151
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Pétré MA, Salk KR, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL, Tait G, Obenour DR, Knappe DRU, Genereux DP. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in river discharge: Modeling loads upstream and downstream of a PFAS manufacturing plant in the Cape Fear watershed, North Carolina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154763. [PMID: 35339537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Cape Fear River is an important source of drinking water in North Carolina, and many drinking water intakes in the watershed are affected by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). We quantified PFAS concentrations and loads in river water upstream and downstream of a PFAS manufacturing plant that has been producing PFAS since 1980. River samples collected from September 2018 to February 2021 were analyzed for 13 PFAS at the upstream station and 43-57 PFAS downstream near Wilmington. Frequent PFAS sampling (daily to weekly) was conducted close to gauging stations (critical to load estimation), and near major drinking water intakes (relevant to human exposure). Perfluoroalkyl acids dominated upstream while fluoroethers associated with the plant made up about 47% on average of the detected PFAS downstream. Near Wilmington, Σ43PFAS concentration averaged 143 ng/L (range 40-377) and Σ43PFAS load averaged 3440 g/day (range 459-17,300), with 17-88% originating from the PFAS plant. LOADEST was a useful tool in quantifying individual and total quantified PFAS loads downstream, however, its use was limited at the upstream station where PFAS levels in the river were affected by variable inputs from a wastewater treatment plant. Long-term monitoring of PFAS concentrations is warranted, especially at the downstream station. Results suggest a slight downward trend in PFAS levels downstream, as indicated by a decrease in flow-weighted mean concentrations and the best-fitting LOADEST model. However, despite the cessation of PFAS process wastewater discharge from the plant in November 2017, and the phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in North America, both fluoroethers and legacy PFAS continue to reach the river in significant quantities, reflecting groundwater discharge to the river and other continuing inputs. Persistence of PFAS in surface water and drinking water supplies suggests that up to 1.5 million people in the Cape Fear watershed might be exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Pétré
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Now at Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
| | - K R Salk
- Tetra Tech Center for Ecological Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - H M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - P L Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - G Tait
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - D R Obenour
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - D R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - D P Genereux
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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152
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Yin S, Villagrán D. Design of nanomaterials for the removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water: Strategies, mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154939. [PMID: 35367257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to their persistent and pervasive distribution and their adverse effects on human health, the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from the environment has been the focus of current research. Recent studies have shown that engineered nanomaterials provide great opportunities for their removal by chemical, physical and electrochemical adsorption methods, or as photo- or electrocatalysts that promote their degradation. This review summarizes and discusses the performance of recently reported nanomaterials towards PFAS removal in water treatment applications. We discuss the performance, mechanisms, and PFAS removal conditions of a variety of nanomaterials, including carbon-based, non-metal, single-metal, and multi-metal nanomaterials. We show that nanotechnology provides significant opportunities for PFAS remediation and further nanomaterial development can provide solutions for the removal of PFAS from the environment. We also provide an overview of the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), USA
| | - Dino Villagrán
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), USA.
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153
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Zhu Y, Ji H, He K, Blaney L, Xu T, Zhao D. Photocatalytic degradation of GenX in water using a new adsorptive photocatalyst. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118650. [PMID: 35640506 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
GenX, the ammonium salt of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, has been used as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid. Due to its widespread uses, GenX has been detected in waters around the world amid growing concerns about its persistence and adverse health effects. As relevant regulations are rapidly evolving, new technologies are needed to cost-effectively remove and degrade GenX. In this study, we developed an adsorptive photocatalyst by depositing a small amount (3 wt.%) of bismuth (Bi) onto activated-carbon supported titanate nanotubes, Bi/TNTs@AC, and tested the material for adsorption and subsequent solid-phase photodegradation of GenX. Bi/TNTs@AC at 1 g/L was able to adsorb GenX (100 µg/L, pH 7.0) within 1 h, and then degrade 70.0% and mineralize 42.7% of pre-sorbed GenX under UV (254 nm) in 4 h. The efficient degradation also regenerated the material, allowing for repeated uses without chemical regeneration. Material characterizations revealed that the active components of Bi/TNTs@AC included activated carbon, anatase, and Bi nanoparticles with a metallic Bi core and an amorphous Bi2O3 shell. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry, and photoluminescence analyses indicated the superior photoactivity of Bi/TNTs@AC was attributed to enhanced light harvesting and generation of charge carriers due to the UV-induced surface plasmon resonance effect, which was enabled by the metallic Bi nanoparticles. •OH radicals and photogenerated holes (h+) were responsible for degradation of GenX. Based on the analysis of degradation byproducts and density functional theory calculations, photocatalytic degradation of GenX started with cleavage of the carboxyl group and/or ether group by •OH, h+, and/or eaq-, and the resulting intermediates were transformed into shorter-chain fluorochemicals following the stepwise defluorination mechanism. Bi/TNTs@AC holds the potential for more cost-effective degradation of GenX and other per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmo Zhu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Haodong Ji
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ke He
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
| | - Tianyuan Xu
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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154
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Veciana M, Bräunig J, Farhat A, Pype ML, Freguia S, Carvalho G, Keller J, Ledezma P. Electrochemical oxidation processes for PFAS removal from contaminated water and wastewater: fundamentals, gaps and opportunities towards practical implementation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128886. [PMID: 35436757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is emerging as one of the most promising methods for the degradation of recalcitrant per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and wastewater, as these compounds cannot be effectively treated with conventional bio- or chemical approaches. This review examines the state of the art of EO for PFASs destruction, and comprehensively compares operating parameters and treatment performance indicators for both synthetic and real contaminated water and wastewater media. The evaluation shows the need to use environmentally-relevant media to properly quantify the effectiveness/efficiency of EO for PFASs treatment. Additionally, there is currently a lack of quantification of sorption losses, resulting in a likely over-estimation of process' efficiencies. Furthermore, the majority of experimental results to date indicate that short-chain PFASs are the most challenging and need to be prioritized as environmental regulations become more stringent. Finally, and with a perspective towards practical implementation, several operational strategies are proposed, including processes combining up-concentration followed by EO destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersabel Veciana
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ali Farhat
- GHD Pty Ltd, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Pype
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gilda Carvalho
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jürg Keller
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pablo Ledezma
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
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155
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Rahman MF, Anderson WB, Peldszus S, Huck PM. Ion-Exchange Treatment of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids in Water: Comparison of Polystyrenic and Polyacrylic Resin Structures and Impact of Sulfate on Their Performance. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:1195-1205. [PMID: 35846407 PMCID: PMC9274775 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The removal of three perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs)-PFHpA, PFOA, and PFNA-in ultrapure and river water was evaluated using two anion-exchange resins-previously unreported macroporous polystyrenic A-500P and a more widely studied macroporous polyacrylic A-860. Both resins had similar properties, allowing direct comparison of PFCA removal performance between the two resin structures/matrices. This study also presents a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method developed for PFCA analysis in water. In ultrapure water, A-500P exhibited higher removal capacity and faster removal compared to A-860, suggesting greater effectiveness of the polystyrenic structure compared to the polyacrylic structure. In the Grand River water, the target PFCAs were well removed by A-500P but not A-860. However, both resins achieved similarly high overall reductions of dissolved organic carbon (∼75%), suggesting, later confirmed in ultrapure water experiments, that inorganic anions (sulfate particularly) were the dominant competitors for the A-860 resin. The uncharged styrenic and acrylic beads (base materials) of the two tested resins were unable to remove PFOA, implying that the dominant removal mechanism involves charge interactions between the negatively charged PFCA and the positively charged anion-exchange functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Feisal Rahman
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Living
Deltas Hub, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - William B. Anderson
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sigrid Peldszus
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Peter M. Huck
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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156
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Removing emerging perfluoroalkyl ether acids and fluorotelomer sulfonates from water by nanofiltration membranes: insights into performance and underlying mechanisms. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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157
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Adedara IA, Souza TP, Canzian J, Olabiyi AA, Borba JV, Biasuz E, Sabadin GR, Gonçalves FL, Costa FV, Schetinger MRC, Farombi EO, Rosemberg DB. Induction of aggression and anxiety-like responses by perfluorooctanoic acid is accompanied by modulation of cholinergic- and purinergic signaling-related parameters in adult zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113635. [PMID: 35605321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a contaminant of global concern owing to its prevalent occurrence in aquatic and terrestrial environments with potential hazardous impact on living organisms. Here, we investigated the influence of realistic environmental concentrations of PFOA (0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/L) on relevant behaviors of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) (e.g., exploration to novelty, social preference, and aggression) and the possible role of PFOA in modulating cholinergic and purinergic signaling in the brain after exposure for 7 consecutive days. PFOA significantly increased geotaxis as well as reduced vertical exploration (a behavioral endpoint for anxiety), and increased the frequency and duration of aggressive episodes without affecting their social preference. Exposure to PFOA did not affect ADP hydrolysis, whereas ATP and AMP hydrolysis were significantly increased at the highest concentration tested. However, AChE activity was markedly decreased in all PFOA-exposed groups when compared with control. In conclusion, PFOA induces aggression and anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish and modulates both cholinergic and purinergic signaling biomarkers. These novel data can provide valuable insights into possible health threats related to human activities, demonstrating the utility of adult zebrafish to elucidate how PFOA affects neurobehavioral responses in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Thiele P Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ayodeji A Olabiyi
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Functional Food and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - João V Borba
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Biasuz
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Sabadin
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Falco L Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiano V Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria R C Schetinger
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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158
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Leung SCE, Shukla P, Chen D, Eftekhari E, An H, Zare F, Ghasemi N, Zhang D, Nguyen NT, Li Q. Emerging technologies for PFOS/PFOA degradation and removal: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:153669. [PMID: 35217058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are highly recalcitrant anthropogenic chemicals that are ubiquitously present in the environment and are harmful to humans. Typical water and wastewater treatment processes (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) are proven to be largely ineffective, while adsorption with granular activated carbon (GAC) has been the chief option to capture them from aqueous sources followed by incineration. However, this process is time-consuming, and produces additional solid waste and air pollution. Treatment methods for PFOS and PFOA generally follow two routes: (1) removal from source and reduce the risk; (2) degradation. Emerging technologies focusing on degradation are critically reviewed in this contribution. Various processes such as bioremediation, electrocoagulation, foam fractionation, sonolysis, photocatalysis, mechanochemical, electrochemical degradation, beams of electron and plasma have been developed and studied in the past decade to address PFAS crisis. The underlying mechanisms of these PFAS degradation methods have been categorized. Two main challenges have been identified, namely complexity in large scale operation and the release of toxic byproducts. Based on the literature survey, we have provided a strength-weakness-opportunity-threat (SWOT) analysis and quantitative rating on their efficiency, environmental impact and technology readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Cheung Edgar Leung
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dechao Chen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ehsan Eftekhari
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; Golder Associates Pty Ltd, Level 4, 45 Francis Street, Northbridge, Western Australia 6003, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Firuz Zare
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Garden Point, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Negareh Ghasemi
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dongke Zhang
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Qin Li
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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159
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Wen Y, Rentería-Gómez Á, Day GS, Smith MF, Yan TH, Ozdemir ROK, Gutierrez O, Sharma VK, Ma X, Zhou HC. Integrated Photocatalytic Reduction and Oxidation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by Metal-Organic Frameworks: Key Insights into the Degradation Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11840-11850. [PMID: 35732040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The high porosity and tunability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have made them an appealing group of materials for environmental applications. However, their potential in the photocatalytic degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been rarely investigated. Hereby, we demonstrate that over 98.9% of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was degraded by MIL-125-NH2, a titanium-based MOF, in 24 h under Hg-lamp irradiation. The MOF maintained its structural integrity and porosity after three cycles, as indicated by its crystal structure, surface area, and pore size distribution. Based on the experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a detailed reaction mechanism of the chain-shortening and H/F exchange pathways in hydrated electron (eaq-)-induced PFOA degradation were revealed. Significantly, we proposed that the coordinated contribution of eaq- and hydroxyl radical (•OH) is vital for chain-shortening, highlighting the importance of an integrated system capable of both reduction and oxidation for efficient PFAS degradation in water. Our results shed light on the development of effective and sustainable technologies for PFAS breakdown in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gregory S Day
- Framergy Inc., 800 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, Texas 77945, United States
| | - Mallory F Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tian-Hao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ray Osman K Ozdemir
- Framergy Inc., 800 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, Texas 77945, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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160
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Evich MG, Davis M, Weber EJ, Tebes-Stevens C, Acrey B, Henderson WM, Goodrow S, Bergman E, Washington JW. Environmental Fate of Cl-PFPECAs: Predicting the Formation of PFAS Transformation Products in New Jersey Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7779-7788. [PMID: 35617513 PMCID: PMC9474707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although next-generation per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) were designed and implemented as safer and environmentally degradable alternatives to "forever" legacy PFAS, there is little evidence to support the actual transformation of these compounds and less evidence of the safety of transformed products in the environment. Multiple congeners of one such PFAS alternative, the chloro-perfluoropolyether carboxylates (Cl-PFPECAs), have been found in New Jersey soils surrounding a manufacturing facility. These compounds are ideal candidates for investigating environmental transformation due to the existence of potential reaction centers including a chlorinated carbon and ether linkages. Transformation products of the chemical structures of this class of compounds were predicted based on analogous PFAS transformation pathways documented in peer-reviewed literature. Potential reaction products were used as the basis for high-resolution mass-spectrometric suspect screening of the soils. Suspected transformation products of multiple congeners, the Cl-PFPECAs, including H-PFPECAs, epox-PFPECAs, and diOH-PFPECAs, were tentatively observed in these screenings. Although ether linkages have been hypothesized as potential reaction centers under environmental conditions, to date, no documentation of ether scission has been identified. Despite exhaustive scrutiny of the high-resolution data for our Cl-PFPECA-laden soils, we found no evidence of ether scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Evich
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Mary Davis
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Eric J Weber
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Caroline Tebes-Stevens
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Brad Acrey
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - William Matthew Henderson
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Sandra Goodrow
- Division of Science & Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 428 East State Street, Trenton, New Jersey 08625 United States
| | - Erica Bergman
- Site Remediation Program, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 401 East State Street, Trenton, New Jersey 08625 United States
| | - John W Washington
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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161
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Liao S, Arshadi M, Woodcock MJ, Saleeba ZSSL, Pinchbeck D, Liu C, Cápiro NL, Abriola LM, Pennell KD. Influence of Residual Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids (NAPLs) on the Transport and Retention of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7976-7985. [PMID: 35675453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) are known to accumulate at interfaces, and the presence of nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) could influence the PFAS fate in the subsurface. Experimental and mathematical modeling studies were conducted to investigate the effect of a representative NAPL, tetrachloroethene (PCE), on the transport behavior of PFAS in a quartz sand. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), a 1:1 mixture of PFOS and PFNA, and a mixture of six PFAS (PFOS, PFNA, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS)) were used to assess PFAS interactions with PCE-NAPL. Batch studies indicated that PFAS partitioning into PCE-NAPL (Knw < 0.1) and adsorption on 60-80 mesh Ottawa sand (Kd < 6 × 10-5 L/g) were minimal. Column studies demonstrated that the presence of residual PCE-NAPL (∼16% saturation) delayed the breakthrough of PFOS and PFNA, with minimal effects on the mobility of PFBS, PFHpA, PFHxS, and PFOA. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained for PFNA and PFOS alone and in mixtures were nearly identical, indicating the absence of competitive adsorption effects. A mathematical model that accounts for NAPL-water interfacial sorption accurately reproduced PFAS BTCs, providing a tool to predict PFAS fate and transport in co-contaminated subsurface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Liao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Masoud Arshadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Matthew J Woodcock
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Zachary S S L Saleeba
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Dorothea Pinchbeck
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Natalie L Cápiro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Linda M Abriola
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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162
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Schaefer CE, Hooper J, Modiri-Gharehveran M, Drennan DM, Beecher N, Lee L. Release of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances from finished biosolids in soil mesocosms. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118405. [PMID: 35417820 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Finished biosolids were collected and characterized from seven municipal water resource recovery facilities. Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for the 54 quantified in the biosolids ranged from 323 ± 14.1 to 1100 ± 43.8 µg/kg (dry weight basis). For all biosolids, greater than 75% of the PFAS fluorine mass was associated with precursors. Di-substituted polyfluorinated phosphate esters (diPAPs) were the most abundant PFAS identified in the biosolids. The total oxidizable precursor assay on biosolids extracts generally failed to quantify the amount of precursors present, in large part due to the fact that diPAPS were not fully transformed during the TOP assay. Outdoor biosolids column leaching experiments intended to simulate biosolids land application showed sustained PFAS leaching over the 6-month study duration. Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations in leachate, when detected, typically ranged in the 10 s to 100 s of ng/L; no diPAPs were detected in the leachate. The PFAA leaching from the biosolids exceeded the PFAA mass initially present in the biosolids (typically by greater than an order of magnitude), but the cumulative PFAA mass leached did not exceed the molar equivalents that could be explained by transformation of quantified precursors. These results highlight the importance of PFAA precursors initially present in biosolids and their contribution to long term leaching of PFAAs from land-applied biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Hooper
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way # 100, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | | | - Dina M Drennan
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way # 100, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Ned Beecher
- North East Biosolids and Residuals Association (NEBRA), USA
| | - Linda Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA; Interdisciplinary Ecological Sciences & Engineering, Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA
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163
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Sidnell T, Wood RJ, Hurst J, Lee J, Bussemaker MJ. Sonolysis of per- and poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A meta-analysis. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 87:105944. [PMID: 35688120 PMCID: PMC9184745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Human ingestion of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated food and water is linked to the development of several cancers, birth defects and other illnesses. The complete mineralisation of aqueous PFAS by ultrasound (sonolysis) into harmless inorganics has been demonstrated in many studies. However, the range and interconnected nature of reaction parameters (frequency, power, temperature etc.), and variety of reaction metrics used, limits understanding of degradation mechanisms and parametric trends. This work summarises the state-of-the-art for PFAS sonolysis, considering reaction mechanisms, kinetics, intermediates, products, rate limiting steps, reactant and product measurement techniques, and effects of co-contaminants. The meta-analysis showed that mid-high frequency (100 - 1,000 kHz) sonolysis mechanisms are similar, regardless of reaction conditions, while the low frequency (20 - 100 kHz) mechanisms are specific to oxidative species added, less well understood, and generally slower than mid-high frequency mechanisms. Arguments suggest that PFAS degradation occurs via adsorption (not absorption) at the bubble interface, followed by headgroup cleavage. Further mechanistic steps toward mineralisation remain to be proven. For the first time, complete stoichiometric reaction equations are derived for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) sonolysis, which add H2 as a reaction product and consider CO an intermediate. Fluorinated intermediate products are derived for common, and more novel PFAS, and a naming system proposed for novel perfluoroether carboxylates. The meta-analysis also revealed the transition between pseudo first and zero order PFOA/S kinetics commonly occurs at 15 - 40 µM. Optimum values of; ultrasonic frequency (300 - 500 kHz), concentration (>15 - 40 μM), temperature (≈20 °C), and pH range (3.2 - 4) for rapid PFOX degradation are derived by evaluation of prior works, while optimum values for the dilution factor applied to PFAS containing firefighting foams and applied power require further work. Rate limiting steps are debated and F- is shown to be rate enhancing, while SO42- and CO2 by products are theorised to be rate limiting. Sonolysis was compared to other PFAS destructive technologies and shown to be the only treatment which fully mineralises PFAS, degrades different PFAS in order of decreasing hydrophobicity, is parametrically well studied, and has low-moderate energy requirements (several kWh g-1 PFAS). It is concluded that sonolysis of PFAS in environmental samples would be well incorporated within a treatment train for improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sidnell
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard James Wood
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Hurst
- ARCADIS, 1 Whitehall Riverside, Leeds LS1 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Lee
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine J Bussemaker
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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164
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Wu JY, Hua ZL, Gu L. Per-, poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and planktonic microbiomes: Identification of biotic and abiotic regulations in community coalescence and food webs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119078. [PMID: 35245616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of per-, poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) effects on riverine microbiomes is receiving increased recognition in the environmental sciences. However, few studies have explored how PFASs affect microbiomes across trophic levels, specifically through predator-prey interactions. This study examined the community profiles of planktonic archaea, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and metazoa in a semi-industrial and agricultural river alongside their interactions with 15 detected PFASs. As abiotic factors, PFASs affected community coalescence more than biogenic substances (p < 0.05). For biotic regulations, sub-communities in rare biospheres (including always rare taxa-ART and critically rare taxa-CRT) contributed to spatial community coalescence more than sub-communities in abundant biospheres (always abundant taxa-AAT and critically abundant taxa-CAT) (p < 0.05). Metazoa-bacteria (Modularity = 1.971) and protozoa-fungi (1.723) were determined to be the most stable predator-prey networks. Based on pathway models, short-chain PFBA (C4) was shown to weaken the trophic transfer efficiencies from heterotrophic bacteria (HB) to heterotrophic flagellates (HF) (p < 0.05). Long-chain PFTeDA (C14) promoted HB to amoeba (p < 0.05), which we postulate is the pathway for PFTeDA to enter the microbial food chain. Our preliminary results elucidated the influence of PFASs on planktonic microbial food webs and highlighted the need to consider protecting and remediating riverine ecosystems containing PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Zu-Lin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China.
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165
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Timmers PHA, Slootweg T, Knezev A, van der Schans M, Zandvliet L, Reus A, Vughs D, Heijnen L, Knol T, El Majjaoui J, van der Wielen P, Stuyfzand PJ, Lekkerkerker-Teunissen K. Improved drinking water quality after adding advanced oxidation for organic micropollutant removal to pretreatment of river water undergoing dune infiltration near The Hague, Netherlands. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128346. [PMID: 35236037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peer H A Timmers
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - T Slootweg
- The Water Laboratory N.V., J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - A Knezev
- The Water Laboratory N.V., J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - M van der Schans
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - L Zandvliet
- The Water Laboratory N.V., J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - A Reus
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - D Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - L Heijnen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - T Knol
- Dunea, Utility for drinking water and nature conservancy, Plein van de Verenigde Naties 11-15, 2719 EG Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | - J El Majjaoui
- Dunea, Utility for drinking water and nature conservancy, Plein van de Verenigde Naties 11-15, 2719 EG Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | - P van der Wielen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - P J Stuyfzand
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Stuyfzand Hydroconsult+, Brederodestraat 138, 2042BL Zandvoort, the Netherlands
| | - K Lekkerkerker-Teunissen
- Dunea, Utility for drinking water and nature conservancy, Plein van de Verenigde Naties 11-15, 2719 EG Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
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166
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Chen X, Feng X, Sun X, Li Y, Yang Y, Shan G, Zhu L. Quantifying Indirect Contribution from Precursors to Human Body Burden of Legacy PFASs Based on Paired Blood and One-Week Duplicate Diet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5632-5640. [PMID: 35417148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The restriction on legacy perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has led to increasing application and contamination of their precursors and novel alternatives. However, the indirect contribution from precursors has not been well characterized. In this study, 24 PFASs were measured in the paired human blood and urine from general volunteers (n = 20), as well as their corresponding exposure matrices (7 day duplicate diet, drinking water and dust). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was predominant, followed by 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), contributing 21.6-47.0 and 6.6-20.0% of the total concentrations, respectively. Total oxidable precursor (TOP) assay and isomeric analysis coupled with a toxicokinetic model suggested that around 19% of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human was contributed by its precursors. The strong correlation between the estimated daily intake (EDI) and human blood concentration for 6:2 Cl-PFESA suggested that it was mainly contributed by direct exposure. The bioavailability of 6:2 Cl-PFESA in the food matrices was estimated as 18.6% by comparing the estimated and measured blood concentrations, implying that human exposure might be overestimated if the bioavailability of PFASs in food was not considered. Assuming that they had a similar bioavailability, it was estimated that ca. 20% of PFOS body burden was from indirect exposure to its precursors, which was supported by TOP assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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167
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Yin C, Pan CG, Xiao SK, Wu Q, Tan HM, Yu K. Insights into the effects of salinity on the sorption and desorption of legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118957. [PMID: 35124123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted extensive attention since this century due to their wide distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation/biomagnification potential, and (eco)toxicity. In the present study, we investigated the sorption kinetics, sorption isotherms and desorption behaviors of legacy and emerging PFASs with different chain lengths and functional end groups onto marine sediments at four different salinities (0, 10, 20, and 30 practical salinity units (psu)). Results revealed that the sorption of PFASs onto sediment can be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. PFASs sorption was influenced by both compound-specific and solution-specific parameters. The distribution coefficient (Kd) for PFASs were increased with the increase of perfluorocarbon chain length and salinity, suggesting that hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were involved in the adsorption process. 6:2 FTSA showed the lowest adsorption among PFASs with eight carbon atoms (6:2 FTSA, PFOA and PFOS). The increase of perfluorocarbon chain length of PFASs and salinity would result in the decrease of desorption rate of PFASs from sediment. In addition, PFCAs were desorbed more easily from the sediment than the PFSAs with the same perfluorocarbon chain length at all salinity groups. The present study demonstrated that salinity can apparently influence the fate of PFASs in aquatic environment and provided valuable data for modeling the fate of PFASs in real environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yin
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, PR China.
| | - Shao-Ke Xiao
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Hong-Ming Tan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, PR China
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168
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Ordonez D, Valencia A, Sadmani AHMA, Chang NB. Green sorption media for the removal of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152886. [PMID: 34998770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of selected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water via two green sorption media (IFGEM-7 and AGEM-2). Both selected green sorption media recipes contain sand (85-91%) and clay (3-4%), in addition to recycled iron (Fe) (5-7.5%) or aluminum (Al) (4.5% in AGEM-2 only). Batch and column studies were integrated and performed using the prescribed green sorption media recipes to determine their efficiencies in removing two most targeted PFAS, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In the batch test, while the removal efficiencies of PFOS ranged from 27 to 46% and 23 to 42%, those for PFOA ranged from 6 to 16% and 5 to 18% when using IFGEM-7 and AGEM-2, respectively. The higher removal of PFOS than PFOA observed in both IFGEM-7 and AGEM-2 batch tests could be attributed to higher media affinity for sulfonate groups of PFOS when compared to the carboxylate groups of PFOA. In the column study, the initial removal (within 1 h) by IFGEM-7 was greater than 99% for PFOS and 28% for PFOA. When comparing different dynamic adsorption models, it appears that the non-linear equations could better describe the trend of experimental data compared to the linear forms of the Modified Dose Response model. Life expectancy calculations, performed for demonstration purposes of field applications, suggested that if IFGEM-7 were to be applied in a downflow filter box to treat a hypothetical volume of 60,000 L of water during an emergency response, and it may last for 1506 h (62.8 d) and 4.2 h for a target removal of 80% of PFOS and PFOA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ordonez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Valencia
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - A H M Anwar Sadmani
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ni-Bin Chang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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169
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Mohamed BA, Li LY, Hamid H, Jeronimo M. Sludge-based activated carbon and its application in the removal of perfluoroalkyl substances: A feasible approach towards a circular economy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133707. [PMID: 35066079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the recovery of resources and energy from sewage sludge through the production of sludge-based activated carbon (SBAC) considering circular economy principles. The SBAC production costs were estimated under three scenarios considering various sludge dewatering/drying schemes to determine the production feasibility and its role in the circular economy. SBAC was tested in the removal of a mixture of nine commonly detected poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmentally relevant concentrations of ∽50 μg/L in comparison to commercially available activated carbon (AC) using 5 mg of sorbent and 5 mL of a nine-PFAS mixture in deionised water. SBAC can be produced at approximately 1.2 US $/kg, which is substantially lower than the average production cost of commercial AC of >3 US $/kg. A net revenue ranging from 2 to 7 US $/kg SBAC was estimated by recycling the produced non-condensable gases and bio-oil to produce energy and selling the SBAC. Batch adsorption tests showed that the PFASs removal of SBAC was superior to that of granular AC and similar to that of powdered AC, reaching >91% to below the detection limit. The kinetics tests revealed that adsorption by SBAC and AC occurred within 15 min. The overall results demonstrate the potential of SBAC as an effective sorbent for PFASs, achieving waste-to-resources circular economy via resource and energy recovery from sewage sludge, eliminating sludge disposal and contaminant-leaching to the environment, and in enhancing the quality of wastewater effluent before discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr A Mohamed
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Hanna Hamid
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- Laboratory Program Manager, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z9, Canada
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170
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Palma D, Richard C, Minella M. State of the art and perspectives about non-thermal plasma applications for the removal of PFAS in water. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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171
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Wang YQ, Hu LX, Liu T, Zhao JH, Yang YY, Liu YS, Ying GG. Per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water system: Target and non-target screening and removal assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107219. [PMID: 35405506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The massive use and the persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led to their frequent detection in aquatic environments, which may further threaten drinking water safety. So far, our knowledge about the occurrence of PFAS in drinking water system is still very limited. Here we investigated the occurrence and removal of PFAS in a drinking water system using non-target, suspect and target screening strategies. Sampling was performed in three seasons in the drinking water system including a water source, two drinking water treatment plants, and tap water in five households. The results showed detection of 17 homologous series with 51 homologues in non-target screening and 50 potential PFAS detected in suspect screening. Probable structures were proposed for 15 PFAS with high confidence levels (the first three of the five levels), with seven of them being reported for the first time in drinking water system. Semi-quantification was performed on seven homologous series based on target PFAS, the estimated total concentrations for non-target PFAS ranged between 4.10 and 17.6 ng/L. Nine out of 50 target PFAS were found and precisely quantified (<LOQ-13.4 ng/L) with predominance of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA). All target and non-target PFAS were detected in tap water with similar concentrations in all three seasons. Removal efficiency for the detected PFAS in each processing unit was almost zero, indicating the recalcitrance of these chemicals to the conventional treatment process. The findings from this study clearly show the wide presence of PFAS in the whole drinking water treatment process, and suggest an urgent need for effective removal technology for this group of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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172
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Barhoumi B, Sander SG, Tolosa I. A review on per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in microplastic and food-contact materials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112595. [PMID: 34929191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic, paper and cardboard are widely used as food contact materials (FCMs), due to its numerous favourable characteristics. However, they are usually coated with hazardous substances, such as per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). PFASs, with its functional properties of oil- and water-repellency, can migrate from FCMs into the food and cause potential risk to human health. There are also increasing concerns about the harm that FCMs can cause to the environment. These concerns include accumulation of non-degradable plastics in the environment, generation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics, and release of PFASs from FCMs. While many reviews have been conducted on PFASs in the environment, including their occurrence, fate, toxicity, biodegradation, migration in ecosystems and remediation technologies, a systematic review of PFASs in FCMs and MPs is currently lacking. In addition, our knowledge of the PFAS sorption processes on MPs is rather limited, and in particular their desorption processes. Thus, this review aims to (1) review the presence of various classes of PFASs in FCMs and their migration into food, (2) review the PFASs in MPs and summarize the sorption mechanisms, and factors that influence their sorption behaviour on MPs in the aquatic environment, and (3) identify the current research gaps and future research directions to predict the risks associated with the presence and sorption of PFASs in FCMs and MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco.
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco.
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173
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Sims JL, Stroski KM, Kim S, Killeen G, Ehalt R, Simcik MF, Brooks BW. Global occurrence and probabilistic environmental health hazard assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater and surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151535. [PMID: 34762945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been used in consumer and military products since the 1950s but are increasingly scrutinized worldwide because of inherent chemical properties, environmental contamination, and risks to public health and the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) identified 24 PFASs of interest for further study and possible regulation. We examined 371 peer-reviewed studies published since 2001 to understand the occurrence and distribution of 24 priority PFASs in global surface waters and groundwater. We identified 77,541 and 16,246 data points for surface waters and groundwater, respectively, with total PFAS concentrations ranging from low pg/L to low mg/L levels. Most data were from Asia, Europe, and North America with some reports from Oceania. PFAS information from other geographic regions is lacking. PFASs levels are consistently higher in rivers and streams followed by lakes and reservoirs and then coastal and marine systems. When sufficient data were available, probabilistic environmental hazard assessments (PEHAs) were performed from environmental exposure distributions (EEDs) to identify potential exceedances of available guideline values for each compound by matrix, region, and aquatic system. Specifically, exceedances of USEPA drinking water lifetime health advisory levels were up to 74% for PFOS in groundwater from Oceania and 69% for PFOA in North American groundwater. Our findings support selection of environmentally relevant experimental treatment levels for future toxicology, ecotoxicology and bioaccumulation studies, and potable source water exposure investigations, while highlighting PFASs and major geographic locations requiring additional study and inclusion in global monitoring and surveillance campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaylen L Sims
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Stroski
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Grace Killeen
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Ehalt
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Matt F Simcik
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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174
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Kazwini T, Yadav S, Ibrar I, Al-Juboori RA, Singh L, Ganbat N, Karbassiyazdi E, Samal AK, Subbiah S, Altaee A. Updated review on emerging technologies for PFAS contaminated water treatment. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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175
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McIntyre H, Minda V, Hawley E, Deeb R, Hart M. Coupled photocatalytic alkaline media as a destructive technology for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous film-forming foam impacted stormwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132790. [PMID: 34748800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The release of aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) from fuel fire events, fire training events, and other activities has resulted in the presence of persistent and recalcitrant per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil and water nationwide. This study describes the degradation and defluorination of PFAS in stormwater collected from an AFFF-impacted site. Silica-based granular media (SGM) containing titanium dioxide was packed into a column reactor and placed between ultraviolet (UV) lamps to excite the photocatalyst within the SGM and generate free radicals to degrade PFAS present in water that was passed through the media. The system was amended with nucleophiles (hydroxyls) to facilitate the destruction of PFAS. Results showed rapid degradation of 17 identified PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors, perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Significant defluorination was observed, indicating PFAS destruction as a result of the coupled photocatalytic and nucleophilic attack. Column reactor experiment findings indicate SGM in the presence of UV light passively degraded a mixture of PFAS in a concentrated waste stream at ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah McIntyre
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 5110 Rockhill Rd, 352 Flarsheim Hall, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
| | - Vidit Minda
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Hawley
- Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., 1111 Broadway, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA, 94607, USA.
| | - Rula Deeb
- Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., 1111 Broadway, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA, 94607, USA.
| | - Megan Hart
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 5110 Rockhill Rd, 352 Flarsheim Hall, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
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176
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Kurwadkar S, Dane J, Kanel SR, Nadagouda MN, Cawdrey RW, Ambade B, Struckhoff GC, Wilkin R. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151003. [PMID: 34695467 PMCID: PMC10184764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of fluorinated organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. Due to their unique chemical properties, widespread production, environmental distribution, long-term persistence, bioaccumulative potential, and associated risks for human health, PFAS have been classified as persistent organic pollutants of significant concern. Scientific evidence from the last several decades suggests that their widespread occurrence in the environment correlates with adverse effects on human health and ecology. The presence of PFAS in the aquatic environment demonstrates a close link between the anthroposphere and the hydrological cycle, and concentrations of PFAS in surface and groundwater range in value along the ng L-1-μg L-1 scale. Here, we critically reviewed the research published in the last decade on the global occurrence and distribution of PFAS in the aquatic environment. Ours is the first paper to critically evaluate the occurrence of PFAS at the continental scale and the evolving global regulatory responses to manage and mitigate the adverse human health risks posed by PFAS. The review reports that PFAS are widespread despite being phased out-they have been detected in different continents irrespective of the level of industrial development. Their occurrence far from the potential sources suggests that long-range atmospheric transport is an important pathway of PFAS distribution. Recently, several studies have investigated the health impacts of PFAS exposure-they have been detected in biota, drinking water, food, air, and human serum. In response to the emerging information about PFAS toxicity, several countries have provided administrative guidelines for PFAS in water, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Germany, and Australia. In the US, additional regulatory measures are under consideration. Further, many PFAS have now been listed as persistent organic pollutants. This comprehensive review provides crucial baseline information on the global occurrence, distribution, and regulatory framework of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA.
| | - Jason Dane
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Sushil R Kanel
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glen Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., 46 E. Hollister Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Ryan W Cawdrey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, Jharkhand, India
| | - Garrett C Struckhoff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Richard Wilkin
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA.
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177
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Wang P, Challis JK, He ZX, Wong CS, Zeng EY. Effects of biofouling on the uptake of perfluorinated alkyl acids by organic-diffusive gradients in thin films passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:242-251. [PMID: 35015011 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While organic-diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT) passive samplers have been used to assess organic contaminants in water, the effects of biofouling on accurate analyte quantification by o-DGT are poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of biofouling on the uptake of six common perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using a previously developed polyacrylamide-WAX (weak anion exchange) o-DGT without a filter membrane. Linear uptake (R2 > 0.91) over 21 days was observed in fouled samplers. The measured sampling rates (Rs) and accumulated masses of PFAS in pre-fouled o-DGT were significantly lower (p < 0.05, 20-39% relative error) than in control-fouled samplers. However, compared to clean o-DGT (no biofouling), the Rs of most PFAS in control-fouled samplers (i.e., those with clean diffusive and binding gels initially) were not affected by biofouling. Under flowing (∼5.8 cm s-1) and static conditions, the measured diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thicknesses for clean o-DGT were 0.016 and 0.082 cm, respectively, whereas the effective in situ biofilm thicknesses for fouled o-DGT were 0.018 and 0.14 cm, respectively. These results suggest that biofilm growth does not have significant effects on target PFAS sampling by o-DGT under typical flowing conditions (≥2 cm s-1). However, rapid surface growth of biofilm on o-DGT deployed in quiescent waters over long periods of time may exacerbate the adverse effects of biofilms, necessitating the estimation of biofilm thickness in situ. This study provides new insights for evaluating the capability of o-DGT samplers when biofilm growth can be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Charles S Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa CA 92626, USA
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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178
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A Review of Treatment Techniques for Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing amount of short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) alternatives has been used in industrial and commercial products. However, short-chain PFASs remain persistent, potentially toxic, and extremely mobile, posing potential threats to human health because of their widespread pollution and accumulation in the water cycle. This study systematically summarized the removal effect, operation conditions, treating time, and removal mechanism of various low carbon treatment techniques for short-chain PFASs, involving adsorption, advanced oxidation, and other practices. By the comparison of applicability, pros, and cons, as well as bottlenecks and development trends, the most widely used and effective method was adsorption, which could eliminate short-chain PFASs with a broad range of concentrations and meet the low-carbon policy, although the adsorbent regeneration was undesirable. In addition, advanced oxidation techniques could degrade short-chain PFASs with low energy consumption but unsatisfied mineralization rates. Therefore, combined with the actual situation, it is urgent to enhance and upgrade the water treatment techniques to improve the treatment efficiency of short-chain PFASs, for providing a scientific basis for the effective treatment of PFASs pollution in water bodies globally.
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179
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Suresh Babu D, Mol JMC, Buijnsters JG. Experimental insights into anodic oxidation of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) on boron-doped diamond anodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132417. [PMID: 34606896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
GenX is the trade name of the ammonium salt of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and is used as a replacement for the banned perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, recent studies have found GenX to be more toxic than PFOA. This work deals with the electrochemical degradation of HFPO-DA using boron-doped diamond anodes. For the first time, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the influence of sulfate concentration and other operating parameters on HFPO-DA degradation. Results demonstrated that sulfate radicals were ineffective in HFPO-DA degradation due to steric hindrance by -CF3 branch. Direct electron transfer was found as the rate-determining step. By comparing degradation of HFPO-DA with that of PFOA, it was observed that the steric hindrance by -CF3 branch in HFPO-DA decreased the rate of electron transfer from the carboxyl head group even though its defluorination rate was faster. Conclusively, a degradation pathway is proposed in which HFPO-DA mineralizes to CO2 and F- via formation of three intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Suresh Babu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Josephus G Buijnsters
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Research Group of Micro and Nano Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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180
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Li X, Fatowe M, Cui D, Quinete N. Assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Biscayne Bay surface waters and tap waters from South Florida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150393. [PMID: 34562756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent anthropogenic pollutants present in many environmental media worldwide due to their extensive uses in many industrial and commercial products combined with their high thermal and chemical stabilities. Its ubiquitous presence in surface and drinking water supply and significant adverse health effects observed in wildlife and humans, associated with its bioaccumulation potential, pose big concerns. In this study, we have developed and validated a semi-automated solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of legacy and emerging short-chain PFAS substitutes in surface and tap water at low parts-per-trillion (ppt) levels in South Florida environments. Surface waters from Biscayne Bay and adjacent canals (n = 15) and tap waters from different counties (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach County) (n = 21) were collected between October 2020 (wet season) and February 2021 (dry season). Total PFAS concentrations up to 242 ng L-1 (average of 168 ng L-1) were found in tap water from Grapeland Heights, which is the closest location to the Miami international airport that was sampled. The highest average total PFAS level of 106 ng L-1 was observed in surface water from the Biscayne Canal C-8 for the wet and dry season. In general, average total PFAS was higher in tap water (86.3 ng L-1) than in surface waters (46.3 ng L-1), whereas the most predominant and frequently detected PFAS were PFBA, PFBS, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHxS, PFOA and PFOS. PFAS levels found could represent a high human health risk, and ecological risk based on PFOS levels above recommended thresholds are also noted. Such knowledge on PFAS occurrence, distribution and sources in South Florida will provide essential information for local and regional regulatory agencies related to water quality, further facilitating the development of guidelines and procedures for PFAS pollution control and reduction in Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Li
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Morgan Fatowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Danni Cui
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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181
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Snitsiriwat S, Hudzik JM, Chaisaward K, Stoler LR, Bozzelli JW. Thermodynamic Properties: Enthalpy, Entropy, Heat Capacity, and Bond Energies of Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3-15. [PMID: 34978833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated carboxylic acids and their radicals are becoming more prevalent in environmental waters and soils as they have been produced and used for numerous commercial applications. Understanding the thermochemical properties of fluorinated carboxylic acids will provide insights into the stability and reaction paths of these molecules in the environment, in body fluids, and in biological and biochemical processes. Structures and thermodynamic properties for over 50 species related to fluorinated carboxylic acids with two and three carbons are determined with density functional computational calculations B3LYP, M06-2X, and MN15 and higher ab initio levels CBS-QB3, CBS-APNO, and G4 of theory. The lowest energy structures, moments of inertia, vibrational frequencies, and internal rotor potentials of each target species are determined. Standard enthalpies of formation, ΔfH298°, from CBS-APNO calculations show the smallest standard deviation among methods used in this work. ΔfH298° values are determined via several series of isodesmic and/or isogyric reactions. Enthalpies of formation are determined for fluorinated acetic and propionic acids and their respective radicals corresponding to the loss of hydrogen and fluorine atoms. Heat capacities as a function of temperature, Cp(T), and entropy at 298 K, S298°, are determined. Thermochemical properties for the fluorinated carbon groups used in group additivity are also developed. Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for the carbon-hydrogen, carbon-fluorine, and oxygen-hydrogen (C-H, C-F, and O-H BDEs) in the acids are reported. The C-H, C-F, and O-H bond energies of the fluorinated carboxylic acids are in the range of 89-104, 101-125, and 109-113 kcal mol-1, respectively. General trends show that the O-H bond energies on the acid group increase with the increase in the fluorine substitution. The strong carbon fluorine bonds in a fluorinated acid support the higher stability of the perfluorinated acids in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suarwee Snitsiriwat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jason M Hudzik
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Kingkan Chaisaward
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Loryn R Stoler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Joseph W Bozzelli
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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182
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Gevaerd de Souza N, Parenky AC, Nguyen HH, Jeon J, Choi H. Removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and water/soil slurry using Fe 0 -modified reactive activated carbon conjugated with persulfate. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e1671. [PMID: 34854167 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of highly persistent perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been a challenging but significant task. Herein, we propose adsorption-mediated chemical decomposition of PFAS implemented by using granular activated carbon (GAC) impregnated with zerovalent nanoiron (ZVI, Fe0 ), so-called reactive activated carbon (RAC). The effects of reaction temperature, injection of persulfate (PS), and presence of soil on removal of PFAS in water were evaluated. Results showed that RAC conjugated with PS at 60°C exhibited decomposition of PFAS, exclusively all three carboxylic PFAS tested, obviously producing various identifiable short-chain PFAS. Carboxylic PFAS were removed via physical adsorption combined with chemical decomposition while sulfonic PFAS were removed via solely adsorption mechanism. The presence of soil particles did not greatly affect the overall removal of PFAS. Carbon mass balance suggested that chemical oxidation by radical mechanisms mutually influences, in a complex manner, PFAS adsorption to GAC, ZVI and its iron derivatives, and soil particles. Nonetheless, all tested six PFAS were removed significantly. If successfully developed, the adsorption-mediated decomposition strategy may work for treatment of complex media containing PFAS and co-contaminants under different environmental settings. PRACTITIONERS POINTS: Treatment of persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was addressed. Activated carbon with zerovalent iron was examined in the presence of persulfate. The system significantly removed and decomposed PFAS in water and soil mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gevaerd de Souza
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Ramboll Americas Engineering, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Akshay Chandrashekar Parenky
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Parsons Corporation, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Hiep Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Hyeok Choi
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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183
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Li Y, Niu Z, Zhang Y. Occurrence of legacy and emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in water: A case study in Tianjin (China). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132409. [PMID: 34600003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the water solubility and environmentally persistent properties of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the contamination of PFAS in drinking water is raising widespread concerns for their potential adverse health risks. In the present study, the behavior of PFAS from source waters to effluent water was analyzed by taking samples from three drinking water sources (Yuqiao Reservoir, Beidagang Reservoir, and Yangtze River) and effluent of several treatment processes used in one drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) of Tianjin (China), including pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, and chlorination. The range of total concentration of PFAS (∑21PFAS) in three source water was 6.64-19.80 ng/L (Yuqiao Reservoir), 80.00-119.86 ng/L (Beidagang Reservoir), and 15.87 ng/L (Yangtze River), respectively. As for individual PFAS, PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid) was the most abundant PFAS, followed by PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate), and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), especially, 6:2 Cl-PFESA (6:2 Cl-polyflurinated ether sulfonate) was detected in all samples. During treatment, the removal rate of ∑21PFAS was 11%, and the removal rate of long-chain PFAS such as PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid), PFOS, and PFDS (perfluorodecane sulfonate) were relatively higher than short-chain PFAS due to their hydrophobic characteristic. Besides, the influence of seasonal factor (precipitation) on the occurrence and composition characteristics of PFAS in the aquatic environment was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that precipitation affected the total concentrations of PFAS in the aquatic environment, but barely on the composition characteristics of PFAS. Furthermore, the ecological risks could be negligible based on the concentration of PFAS measured in surface water. In the meanwhile, the health risks were also assessed based on the concentration of PFAS detected in drinking water, the result indicated that the concentrations of PFAS were less than the suggested drinking water advisories. In addition, more attention should be paid to the risk caused by the frequently detected emerging PFAS such as 6:2 Cl-PFESA and HFPO-DA (hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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184
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Duong TH, Bang WH, Kim GB, Maeng SK. Lab experiments on hybridization of managed aquifer recharge with river water via sand column, pre-oxidation, and nanofiltration. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132350. [PMID: 34582933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A hybridization of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with pre-oxidation processes was conducted in this study to investigate changes in dissolved organic matter characteristics and the attenuation of selected trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). Potassium permanganate, chlorine, and ozone treatments were used for pre-oxidation, which effectively attenuated some TrOCs, particularly the combination of MAR with ozone achieved 84-99% attenuation. The pre-oxidation step using potassium permanganate showed high removal of carbamazepine (96%). Moreover, MAR was also combined with nanofiltration (NF) as a multi-barrier concept for the removal of persistent TrOCs after MAR. A short-chain polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) was effectively removed after combining MAR columns with NF membranes. Thus, pre-oxidation coupled with MAR followed by NF could potentially enhance the removal of selected TrOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Huyen Duong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyuck Bang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoo-Bum Kim
- Department of Construction Safety and Disaster Prevention, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Maeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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185
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Román Santiago A, Baldaguez Medina P, Su X. Electrochemical remediation of perfluoroalkyl substances from water. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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186
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Di Nisio A, Pannella M, Vogiatzis S, Sut S, Dall'Acqua S, Rocca MS, Antonini A, Porzionato A, De Caro R, Bortolozzi M, Toni LD, Foresta C. Impairment of human dopaminergic neurons at different developmental stages by perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA) and differential human brain areas accumulation of perfluoroalkyl chemicals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106982. [PMID: 34781208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products. The environmental spreading of PFASs raises concerns for their impact on human health. In particular, the bioaccumulation in humans due to environmental exposure has been reported also in total brain samples and PFAS exposure has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study we aimed to investigate the specific PFAS bioaccumulation in different brain areas. Our data reported major accumulation in the brainstem region, which is richly populated by dopaminergic neurons (DNs), in brain autopsy samples from people resident in a PFAS-polluted area of Italy. Since DNs are the main source of dopamine (DA) in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), we evaluated the possible functional consequences of perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA) exposure in a human model of DNs obtained by differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Particularly, we analyzed the specific effect of the exposure to PFOA for 24 h, at the concentration of 10 ng/ml, at 3 different steps of dopaminergic differentiation: the neuronal commitment phase (DP1), the neuronal precursor phase (DP2) and the mature dopaminergic differentiation phase (DP3). Interestingly, compared to untreated cells, exposure to PFOA was associated with a reduced expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and Neurofilament Heavy (NFH), both markers of dopaminergic maturation at DP2 phase. In addition, cells at DP3 phase exposed to PFOA showed a severe reduction in the expression of the Dopamine Transporter (DAT), functionally involved in pre-synaptic dopamine reuptake. In this proof-of-concept study we show a significant impact of PFOA exposure, mainly on the most sensitive stage of neural dopaminergic differentiation, prompting the way for further investigations more directly relevant to risk assessment of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefania Vogiatzis
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine - VIMM, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Antonini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine - VIMM, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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187
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Yang Y, Cannon FS. Biomass activated carbon derived from pine sawdust with steam bursting pretreatment; perfluorooctanoic acid and methylene blue adsorption. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126161. [PMID: 34678453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using waste biomass to prepare various products by environmentally benign processes is a good way to practice green and sustainable development. In this paper, high porosity and surface area biomass activated carbon was obtained by pyrolysis of pine sawdust without using any chemicals after steam bursting pretreatment. Under hydrothermal conditions at 160 ℃, the differences of steam bursting at 300, 500, or 700 psi pressures on the structure and surface chemical groups of the final activated carbons product were compared. The characterization showed that the specific surface areas and micropore volumes decreased with the increase of pressure, while the relative content of oxygen-containing functional groups changed slightly. The sample obtained following 300 psi pretreatment (HPB300) offered the highest BET surface area and pore volume, 962 m2/g and 0.526 cm3/g respectively, and which also achieved the highest adsorption amounts for both methylene blue (MB) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Fred S Cannon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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188
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Recent advances in applications of hybrid natural polymers as adsorbent for perfluorinated compounds removal – review paper. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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189
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Kaiser AM, Saracevic E, Schaar HP, Weiss S, Hornek-Gausterer R. Ozone as oxidizing agent for the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and as a preceding step for activated carbon treatments concerning per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113692. [PMID: 34509127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several thousands of highly persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exist and it is therefore challenging to analytically determine a larger spectrum of these compounds simultaneously in one sample. It is even more difficult to efficiently remove mobile PFAS in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to protect the receiving waters. The total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay is an approach that enables the detection of the total PFAS content in a sample via oxidation of precursors, followed by subsequent analysis of the perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentration before and after oxidative processes. Activated carbon combined with a preceding ozonation step is considered a promising tool for the removal of micropollutants but considering PFAS removal efficiencies in effluents for this process combination more information is required. The focus of the study was to implement and assess the TOP assay with ozone as oxidizing agent to estimate the total PFAS content in a WWTP effluent. Additionally, granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) with a preceding ozonation step was tested for the removal efficiencies for 22 PFAS. For the TOP assay the obtained accordance in molarity using spiked tap water as quality control was 95.2% (15 mg O3/L) and 99.1% (6 mg O3/L). Applying the TOP assay, an estimated total PFAS content of 840 ng/L was determined in the respective effluent, which was 91.1% higher than obtained by target PFAS analysis, implying the presence of unknown precursors not included in common monitoring. While all treatment techniques that included ozone or a preceding ozonation step solely transformed precursors and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA, i.e., >C9) to shorter congeners, PAC was the only tested water treatment application that was able to remove 19.3% of the total PFAS molarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 12/226-1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Paula Schaar
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 12/226-1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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190
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Chowdhury N, Prabakar S, Choi H. Dependency of the photocatalytic and photochemical decomposition of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on their chain lengths, functional groups, and structural properties. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:3738-3754. [PMID: 34928840 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water using various photocatalytic and photochemical processes. PFAS were chosen, based on chain lengths, functional groups, and structural properties: four perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), three perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs), including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer (GenX), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and dependency of the photocatalytic decomposition of PFAS on their properties was investigated. Oxidants and reductants were introduced to study the photochemical decomposition of PFAS, and reactive species and reaction byproducts were identified to elucidate the decomposition mechanism of PFAS. Some notable findings include: long chain PFCAs (95% in 48 h) and 6:2 FTS (100%) were removed via chemical decomposition in TiO2/UVC while GenX (37%), long chain PFSAs (60%), short chain PFSAs (0-10%) and short chain PFCAs (5-18%) were removed via physical adsorption. Sulfate radicals generated with persulfate (PS) played an important role in decomposing PFCAs (60-90%). Sulfite activated by UVC worked for defluorination of PFOA (75%) and PFOS (80%). PFOA was removed faster by UVC/sulfite > UVC/TiO2/sulfite ≈ UVC/TiO2/PS ≥ UVC/PS > UVC/TiO2 while PFOS was removed faster by UVC/sulfite ≫ UVC/TiO2/sulfite ≈ UVC/TiO2/PS ≈ UVC/TiO2 ≫ UVC/PS. Susceptibility of PFAS to the chemical reactions could be explained by their properties and the reactive species produced in each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Chowdhury
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, 416 Yates Street, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, USA E-mail:
| | - Srinivas Prabakar
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, 416 Yates Street, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, USA E-mail:
| | - Hyeok Choi
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, 416 Yates Street, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, USA E-mail:
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191
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Dhore R, Murthy GS. Per/polyfluoroalkyl substances production, applications and environmental impacts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125808. [PMID: 34455249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are growing contaminants which are extremely difficult to get degraded naturally. PFAS have been produced for nearly a century using electrochemical flourination and more relomerization processes. High chemical resistance, hydrophobicity, lipophobicity, heat resistace, extremly low friction coefficient make this class of chemicals invaluable for many applications. These same properties useful unfortunately make them 'forever chemicals' once released into the envrironment. This review focuses on the production and applications of PFAs, determining the concentration of PFAs in environmental and biological matrices and their efficient degradation. Various methods of detection of PFAS have been developed but insitu methods of detction are still in the early stages of development. Current chemical and biological remediation technologies are expensive/not effective and thus new remediation technolgies must be developed. It is imperative to focus on methods for detection of the short chain PFAS with their projected increased use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveena Dhore
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Ganti S Murthy
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India.
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192
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Kinetics of Aqueous Persulfate-Induced Oxidative Degradation of Heptafluorobutanoate, Pentafluoropropionate, and Trifluoroacetate. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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193
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Li M, Mo CH, Luo X, He KY, Yan JF, Wu Q, Yu PF, Han W, Feng NX, Yeung KL, Zhou SQ. Exploring key reaction sites and deep degradation mechanism of perfluorooctane sulfonate via peroxymonosulfate activation under electrocoagulation process. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117849. [PMID: 34785408 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), normally present in groundwater and surface water, is an emerging environmental contaminants, but is extremely difficult to be degraded due to high energy of the C-F bond. Here, an electrocoagulation (EC) technique coupled with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation was used to deeply degrade PFOS. Results showed that approximately 100% PFOS was removed from the solution in the monopolar serial (MS) mode within 60 min and achieved a high kinetic rate of 0.074 min-1, which was significantly higher than those of reported studies (Table S3). Energy consumption (2.06 kWh/kg) in the MS mode was significantly lower than that of Al (52.30 kWh/kg) and Zn (213.50 kWh/kg) electrodes, which further confirmed the potential application prospects of EC technique. The quenching experiments, electron spin response (ESR) analysis, and DFT calculations can verify that ·OH was the main radical from the reaction of Fe2+-OH reaction site with PMS. In addition, results from fluorine balance and TOC removal also indicated the complete mineralization and degradation of PFOS in the EC process. Quantum chemical calculations can confirm the PFOS degradation mechanism and key active sites for direct electron transfer and radical attack. After five cycle operations of PFOS degradation, the EC process was still effective in degrading PFOS with a removal efficiency above 98%. Thus, this work provided a novel alternative for the high-effective treatment of PFOS from contaminated environmental water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR. China..
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Xuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ke-Ying He
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Jian-Fang Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR. China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wei Han
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR. China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - King Lun Yeung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR. China.; Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR. China..
| | - Shao-Qi Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, 2708 Huaxi Road, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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194
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Verma S, Varma RS, Nadagouda MN. Remediation and mineralization processes for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148987. [PMID: 34426018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic organic molecules used to manufacture various consumer and industrials products. In PFAS, the CF bond is stable, which renders these compounds chemically stable and prevents their breakdown. Several PFAS treatment processes such as adsorption, photolysis and photocatalysis, bioremediation, sonolysis, electrochemical oxidation, etc., have been explored and are being developed. The present review article has critically summarized degradative technologies and provides in-depth knowledge of photodegradation, electrochemical degradation, chemical oxidation, and reduction mineralization mechanism. Also, novel non-degradative technologies, including nano-adsorbents, natural and surface-modified clay minerals/zeolites, calixarene-based polymers, and molecularly imprinted polymers and adsorbents derived from biomaterials are discussed in detail. Of these novel approaches photocatalysis combined with membrane filtration or electrochemical oxidation via a treatment train approach shows promising results in removing PFAS in natural waters. The photocatalytic mineralization mechanism of PFOA is discussed, leading to recommendations for future research on novel remediation strategies for removing PFAS from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanny Verma
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., 46 E. Hollister Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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195
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Long M, Donoso J, Bhati M, Elias WC, Heck KN, Luo YH, Lai YS, Gu H, Senftle TP, Zhou C, Wong MS, Rittmann BE. Adsorption and Reductive Defluorination of Perfluorooctanoic Acid over Palladium Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14836-14843. [PMID: 34496574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) comprise a group of widespread and recalcitrant contaminants that are attracting increasing concern due to their persistence and adverse health effects. This study evaluated removal of one of the most prevalent PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in H2-based membrane catalyst-film reactors (H2-MCfRs) coated with palladium nanoparticles (Pd0NPs). Batch tests documented that Pd0NPs catalyzed hydrodefluorination of PFOA to partially fluorinated and nonfluorinated octanoic acids; the first-order rate constant for PFOA removal was 0.030 h-1, and a maximum defluorination rate was 16 μM/h in our bench-scale MCfR. Continuous-flow tests achieved stable long-term depletion of PFOA to below the EPA health advisory level (70 ng/L) for up to 70 days without catalyst loss or deactivation. Two distinct mechanisms for Pd0-based PFOA removal were identified based on insights from experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations: (1) nonreactive chemisorption of PFOA in a perpendicular orientation on empty metallic surface sites and (2) reactive defluorination promoted by physiosorption of PFOA in a parallel orientation above surface sites populated with activated hydrogen atoms (Hads*). Pd0-based catalytic reduction chemistry and continuous-flow treatment may be broadly applicable to the ambient-temperature destruction of other PFAS compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Long
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Juan Donoso
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Manav Bhati
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Welman C Elias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Kimberly N Heck
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Yi-Hao Luo
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
| | - YenJung Sean Lai
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Thomas P Senftle
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Michael S Wong
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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196
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Miralles-Marco A, Wang M, Park JS, Gatidou G, Nika MC, Bialorucki S, Kalantzi OI, Thomaidis NS, Stasinakis AS, Petreas M. Exploring the integrity of targeted PFASs in extracted wastewater samples during transport and storage stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131065. [PMID: 34102491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Little information exists on the effects of shipping and handling on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmental samples. Thus, we evaluated the integrity of dried wastewater extracts and the sensitivity of our high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) instrument to perform such analyses by monitoring 13 representative PFASs in samples extracted, evaporated, and stored at room temperature up to one month. Relative to zero-day recoveries of six detected PFASs ranged between 94 and 124% (RSD <38%) for influents, between 88 and 126% (RSD <18%) for effluents after 28 days. Larger variabilities are tentatively associated with the lack of specific mass-labeled standards and the interactions between analytes and remaining matrix components over time. In a second stage, a mix of local and international dry-shipped wastewater samples were analyzed and the same PFASs were quantified. Up to six PFASs were identified, with median concentrations ranging from 1.3 (perfluoro butyl sulfonate (PFBS)) to 7.7 ng/L (perfluoro hexanoic acid (PFHxA)) and from 1.5 (PFBS) to 13.8 ng/L (PFHxA) in local influents and effluents respectively; and from 0.7 (perfluoro hexyl sulfonate (PFHxS)) to 52.8 ng/L (PFHxA) and from 0.5 (PFHxS) to 21.4 ng/L (PFHxA) in Greek influents and effluents, respectively. The importance of this study lies on the need to consider the wider recovery shifts and expanded variability ranges of PFASs derived from the transport and storage times of dried extracts, particularly when applied to HRMS and wide-scope screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miralles-Marco
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States; Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Nika
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States
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197
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Liu H, Hu W, Li X, Hu F, Xi Y, Su Z, Huang Y, Liu B, Zhang C. Do perfluoroalkyl substances aggravate the occurrence of obesity-associated glucolipid metabolic disease? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111724. [PMID: 34293310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2016, more and more studies have been conducted to explore the combination of obesity and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposure, and the results indicate that PFASs may be connected with the occurrence of obesity-associated glucolipid metabolic disease (GLMD). OBJECTIVES This article summarizes the epidemiological studies on PFASs and obesity-related GLMD, as well as relevant experimental evidence. RESULTS (i) Both obesity and PFASs exposure can cause disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism (GLM). (ii) Obesity is a pivotal factor in the high incidence of GLMD induce by PFASs. (iii) PFASs are aggravating the occurrence of obesity-associated GLMD [e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and liver disease]. CONCLUSION The paper fills the gaps among environmental chemistry/epidemiology/toxicology area research. More importantly, PFASs should be taken into account to explain the high-prevalence of obesity-related GLMD. FUTURE DIRECTION Three research programs are proposed to explore the synergistic mechanism of PFASs and obesity. In addition, three suggestions are recommended to solve the harm of PFASs pollutants to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinian Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenli Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Fangwen Hu
- Zhangjiajie College, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie, 427000, China
| | - Yanni Xi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhu Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yicai Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
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198
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Uriakhil MA, Sidnell T, De Castro Fernández A, Lee J, Ross I, Bussemaker M. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance remediation from soil and sorbents: A review of adsorption behaviour and ultrasonic treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131025. [PMID: 34118624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are xenobiotics, present at variable concentrations in soils and groundwater worldwide. Some of the current remediation techniques being researched or applied for PFAS-impacted soils involve solidification-stabilisation, soil washing, excavation and disposal to landfill, on site or in situ smouldering, thermal desorption, ball milling and incineration. Given the large volumes of soil requiring treatment, there is a need for a more environmentally friendly technique to remove and treat PFASs from soils. Sorbents such as granular/powdered activated carbon, ion exchange resins and silicas are used in water treatment to remove PFAS. In this work, PFAS adsorption mechanisms and the effect of pore size, pH and organic matter on adsorption efficacy are discussed. Then, adsorption of PFAS to soils and sorbents is considered when assessing the viability of remediation techniques. Sonication-aided treatment was predicted to be an effective removal technique for PFAS from a solid phase, and the effect of varying frequency, power and particle size on the effectiveness of the desorption process is discussed. Causes and mitigation strategies for possible cavitation-induced particle erosion during ultrasound washing are also identified. Following soil remediation, degrading the extracted PFAS using sonolysis in a water-organic solvent mixture is discussed. The implications for future soil remediation and sorbent regeneration based on the findings in this study are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Angaar Uriakhil
- University of Surrey, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Surrey, England, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Tim Sidnell
- University of Surrey, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Surrey, England, GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Judy Lee
- University of Surrey, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Surrey, England, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Ian Ross
- Tetra Tech, Quay West at MediaCityUK, Trafford Wharf Rd, Trafford Park, Manchester, England, M17 1HH, UK
| | - Madeleine Bussemaker
- University of Surrey, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Surrey, England, GU2 7XH, UK.
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199
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Microplastics in Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Plants: Occurrence and Removal of Microfibres. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), and specifically microfibres (MPFs), are ubiquitous in water bodies, including wastewater and drinking water. In this work, a thorough literature review on the occurrence and removal of MPs, and specifically MPFs in WWTPs and DWTPs, has been carried out. When the water is treated, an average microfiber removal efficiency over 70% is achieved in WWTPs and DWTPs. These high percentages are still inefficient for avoiding the presence of a large number of microfibres in treated wastewater and also in tap water. RSF, DAF, oxidation ditch and CAS processes have been described as the most efficient treatments for eliminating MPFs from wastewater treatment. It is remarkable the wide range of the data reported on this topic; for example, treated wastewater contains between not detected and 347 MPFs/L, whereas tap water contains between not detected and 168 MPFs/L. Microfibres constitute more than half of the MPs found in treated wastewater and sewage sludge, whereas in DWTP effluents the percentage of MPFs is around 32%. Nevertheless, the relative amount of MPFs reported in tap water is notably higher (71%). Microfibres from WWTPs are discharged to the environment, being a source of MP pollution. Additionally, MPs released by DWTPs directly enter the drinking water lines, which constitute a direct route for MP human consumption, so that it has been estimated that an adult may ingest an average value of 7500 MPFs per year only via tap water. Thus, this review provides an update on the performance of WWTPs and DWTPs in removing MPs from water, which is an issue of great interest.
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200
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Shrestha B, Ezazi M, Ajayan S, Kwon G. Reversible adsorption and desorption of PFAS on inexpensive graphite adsorbents via alternating electric field. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34652-34659. [PMID: 35494755 PMCID: PMC9042681 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively utilized in practical applications that include surfactants, lubricants, and firefighting foams due to their thermal stability and chemical inertness. Recent studies have revealed that PFAS were detected in groundwater and even drinking water systems which can cause severe environmental and health issues. While adsorbents with a large specific surface area have demonstrated effective removal of PFAS from water, their capability in desorbing the retained PFAS has been often neglected despite its critical role in regeneration for reuse. Further, they have demonstrated a relatively lower adsorption capacity for PFAS with a short fluoroalkyl chain length. To overcome these limitations, electric field-aided adsorption has been explored. In this work, reversible adsorption and desorption of PFAS dissolved in water upon alternating voltage is reported. An inexpensive graphite adsorbent is fabricated by using a simple press resulting in a mesoporous structure with a BET surface area of 132.9 ± 10.0 m2 g-1. Electric field-aided adsorption and desorption experiments are conducted by using a custom-made cell consisting of two graphite electrodes placed in parallel in a polydimethylsiloxane container. Unlike the conventional sorption process, a graphite electrode exhibits a higher adsorption capacity for PFAS with a short fluoroalkyl chain (perfluoropentanoic acid, PFPA) in comparison to that with a long fluoroalkyl chain (perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA). Upon alternating the voltage to a negative value, the retained PFPA or PFOA is released into the surrounding water. Finally, we engineered a device module mounted on a gravity-assisted apparatus to demonstrate electrosorption of PFAS and collection of high purity water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwash Shrestha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Mohammadamin Ezazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Sanjay Ajayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Gibum Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045 USA
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