151
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Koc F, Güven YZ, Egrilmez D, Aydın E. Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Bilateral Diabetic Macular Edema Patients with Asymmetric anti-VEGF Response. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:444-451. [PMID: 33780313 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1907423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to identify optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers for predicting response to anti-VEGF treatment in diabetic macular edema (DME)Methods: Bilateral DME patients with asymmetric response to a loading dose of anti-VEGF (ranibizumab/aflibercept) treatment were retrospectively studied. The morphologic response criterion was central subfield thickness (CST) ≤300 µm; asymmetric response was defined as ≥10% difference in CST reduction between the eyes. The functional response criterion was an increase in logMAR acuity of ≥3 lines, with an increase below this threshold in the fellow eye considered asymmetric response. Relationships between final morphologic and functional responses to anti-VEGF therapy and baseline values of the following OCT-derived biomarkers were evaluated: DME subtype, CST, vitreoretinal interface anomalies, disorganization of the inner retinal layers (DRIL), external limiting membrane (ELM) disruption, ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, and subretinal fluid (SRF).Results: After a loading dose of anti-VEGF, 31 eyes that met both morphologic and functional response criteria were classified as responders (RR) and 27 eyes that did not respond morphologically or functionally based on the defined criteria were classified as resistant (RT). Eyes that showed only functional (n = 5) or morphological response (n = 1) were excluded due to their small number. The presence of SRF or simple epiretinal membrane (ERM) was not associated with any difference in treatment responses (p > .05), while tractional ERM, extensive DRIL (≥500 µm), and ELM and EZ disruptions in the fovea-centered 1000-µm zone were important OCT biomarkers in predicting resistance (p < .001). A multilayer perceptron model ranked predictive power as 100% for ELM disruption, 51.7% for tractional ERM, 25.4% for DRIL, and 24.5% for EZ disruption.Conclusion: Extensive ELM disruption was the strongest OCT biomarker to predict anti-VEGF resistance, followed by tractional ERM. EZ disruption and DRIL had relatively lower predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feray Koc
- Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ziya Güven
- Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Deniz Egrilmez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ataturk Education and Research HospitalEye Clinic, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Aydın
- Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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152
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García-Bermúdez MY, Freude KK, Mouhammad ZA, van Wijngaarden P, Martin KK, Kolko M. Glial Cells in Glaucoma: Friends, Foes, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Neurol 2021; 12:624983. [PMID: 33796062 PMCID: PMC8007906 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.624983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting ~80 million people by 2020 (1, 2). The condition is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons accompanied by visual field loss. The underlying pathophysiology of glaucoma remains elusive. Glaucoma is recognized as a multifactorial disease, and lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only treatment that has been shown to slow the progression of the condition. However, a significant number of glaucoma patients continue to go blind despite intraocular pressure-lowering treatment (2). Thus, the need for alternative treatment strategies is indisputable. Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells play a significant role in supporting RGC function and that glial dysfunction may contribute to optic nerve disease. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the role of glial cells in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. A particular focus is on the dynamic and essential interactions between glial cells and RGCs and potential therapeutic approaches to glaucoma by targeting glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Department for Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zaynab A Mouhammad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith K Martin
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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153
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Homme RP, Sandhu HS, George AK, Tyagi SC, Singh M. Sustained Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Mitigates Retinal Vasculopathy in Diabetes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:947-964. [PMID: 33640319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of long-term NF-κB inhibition in mitigating retinal vasculopathy in a type 1 diabetic mouse model (Akita, Ins2Akita). Akita and wild-type (C57BL/6J) male mice, 24 to 26 weeks old, were treated with or without a selective inhibitor of NF-κB, 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenyl-propyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (JSH-23), for 4 weeks. Treatment was given when the mice were at least 24 weeks old. Metabolic parameters, key inflammatory mediators, blood-retinal barrier junction molecules, retinal structure, and function were measured. JSH-23 significantly lowered basal glucose levels and intraocular pressure in Akita. It also mitigated vascular remodeling and microaneurysms significantly. Optical coherence tomography of untreated Akita showed thinning of retinal layers; however, treatment with JSH-23 could prevent it. Electroretinogram demonstrated that A- and B-waves in Akita were significantly smaller than in wild type mice, indicating that JSH-23 intervention prevented loss of retinal function. Protein levels and gene expression of key inflammatory mediators, such as NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were decreased after JSH-23 treatment. At the same time, connexin-43 and occludin were maintained. Vision-guided behavior also improved significantly. The results show that reducing inflammation could protect the diabetic retina and its vasculature. Findings appear to have broader implications in treating not only ocular conditions but also other vasculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens P Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Harpal S Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Akash K George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
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154
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Targeted pharmacotherapy against neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in early diabetic retinopathy. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108498. [PMID: 33582150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most frequent complication of diabetes, is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in working-age adults and has traditionally been regarded as a microvascular disease. However, increasing evidence has revealed that synaptic neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and activation of glial cells may represent some of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of DR. Upon diabetes-induced metabolic stress, abnormal glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation drives tau hyperphosphorylation and β-catenin downregulation, leading to mitochondrial impairment and synaptic neurodegeneration prior to RGC apoptosis. Moreover, glial cell activation triggers enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress, which may accelerate the deterioration of diabetic RGCs neurodegeneration. These findings have opened up opportunities for therapies, such as inhibition of GSK-3β, glial cell activation, glutamate excitotoxicity and the use of neuroprotective drugs targeting early neurodegenerative processes in the retina and halting the progression of DR before the manifestation of microvascular abnormalities. Such interventions could potentially remedy early neurodegeneration and help prevent vision loss in people suffering from DR.
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155
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Li M, Yang T, Gao L, Xu H. An inadvertent issue of human retina exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: A safety assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128484. [PMID: 33022499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a group of chemical compounds that present a considerable public health problem due to their pervasiveness and associations with chronic diseases. EDCs can interrupt the endocrine system and interfere with hormone homeostasis, leading to abnormalities in human physiology. Much attention has been focused on the adverse effects EDCs have on the reproductive system, neurogenesis, neuroendocrine system, and thyroid dysfunction. The eye is usually directly exposed to the surrounding environment; however, the influences of EDCs on the eye have received comparatively little attention. Ocular diseases, such as ocular surface diseases and retinal diseases, have been implicated in hormone deficiency or excess. Epidemiologic studies have shown that EDC exposure not only causes ocular surface disorders, such as dry eye, but also associates with visual deficits and retinopathy. EDCs can pass through the human blood-retinal barrier and enter the neural retina, and can then accumulate in the retina. The retina is an embryologic extension of the central nervous system, and is extremely sensitive and vulnerable to EDCs that could be passed across the placenta during critical periods of retinal development. Subtle alterations in the retinal development process usually result in profound immediate, long-term, and delayed effects late in life. This review, based on extensive literature survey, briefly summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of representative manufactured EDCs on retinal toxicity, including retinal structure alterations and dysfunction. We also highlight the potential mechanism of action of EDCs on the retina, and the predictive retinal models of EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cold Environmental Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.
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van Romunde SHM, van der Sommen CM, Martinez Ciriano JP, Vingerling JR, Yzer S. Prevalence and Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Macular Telangiectasia Type 2. Ophthalmol Retina 2021; 5:999-1004. [PMID: 33444807 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel 2). DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS Patients with a diagnosis of MacTel 2 treated at the Rotterdam Eye Hospital or Erasmus Medical Center between 2014 and 2018 were included. METHODS The following information was retrieved from patient files: demographics, history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, presence of DR, and severity of DR, that is, mild, moderate, severe, or proliferative. Presence of diabetic macular edema (DME) was assessed using OCT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Presence and severity of DR. RESULTS Two hundred six eyes of 103 patients were included. At the onset of MacTel 2, the mean age was 61 years (standard deviation [SD], 9.8 years) and 64 (62%) were women. Mean follow-up was 71 months (SD, 60 months). Diabetes mellitus type 2 was present in 50 patients (49%) and hypertension was present in 47 patients (46%). Mild DR was present in 22 eyes (11%), of which 14 eyes (7%) showed signs at baseline and 8 eyes (4%) showed signs at a later time during follow-up. Ten eyes (5%) demonstrated remission of mild DR during follow-up. Both eyes (1%) in 1 patient progressed to moderate DR. Severe DR, proliferative DR, and DME did not occur. CONCLUSIONS Although diabetes mellitus was highly prevalent among MacTel 2 patients, no patients showed severe or proliferative DR or DME. These findings suggest that MacTel 2 could have a protective effect on the progression of DR. We hypothesize that our results may be explained by the role of Müller cells in the development of MacTel 2 and DR, and therefore a link between both diseases warrants additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suzanne Yzer
- Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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157
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O'Carroll SJ, Cook WH, Young D. AAV Targeting of Glial Cell Types in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System and Relevance to Human Gene Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:618020. [PMID: 33505247 PMCID: PMC7829478 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.618020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different glial cell types are found throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), where they have important functions. These cell types are also involved in nervous system pathology, playing roles in neurodegenerative disease and following trauma in the brain and spinal cord (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), nerve degeneration and development of pain in peripheral nerves (Schwann cells, satellite cells), retinal diseases (Müller glia) and gut dysbiosis (enteric glia). These cell type have all been proposed as potential targets for treating these conditions. One approach to target these cell types is the use of gene therapy to modify gene expression. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been shown to be safe and effective in targeting cells in the nervous system and have been used in a number of clinical trials. To date, a number of studies have tested the use of different AAV serotypes and cell-specific promoters to increase glial cell tropism and expression. However, true glial-cell specific targeting for a particular glial cell type remains elusive. This review provides an overview of research into developing glial specific gene therapy and discusses some of the issues that still need to be addressed to make glial cell gene therapy a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J O'Carroll
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William H Cook
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deborah Young
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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158
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Arrigo A, Aragona E, Capone L, Lattanzio R, Zollet P, Bandello F. Foveal Eversion: A Possible Biomarker of Persistent Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmol Ther 2021; 10:115-126. [PMID: 33420954 PMCID: PMC7886958 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-020-00324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to evaluate the impact of foveal eversion on treatment response and persistent diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods The study was designed as interventional and prospective. DME eyes were treated with ranibizumab and/or dexamethasone (DEX) implants, or with fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) implants. FAc-treated eyes were eventually retreated by additional ranibizumab injections. Main outcome measure was the relationship between foveal eversion and both clinical outcome and persistent DME. Results Sixty-eight DME eyes (68 patients) treated by anti-VEGF/DEX and 50 FAc-treated eyes (50 patients) were recruited. The follow-up was 16 ± 3 months. The anti-VEGF/DEX group and FAc-treated group were statistically matched for age, sex, DME duration and previous number of injections (p > 0.05). Both groups experienced statistically significant improvements of both BCVA and central macular thickness (p < 0.01) at the end of the follow-up. Persistent DME was shown by 46% of anti-VEGF/DEX eyes and 42% of FAc-treated eyes. Foveal eversion was found in 50% of anti-VEGF/DEX eyes and in 44% of FAc-treated eyes. Its presence was associated with worse anatomical and visual outcome and higher persistence of DME in both groups (p < 0.01) and with higher retreatment percentages in FAc-treated eyes (p < 0.01). Conclusion Foveal eversion is associated with worse clinical and morphological outcomes in DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Capone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosangela Lattanzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Zollet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
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159
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The innate immune system in diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100940. [PMID: 33429059 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has been rising steadily in the past half-century, along with the burden of its associated complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is currently the most common cause of vision loss in working-age adults in the United States. Historically, DR has been diagnosed and classified clinically based on what is visible by fundoscopy; that is vasculature alterations. However, recent technological advances have confirmed pathology of the neuroretina prior to any detectable vascular changes. These, coupled with molecular studies, and the positive impact of anti-inflammatory therapeutics in DR patients have highlighted the central involvement of the innate immune system. Reminiscent of the systemic impact of diabetes, immune dysregulation has become increasingly identified as a key element of the pathophysiology of DR by interfering with normal homeostatic systems. This review uses the growing body of literature across various model systems to demonstrate the clear involvement of all three pillars of the immune system: immune-competent cells, mediators, and the complement system. It also demonstrates how the relative contribution of each of these requires more extensive analysis, including in human tissues over the continuum of disease progression. Finally, although this review demonstrates how the complex interactions of the immune system pose many more questions than answers, the intimately connected nature of the three pillars of the immune system may also point to possible new targets to reverse or even halt reverse retinopathy.
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160
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Ke Y, Fan X, Hao R, Dong L, Xue M, Tan L, Yang C, Li X, Ren X. Human embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate retinal degeneration by upregulating Oct4 to promote retinal Müller cell retrodifferentiation via HSP90. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:21. [PMID: 33413616 PMCID: PMC7792097 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Retinal degenerative diseases remain the dominant causes of blindness worldwide, and cell replacement is viewed as a promising therapeutic direction. However, the resources of seed cells are hard to obtain. To further explore this therapeutic approach, human embryonic stem extracellular vesicles (hESEVs) were extracted from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to inspect its effect and the possible mechanism on retinal Müller cells and retinal function. Methods hESEVs were extracted by multi-step differential centrifugation, whose morphologies and specific biomarkers (TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81) were observed and measured. After hESEVs were injected into the vitreous cavity of RCS rats, the retinal tissues and retinal functions of rats were assessed. The alteration of Müller cells and retinal progenitor cells was also recorded. Microvesicles (MVs) or exosomes (EXOs) were extracted from hESCs transfected with sh-HSP90 or pcDNA3.1-HSP9, and then incubated with Müller cells to measure the uptake of EVs, MVs, or EXOs in Müller cells by immunofluorescence. The retrodifferentiation of Müller cells was determined by measuring Vimentin and CHX10. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect HSP90 expression in MVs and evaluate Oct4 level in Müller cells, and Co-IP to inspect the interaction of HSP90 and Oct4. Results RCS rats at the postnatal 30 days had increased retinal progenitor cells which were dedifferentiated from Müller cells. hESEVs were successfully extracted from hESCs, evidenced by morphology observation and positive expressions of specific biomarkers (TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81). hESEVs promoted Müller cells dedifferentiated and retrodifferentiated into retinal progenitor cells evidenced by the existence of a large amount of CHX10-positive cells in the retinal inner layer of RCS rats in response to hESEV injection. The promotive role of hESEVs was exerted by MVs demonstrated by elevated fluorescence intensity of CHX10 and suppressed Vimentin fluorescence intensity in MVs rather than in EXOs. HSP90 in MVs inhibited the retrodifferentiation of Müller cells and suppressed the expression level of Oct4 in Müller cells. Co-IP revealed that HSP90 can target Oct4 in Müller cells. Conclusion hESEVs could promote the retrodifferentiation of Müller cells into retinal progenitor cells by regulating the expression of Oct4 in Müller cells by HSP90 mediation in MVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Ke
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoe Fan
- Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, 048000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Hao
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Nankai University Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhang Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3 BZ, UK
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinjun Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
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161
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Mazzeo A, Gai C, Trento M, Porta M, Beltramo E. Effects of thiamine and fenofibrate on high glucose and hypoxia-induced damage in cell models of the inner blood-retinal barrier. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:1423-1433. [PMID: 32656709 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although diabetic retinopathy has long been considered a microvascular complication, retinal neurodegeneration and inflammation may precede its clinical manifestations. Despite all research efforts, the primary treatment options remain laser photocoagulation and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections, both aggressive and targeting the late stages of the disease. Medical treatments addressing the early phases of diabetic retinopathy are therefore needed. We aimed at verifying if thiamine and fenofibrate protect the cells of the inner blood-retinal barrier from the metabolic stress induced by diabetic-like conditions. METHODS Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs), retinal pericytes (HRPs) and Müller cells (MIO-M1) were cultured in intermittent high glucose (intHG) and/or hypoxia, with addition of fenofibrate or thiamine. Modulation of adhesion molecules and angiogenic factors was addressed. RESULTS Integrins β1/αVβ3 and ICAM1 were upregulated in HMECs/HRPs cultured in diabetic-like conditions, as well as metalloproteases MMP2/9 in HRP, with a reduction in their inhibitor TIMP1; MMP2 increased also in HMEC, and TIMP1 decreased in MIO-M1. VEGF and HIF-1α were strongly increased in HMEC in intHG + hypoxia, and VEGF also in HRP. Ang-1/2 augmented in HMEC/MIO-M1, and MCP-1 in HRP/MIO-M1 in intHG + hypoxia. Thiamine was able to normalize all such abnormal modulations, while fenofibrate had effects in few cases only. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that endothelial cells and pericytes are more affected than Müller cells by diabetic-like conditions. Fenofibrate shows a controversial behavior, potentially positive on Müller cells and pericytes, but possibly detrimental to endothelium, while thiamine confirms once more to be an effective agent in reducing diabetes-induced retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Mazzeo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Gai
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marina Trento
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Porta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Beltramo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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Ai X, Yu P, Hou Y, Song X, Luo J, Li N, Lai X, Wang X, Meng X. A review of traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetic retinopathy and involved mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Acrolein: A Potential Mediator of Oxidative Damage in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111579. [PMID: 33233661 PMCID: PMC7699716 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults. Extensive evidences have documented that oxidative stress mediates a critical role in the pathogenesis of DR. Acrolein, a product of polyamines oxidation and lipid peroxidation, has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Acrolein’s harmful effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms, including DNA damage, inflammation, ROS formation, protein adduction, membrane disruption, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent investigations have reported the involvement of acrolein in the pathogenesis of DR. These studies have shown a detrimental effect of acrolein on the retinal neurovascular unit under diabetic conditions. The current review summarizes the existing literature on the sources of acrolein, the impact of acrolein in the generation of oxidative damage in the diabetic retina, and the mechanisms of acrolein action in the pathogenesis of DR. The possible therapeutic interventions such as the use of polyamine oxidase inhibitors, agents with antioxidant properties, and acrolein scavengers to reduce acrolein toxicity are also discussed.
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164
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Nodular Epiretinal Gliosis in the Fovea. Ophthalmol Retina 2020; 5:594-596. [PMID: 33189946 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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165
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Forrester JV, Kuffova L, Delibegovic M. The Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583687. [PMID: 33240272 PMCID: PMC7677305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is central to pathogenic processes in diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome and particularly implicates innate immunity in the development of complications. Inflammation is a primary event in Type 1 diabetes where infectious (viral) and/or autoimmune processes initiate disease; in contrast, chronic inflammation is typical in Type 2 diabetes and is considered a sequel to increasing insulin resistance and disturbed glucose metabolism. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is perceived as a vascular and neurodegenerative disease which occurs after some years of poorly controlled diabetes. However, many of the clinical features of DR are late events and reflect the nature of the retinal architecture and its cellular composition. Retinal microvascular disease is, in fact, an early event pathogenetically, induced by low grade, persistent leukocyte activation which causes repeated episodes of capillary occlusion and, progressive, attritional retinal ischemia. The later, overt clinical signs of DR are a consequence of the retinal ischemia. Metabolic dysregulation involving both lipid and glucose metabolism may lead to leukocyte activation. On a molecular level, we have shown that macrophage-restricted protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key regulator of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome involving insulin resistance and it is possible that PTP1B dysregulation may underlie retinal microvascular disease. We have also shown that adherent CCR5+CD11b+ monocyte macrophages appear to be selectively involved in retinal microvascular occlusion. In this review, we discuss the relationship between early leukocyte activation and the later features of DR, common pathogenetic processes between diabetic microvascular disease and other vascular retinopathies, the mechanisms whereby leukocyte activation is induced in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, the signaling mechanisms involved in diabetic microvascular disease, and possible interventions which may prevent these retinopathies. We also address a possible role for adaptive immunity in DR. Although significant improvements in treatment of DR have been made with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, a sizeable proportion of patients, particularly with sight-threatening macular edema, fail to respond. Alternative therapies targeting inflammatory processes may offer an advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Eye Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mirela Delibegovic
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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166
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Bhatwadekar AD, Rameswara V. Circadian rhythms in diabetic retinopathy: an overview of pathogenesis and investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1431-1442. [PMID: 33107770 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1842872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circadian rhythm is a natural endogenous process occurring roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythm dysfunction is involved in diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. Interestingly, there are investigational drugs that exhibit potential in the treatment of DR by targeting circadian rhythm dysfunction. AREAS COVERED We performed a literature search in June 2020 using PubMed's Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms 'circadian clock,' 'circadian rhythms,' and 'diabetic retinopathy.' This article offers an overview of the physiology of the biological clock and clock regulatory genes and presents an examination of the retinal clock. It discusses the pathogenic mechanisms of DR and emphasizes how circadian rhythm dysfunction at structural, physiological, metabolic and cellular levels, plays a critical role in the development of DR. The latter part of the paper sheds light on those investigational drugs (such as melatonin, tasimelteon and metformin) which exhibit potential in the treatment of DR by the targeting of circadian rhythm dysfunction. EXPERT OPINION An enhanced understanding of circadian rhythm and its role in DR could offer therapeutic potential by targeting of circadian rhythm dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashay D Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Varun Rameswara
- Indiana University School of Medicine. Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN, USA
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167
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Li H, Mei XY, Wang MN, Zhang TY, Zhang Y, Lu B, Sheng YC. Scutellarein alleviates the dysfunction of inner blood-retinal-barrier initiated by hyperglycemia-stimulated microglia cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1538-1545. [PMID: 33078102 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the alleviation of scutellarein (SN) against inner blood-retinal-barrier (iBRB) dysfunction in microglia cells stimulated by hyperglycemia and to elucidate the engaged mechanism. METHODS Microglia BV2 cells were stimulated by using 25 mmol/L D-glucose. The same concentration of mannitol (25 mmol/L) was applied as an isotonic contrast. Real-time PCR, Western-blot assay and immunofluorescence staining assay was performed. The dysfunction of iBRB in vitro was detected by using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay. Additionally, the leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated dextran (70 kDa) was detected. RESULTS SN abrogated microglia BV2 cells activation and reduced the phosphorylated activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2. SN also decreased the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the elevated expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in BV2 cells treated with D-glucose (25 mmol/L). SN attenuated iBRB dysfunction in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) or choroid-retinal endothelial RF/6A cells when those cells were treated with TNFα, IL-1β or IL-6, or co-cultured with microglia cells stimulated by D-glucose. Moreover, SN restored the decreased protein expression of tight junctions (TJs) in TNFα-treated HRECs and RF/6A cells. CONCLUSION SN not only alleviate iBRB dysfunction via directly inhibiting retinal endothelial injury caused by TNFα, IL-1β or IL-6, but also reduce the release of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 from microglia cells by abrogating hyperglycemia-mediated the activation of microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.,Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi-Yu Mei
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meng-Na Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Chen Sheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.,Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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168
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The cells involved in the pathological process of diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110818. [PMID: 33053509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is an expanding global health problem, the exact mechanism of which has not yet been clarified clearly, new insights into retinal physiology indicate that diabetes-induced retinal dysfunction may be viewed as an impairment of the retinal neurovascular unit, including retinal ganglion cells, glial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelium. Different retinal cells have unique structure and functions, while the interactions among which are less known. Cells are the basic unit of organism structure and function, their impairment could lead to abnormal physiological functions and even organ disorder. Considering the body is multi-dimension and the complexity of DR, one point or a single type of cell can't be used to illustrate the mechanism of occurrence and development of DR. In this review, we provided a systematic and comprehensive elaboration of the cells that are involved in the process of DR. We underlined the importance of considering the neurovascular unit, not just retinal vascular and neural cells, in understanding the pathophysiology of DR. Our studies provided a better understanding of the pathological process in DR and provide a theoretical basis for further research.
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169
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Zhai J, Li Z, Zhang H, Ma L, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Zou J, Li M, Ma L, Wang X, Li X. Berberine protects against diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting cell apoptosis via deactivation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4227-4235. [PMID: 33000205 PMCID: PMC7533441 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have reported that diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the major cause of blindness. Berberine (BBR) is a bioactive constituent that displays effects on blood glucose; however, the mechanism underlying the role of BBR during the development of DR is not completely understood. In the present study, a rat model of DR was successfully established. The eye tissues were removed and subsequently assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the TUNEL assay. The catalase, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, glutathione and superoxide dismutase contents of the eye tissues were measured. Müller cells were chosen for further in vitro experiments. Cell apoptosis was examined by Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection and Hoechst staining, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed by JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential detection. BBR decreased ganglion cell layer, cell apoptosis, reduced diabetic-induced oxidative stress and deactivated the NF-κB signaling pathway in the rat model of DR. High glucose enhanced oxidative stress and induced mitochondria-dependent cell apoptosis in Müller cells by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. BBR reversed the high glucose-induced effects by decreasing the phosphorylation of IκB, inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation and deactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway. The results suggested that BBR protected against DR by inhibiting oxidative stress and cell apoptosis via deactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway; therefore, suggesting that BBR may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zeping Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Electric Power Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Louyan Ma
- Department of Geratology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Zhengquan Ma
- Department of Geratology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, 522nd Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Geratology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Geratology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Geratology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomiao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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170
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Ye S, Chen Q, Jiang N, Liang X, Li J, Zong R, Huang C, Qiu Y, Ma JX, Liu Z. PPARα-Dependent Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide Against Retinal Neovascularization and Fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:15. [PMID: 32298438 PMCID: PMC7401460 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pathological neovascularization and fibrosis are common pathological changes of many retinal diseases, such as proliferative retinopathy (PR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Treatment modalities for these pathological changes are limited. The purpose of the present study was to test the effects of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endocannabinoid mimetic amide, on retinal neovascularization and fibrosis and to determine its molecular mechanism of action. Methods A rat Müller cell line (rMC-1), a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) knockout mouse model were used. PEA was intraperitoneally injected or orally administrated in animal models. Inflammation and profibrotic changes were evaluated by western blot analysis. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) were measured by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Results Profibrotic changes were present in OIR and Vldlr-/- retinas. PEA significantly alleviated inflammation and inhibited neovascularization in OIR and Vldlr-/- retinas and suppressed profibrotic changes in OIR and Vldlr-/- retinas. Moreover, PEA potently suppressed Müller gliosis in these retinas. In rMC-1 cells, PEA suppressed Müller gliosis, reduced inflammatory cytokines, and attenuated profibrotic changes. Further, both mRNA and protein levels of PPARα were elevated in the retina under PEA treatment, and the effects of PEA were abolished in Pparα-/- OIR mice. Conclusions PEA reduced retinal neovascularization and fibrotic changes and suppressed Müller gliosis in experimental PR and neovascular AMD by activating PPARα. PEA may be a potential treatment for retinopathies with pathological neovascularization and fibrosis.
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171
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Shah J, Vaze A, Tang Lee Say T, Gillies MC, Fraser-Bell S. Emerging corticosteroid delivery platforms for treatment of diabetic macular edema. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:383-394. [PMID: 32815413 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1810664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision impairment. Low-grade inflammation is thought to play a critical role in its pathogenesis. Although vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors are used first-line, not all eyes with DME respond optimally and may respond better to corticosteroids. Currently corticosteroids for DME are given intravitreally and require regular monitoring. There is an unmet need for longer lasting therapies and/or effective noninvasive therapies such as those given via oral or topical routes. AREAS COVERED This review discusses emerging corticosteroid delivery platforms for DME treatment. A literature search of investigational novel therapeutic steroid delivery platform in DME was conducted. Results are presented from preclinical, phase 1,2 & 3 clinical trials of various drug delivery systems using new technologies such as Solubilizing Nanoparticle technology, Mucus Penetrating Particles technology and Particle Replication In Non-wetting Templates. These new platforms aim to deliver corticosteroids effectively via topical, episcleral, subtenon, oral, and intravitreal routes. EXPERT OPINION These novel drug delivery platforms have the potential to lead to noninvasive or minimally invasive therapies and may overcome the shortcomings of current pharmacotherapy. However, larger comparative trials are needed for these agents to be added to the current armamentarium in DME management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Shah
- Medical Retina Department, Sydney Eye Hospital , Sydney, Australia.,Macula Research Unit, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Anagha Vaze
- Medical Retina Department, Sydney Eye Hospital , Sydney, Australia.,Macula Research Unit, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy Tang Lee Say
- Medical Retina Department, Sydney Eye Hospital , Sydney, Australia.,Macula Research Unit, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Medical Retina Department, Sydney Eye Hospital , Sydney, Australia.,Macula Research Unit, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Samantha Fraser-Bell
- Medical Retina Department, Sydney Eye Hospital , Sydney, Australia.,Macula Research Unit, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
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172
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Yao A, Wijngaarden P. Metabolic pathways in context:
mTOR
signalling in the retina and optic nerve ‐ A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:1072-1084. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yao
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital East Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Peter Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital East Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria Australia
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173
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Li W, Liu X, Tu Y, Ding D, Yi Q, Sun X, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhu M, Mao J. Dysfunctional Nurr1 promotes high glucose-induced Müller cell activation by up-regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis. Neuropeptides 2020; 82:102057. [PMID: 32461025 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). During DR, high glucose levels induce Müller cell gliosis, and the dysfunction of Müller cells further promotes the pathogenesis of DR. Transcription factor nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (Nurr1) inhibits the inflammatory response by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and downregulating the downstream NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This study aimed to investigate whether Nurr1 dysfunction in Müller cells promoted the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis during DR. In vitro, Nurr1 expression and nuclear translocation decreased in Müller cells exposed to high glucose levels; therefore, p65 was activated, and the downstream NLRP3 inflammasome was up-regulated via the interaction of p65 with its promoter. These phenomena promoted Müller cell activation and proliferation. Moreover, in vivo, gavage of the Nurr1 agonist C-DIM12 reduced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in a mouse model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Together, these results showed that Nurr1 played important anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles in Müller cells during DR, suggesting that Nurr1 may be a potential molecular target for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laizhou City People's Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Quanyong Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jinghai Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China..
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174
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Kobat SG, Turgut B. Importance of Müller Cells. BEYOGLU EYE JOURNAL 2020; 5:59-63. [PMID: 35098065 PMCID: PMC8784480 DOI: 10.14744/bej.2020.28290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Müller cells (MCs) are the most common glial cell found in the human retina. MCs have an important role in architectural and metabolic functions in the retina. Additionally, there has been consideration that MC dysfunction might contribute to the pathogenesis of some retinal diseases, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, macular telangiectasia type 2, age-related macular degeneration, retinal degeneration, hepatic and methanol-induced retinopathy, and glaucoma. This review is a summary of the functions of MCs and a discussion of the importance of these glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burak Turgut
- Department of Ophthalmology, On Sekiz Mart Unıversity, Canakkale, Turkey
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175
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Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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176
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Identification, Expression, and Roles of the Cystine/Glutamate Antiporter in Ocular Tissues. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4594606. [PMID: 32655769 PMCID: PMC7320271 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4594606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate antiporter (system x c -) is composed of a heavy chain subunit 4F2hc linked by a disulphide bond to a light chain xCT, which exchanges extracellular cystine, the disulphide form of the amino acid cysteine, for intracellular glutamate. In vitro research in the brain, kidney, and liver have shown this antiporter to play a role in minimising oxidative stress by providing a source of intracellular cysteine for the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione. In vivo studies using the xCT knockout mouse revealed that the plasma cystine/cysteine redox couple was tilted to a more oxidative state demonstrating system xc - to also play a role in maintaining extracellular redox balance by driving a cystine/cysteine redox cycle. In addition, through import of cystine, system xc - also serves to export glutamate into the extracellular space which may influence neurotransmission and glutamate signalling in neural tissues. While changes to system xc - function has been linked to cancer and neurodegenerative disease, there is limited research on the roles of system xc - in the different tissues of the eye, and links between the antiporter, aging, and ocular disease. Hence, this review seeks to consolidate research on system xc - in the cornea, lens, retina, and ocular humours conducted across several species to shed light on the in vitro and in vivo roles of xCT in the eye and highlight the utility of the xCT knockout mouse as a tool to investigate the contribution of xCT to age-related ocular diseases.
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Dierschke SK, Toro AL, Miller WP, Sunilkumar S, Dennis MD. Diabetes enhances translation of Cd40 mRNA in murine retinal Müller glia via a 4E-BP1/2-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10831-10841. [PMID: 32475820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the immune costimulatory molecule cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) in Müller glia has been implicated in the initiation of diabetes-induced retinal inflammation. Results from previous studies support that CD40 protein expression is elevated in Müller glia of diabetic mice; however, the mechanisms responsible for this increase have not been explored. Here, we evaluated the hypothesis that diabetes augments translation of the Cd40 mRNA. Mice receiving thiamet G (TMG), an inhibitor of the O-GlcNAc hydrolase O-GlcNAcase, exhibited enhanced retinal protein O-GlcNAcylation and increased Cd40 mRNA translation. TMG administration also promoted Cd40 mRNA association with Müller cell-specific ribosomes isolated from the retina of RiboTag mice. Similar effects on O-GlcNAcylation and Cd40 mRNA translation were also observed in the retina of a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. In cultured cells, TMG promoted sequestration of the cap-binding protein eIF4E (eukaryotic translation in initiation factor 4E) by 4E-BP1 (eIF4E-binding protein 1) and enhanced cap-independent Cd40 mRNA translation as assessed by a bicistronic reporter that contained the 5'-UTR of the Cd40 mRNA. Ablation of 4E-BP1/2 prevented the increase in Cd40 mRNA translation in TMG-exposed cells, and expression of a 4E-BP1 variant that constitutively sequesters eIF4E promoted reporter activity. Extending on the cell culture results, we found that in contrast to WT mice, diabetic 4E-BP1/2-deficient mice did not exhibit enhanced retinal Cd40 mRNA translation and failed to up-regulate expression of the inflammatory marker nitric-oxide synthase 2. These findings support a model wherein diabetes-induced O-GlcNAcylation of 4E-BP1 promotes Cd40 mRNA translation in Müller glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie K Dierschke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allyson L Toro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William P Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Siddharth Sunilkumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael D Dennis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA .,Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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178
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Miller WP, Sunilkumar S, Giordano JF, Toro AL, Barber AJ, Dennis MD. The stress response protein REDD1 promotes diabetes-induced oxidative stress in the retina by Keap1-independent Nrf2 degradation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7350-7361. [PMID: 32295843 PMCID: PMC7247303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a critical role in reducing oxidative stress by promoting the expression of antioxidant genes. Both individuals with diabetes and preclinical diabetes models exhibit evidence of a defect in retinal Nrf2 activation. We recently demonstrated that increased expression of the stress response protein regulated in development and DNA damage 1 (REDD1) is necessary for the development of oxidative stress in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that REDD1 suppresses the retinal antioxidant response to diabetes by repressing Nrf2 function. We found that REDD1 ablation enhances Nrf2 DNA-binding activity in the retina and that the suppressive effect of diabetes on Nrf2 activity is absent in the retina of REDD1-deficient mice compared with WT. In human MIO-M1 Müller cell cultures, REDD1 deletion prevented oxidative stress in response to hyperglycemic conditions, and this protective effect required Nrf2. REDD1 suppressed Nrf2 stability by promoting its proteasomal degradation independently of Nrf2's interaction with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), but REDD1-mediated Nrf2 degradation required glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) activity and Ser-351/Ser-356 of Nrf2. Diabetes diminished inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at Ser-9 in the retina of WT mice but not in REDD1-deficient mice. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 enhanced Nrf2 activity and prevented oxidative stress in the retina of diabetic mice. The findings support a model wherein hyperglycemia-induced REDD1 blunts the Nrf2 antioxidant response to diabetes by activating GSK3, which, in turn, phosphorylates Nrf2 to promote its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Siddharth Sunilkumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Joseph F Giordano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Allyson L Toro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Alistair J Barber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Michael D Dennis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033.
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179
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Mitsch C, Pemp B, Pollreisz A, Gleiss A, Karst S, Scholda C, Sacu S, Schmidt‐Erfurth U. Short-time effect of intravitreal injections on retinal vascular oxygenation and vessel diameter in patients with diabetic macular oedema or neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e301-e308. [PMID: 31654481 PMCID: PMC7216886 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the short-time effect of intravitreal injections (IVI) of the vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors ranibizumab and aflibercept on retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation (SO2a and SO2v), arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference (AVD) and vessel diameter (VDa and VDv) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME) and patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Uncontrolled prospective observational study in 100 eyes. Retinal vessel oxygen saturation and diameters were assessed using a retinal oximeter before and minutes after IVI of ranibizumab or aflibercept. RESULTS 40 eyes with CNV and 34 eyes with DME were included in the analysis. At baseline, SO2a and SO2v were significantly higher in DME (p = 0.043 and p = 0.009, respectively). After IVI, SO2a significantly decreased in CNV and DME eyes by 2.6% (p = 0.016) and 4.6% (p = 0.002) and SO2v decreased by 14.0% (p = 0.004) and 12.4% (p = 0.017), respectively. However, a significant increase in AVD was only found in CNV (15.7%, p = 0.001). VDa decreased significantly only in DME by 5.7% (p = 0.010). No medication-specific disease effect was found and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes can be interpreted as signs of increased metabolic demand during the physiological stress after an IVI. The abnormal arterial constriction and the abolished increase in AVD seen only in eyes with DME indicate an impairment of vascular autoregulation and oxygen distribution and a reduced neuroretinal metabolism in the diabetic retina with a significant impact on inner retinal oxygen consumption shortly after IVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mitsch
- Department of Ophthalmology and OptometryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Berthold Pemp
- Department of Ophthalmology and OptometryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology and OptometryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Center for Medical StatisticsInformatics and Intelligent SystemsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sonja Karst
- Department of Ophthalmology and OptometryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Scholda
- Department of Ophthalmology and OptometryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Stefan Sacu
- Department of Ophthalmology and OptometryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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180
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López-Bernal Á, García-Tejera O, Testi L, Villalobos FJ. Genotypic variability in radial resistance to water flow in olive roots and its response to temperature variations. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:445-453. [PMID: 32031664 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As radial root resistance (Rp) represents one of the key components of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum resistance catena modulating water transport, understanding its control is essential for physiologists, modelers and breeders. Reports of Rp, however, are still scarce and scattered in the scientific literature. In this study, we assessed genetic variability in Rp and its dependence on temperature in five widely used olive cultivars. In a first experiment, cultivar differences in Rp at 25 °C were evaluated from flow-pressure measurements in excised roots and subsequent analysis of root traits. In a second experiment, similar determinations were performed continually over a 5-h period in which temperature was gradually increased from 12 to 32 °C, enabling the assessment of Rp response to changing temperature. Despite some variability, our results did not show statistical differences in Rp among cultivars in the first experiment. In the second, cultivar differences in Rp were not significant at 12 °C, but they became so as temperature increased. Furthermore, the changes in Rp between 12 and 32 °C were higher than those expected by the temperature-driven decrease in water viscosity, with the degree of that change differing among cultivars. Also, Rp at 25 °C reached momentarily in the second experiment was consistently higher than in the first at that same, but fixed, temperature. Overall, our results suggest that there is limited variability in Rp among the studied cultivars when plants have been exposed to a given temperature for sufficient time. Temperature-induced variation in Rp might thus be partly explained by changes in membrane permeability that occur slowly, which explains why our values at 25 °C differed between experiments. The observed cultivar differences in Rp with warming also indicate faster acclimation of Rp to temperature changes in some cultivars than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á López-Bernal
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - O García-Tejera
- Efficient Use of Water Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - L Testi
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - F J Villalobos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
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181
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Patel C, Goody R, Hu W, Kurian A, James D, Torres R, Christie LA, Hohman T, Lawrence M. Primate model of chronic retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage. Exp Eye Res 2020; 195:108031. [PMID: 32275921 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize and develop a primate model of chronic retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage that can be employed to assess efficacy of experimental therapeutics targeting retinal ischemic and neovascular diseases. African green monkeys received bilateral intravitreal (IVT) injection of DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DLAAA; 5 mg) following ophthalmic examination, color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Imaging was repeated to evaluate progression and subsequent stabilization of retinal vascular pathology elicited by DLAAA. Aflibercept (Eylea) was administered IVT (1.4 mg) to assess effects on vascular leakage. Ocular tissue was collected for histopathology and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), CD105/endoglin, VEGF and CD68 immunohistochemistry to study retinal degeneration and vascular remodeling. IVT DLAAA administration resulted in telangiectatic vessel formation as early as two-weeks post-injection, followed by retinal vascular leakage and inner retinal edema. Neovascular lesion progression was evident up to 8-10 weeks post-injection before stabilizing into a vascular leakage state that persisted beyond 90 weeks. Histopathology and immunostaining revealed retinal degeneration and neovascularization, increased expression of vWF, CD105/endoglin, VEGF and CD68 immunoreactivities in addition to Müller cell loss. Aflibercept significantly attenuated vascular leakage for 2-4 weeks before progressive return of leakage from weeks 4-8. Lesions remained responsive to anti-VEGF administration at 90 weeks after DLAAA injection. Findings support application of the primate DLAAA-induced retinal vascular leakage model for efficacy evaluations of candidate therapeutics and sustained release strategies targeting exudative AMD, diabetic retinopathy, macular telangiectasia and other retinal ischemic and neovascular diseases. Findings confirm relevance of the DLAAA primate phenotype to understanding shared retinal vascular disease mechanisms and macular susceptibility to vascular and metabolic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Patel
- Virscio, Inc., 4 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Robin Goody
- Virscio, Inc., 4 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Wenzheng Hu
- Virscio, Inc., 4 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Anish Kurian
- Virscio, Inc., 4 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Richard Torres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lori-Ann Christie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Thomas Hohman
- Envision Consulting, LLC, 2009 Glenwood Dr, Ocean City, NJ 08226, USA
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182
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Suzumura A, Kaneko H, Funahashi Y, Takayama K, Nagaya M, Ito S, Okuno T, Hirakata T, Nonobe N, Kataoka K, Shimizu H, Namba R, Yamada K, Ye F, Ozawa Y, Yokomizo T, Terasaki H. n-3 Fatty Acid and Its Metabolite 18-HEPE Ameliorate Retinal Neuronal Cell Dysfunction by Enhancing Müller BDNF in Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 2020; 69:724-735. [PMID: 32029482 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a widespread vision-threatening disease, and neuroretinal abnormality should be considered as an important problem. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has recently been considered as a possible treatment to prevent DR-induced neuroretinal damage, but how BDNF is upregulated in DR remains unclear. We found an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the vitreous of patients with DR. We confirmed that human retinal endothelial cells secreted H2O2 by high glucose, and H2O2 reduced cell viability of MIO-M1, Müller glia cell line, PC12D, and the neuronal cell line and lowered BDNF expression in MIO-M1, whereas BDNF administration recovered PC12D cell viability. Streptozocin-induced diabetic rats showed reduced BDNF, which is mainly expressed in the Müller glia cell. Oral intake of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) ameliorated BDNF reduction and oscillatory potentials (OPs) in electroretinography (ERG) in DR. Mass spectrometry revealed an increase in several EPA metabolites in the eyes of EPA-E-fed rats. In particular, an EPA metabolite, 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), induced BDNF upregulation in Müller glia cells and recovery of OPs in ERG. Our results indicated diabetes-induced oxidative stress attenuates neuroretinal function, but oral EPA-E intake prevents retinal neurodegeneration via BDNF in Müller glia cells by increasing 18-HEPE in the early stages of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Suzumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Funahashi
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Takayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nagaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seina Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hirakata
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Nonobe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rina Namba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fuxiang Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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183
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Spectral domain optical coherence tomography classification of diabetic macular edema: a new proposal to clinical practice. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:1165-1172. [PMID: 32152718 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To classify the types of diabetic macular edema (DME) and evaluate its morphological features on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and determine correlations between visual acuity and OCT findings. METHODS We assessed 406 eyes of 309 patients with a diagnosis of DME retrospectively. Three types based on SD-OCT were identified: diffuse macular edema, cystoid macular edema, and cystoid degeneration. Morphological features such as serous macular detachment (SMD), vitreomacular interface abnormalities (VMAI), hard exudates, photoreceptor status, and correlations between visual acuity and those morphological features were also evaluated by SD-OCT. RESULTS The most common type of DME was cystoid edema (68.5%). No statistically significant difference was found between groups in sex (P = 0.40), type of diabetes (P = 0.50), or diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.78). However, the duration of symptoms and BCVA was significantly lower in the group with cystoid degeneration compared with the group with cystoid edema (P < 0.001) and the group with diffuse macular edema (P < 0.001). In the group with cystoid degeneration compared with the groups with cystoid and diffuse edema, the central fovea and central subfield were significantly thicker (both (P < 0.001), the subfoveal choroid was significantly thinner (P = 0.049), rate of serous macular detachment was significantly lower (P < 0.001), and the rate of outer retinal damage was significantly higher (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cystoid macular degeneration, which is consistent with poor functional and morphological outcomes, should be differentiated from cystoid macular edema. Serous macular detachment, which is mostly seen in eyes with early stages of DME, should be evaluated as an accompanying morphological finding rather than a type of DME.
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184
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Deliyanti D, Alrashdi SF, Touyz RM, Kennedy CR, Jha JC, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Nox (NADPH Oxidase) 1, Nox4, and Nox5 Promote Vascular Permeability and Neovascularization in Retinopathy. Hypertension 2020; 75:1091-1101. [PMID: 32114846 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for the vascular permeability and neovascularization that threatens vision in diabetic retinopathy. Excess reactive oxygen species derived from the Nox (NADPH oxidase) isoforms, Nox1 and Nox4, contributes to vasculopathy in diabetic retinopathy; however, if Nox1/4 inhibition is beneficial in hypertensive diabetic retinopathy is unknown. Here, we determined that diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats had exacerbated retinal vascular permeability and expression of angiogenic and inflammatory factors, compared with normotensive diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats. GKT136901, a specific dual inhibitor of Nox1 and Nox4, prevented these events in diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Retinal neovascularization does not develop in diabetic rodents, and therefore, the oxygen-induced retinopathy model is used to evaluate this pathology. We previously demonstrated that Nox1/4 inhibition reduced retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy. However, although Nox5 is expressed in human retina, its contribution to retinopathy has not been studied in vivo, largely due to its absence from the rodent genome. We generated transgenic mice with inducible human Nox5 expressed in endothelial cells (vascular endothelial-cadherin+Nox5+ mice). In vascular endothelial-cadherin+Nox5+ mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy, retinal vascular permeability and neovascularization, as well as the expression of angiogenic and inflammatory factors, were increased compared with wild-type littermates. In bovine retinal endothelial cells, which express Nox1, Nox4, and Nox5, Nox1/4 inhibition, as well as Nox5 silencing RNA, reduced the high glucose-induced upregulation of oxidative stress, angiogenic, and inflammatory factors. Collectively, these data indicate the potential of Nox1, Nox4, and Nox5 inhibition to reduce vision-threatening damage to the retinal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devy Deliyanti
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.L.W.-B.).,Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
| | | | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.)
| | - Christopher R Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada (C.R.K.)
| | - Jay C Jha
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
| | - Karin A Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.).,German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany (K.A.J-D.)
| | - Jennifer L Wilkinson-Berka
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.L.W.-B.).,Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
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185
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Cicinelli MV, Cavalleri M, Lattanzio R, Bandello F. The current role of steroids in diabetic macular edema. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1729743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Cavalleri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosangela Lattanzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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186
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Orozco LD, Chen HH, Cox C, Katschke KJ, Arceo R, Espiritu C, Caplazi P, Nghiem SS, Chen YJ, Modrusan Z, Dressen A, Goldstein LD, Clarke C, Bhangale T, Yaspan B, Jeanne M, Townsend MJ, van Lookeren Campagne M, Hackney JA. Integration of eQTL and a Single-Cell Atlas in the Human Eye Identifies Causal Genes for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1246-1259.e6. [PMID: 31995762 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss. To better understand disease pathogenesis and identify causal genes in GWAS loci for AMD risk, we present a comprehensive database of human retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Our database comprises macular and non-macular RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) profiles from 129 donors, a genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) dataset that includes macula-specific retina and RPE/choroid, and single-nucleus RNA-seq (NucSeq) from human retina and RPE with subtype resolution from more than 100,000 cells. Using NucSeq, we find enriched expression of AMD candidate genes in RPE cells. We identify 15 putative causal genes for AMD on the basis of co-localization of genetic association signals for AMD risk and eye eQTL, including the genes TSPAN10 and TRPM1. These results demonstrate the value of our human eye database for elucidating genetic pathways and potential therapeutic targets for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz D Orozco
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hsu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christian Cox
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kenneth J Katschke
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rommel Arceo
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Carmina Espiritu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ying-Jiun Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Dressen
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Clarke
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tushar Bhangale
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian Yaspan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marion Jeanne
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael J Townsend
- Department of Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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187
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Liu F, Saul AB, Pichavaram P, Xu Z, Rudraraju M, Somanath PR, Smith SB, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Pharmacological Inhibition of Spermine Oxidase Reduces Neurodegeneration and Improves Retinal Function in Diabetic Mice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E340. [PMID: 31991839 PMCID: PMC7074464 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of blindness in working-age adults worldwide. Lack of effective strategies to prevent or reduce vision loss is a major problem. Since the degeneration of retinal neurons is an early event in the diabetic retina, studies to characterize the molecular mechanisms of diabetes-induced retinal neuronal damage and dysfunction are of high significance. We have demonstrated that spermine oxidase (SMOX), a mediator of polyamine oxidation is critically involved in causing neurovascular damage in the retina. The involvement of SMOX in diabetes-induced retinal neuronal damage is completely unknown. Utilizing the streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes, the impact of the SMOX inhibitor, MDL 72527, on neuronal damage and dysfunction in the diabetic retina was investigated. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography (ERG) and retinal architecture was evaluated using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. Retinal cryosections were prepared for immunolabeling of inner retinal neurons and retinal lysates were used for Western blotting. We observed a marked decrease in retinal function in diabetic mice compared to the non-diabetic controls. Treatment with MDL 72527 significantly improved the ERG responses in diabetic retinas. Diabetes-induced retinal thinning was also inhibited by the MDL 72527 treatment. Our analysis further showed that diabetes-induced retinal ganglion cell damage and neurodegeneration were markedly attenuated by MDL 72527 treatment. These results strongly implicate SMOX in diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration and visual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Alan B. Saul
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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188
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Capozzi ME, Savage SR, McCollum GW, Hammer SS, Ramos CJ, Yang R, Bretz CA, Penn JS. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ antagonist GSK0660 mitigates retinal cell inflammation and leukostasis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 190:107885. [PMID: 31758977 PMCID: PMC7426872 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is triggered by retinal cell damage stimulated by the diabetic milieu, including increased levels of intraocular free fatty acids. Free fatty acids may serve as an initiator of inflammatory cytokine release from Müller cells, and the resulting cytokines are potent stimulators of retinal endothelial pathology, such as leukostasis, vascular permeability, and basement membrane thickening. Our previous studies have elucidated a role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in promoting several steps in the pathologic cascade in DR, including angiogenesis and expression of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, PPARβ/δ is a known target of lipid signaling, suggesting a potential role for this transcription factor in fatty acid-induced retinal inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that PPARβ/δ stimulates both the induction of inflammatory mediators by Müller cells as well the paracrine induction of leukostasis in endothelial cells (EC) by Müller cell inflammatory products. To test this, we used the PPARβ/δ inhibitor, GSK0660, in primary human Müller cells (HMC), human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC) and mouse retina. We found that palmitic acid (PA) activation of PPARβ/δ in HMC leads to the production of pro-angiogenic and/or inflammatory cytokines that may constitute DR-relevant upstream paracrine inflammatory signals to EC and other retinal cells. Downstream, EC transduce these signals and increase their synthesis and release of chemokines such as CCL8 and CXCL10 that regulate leukostasis and other cellular events related to vascular inflammation in DR. Our results indicate that PPARβ/δ inhibition mitigates these upstream (MC) as well as downstream (EC) inflammatory signaling events elicited by metabolic stimuli and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, our data suggest that PPARβ/δ inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy against early DR pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Capozzi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA.
| | - Sara R Savage
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Gary W McCollum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Sandra S Hammer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Carla J Ramos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Colin A Bretz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - John S Penn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, USA
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189
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Augustine J, Troendle EP, Barabas P, McAleese CA, Friedel T, Stitt AW, Curtis TM. The Role of Lipoxidation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:621938. [PMID: 33679605 PMCID: PMC7935543 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.621938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids can undergo modification as a result of interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). For example, lipid peroxidation results in the production of a wide variety of highly reactive aldehyde species which can drive a range of disease-relevant responses in cells and tissues. Such lipid aldehydes react with nucleophilic groups on macromolecules including phospholipids, nucleic acids, and proteins which, in turn, leads to the formation of reversible or irreversible adducts known as advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs). In the setting of diabetes, lipid peroxidation and ALE formation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of macro- and microvascular complications. As the most common diabetic complication, retinopathy is one of the leading causes of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Herein, we discuss diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a disease entity and review the current knowledge and experimental data supporting a role for lipid peroxidation and ALE formation in the onset and development of this condition. Potential therapeutic approaches to prevent lipid peroxidation and lipoxidation reactions in the diabetic retina are also considered, including the use of antioxidants, lipid aldehyde scavenging agents and pharmacological and gene therapy approaches for boosting endogenous aldehyde detoxification systems. It is concluded that further research in this area could lead to new strategies to halt the progression of DR before irreversible retinal damage and sight-threatening complications occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josy Augustine
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Evan P. Troendle
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Barabas
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Corey A. McAleese
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Friedel
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W. Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tim M. Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Tim M. Curtis,
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190
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Pillar S, Moisseiev E, Sokolovska J, Grzybowski A. Recent Developments in Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration: A Literature Review. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5728674. [PMID: 34151902 PMCID: PMC7787838 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5728674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration plays a significant role in the complex pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Evidence suggests the onset of neurodegeneration occurs early on in the disease, and so a greater understanding of the process is essential for prompt detection and targeted therapies. Neurodegeneration is a common pathway of assorted processes, including activation of inflammatory pathways, reduction of neuroprotective factors, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products amplify these processes and are elevated in the setting of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and glucose variability. These key pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed, as well as diagnostic modalities and novel therapeutic avenues, with an emphasis on recent discoveries. The aim of this article is to highlight the crucial role of neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy and to review the molecular basis for this neuronal dysfunction, its diagnostic features, and the progress currently made in relevant therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Pillar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Moisseiev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
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191
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Segmented retinal layer analysis of chiasmal compressive optic neuropathy in pituitary adenoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:419-425. [PMID: 31853626 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate changes in the segmented retinal layers of pituitary adenoma (PA) patients and to identify the relationship between these changes and visual function. METHODS A total of 47 (PA patients) and 22 (healthy subjects) eyes were reviewed from the medical records. The PA patients performed a visual field (VF) test before surgery and 1 month after surgery. By optical coherence tomography scanning, eight retinal layers were measured: retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, retinal pigment epithelium, and photoreceptor layer. RESULTS The PA group showed reduced RNFL, GCL, and IPL thicknesses (p = 0.004,< 0.001,< 0.001) and thicker INL thickness (p = 0.012) than did the controls. The mean deviation of preoperative VF in the PA group was positively correlated with RNFL, GCL, and IPL thicknesses (R = 0.664, 0.720, 0.664; p < 0.001,< 0.001,< 0.001) and negatively correlated with the INL thickness (R = -0.400; p = 0.010). Among the 47 eyes, 32 eyes (68%) were included for subgroup analysis. Preoperative RNFL, GCL, and IPL thicknesses were thicker in the postoperatively improved VF group (p = 0.019, 0.009, 0.005). The preoperative cutoff values for visual recovery were 23.6 μm for RNFL thickness, 30.6 μm for GCL thickness, and 28.9 μm for IPL thickness. CONCLUSION During chiasmal compression, the thickening of the INL has presented in addition to thinning of the inner retinal layers. Also, changes in retinal anatomical structures are related to the extent of VF defect and can be used as a predictor of postoperative visual recovery.
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192
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Hombrebueno JR, Cairns L, Dutton LR, Lyons TJ, Brazil DP, Moynagh P, Curtis TM, Xu H. Uncoupled turnover disrupts mitochondrial quality control in diabetic retinopathy. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129760. [PMID: 31661466 PMCID: PMC6962019 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is crucial for regulating CNS homeostasis, and its disruption has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy tissues, the maintenance of MQC depends upon an exquisite balance between mitophagy (removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy) and biogenesis (de novo synthesis of mitochondria). Here, we show that mitophagy is disrupted in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and decoupled from mitochondrial biogenesis during the progression of the disease. Diabetic retinas from human postmortem donors and experimental mice exhibit a net loss of mitochondrial contents during the early stages of the disease process. Using diabetic mitophagy-reporter mice (mitoQC-Ins2Akita) alongside pMitoTimer (a molecular clock to address mitochondrial age dynamics), we demonstrate that mitochondrial loss arose due to an inability of mitochondrial biogenesis to compensate for diabetes-exacerbated mitophagy. However, as diabetes duration increases, Pink1-dependent mitophagy deteriorates, leading to the build-up of mitochondria primed for degradation in DR. Impairment of mitophagy during prolonged diabetes is linked with the development of retinal senescence, a phenotype that blunted hyperglycemia-induced mitophagy in mitoQC primary Müller cells. Our findings suggest that normalizing mitochondrial turnover may preserve MQC and provide therapeutic options for the management of DR-associated complications. Uncoupled mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis leads to mitochondrial damage in the retina during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Hombrebueno
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Cairns
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise R Dutton
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moynagh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Tim M Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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193
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Ghaseminejad F, Kaplan L, Pfaller AM, Hauck SM, Grosche A. The role of Müller cell glucocorticoid signaling in diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:221-230. [PMID: 31734719 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening complication associated with the highly prevalent diabetes disorder. Both the microvascular damage and neurodegeneration detected in the retina caused by chronic hyperglycemia have brought special attention to Müller cells, the major macroglia of the retina that are responsible for retinal homeostasis. Given the role of glucocorticoid signaling in anti-inflammatory responses and the almost exclusive expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in retinal Müller cells, administration of corticosteroid agonists as a potential treatment option has been widely studied. Although these approaches have been moderately efficacious in treating or de-escalating DR pathomechanisms, there are various side effects and gaps of knowledge with regard to introducing exogenous glucocorticoids to the diseased retina. In this paper, we provide a review of the literature concerning the available evidence for the role of Müller cell glucocorticoid signaling in DR and we discuss previously investigated approaches in modulating this system as possible treatment options. Furthermore, we propose a novel alternative to the available choices of treatment by using gene therapy as a tool to regulate the expression of GR in retinal Müller cells. Upregulating GR expression allows for induced glucocorticoid signaling with more enduring effects compared to injection of agonists. Hence, repetitive injections would no longer be required. Lastly, side effects of glucocorticoid therapy such as glucocorticoid resistance of GR following chronic exposure to excess ligands or agonists can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ghaseminejad
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna M Pfaller
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Heidemannstr. 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany.
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194
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Luo Q, Xiao Y, Alex A, Cummins TR, Bhatwadekar AD. The Diurnal Rhythm of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Kir4.1 in Diabetes: Implications for a Clock Gene Bmal1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1928-1936. [PMID: 31042800 PMCID: PMC6735779 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetes leads to the downregulation of the retinal Kir4.1 channels and Müller cell dysfunction. The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is a critical regulator of insulin signaling in Müller cells. Circadian rhythms play an integral role in normal physiology; however, diabetes leads to a circadian dysrhythmia. We hypothesize that diabetes will result in a circadian dysrhythmia of IRS-1 and Kir4.1 and disturbed clock gene function will have a critical role in regulating Kir4.1 channels. Methods We assessed a diurnal rhythm of retinal IRS-1 and Kir4.1 in db/db mice. The Kir4.1 function was evaluated using a whole-cell recording of Müller cells. The rat Müller cells (rMC-1) were used to undertake in vitro studies using a siRNA. Results The IRS-1 exhibited a diurnal rhythm in control mice; however, with diabetes, this natural rhythm was lost. The Kir4.1 levels peaked and troughed at times similar to the IRS-1 rhythm. The IRS-1 silencing in the rMC-1 led to a decrease in Kir4.1 and BMAL1. The insulin treatment of retinal explants upregulated Kir4.1 possibly via upregulation of BMAL1 and phosphorylation of IRS-1 and Akt-1. Conclusions Our studies highlight that IRS-1, by regulating BMAL1, is an important regulator of Kir4.1 in Müller cells and the dysfunctional signaling mediated by IRS-1 may be detrimental to Kir4.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Alpha Alex
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Ashay D Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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195
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Coughlin BA, Guha-Niyogi P, Sikorskii A, Glazer LC, Mohr S. Ranibizumab Alters Levels of Intraocular Soluble Cytokine Receptors in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:509-520. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1665187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Coughlin
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Pratim Guha-Niyogi
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alla Sikorskii
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Susanne Mohr
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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196
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Picconi F, Parravano M, Sciarretta F, Fulci C, Nali M, Frontoni S, Varano M, Caccuri AM. Activation of retinal Müller cells in response to glucose variability. Endocrine 2019; 65:542-549. [PMID: 31327157 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the earliest stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a dysfunction of Müller cells, characterized by high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporins (AQP), has been observed. Although chronic hyperglycemia causes the activation of Müller cells, the effect of glycemic fluctuations is yet unknown. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of glucose variability on rat retinal Müller cells (rMC-1) adapted to either normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose levels. METHODS rMC-1 were cultured in a medium containing either 5 mM (N cells) or 25 mM of glucose (H cells) and then incubated for 96 h in a medium containing (a) low glucose (either 1-3 or 5 mM), (b) basal glucose (either 5 or 25 mM), (c) high glucose (either 25 or 45 mM), (d) basal and high glucose alternated every 24 h; (e) low- and high glucose alternated every 24 h; (f) basal glucose with episodes of low glucose for 30 min twice a day. Müller cells activation was evaluated by measuring the levels of GFAP, AQP4, and phospho-active extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK). RESULTS Under both basal and high glucose concentrations rMC-1 were viable, but their response to glucose excursions was different. In N cells kept under normal (5 mM) glucose, a significant glial activation was measured not only in response to constant high glucose but also to alternating low/high glucose. In H cells, adapted to 25 mM glucose, a significant response was observed only after exposition to a lower (5 mM) glucose concentration. CONCLUSION Our results highlight Müller cells activation in response to glucose variability and a different susceptibility depending on the basal glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Picconi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Sciarretta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fulci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Nali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Frontoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Maria Caccuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Center Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Innovative Instrumentation (NAST), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Coucha M, Shanab AY, Sayed M, Vazdarjanova A, El-Remessy AB. Modulating Expression of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) Prevents Secondary Damage and Preserves Visual Function in a Mouse Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163969. [PMID: 31443163 PMCID: PMC6721134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurodegeneration, an early characteristic of several blinding diseases, triggers glial activation, resulting in inflammation, secondary damage and visual impairment. Treatments that aim only at neuroprotection have failed clinically. Here, we examine the impact of modulating thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) to the inflammatory secondary damage and visual impairment in a model of ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Wild type (WT) and TXNIP knockout (TKO) mice underwent IR injury by increasing intraocular pressure for 40 min, followed by reperfusion. An additional group of WT mice received intravitreal TXNIP-antisense oligomers (ASO, 100 µg/2 µL) 2 days post IR injury. Activation of Müller glial cells, apoptosis and expression of inflammasome markers and visual function were assessed. IR injury triggered early TXNIP mRNA expression that persisted for 14 days and was localized within activated Müller cells in WT-IR, compared to sham controls. Exposure of Müller cells to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and inflammasome activation in WT cells, but not from TKO cells. Secondary damage was evident by the significant increase in the number of occluded acellular capillaries and visual impairment in IR-WT mice but not in IR-TKO. Intervention with TXNIP-ASO prevented ischemia-induced glial activation and neuro-vascular degeneration, and improved visual function compared to untreated WT. Targeting TXNIP expression may offer an effective approach in the prevention of secondary damage associated with retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Coucha
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South University, School of Pharmacy, Savannah, GA 31406, USA
| | - Ahmed Y Shanab
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Mohamed Sayed
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
| | - Azza B El-Remessy
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Augusta, GA 30901, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy, Doctors Hospital of Augusta, Augusta, GA 30909, USA.
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198
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Zhang T, Ouyang H, Mei X, Lu B, Yu Z, Chen K, Wang Z, Ji L. Erianin alleviates diabetic retinopathy by reducing retinal inflammation initiated by microglial cells via inhibiting hyperglycemia-mediated ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:11776-11790. [PMID: 31365278 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802614rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown is a typical event in the early stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study aims to elucidate the protection of erianin, a natural compound isolated from Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl, against DR development. Erianin alleviated BRB breakdown and rescued the reduced claudin1 and occludin expression in retinas from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Erianin reduced microglial activation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, NF-κB transcriptional activation, and the elevated TNF-α expression both in vitro and in vivo. ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 abrogated NF-κB activation in d-glucose-treated BV2 cells. Erianin reduced cellular glucose uptake, and molecular docking analysis indicated the potential interaction of erianin with glucose transporter (GLUT)1. GLUT1 inhibitor (STF31) reduced the activation of the ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway. Coculture with d-glucose-stimulated microglial BV2 cells and with TNF-α stimulation both induced inner BRB and outer BRB damage in human retinal endothelial cells and APRE19 cells, but erianin improved all these damages. In summary, erianin attenuated BRB breakdown during DR development by inhibiting microglia-triggered retinal inflammation via reducing cellular glucose uptake and abrogating the subsequent activation of the downstream ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway. Moreover, erianin also alleviated BRB damage induced by TNF-α released from the activated microglia.-Zhang, T., Ouyang, H., Mei, X., Lu, B., Yu, Z., Chen, K., Wang, Z., Ji, L. Erianin alleviates diabetic retinopathy by reducing retinal inflammation initiated by microglial cells via inhibiting hyperglycemia-mediated ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ouyang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Mei
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengyang Yu
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines-The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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199
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Bahr HI, Abdelghany AA, Galhom RA, Barakat BM, Arafa ESA, Fawzy MS. Duloxetine protects against experimental diabetic retinopathy in mice through retinal GFAP downregulation and modulation of neurotrophic factors. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107742. [PMID: 31344388 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is recognized as one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Searching and validation for a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent its progress are promising. This work aimed to assess the retinal protective effects of duloxetine (DLX) in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice model. Animals were equally and randomly divided to four groups (eight mice per group); group 1: is the control group, 2: diabetic group, 3&4: diabetic and after 9 weeks received DLX for 4 weeks (15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg), respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed nerve growth factor (NGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) genes upregulation in the diabetic group compared to controls. Also, increased retinal malondialdehyde (MDA) and the decline of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were observed. The morphometric analysis of diabetic retina revealed a significant reduction in total retinal thickness compared to control. Diabetic retinal immunostaining and Western blot analyses displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) proteins expression upregulation as well as glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) downregulation comparing to controls. However, DLX-treated groups showed downregulated NGF, iNOS, and TGF-β that was more obviously seen in the DLX-30 mg/kg group than DLX-15 mg/kg group. Furthermore, these groups showed amelioration of the oxidative markers; MDA and GSH, retaining the total retinal thickness nearly to control, GFAP and VEGF downregulation, and GLUT-1 upregulation compared to diabetic group. Taken together, it could be summarized that duloxetine can attenuate DR via the anti-inflammatory and the anti-oxidative properties as well as modulating the angiogenic and the neurotrophic factors expressions. This could hopefully pave the road to be included in the novel list of the therapeutic regimen for DR after validation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda I Bahr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Abdelghany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Rania A Galhom
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Bassant M Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Manal S Fawzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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200
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Cheng Z, Zhang T, Zheng J, Ding W, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhu L, Murray M, Zhou F. Betulinic acid derivatives can protect human Müller cells from glutamate-induced oxidative stress. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111509. [PMID: 31344390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Müller cells are the predominant retinal glial cells. One of the key roles of Müller cells is in the uptake of the neurotransmitter glutamate and in its conversion to glutamine. Müller cell dysfunction due to oxidative stress elicited by high glutamate concentrations can lead to toxicity, which promote the pathogenesis of retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. This study investigated the anti-oxidant activity and mechanisms of betulinic acid (BA) and its derivatives in human Müller cells. Human MIO-M1 Müller cells were pre-treated in the presence or absence of BA, BE as well as their derivatives (named H3-H20) followed by incubation with glutamate. Cell viability was evaluated with the MTT and calcein-AM assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MIO-M1 cells was measured using CM-H2DCFDA and flow cytometry. The activation of cellular apoptosis and necrosis was analyzed with annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. The modulation of signaling pathways involved in glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity and ROS production was evaluated by immunoblotting. The BA derivatives H3, H5 and H7 exhibited minimal cytotoxicity and significant anti-oxidant activity. These compounds significantly suppressed ROS production and attenuated cellular necrosis elicited by glutamate-induced oxidative stress. The protective effects of H3, H5 and H7 in MIO-M1 cells were associated with the attenuation of Akt, Erk, and JNK signaling. The BA analogues H3, H5 and H7 are protective against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in human Müller cells, and elicit their actions by modulation of the Erk, Akt and JNK signaling pathways. These agents are potential candidate molecules for the prevention or treatment of human retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Cheng
- The University of Sydney, School of Pharmacy, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ting Zhang
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Jian Zheng
- Northeast Forestry University, Center for Bioactive Products/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Weimin Ding
- Harbin University of Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Center for Bioactive Products/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yue Li
- The University of Sydney, School of Pharmacy, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- The University of Sydney, School of Pharmacy, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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