure-activity relationship study revealed that modifications to the structure of 5a led to significant differences in the ALK potency and altered the protein structure of ALK. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first structural biology study to directly observe how changes in the structure of a small molecule can regulate the switch between the type I and type II binding modes and induce dramatic conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Tu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University , 101, Sect. 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Hsing Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hui Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsu Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jian-Sung Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Tai Lu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Chiang Lyu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University , 101, Sect. 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Weir-Torn Jiaang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Ying Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
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161
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Losanno T, Gridelli C. Safety profiles of first-line therapies for metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15:837-51. [PMID: 27007279 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1170116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer still represents the leading cause of death for cancer. About the 70% of diagnosis are in advanced-stage. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents the 85% of all diagnosed lung cancers and non-squamous histology represents the 40% of all NSCLC. First-line therapies increase survival, control symptoms and improve quality of life, compared with best supportive care. It is crucial to choose a treatment with a low impact on patient's life considering the related toxicities. AREAS COVERED Adverse events (AEs) of first-line therapies for non-squamous NSCLC are here reviewed and discussed, from evidences in clinical trials conducting to drugs approval. EXPERT OPINION For advanced disease, palliation and preserving patients QoL are still the primary goal of treatment. Therefore, differing toxicity profiles are often a deciding factor in first-line and also maintenance setting for non-squamous NSCLC. Special attention is necessary to renal function and drugs' nephrotoxicity. Moreover, it is to consider the specific AEs of drugs classes: hypertension, bleeding, and proteinuria, for anti-VEGF therapy; skin toxicity, diarrhea, interstitial lung disease for TKIs; vision disorders, and hepatotoxicity for ALK-inhibitor. It is important to select patients for a treatment on the basis of their comorbidities and the presence of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Losanno
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University 'Sapienza' , Rome , Italy
| | - Cesare Gridelli
- b Division of Medical Oncology , S.G. Moscati Hospital , Avellino , Italy
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162
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Shin S, Mah S, Hong S, Park H. Discovery of Low Micromolar Dual Inhibitors for Wild Type and L1196M Mutant of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase through Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:802-10. [PMID: 27014917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is involved in a variety of malignant human cancers, the emergence of constitutively active mutants with drug resistance has rendered it difficult to identify the new medicines for ALK-dependent cancers. To find the common inhibitors of the wild type ALK and the most abundant drug-resistant mutant (L1196M), we performed molecular docking-based virtual screening of a large chemical library in parallel for the two target proteins. As a consequence of augmenting the accuracy of the docking simulation by implementing a sophisticated hydration free energy term in the scoring function, 12 common inhibitors are discovered with the inhibitory activities ranging from submicromolar to low micromolar levels. The results of the binding free energy decomposition indicate that the biochemical potency of ALK inhibitors can be optimized by reducing the dehydration cost for binding to the receptor protein as well as by strengthening the interactions with amino acid residues in the ATP-binding site. The newly identified ALK inhibitors are found to have a little higher inhibitory activity for the L1196M mutant than for the wild type due to the strengthening of the hydrogen bond interactions in the ATP-binding site. Of the 12 common inhibitors, 2-(5-methyl-benzooxazol-2-ylamino)-quinazolin-4-ol (3) is anticipated to serve as a new molecular scaffold to optimize the biochemical potency because it exhibits low micromolar inhibitory activity with respect to both the wild type and L1196M mutant in spite of the low molecular weight (292.3 amu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saemina Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology & Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University , 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Shinmee Mah
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) & Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) & Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology & Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University , 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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163
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Zhang P, Dong J, Zhong B, Zhang D, Yuan H, Jin C, Xu X, Li H, Zhou Y, Liang Z, Ji M, Xu T, Song G, Zhang L, Chen G, Meng X, Sun D, Shih J, Zhang R, Hou G, Wang C, Jin Y, Yang Q. Design and synthesis of novel 3-sulfonylpyrazol-4-amino pyrimidines as potent anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1910-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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164
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Cajaiba MM, Jennings LJ, Rohan SM, Perez-Atayde AR, Marino-Enriquez A, Fletcher JA, Geller JI, Leuer KMC, Bridge JA, Perlman EJ. ALK-rearranged renal cell carcinomas in children. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:442-51. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Cajaiba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL
| | - Lawrence J. Jennings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL
| | - Stephen M. Rohan
- Department of Pathology; Colorado Pathology Consultants and Saint Joseph Hospital; Denver CO
| | | | | | - Jonathan A. Fletcher
- Department of Pathology; Brigham Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA
| | - James I. Geller
- Division of Pediatric Oncology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Katrin M. C. Leuer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL
| | - Julia A. Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE
| | - Elizabeth J. Perlman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL
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165
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Lovly CM. Combating acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016:e165-73. [PMID: 25993168 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The prospective identification and therapeutic targeting of oncogenic tyrosine kinases with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TKI therapy frequently induces dramatic clinical responses in molecularly defined cohorts of patients with lung cancer, paving the way for the implementation of precision medicine. Unfortunately, acquired resistance, defined as tumor progression after initial response, seems to be an inevitable consequence of this treatment approach. This brief review will provide an overview of the complex and heterogeneous problem of acquired resistance to TKI therapy in NSCLC, with a focus on EGFR-mutant and ALK-rearranged NSCLC. In vitro models of TKI resistance and analysis of tumor biopsy samples at the time of disease progression have generated breakthroughs in our understanding of the spectrum of mechanisms by which a tumor can thwart TKI therapy and have provided an important rationale for the development of novel approaches to delay or overcome resistance. Numerous ongoing clinical trials implement strategies, including novel, more potent TKIs and rational combinations of targeted therapies, some of which have already proven effective in surmounting therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Lovly
- From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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166
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Duarte AF, Squire JA, Chahud F, Cruz AAV. Lacrimal gland anaplastic kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL-ALK+) with an atypical clinical presentation. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 44:520-2. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Duarte
- Division of Oculoplastic and Orbit, Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Chahud
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Antonio AV Cruz
- Division of Oculoplastic and Orbit, Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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167
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Porrello A, Piergentili RB. Contextualizing the Genes Altered in Bladder Neoplasms in Pediatric andTeen Patients Allows Identifying Two Main Classes of Biological ProcessesInvolved and New Potential Therapeutic Targets. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:33-61. [PMID: 27013923 PMCID: PMC4780474 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666151014222603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on bladder neoplasms in pediatric and teen patients (BNPTP) has described 21 genes, which are variously involved in this disease and are mostly responsible for deregulated cell proliferation. However, due to the limited number of publications on this subject, it is still unclear what type of relationships there are among these genes and which are the chances that, while having different molecular functions, they i) act as downstream effector genes of well-known pro- or anti- proliferative stimuli and/or interplay with biochemical pathways having oncological relevance or ii) are specific and, possibly, early biomarkers of these pathologies. A Gene Ontology (GO)-based analysis showed that these 21 genes are involved in biological processes, which can be split into two main classes: cell regulation-based and differentiation/development-based. In order to understand the involvement/overlapping with main cancer-related pathways, we performed a meta-analysis dependent on the 189 oncogenic signatures of the Molecular Signatures Database (OSMSD) curated by the Broad Institute. We generated a binary matrix with 53 gene signatures having at least one hit; this analysis i) suggests that some genes of the original list show inconsistencies and might need to be experimentally re- assessed or evaluated as biomarkers (in particular, ACTA2) and ii) allows hypothesizing that important (proto)oncogenes (E2F3, ERBB2/HER2, CCND1, WNT1, and YAP1) and (putative) tumor suppressors (BRCA1, RBBP8/CTIP, and RB1-RBL2/p130) may participate in the onset of this disease or worsen the observed phenotype, thus expanding the list of possible molecular targets for the treatment of BNPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Porrello
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina (UNC)-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599 NC, USA
| | - R. b Piergentili
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology at CNR (CNR-IBPM); Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza – Università di Roma, Italy
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168
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Peddi SR, Sivan SK, Manga V. An integrated molecular modeling approach for in silico design of new tetracyclic derivatives as ALK inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:488-504. [PMID: 26758803 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1130057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a promising therapeutic target for treatment of human cancers, is a receptor tyrosine kinase that instigates the activation of several signal transduction pathways. In the present study, in silico methods have been employed in order to explore the structural features and functionalities of a series of tetracyclic derivatives displaying potent inhibitory activity toward ALK. Initially docking was performed using GLIDE 5.6 to probe the bioactive conformation of all the compounds and to understand the binding modes of inhibitors. The docking results revealed that ligand interaction with Met 1199 plays a crucial role in binding of inhibitors to ALK. Further to establish a robust 3D-QSAR model using CoMFA and CoMSIA methods, the whole dataset was divided into three splits. Model obtained from Split 3 showed high accuracy ([Formula: see text] of 0.700 and 0.682, [Formula: see text] of 0.971 and 0.974, [Formula: see text] of 0.673 and 0.811, respectively for CoMFA and CoMSIA). The key structural requirements for enhancing the inhibitory activity were derived from CoMFA and CoMSIA contours in combination with site map analysis. Substituting small electronegative groups at Position 8 by replacing either morpholine or piperidine rings and maintaining hydrophobic character at Position 9 in tetracyclic derivatives can enhance the inhibitory potential. Finally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations in order to investigate the stability of protein ligand interactions and MM/GBSA calculations to compare binding free energies of co-crystal ligand and newly designed molecule N1. Based on the coherence of outcome of various molecular modeling studies, a set of 11 new molecules having potential predicted inhibitory activity were designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikiran Reddy Peddi
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Hyderabad , India and
| | | | - Vijjulatha Manga
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Hyderabad , India and
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169
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Muller IB, De Langen AJ, Honeywell RJ, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. Overcoming crizotinib resistance in ALK-rearranged NSCLC with the second-generation ALK-inhibitor ceritinib. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:147-57. [PMID: 26654422 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1131612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In up to 5% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, the EML4-ALK translocation drives tumor progression. Treatment with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib is more effective than standard chemotherapy. However, resistance to crizotinib occurs after approximately 8 months. Ceritinib is the first second-generation ALK inhibitor approved for treatment of crizotinib-resistant NSCLC. Ceritinib inhibits two of the most common ALK-mutants that confer resistance to crizotinib: L1196 M and G1269A. Cells with ALK expression are more sensitive to ceritinib than crizotinib (IC50 25 nM vs. 150 nM, respectively). Alternative second-generation ALK inhibitors such as Alectinib, Brigatinib and PF-06463922 are currently in development, each affecting different crizotinib-resistant ALK target mutations. Genetic identification of crizotinib-resistant mutants is essential for selecting the optimal treatment strategy in NSCLC patients to overcome resistance and to increase progression-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ittai B Muller
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Adrianus J De Langen
- b Department of Medical Pulmonology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Honeywell
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,c Cancer Pharmacology Lab , AIRC Start-Up Unit, DIPINT , Pisa , Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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170
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Rodriguez-Canales J, Parra-Cuentas E, Wistuba II. Diagnosis and Molecular Classification of Lung Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 170:25-46. [PMID: 27535388 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a complex disease composed of diverse histological and molecular types with clinical relevance. The advent of large-scale molecular profiling has been helpful to identify novel molecular targets that can be applied to the treatment of particular lung cancer patients and has helped to reshape the pathological classification of lung cancer. Novel directions include the immunotherapy revolution, which has opened the door for new opportunities for cancer therapy and is also redefining the classification of multiple tumors, including lung cancer. In the present chapter, we will review the main current basis of the pathological diagnosis and classification of lung cancer incorporating the histopathological and molecular dimensions of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Edwin Parra-Cuentas
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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171
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Chan ELY, Chin CHY, Lui VWY. An update of ALK inhibitors in human clinical trials. Future Oncol 2016; 12:71-81. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogenic ALK is a druggable receptor tyrosine kinase for cancer treatment. Two small molecule inhibitors of ALK, crizotinib and ceritinib, have been recently approved for the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, with marked improvement of progression-free survival of patients. Independent case reports also indicate their potential therapeutic activity in other ALK-rearranged cancers. Numerous single-agent and combination therapy trials are ongoing in lung and many other cancers. Results of these trials are greatly anticipated. Here, we summarize our current understanding of ALK signaling, genomic aberrations in cancer and emerging mechanisms of drug resistance. We will also provide a timely review on all ALK inhibitors and their current status of development in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eason Leong Yin Chan
- Pharmacogenomics & Precision Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Claudia Ho Yi Chin
- Pharmacogenomics & Precision Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- Pharmacogenomics & Precision Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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172
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Reshetnyak AV, Murray PB, Shi X, Mo ES, Mohanty J, Tome F, Bai H, Gunel M, Lax I, Schlessinger J. Augmentor α and β (FAM150) are ligands of the receptor tyrosine kinases ALK and LTK: Hierarchy and specificity of ligand-receptor interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15862-7. [PMID: 26630010 PMCID: PMC4702955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520099112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a class of cell surface receptors that, upon ligand binding, stimulate a variety of critical cellular functions. The orphan receptor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is one of very few RTKs that remain without a firmly established protein ligand. Here we present a novel cytokine, FAM150B, which we propose naming augmentor-α (AUG-α), as a ligand for ALK. AUG-α binds ALK with high affinity and activates ALK in cells with subnanomolar potency. Detailed binding experiments using cells expressing ALK or the related receptor leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK) demonstrate that AUG-α binds and robustly activates both ALK and LTK. We show that the previously established LTK ligand FAM150A (AUG-β) is specific for LTK and only weakly binds to ALK. Furthermore, expression of AUG-α stimulates transformation of NIH/3T3 cells expressing ALK, induces IL-3 independent growth of Ba/F3 cells expressing ALK, and is expressed in neuroblastoma, a cancer partly driven by ALK. These experiments reveal the hierarchy and specificity of two cytokines as ligands for ALK and LTK and set the stage for elucidating their roles in development and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip B Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Xiarong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Elizabeth S Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - Francisco Tome
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hanwen Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Irit Lax
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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173
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Clinical impact of sequential treatment with ALK-TKIs in patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: Results of a multicenter analysis. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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174
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Roskoski R. Classification of small molecule protein kinase inhibitors based upon the structures of their drug-enzyme complexes. Pharmacol Res 2015; 103:26-48. [PMID: 26529477 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because dysregulation and mutations of protein kinases play causal roles in human disease, this family of enzymes has become one of the most important drug targets over the past two decades. The X-ray crystal structures of 21 of the 27 FDA-approved small molecule inhibitors bound to their target protein kinases are depicted in this paper. The structure of the enzyme-bound antagonist complex is used in the classification of these inhibitors. Type I inhibitors bind to the active protein kinase conformation (DFG-Asp in, αC-helix in). Type I½ inhibitors bind to a DFG-Asp in inactive conformation while Type II inhibitors bind to a DFG-Asp out inactive conformation. Type I, I½, and type II inhibitors occupy part of the adenine binding pocket and form hydrogen bonds with the hinge region connecting the small and large lobes of the enzyme. Type III inhibitors bind next to the ATP-binding pocket and type IV inhibitors do not bind to the ATP or peptide substrate binding sites. Type III and IV inhibitors are allosteric in nature. Type V inhibitors bind to two different regions of the protein kinase domain and are therefore bivalent inhibitors. The type I-V inhibitors are reversible. In contrast, type VI inhibitors bind covalently to their target enzyme. Type I, I½, and II inhibitors are divided into A and B subtypes. The type A inhibitors bind in the front cleft, the back cleft, and near the gatekeeper residue, all of which occur within the region separating the small and large lobes of the protein kinase. The type B inhibitors bind in the front cleft and gate area but do not extend into the back cleft. An analysis of the limited available data indicates that type A inhibitors have a long residence time (minutes to hours) while the type B inhibitors have a short residence time (seconds to minutes). The catalytic spine includes residues from the small and large lobes and interacts with the adenine ring of ATP. Nearly all of the approved protein kinase inhibitors occupy the adenine-binding pocket; thus it is not surprising that these inhibitors interact with nearby catalytic spine (CS) residues. Moreover, a significant number of approved drugs also interact with regulatory spine (RS) residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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175
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Megiorni F, McDowell HP, Camero S, Mannarino O, Ceccarelli S, Paiano M, Losty PD, Pizer B, Shukla R, Pizzuti A, Clerico A, Dominici C. Crizotinib-induced antitumour activity in human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells is not solely dependent on ALK and MET inhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:112. [PMID: 26445453 PMCID: PMC4596370 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant soft tissue tumour in children and adolescents. Aberrant expression of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and MET gene has been implicated in the malignant progression of RMS, especially in the alveolar subtype. This observation suggests that crizotinib (PF-02341066), a kinase inhibitor against ALK and MET, may have a therapeutic role in RMS, although its antitumour activity in this malignancy has not yet been studied. Methods RH4 and RH30 alveolar RMS (ARMS) cell lines were treated with crizotinib and then assessed by using proliferation, viability, migration and colony formation assays. Multiple approaches, including flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, western blotting and siRNA-based knock-down, were used in order to investigate possible molecular mechanisms linked to crizotinib activity. Results In vitro treatment with crizotinib inhibited ALK and MET proteins, as well as Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R), with a concomitant robust dephosphorylation of AKT and ERK, two downstream kinases involved in RMS cell proliferation and survival. Exposure to crizotinib impaired cell growth, and accumulation at G2/M phase was attributed to an altered expression and activation of checkpoint regulators, such as Cyclin B1 and Cdc2. Crizotinib was able to induce apoptosis and autophagy in a dose-dependent manner, as shown by caspase-3 activation/PARP proteolytic cleavage down-regulation and by LC3 activation/p62 down-regulation, respectively. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) seemed to contribute to crizotinib effects in RH4 and RH30 cells. Moreover, crizotinib-treated RH4 and RH30 cells exhibited a decreased migratory/invasive capacity and clonogenic potential. Conclusions These results provide a further insight into the molecular mechanisms affected by crizotinib in ARMS cells inferring that it could be a useful therapeutic tool in ARMS cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0228-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Heather P McDowell
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Oncology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Simona Camero
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Olga Mannarino
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Milena Paiano
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paul D Losty
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Academic Paediatric Surgery Unit, University of Liverpool, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Barry Pizer
- Department of Oncology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Rajeev Shukla
- Department of Perinatal and Paediatric Pathology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Clerico
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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177
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Devarakonda S, Ganesh B, Mann J, Govindan R. Crizotinib: an orphan drug for treating non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1086334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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178
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Discovery of 2-arylamino-4-(1-methyl-3-isopropylsulfonyl-4-pyrazol-amino)pyrimidines as potent anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3738-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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179
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Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 2-Anilino-4-(3,5-dicarboxamidespiperidine)-pyrimidines as Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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180
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Yan HH, Jung KH, Son MK, Fang Z, Kim SJ, Ryu YL, Kim J, Kim MH, Hong SS. Crizotinib exhibits antitumor activity by targeting ALK signaling not c-MET in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9150-68. [PMID: 25193856 PMCID: PMC4253425 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crizotinib, a c-MET/ALK inhibitor, has exhibited antitumor efficacy in different types of cancers. However, studies regarding Crizotinib in pancreatic cancer have been limited. Thus, we investigated the effect of Crizotinib on pancreatic cancer and its mechanism of action. Crizotinib strongly suppressed the growth and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, it induced apoptosis by modulating its related factors. In the study, with regard to the mechanism of action, Crizotinib did not inhibit c-MET expression on pancreatic cancer cells; instead, it specifically inhibited the activity of ALK, which was identified to be highly expressed on various pancreatic cancer cells and tissues in our study. In 42 different receptor tyrosine kinase (RTKs) array, Crizotinib also strongly inhibited the expression of activated ALK in pancreatic cancer cells, modulating its downstream mediators such as STAT3, AKT, and ERK. Furthermore, Crizotinib inhibited angiogenesis in a mouse Matrigel plug assay as well as the progression of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Taken together, our investigation shows that Crizotinib inhibits the ALK signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer, resulting in cell growth/angiogenesis inhibition and apoptosis induction. We suggest that Crizotinib might be used as a novel therapeutic drug for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hua Yan
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea; These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea; These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Mi Kwon Son
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenghuan Fang
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Kim
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Lim Ryu
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Yanbian University of Science & Technology, Beishan St., Yanji City, Jilin Prov., 133000, China
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
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Scalia CR, Gendusa R, Basciu M, Riva L, Tusa L, Musarò A, Veronese S, Formenti A, D'Angelo D, Ronzio AG, Cattoretti G, Bolognesi MM. Epitope recognition in the human-pig comparison model on fixed and embedded material. J Histochem Cytochem 2015. [PMID: 26209082 PMCID: PMC4823807 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415597738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conditions and the specificity by which an antibody binds to its target protein in routinely fixed and embedded tissues are unknown. Direct methods, such as staining in a knock-out animal or in vitro peptide scanning of the epitope, are costly and impractical. We aimed to elucidate antibody specificity and binding conditions using tissue staining and public genomic and immunological databases by comparing human and pig—the farmed mammal evolutionarily closest to humans besides apes. We used a database of 146 anti-human antibodies and found that antibodies tolerate partially conserved amino acid substitutions but not changes in target accessibility, as defined by epitope prediction algorithms. Some epitopes are sensitive to fixation and embedding in a species-specific fashion. We also find that half of the antibodies stain porcine tissue epitopes that have 60% to 100% similarity to human tissue at the amino acid sequence level. The reason why the remaining antibodies fail to stain the tissues remains elusive. Because of its similarity with the human, pig tissue offers a convenient tissue for quality control in immunohistochemistry, within and across laboratories, and an interesting model to investigate antibody specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rossella Gendusa
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, LR, LT, AM, GC, MMB)
| | - Maria Basciu
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza Italy (MB, GC)
| | - Lorella Riva
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, LR, LT, AM, GC, MMB)
| | - Lorenza Tusa
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, LR, LT, AM, GC, MMB)
| | - Antonella Musarò
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, LR, LT, AM, GC, MMB)
| | - Silvio Veronese
- Struttura Complessa di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano Italy (SV)
| | - Angelo Formenti
- Servizio di Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento Veterinario, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Monza e Brianza, Desio, Italy (AF, DD)
| | - Donatella D'Angelo
- Servizio di Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento Veterinario, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Monza e Brianza, Desio, Italy (AF, DD)
| | - Angela Gabriella Ronzio
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, Distretto Veterinario 2 Legnano - Castano Primo, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Milano 1, Castano Primo, Italy (AGR)
| | - Giorgio Cattoretti
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, LR, LT, AM, GC, MMB),Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza Italy (MB, GC)
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Microtubule association of EML proteins and the EML4-ALK variant 3 oncoprotein require an N-terminal trimerization domain. Biochem J 2015; 467:529-36. [PMID: 25740311 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the echinoderm microtubule (MT)-associated protein (EMAP)-like (EML) family contribute to formation of the mitotic spindle and interphase MT network. EML1-4 consist of Trp-Asp 40 (WD40) repeats and an N-terminal region containing a putative coiled-coil. Recurrent gene rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) fuse EML4 to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) causing expression of several oncogenic fusion variants. The fusions have constitutive ALK activity due to self-association through the EML4 coiled-coil. We have determined crystal structures of the coiled-coils from EML2 and EML4, which describe the structural basis of both EML self-association and oncogenic EML4-ALK activation. The structures reveal a trimeric oligomerization state directed by a conserved pattern of hydrophobic residues and salt bridges. We show that the trimerization domain (TD) of EML1 is necessary and sufficient for self-association. The TD is also essential for MT binding; however, this property requires an adjacent basic region. These observations prompted us to investigate MT association of EML4-ALK and EML1-ABL1 (Abelson 1) fusions in which variable portions of the EML component are present. Uniquely, EML4-ALK variant 3, which includes the TD and basic region of EML4 but none of the WD40 repeats, was localized to MTs, both when expressed recombinantly and when expressed in a patient-derived NSCLC cell line (H2228). This raises the question of whether the mislocalization of ALK activity to MTs might influence downstream signalling and malignant properties of cells. Furthermore, the structure of EML4 TD may enable the development of protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting the trimerization interface, providing a possible avenue towards therapeutic intervention in EML4-ALK NSCLC.
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Abstract
Ceritinib is an oral anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor developed by Novartis for the treatment of tumours characterised by genetic abnormalities in ALK. ALK is a member of the insulin receptor family of tyrosine kinases that can become oncogenic when fused to other proteins. Ceritinib has been approved in the US under 'Breakthrough Therapy' designation for the second-line treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Regulatory submissions have also been made in the EU and other countries. Phase III development is ongoing worldwide to evaluate ceritinib both as a first- and second-line therapy for ALK-positive NSCLC. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of ceritinib leading to this first approval for the treatment of patients with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC who have progressed on or are intolerant to crizotinib.
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Crescenzo R, Inghirami G. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 23:39-44. [PMID: 26051994 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene is a member of the insulin receptor superfamily and it has been associated with more than twenty distinct chimera, including established drivers of several human cancers. Multiple clinical trials have proven that the pharmacological inhibition of ALK signaling leads to remarkable clinical improvement and improves the quality of life of ALK+ cancer patients. Crizotinib was the first ALKi to achieve approval from the Food and Drug Administration, although additional compounds are now moving into diversified clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Crescenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy; Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Burns MW, Kim ES. Profile of ceritinib in the treatment of ALK+ metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2015; 6:35-42. [PMID: 28210149 PMCID: PMC5217515 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s69114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has become one of the leading causes of death in both men and women in the United States, with approximately 230,000 new cases and 160,000 deaths each year. Approximately 80% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a subset of epithelial lung cancers that are generally insensitive to chemotherapy. An estimated 3%–7% of NSCLC patients harbor tumors containing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement as an oncogenic driver. Subsequent development of the first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib demonstrated substantial initial ALK+-tumor regression, yet ultimately displayed resistance in treated patients. The recently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor ceritinib has been shown to be an effective antitumor agent against crizotinib-naïve and -resistant ALK+-NSCLC patients. In this review, we will provide an overview of biology and management of ALK+-NSCLC with a special focus on clinical development of ceritinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Burns
- Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eric S Kim
- Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Olsen TK, Panagopoulos I, Meling TR, Micci F, Gorunova L, Thorsen J, Due-Tønnessen B, Scheie D, Lund-Iversen M, Krossnes B, Saxhaug C, Heim S, Brandal P. Fusion genes with ALK as recurrent partner in ependymoma-like gliomas: a new brain tumor entity? Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1365-73. [PMID: 25795305 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously characterized 19 ependymal tumors using Giemsa banding and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization. The aim of this study was to analyze these tumors searching for fusion genes. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed in 12 samples. Potential fusion transcripts were assessed by seed count and structural chromosomal aberrations. Transcripts of interest were validated using fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR followed by direct sequencing. RESULTS RNA sequencing identified rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) in 2 samples. Both tumors harbored structural aberrations involving the ALK locus 2p23. Tumor 1 had an unbalanced t(2;14)(p23;q22) translocation which led to the fusion gene KTN1-ALK. Tumor 2 had an interstitial del(2)(p16p23) deletion causing the fusion of CCDC88A and ALK. In both samples, the breakpoint of ALK was located between exons 19 and 20. Both patients were infants and both tumors were supratentorial. The tumors were well demarcated from surrounding tissue and had both ependymal and astrocytic features but were diagnosed and treated as ependymomas. CONCLUSIONS By combining karyotyping and RNA sequencing, we identified the 2 first ever reported ALK rearrangements in CNS tumors. Such rearrangements may represent the hallmark of a new entity of pediatric glioma characterized by both ependymal and astrocytic features. Our findings are of particular importance because crizotinib, a selective ALK inhibitor, has demonstrated effect in patients with lung cancer harboring ALK rearrangements. Thus, ALK emerges as an interesting therapeutic target in patients with ependymal tumors carrying ALK fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thale Kristin Olsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Torstein R Meling
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Ludmila Gorunova
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Jim Thorsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Bernt Due-Tønnessen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - David Scheie
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Marius Lund-Iversen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Bård Krossnes
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Cathrine Saxhaug
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Petter Brandal
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
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Deiana L, Grisanti S, Ferrari V, Tironi A, Brugnoli G, Ferrari L, Bozzola G, Berruti A. Aspergillosis superinfection as a cause of death of crizotinib-induced interstitial lung disease successfully treated with high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Case Rep Oncol 2015; 8:169-73. [PMID: 25873886 PMCID: PMC4395825 DOI: 10.1159/000381209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Crizotinib is an efficacious and well-tolerated drug in the management of ALK-positive lung cancer. Crizotinib treatment, however, is rarely complicated by the occurrence of acute interstitial lung disease (ILD) that is often fatal. There is no treatment for this serious adverse event. We report a female non-small cell lung cancer patient who developed ILD after a few days of crizotinib therapy. She showed a significant improvement after a high dose of pulse corticosteroid therapy, both radiologically and clinically. Unfortunately, the patient subsequently developed an aspergillosis superinfection leading to death. Our experience suggests that high-dose steroid therapy may be efficacious in the management of a severe complication of crizotinib therapy. However, potent antifungal therapy should be considered to prevent the risk of severe aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deiana
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Hospitalier, Montelimar, France
| | - Salvatore Grisanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Tironi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Brugnoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giordano Bozzola
- Pneumology Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, Brescia, Italy
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189
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Alese OB, El-Rayes BF, Sica G, Zhang G, Alexis D, La Rosa FG, Varella-Garcia M, Chen Z, Rossi MR, Adsay NV, Khuri FR, Owonikoko TK. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene alteration in signet ring cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7:56-62. [PMID: 25755678 DOI: 10.1177/1758834014567117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ALK-EML4 translocation is an established driver aberration in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with reported predilection for cases with signet ring histology. We assessed the presence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements in signet ring cancers arising in the stomach and colon. METHODS Histologically confirmed cases of signet ring adenocarcinoma of the stomach or the colon were identified. The presence of the classic ALK and EML4 fusion gene was initially determined by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using two previously validated antibodies, ALK1 clone (1:100; DAKO) and 5A4 (Novocastra, Leica Biosystems) along with positive controls of ALK-translocated lung cancer. RESULTS We employed 42 cases of signet ring carcinoma diagnosed between 2001 and 2011; 25 gastric and 17 colon cancer. Median age 63.3 years; male/female 17/25; race, black 47.5%, white 47.5%, others, 5%; stage I, 21.4%; stage II, 31%; stage III, 26.2%; stage IV, 21.4%. One of 42 cases (2.3%) was positive for ALK translocation by FISH using the standard criteria of at least 15% positive cells for the break-apart signal (50-70 cells enumerated per case). Using a less restrictive cut-off of 10% positive cells, 7 cases (16%) were considered possibly positive. None of the 'possibly positive' cases was found to harbor ALK translocation by another molecular testing approach (IHC). IHC with two previously validated monoclonal antibodies showed 0 of 42 (0%) cases positive. CONCLUSIONS ALK gene rearrangement is very rare in gastrointestinal cancers and enrichment strategy focusing on signet ring cell histology did not significantly improve the detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunji B Alese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriel Sica
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dianne Alexis
- Cancer Tissue and Pathology Shared Resource (CTPSR), Winship Cancer Center of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francisco G La Rosa
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Zhengjia Chen
- Department of Statistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael R Rossi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nazim V Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, NE, Room C3080, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Hu H, Liu Y, Jiang T. Mutation-introduced dimerization of receptor tyrosine kinases: from protein structure aberrations to carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1423-8. [PMID: 25750036 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the greatest challenge to human health in our era. Perturbations of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) function contribute to a large chunk of cancer etiology. Current evidence supports that mutations in RTKs mediate receptor dimerization and result in ligand-independent kinase activity and tumorigenesis, indicating that mutation-introduced receptor dimerization is a critical component of oncogenesis RTK mutations. However, there are no specialized reviews of this important principle. In the current review, we discuss the physiological and harmless RTK function and subsequently examine mutation-introduced dimerization of RTKs and the role of these mutations in tumorigenesis. We also summarize the protein structure characteristics that are important for dimerization and introduce research methods and tools to predict and validate the existence of oncogenic mutations introduced by dimerization in RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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191
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Novel ALK inhibitors in clinical use and development. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:17. [PMID: 25888090 PMCID: PMC4349797 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase 1 (ALK-1) is a member of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase family. ALK-1 was initially found in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). ALK mutations have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other solid tumors. Multiple small molecule inhibitors with activity against ALK and related oncoproteins are under clinical development. Two of them, crizotinib and ceritinib, have been approved by FDA for treatment of locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC. More agents (alectinib, ASP3026, X396) with improved safety, selectivity, and potency are in the pipeline. Dual inhibitors targeting ALK and EGFRm (AP26113), TRK (TSR011), FAK (CEP-37440), or ROS1 (RXDX-101, PF-06463922) are under active clinical development.
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192
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Amano Y, Ishikawa R, Sakatani T, Ichinose J, Sunohara M, Watanabe K, Kage H, Nakajima J, Nagase T, Ohishi N, Takai D. Oncogenic TPM3-ALK activation requires dimerization through the coiled-coil structure of TPM3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:457-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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193
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Song Z, Wang M, Zhang A. Alectinib: a novel second generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor for overcoming clinically-acquired resistance. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:34-7. [PMID: 26579422 PMCID: PMC4629211 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of inhibitors for the tyrosine anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has advanced rapidly, driven by biology and medicinal chemistry. The first generation ALK inhibitor crizotinib was granted US FDA approval with only four years of preclinical and clinical testing. Although this drug offers significant clinical benefit to the ALK-positive patients, resistance has been developed through a variety of mechanisms. In addition to ceritinib, alectinib is another second-generation ALK inhibitor launched in 2014 in Japan. This drug has a unique chemical structure bearing a 5H-benzo[b]carbazol-11(6H)-one structural scaffold with an IC50 value of 1.9 nmol/L, and is highly potent against ALK bearing the gatekeeper mutation L1196M with an IC50 of 1.56 nmol/L. In the clinic, alectinib is highly efficacious in treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and retains potency to combat crizotinib-resistant ALK mutations L1196M, F1174L, R1275Q and C1156Y.
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194
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Xia G, Chen W, Zhang J, Shao J, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zhang L, Qi W, Sun X, Li B, Xiang Z, Ma C, Xu J, Deng H, Li Y, Li P, Miao H, Han J, Liu Y, Shen J, Yu Y. A chemical tuned strategy to develop novel irreversible EGFR-TK inhibitors with improved safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9889-900. [PMID: 25409491 DOI: 10.1021/jm5014659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gatekeeper T790 M mutation in EGFR is the most prevalent factor underlying acquired resistance. Acrylamide-bearing quinazoline derivatives are powerful irreversible inhibitors for overcoming resistance. Nevertheless, concerns about the risk of nonspecific covalent modification have motivated the development of novel cysteine-targeting inhibitors. In this paper, we demonstrate that fluoro-substituted olefins can be tuned to alter Michael addition reactivity. Incorporation of these olefins into the quinazoline templates produced potent EGFR inhibitors with improved safety and pharmacokinetic properties. A lead compound 5a was validated against EGFR(WT), EGFR(T790M) as well as A431 and H1975 cancer cell lines. Additionally, compound 5a displayed a weaker inhibition against the EGFR-independent cancer cell line SW620 when compared with afatinib. Oral administration of 5a at a dose of 30 mg/kg induced tumor regression in a murine-EGFR(L858R/T790M) driven H1975 xenograft model. Also, 5a exhibited improved oral bioavailability and safety as well as favorable tissue distribution properties and enhanced brain uptake. These findings provide the basis of a promising strategy toward the treatment of NSCLC patients with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Xia
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road Zijin Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
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195
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Ceccon M, Mologni L, Giudici G, Piazza R, Pirola A, Fontana D, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Treatment Efficacy and Resistance Mechanisms Using the Second-Generation ALK Inhibitor AP26113 in Human NPM-ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:775-83. [PMID: 25421750 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ALK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in a broad range of solid and hematologic tumors. Among 70% to 80% of ALK(+) anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are caused by the aberrant oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK. Crizotinib was the first clinically relevant ALK inhibitor, now approved for the treatment of late-stage and metastatic cases of lung cancer. However, patients frequently develop drug resistance to Crizotinib, mainly due to the appearance of point mutations located in the ALK kinase domain. Fortunately, other inhibitors are available and in clinical trial, suggesting the potential for second-line therapies to overcome Crizotinib resistance. This study focuses on the ongoing phase I/II trial small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) AP26113, by Ariad Pharmaceuticals, which targets both ALK and EGFR. Two NPM-ALK(+) human cell lines, KARPAS-299 and SUP-M2, were grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of AP26113, and eight lines were selected that demonstrated resistance. All lines show IC50 values higher (130 to 1,000-fold) than the parental line. Mechanistically, KARPAS-299 populations resistant to AP26113 show NPM-ALK overexpression, whereas SUP-M2-resistant cells harbor several point mutations spanning the entire ALK kinase domain. In particular, amino acid substitutions: L1196M, S1206C, the double F1174V+L1198F and L1122V+L1196M mutations were identified. The knowledge of the possible appearance of new clinically relevant mechanisms of drug resistance is a useful tool for the management of new TKI-resistant cases. IMPLICATIONS This work defines reliable ALCL model systems of AP26113 resistance and provides a valuable tool in the management of all cases of relapse upon NPM-ALK-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ceccon
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - L Mologni
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - G Giudici
- Tettamanti Research Centre, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - R Piazza
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - A Pirola
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - D Fontana
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - C Gambacorti-Passerini
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. Section of Haematology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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196
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Cui W, Parker LL. A time-resolved luminescence biosensor assay for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:362-5. [PMID: 25406835 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07453j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel time-resolved luminescence biosensor assay for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) was developed. We used a straightforward strategy to modify a known ALK substrate into a peptide biosensor that can accommodate terbium luminescence sensitization upon its phosphorylation by ALK. Since this strategy is generalizable, this high-throughput screening compatible assay serves as an example for development of other kinase assays that employ terbium luminescence as a read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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197
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Seo M, Lee S, Kim JH, Lee WH, Hu G, Elledge SJ, Suk K. RNAi-based functional selection identifies novel cell migration determinants dependent on PI3K and AKT pathways. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5217. [PMID: 25347953 PMCID: PMC6581447 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated genetic screening is a powerful tool for identifying loss-of-function phenotype in mammalian cells. Here, we report the identification of 91 cell migration-regulating genes using unbiased genome-wide functional genetic selection. Individual knockdown or cDNA overexpression of a set of 10 candidates reveals that most of these cell migration determinants are strongly dependent on the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway and on their downstream signals, such as FOXO1 and p70S6K1. ALK, one of the cell migration promoting genes, uniquely uses p55γ regulatory subunit of PI3K, rather than more common p85 subunit, to trigger the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Our method enables the rapid and cost-effective genome-wide selection of cell migration regulators. Our results emphasize the importance of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway as a point of convergence for multiple regulators of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Seo
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea [2] College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea [2] Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health and Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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198
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Abstract
Protein kinases are dynamically regulated signaling proteins that act as switches in the cell by phosphorylating target proteins. To establish a framework for analyzing linkages between structure, function, dynamics, and allostery in protein kinases, we carried out multiple microsecond-scale molecular-dynamics simulations of protein kinase A (PKA), an exemplar active kinase. We identified residue-residue correlated motions based on the concept of mutual information and used the Girvan-Newman method to partition PKA into structurally contiguous "communities." Most of these communities included 40-60 residues and were associated with a particular protein kinase function or a regulatory mechanism, and well-known motifs based on sequence and secondary structure were often split into different communities. The observed community maps were sensitive to the presence of different ligands and provide a new framework for interpreting long-distance allosteric coupling. Communication between different communities was also in agreement with the previously defined architecture of the protein kinase core based on the "hydrophobic spine" network. This finding gives us confidence in suggesting that community analyses can be used for other protein kinases and will provide an efficient tool for structural biologists. The communities also allow us to think about allosteric consequences of mutations that are linked to disease.
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199
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: catalytic receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1676-705. [PMID: 24528241 PMCID: PMC3892291 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Catalytic receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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200
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Onoda T, Kanno M, Sato H, Takahashi N, Izumino H, Ohta H, Emura T, Katoh H, Ohizumi H, Ohtake H, Asao H, Dehner LP, Hill AD, Hayasaka K, Mitsui T. Identification of novel ALK rearrangement A2M-ALK in a neonate with fetal lung interstitial tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:865-74. [PMID: 24965693 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal lung interstitial tumor (FLIT) is a recently reported type of congenital lung lesion comprising solid and cystic components. The pathological features include unique interstitial mesenchyme-based cell proliferation, and differ from other neoplasms represented by pleuropulmonary blastoma or congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor. FLIT is extremely rare and its gene expression profile has not yet been reported. We provide the first report of a novel chromosomal rearrangement resulting in α-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusion in a patient with FLIT. The tumor cells contained a t(2;12)(p23;p13) and were mesenchymal in origin (e.g., inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors), suggesting the involvement of ALK in this case of FLIT. Break apart fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated chromosomal rearrangement at ALK 2p23. Using 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we further identified a novel transcript fusing exon 22 of A2M to exon 19 of ALK, which was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The corresponding chimeric gene was subsequently confirmed by sequencing, including the genomic break point between intron 22 and 18 of A2M and ALK, respectively. Discovery of A2M as a novel ALK fusion partner, together with the involvement of ALK, provides new insights into the pathogenesis of FLIT, and suggests the potential for new therapeutic strategies based on ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Onoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan; Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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