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Rumen-protected methionine supplementation during the peripartal period alters the expression of galectin genes associated with inflammation in peripheral neutrophils and secretion in plasma of Holstein cows. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:394-398. [PMID: 31727186 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The work described in this research communication aimed to investigate whether rumen-protected methionine (Met) supplementation during the periparturient period would affect the expression of galectins in blood-derived neutrophils, and secretion of galectins, IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glucose in plasma. Because supplementation of rumen-protected Met would alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress during the peripartal period, we hypothesized that enhancing Met supply would benefit the innate immune response at least in part by altering the expression of galectin genes associated with neutrophil activity and inflammation. Galectins (Gal) have an immuno-modulating effect acting like cell-surface receptors whose activation often results in signaling cascades stimulating cells such as neutrophils. This study revealed an association between Met supplementation and galectin expression and secretion. This implies that galectin expression and secretion can be modulated by Met supplementation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the regulation of galectin gene expression for therapeutic and dietary intervention in the peripartal cow.
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152
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Araújo JRC, Coelho CB, Campos AR, de Azevedo Moreira R, de Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira AC. Animal Galectins and Plant Lectins as Tools for Studies in Neurosciences. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 18:202-215. [PMID: 31622208 PMCID: PMC7327950 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191016092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immunological origin capable of reversibly and specifically binding to glycoconjugates. They exist in free form or associated with cells and are widely distributed in nature, being found in plants, microorganisms, and animals. Due to their characteristics and mainly due to the possibility of reversible binding to glycoconjugates, lectins have stood out as important tools in research involving Neurobiology. These proteins have the ability to modulate molecular targets in the central nervous system (CNS) which may be involved with neuroplasticity, neurobehavioral effects, and neuroprotection. The present report integrates existing information on the activity of animal and plant lectins in different areas of Neuroscience, presenting perspectives to direct new research on lectin function in the CNS, providing alternatives for understanding neurological diseases such as mental disorders, neurodegenerative, and neuro-oncological diseases, and for the development of new drugs, diagnoses and therapies in the field of Neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cauê Barbosa Coelho
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia Ambiental para o Semiarido (PPGCTAS), State University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana Rolim Campos
- Experimental Biology Centre (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
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153
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de Jong CGHM, Stancic M, Pinxterhuis TH, van Horssen J, van Dam AM, Gabius HJ, Baron W. Galectin-4, a Negative Regulator of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation, Is Persistently Present in Axons and Microglia/Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:1024-1038. [PMID: 30252090 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-derived molecules are potent regulators of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination during brain development and upon demyelination. Their analysis will thus contribute to understanding remyelination failure in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Previously, we have identified neuronal galectin-4 as a novel negative soluble regulator in the timing of developmental myelination. Here, we investigated whether galectin-4 is re-expressed in axons upon demyelination to regulate the timing of remyelination. Our findings revealed that galectin-4 is transiently localized to axons in demyelinated areas upon cuprizone-induced demyelination. In contrast, in chronic demyelinated MS lesions, where remyelination fails, galectin-4 is permanently present on axons. Remarkably, microglia/macrophages in cuprizone-demyelinated areas also harbor galectin-4, as also observed in activated microglia/macrophages that are present in active MS lesions and in inflammatory infiltrates in chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In vitro analysis showed that galectin-4 is effectively endocytosed by macrophages, and may scavenge galectin-4 from oligodendrocytes, and that endogenous galectin-4 levels are increased in alternatively interleukin-4-activated macrophages and microglia. Hence, similar to developmental myelination, the (re)expressed galectin-4 upon demyelination may act as factor in the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation, while the persistent presence of galectin-4 on demyelinated axons may disrupt this fine-tuning of remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G H M de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Stancic
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke H Pinxterhuis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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154
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Madusanka RK, Priyathilaka TT, Janson ND, Kasthuriarachchi TDW, Jung S, Tharuka MDN, Lee J. Molecular, transcriptional and functional delineation of Galectin-8 from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) and its potential immunological role. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:449-462. [PMID: 31352119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins, which are involved in pattern recognition, cell adhesion, and stimulation of the host innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. In spite of several functional studies on different galectins isolated from vertebrates and invertebrates, this is the first report to present functional studies for galectin-8 from the marine teleost tissues. In the present study, we characterized galectin-8 homolog from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), in molecular and functional aspects. Rockfish galectin-8 (SsGal8) was found to consist of a 969 bp long open reading frame (ORF), encoding a protein of 322 amino acids and the predicted molecular weight was 35.82 kDa. In silico analysis of SsGal8 revealed the presence of two carbohydrate binding domains (CRDs), at both N and C-termini and a linker peptide of 40 amino acids, in between the two domains. As expected, the phylogenetic tree categorized SsGal8 as a tandem-repeat galectin, and ultimately positioned it in the sub-clade of fish galectin-8. rSsGal8 was able to strongly agglutinate fish erythrocytes and the inhibition of agglutination was successfully exhibited by lactose and d-galactose. Bacterial agglutination assay resulted in agglutination of both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Streptococcus parauberis, Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio tapetis. The tissue distribution analysis based on qPCR assays, revealed a ubiquitous tissue expression of SsGal8 for the examined rockfish tissues, with the most pronounced expression in blood, followed by brain, intestine, head kidney and kidney. Furthermore, the mRNA transcription level of SsGal8 was significantly up-regulated in spleen, liver and head kidney, upon immune challenges with Streptococcus iniae, LPS and poly I:C, in a time dependent manner. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest the contribution of SsGal8 in regulating innate immune responses to protect the rockfish from bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanthrilage Kasun Madusanka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - N D Janson
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - T D W Kasthuriarachchi
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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155
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Galectin-3 may serve as a marker for poor prognosis in colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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156
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Brinkø A, Risinger C, Lambert A, Blixt O, Grandjean C, Jensen HH. Combining Click Reactions for the One-Pot Synthesis of Modular Biomolecule Mimetics. Org Lett 2019; 21:7544-7548. [PMID: 31502847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on the first combined one-pot use of the two so-called "click reactions": the thiol-ene coupling and the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. These reactions were employed in an alternating and one-pot fashion to combine appropriately functionalized monomeric carbohydrate building blocks to create mimics of trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides as single anomers, with only minimal purification necessary. The deprotected oligosaccharide mimics were found to bind both plant lectins and human galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brinkø
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Risinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Annie Lambert
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP) , Université de Nantes , UMR CNRS 6286, 2, rue de la Houssinière , BP92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Cyrille Grandjean
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP) , Université de Nantes , UMR CNRS 6286, 2, rue de la Houssinière , BP92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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157
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van Lieshout LCEW, Koek GH, Spaanderman MA, van Runnard Heimel PJ. Placenta derived factors involved in the pathogenesis of the liver in the syndrome of haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP): A review. Pregnancy Hypertens 2019; 18:42-48. [PMID: 31494464 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM With this review we try to unravel if placenta-derived factors are able to initiate liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) decay in HELLP syndrome and eventually cause the development of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). BACKGROUND Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome is a severe complication of pregnancy. It is characterized by elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count and haemolytic anaemia. The risk of developing HELLP syndrome within a pregnancy is 0.1-0.8%. The mortality rate among women with HELLP syndrome is 0-24% and the perinatal death goes up to 37%. The aetiology of HELLP syndrome is not fully understood but the pathogenesis of the liver pathology in the HELLP syndrome resembles that of a SOS with endothelial damage of the LSECs which ultimately leads to liver failure. OBJECTIVES We hypothesize that placenta derived factors cause LSEC damage and thereby liver dysfunction. METHODS We searched in the PubMed database for relevant articles about placenta derived factors involved in endothelial activation especially in the liver. We yielded eventually 55 relevant articles. RESULTS Based on this literature search we associate that in HELLP syndrome there is an increase of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR), soluble endoglin (sEng), galectin-1 (Gal-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), Angiopoietin 2 (Angs-2), Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), activin B, inhibin A, Fas ligand (FasL) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). CONCLUSION We assume that these eleven increased placenta derived factors are responsible for LSEC damage which eventually leads to liver failure. This concept shows a possible design of the complicated pathophysiology in HELLP syndrome. However further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C E W van Lieshout
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - G H Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Klinikum RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - M A Spaanderman
- Department of Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands
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158
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Pieters BCH, Cappariello A, van den Bosch MHJ, van Lent PLEM, Teti A, van de Loo FAJ. Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Carriers of Alarmins and Their Potential Involvement in Bone Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1901. [PMID: 31440259 PMCID: PMC6694442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures, which facilitate intercellular communication. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of extracellular vesicles in bone homeostasis, as mediators of crosstalk between different bone-resident cells. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are capable of releasing various types of extracellular vesicles that promote both osteogenesis, as well as, osteoclastogenesis, maintaining bone homeostasis. However, the contribution of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in bone homeostasis remains largely unknown. Recent proteomic studies showed that alarmins are abundantly present in/on macrophage-derived EVs. In this review we will describe these alarmins in the context of bone matrix regulation and discuss the potential contribution macrophage-derived EVs may have in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartijn C H Pieters
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cappariello
- Research Laboratories - Department of Oncohematology IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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159
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Parasuraman P, Selvin JFA, Gromiha MM, Fukui K, Veluraja K. Investigation on the binding specificity of Agrocybe cylindracea galectin towards α(2,6)-linked sialyllactose by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1631323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kazuhiko Fukui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), Tokyo, Japan
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160
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Kaya B, Turhan U, Sezer S, Kaya S, Dağ İ, Tayyar A. Maternal serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels in pregnancies complicated with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:861-868. [PMID: 31242786 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1637409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate maternal serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels in pregnancies complicated with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and to compare with pregnancies delivered at term.Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 women with singleton pregnancies complicated with PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation were compared with gestational age-matched 40 pregnant women with no obstetrics complications, who delivered at term. The maternal serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels were measured.Results: Patients complicated with PPROM had significantly higher levels of galectin-1 (p = .001) and galectin-3 (p = .003) than the control group. Maternal serum galectin-3 levels were found significantly negatively correlated with the gestational age at delivery and birth weight.Conclusion: Maternal serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in pregnancies complicated with PPROM. Galectin-1 and galectin-3, with their regulatory effects in key biological processes, may be both an initiating factor in the pathophysiology of PPROM, a marker in the prediction, and a target of preventing strategies of PPROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Kaya
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Turhan
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Health Sciences University, Samsun Education and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Salim Sezer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Kaya
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Dağ
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Eyüp State Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tayyar
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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161
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Tao CC, Cheng KM, Ma YL, Hsu WL, Chen YC, Fuh JL, Lee WJ, Chao CC, Lee EHY. Galectin-3 promotes Aβ oligomerization and Aβ toxicity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:192-209. [PMID: 31127200 PMCID: PMC7206130 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers largely initiate the cascade underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is a member of the galectin protein family, promotes inflammatory responses and enhances the homotypic aggregation of cancer cells. Here, we examined the role and action mechanism of Gal-3 in Aβ oligomerization and Aβ toxicities. Wild-type (WT) and Gal-3-knockout (KO) mice, APP/PS1;WT mice, APP/PS1;Gal-3+/- mice and brain tissues from normal subjects and AD patients were used. We found that Aβ oligomerization is reduced in Gal-3 KO mice injected with Aβ, whereas overexpression of Gal-3 enhances Aβ oligomerization in the hippocampi of Aβ-injected mice. Gal-3 expression shows an age-dependent increase that parallels endogenous Aβ oligomerization in APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, Aβ oligomerization, Iba1 expression, GFAP expression and amyloid plaque accumulation are reduced in APP/PS1;Gal-3+/- mice compared with APP/PS1;WT mice. APP/PS1;Gal-3+/- mice also show better acquisition and retention performance compared to APP/PS1;WT mice. In studying the mechanism underlying Gal-3-promoted Aβ oligomerization, we found that Gal-3 primarily co-localizes with Iba1, and that microglia-secreted Gal-3 directly interacts with Aβ. Gal-3 also interacts with triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2, which then mediates the ability of Gal-3 to activate microglia for further Gal-3 expression. Immunohistochemical analyses show that the distribution of Gal-3 overlaps with that of endogenous Aβ in APP/PS1 mice and partially overlaps with that of amyloid plaque. Moreover, the expression of the Aβ-degrading enzyme, neprilysin, is increased in Gal-3 KO mice and this is associated with enhanced integrin-mediated signaling. Consistently, Gal-3 expression is also increased in the frontal lobe of AD patients, in parallel with Aβ oligomerization. Because Gal-3 expression is dramatically increased as early as 3 months of age in APP/PS1 mice and anti-Aβ oligomerization is believed to protect against Aβ toxicity, Gal-3 could be considered a novel therapeutic target in efforts to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Li Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Chao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eminy H Y Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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162
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Dilaveris P, Antoniou CK, Manolakou P, Tsiamis E, Gatzoulis K, Tousoulis D. Biomarkers Associated with Atrial Fibrosis and Remodeling. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:780-802. [PMID: 28925871 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170918122502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common rhythm disturbance encountered in clinical practice. Although often considered as solely arrhythmic in nature, current evidence has established that atrial myopathy constitutes both the substrate and the outcome of atrial fibrillation, thus initiating a vicious, self-perpetuating cycle. This myopathy is triggered by stress-induced (including pressure/volume overload, inflammation, oxidative stress) responses of atrial tissue, which in the long term become maladaptive, and combine elements of both structural, especially fibrosis, and electrical remodeling, with contemporary approaches yielding potentially useful biomarkers of these processes. Biomarker value becomes greater given the fact that they can both predict atrial fibrillation occurrence and treatment outcome. This mini-review will focus on the biomarkers of atrial remodeling (both electrical and structural) and fibrosis that have been validated in human studies, including biochemical, histological and imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polychronis Dilaveris
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Panagiota Manolakou
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Tsiamis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gatzoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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163
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Bonsack F, Sukumari-Ramesh S. Differential Cellular Expression of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:157. [PMID: 31156388 PMCID: PMC6530358 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating sub-type of stroke with no proven treatment. Given the emerging role of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in neuroimmune responses, the objective of the current manuscript is to elucidate hemorrhagic-injury induced modulation and cellular expression of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in the brain in a pre-clinical model of ICH. To address this, ICH was induced in male CD1 mice by collagenase injection method. Western blotting as well as Immunofluorescence staining was performed to characterize the temporal expression pattern as well as cellular localization of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 after ICH. Further, genetic studies were conducted to assess the functional role of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in inflammatory response employing a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 exhibited very profound and increased expression from day 3 to day 7-post-injury, in the perihematomal brain region after ICH in comparison to Sham. Further, Galectin-1 expression was mostly observed in GFAP-positive astrocytes whereas Galectin-3 expression was observed mostly in Iba1-positive microglia/macrophages as well as CD16/32 (M1 microglial/macrophage marker)-positive cells. Moreover, genetic studies revealed a negative regulatory role of both Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in the release of a proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6 from RAW 264.7 cells depending on the stimulus. Altogether, the present manuscript demonstrates for the first time, increased expression as well as cellular localization of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in the perihematomal brain regions after ICH. In addition, the manuscript raises the potential of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in modulating glial responses and thereby brain injury after ICH, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Bonsack
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sangeetha Sukumari-Ramesh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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164
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Dahlqvist A, Furevi A, Warlin N, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ. Stereo- and regioselective hydroboration of 1- exo-methylene pyranoses: discovery of aryltriazolylmethyl C-galactopyranosides as selective galectin-1 inhibitors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1046-1060. [PMID: 31164942 PMCID: PMC6541369 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate recognition proteins that bind carbohydrates containing galactose and are involved in cell signaling and cellular interactions, involving them in several diseases. We present the synthesis of (aryltriazolyl)methyl galactopyranoside galectin inhibitors using a highly diastereoselective hydroboration of C1-exo-methylene pyranosides giving inhibitors with fourfold or better selectivity for galectin-1 over galectin-3, -4C (C-terminal CRD), -4N (N-terminal CRD), -7, -8C, -8N, -9C, and -9N and dissociation constants down to 170 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dahlqvist
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 LUND, Sweden
| | - Axel Furevi
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 LUND, Sweden
| | - Niklas Warlin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 LUND, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, BMC C12, SE-221 84 LUND, Sweden
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 LUND, Sweden
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165
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Kaur T, Thakur K, Singh J, Arora S, Kaur M. Genotypic-Phenotypic Screening of Galectin-3 in Relation to Risk Towards Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:214-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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166
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Chelate-soluble pectin fraction from papaya pulp interacts with galectin-3 and inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:170-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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167
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Bai Y, Niu D, Li Y, Bai Y, Lan T, Peng M, Dong Z, Sun F, Li J. Identification and characterisation of a novel small galectin in razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) with multiple innate immune functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:11-17. [PMID: 30389517 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are lectins possessing an evolutionarily conserved carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) with affinity for β-galactoside. The key role played by innate immunity in invertebrates has recently become apparent. Herein, a full-length galectin (ScGal) was identified in razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta). The 528 bp open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 176 amino acids with a single CRD and no signal peptide. ScGal mRNA transcripts were mainly expressed in hemolymph and gill, and were significantly up-regulated following bacterial challenge. Recombinant rScGal protein binds to and aggregates various bacteria, and has affinity for peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid and d-galactose. The protein also stimulates hemocytes to phagocytose invading bacterial pathogens. ScGal is an important immune factor in innate immunity, and a small protein with multiple important functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yulin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Maoxiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Fanyue Sun
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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168
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Tsutsui S, Yoshinaga T, Watanabe S, Tsukamoto K, Nakamura O. Mucosal galectin genes in all freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:660-670. [PMID: 30779133 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the genomic DNA sequences of the mucosal galectin-encoding genes from all 19 species and subspecies of the genus Anguilla. The nucleotide sequences of the galectin genes were c. 2.3-2.5 kb long and the organisation of their four exons and three introns was conserved in all species. An unusual sequence was found in the fourth exon of Anguilla reinhardtii, resulting in a unique deduced amino-acid sequence at the C-terminus. All six amino-acid residues important for β-galactoside binding were conserved in three species, while one residue (R73 ) was substituted to K73 in the other 16 species-subspecies, including Anguilla marmorata. However, this substitution did not appear to affect the sugar-binding ability of galectins because the galectin of A. marmorata was previously shown to bind to lactose. We also discuss the molecular evolution of galectins among Anguilla spp. and the homologues previously identified in Conger myriaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tsutsui
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Yoshinaga
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-0052, Japan
| | - Katsumi Tsukamoto
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakamura
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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169
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:151-168. [PMID: 30707400 PMCID: PMC6441623 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycoimmunology is an emerging field focused on understanding how immune responses are mediated by glycans (carbohydrates) and their interaction with glycan-binding proteins called lectins. How glycans influence immunological functions is increasingly well understood. In a parallel way, in the HIV field, it is increasingly understood how the host immune system controls HIV persistence and immunopathogenesis. However, what has mostly been overlooked, despite its potential for therapeutic applications, is the role that the host glycosylation machinery plays in modulating the persistence and immunopathogenesis of HIV. Here, we will survey four areas in which the links between glycan-lectin interactions and immunology and between immunology and HIV are well described. For each area, we will describe these links and then delineate the opportunities for the HIV field in investigating potential interactions between glycoimmunology and HIV persistence/immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that the human glycome (the repertoire of human glycan structures) plays critical roles in driving or modulating several cellular processes and immunological functions that are central to maintaining HIV infection. Understanding the links between glycoimmunology and HIV infection may create a new paradigm for discovering novel glycan-based therapies that can lead to eradication, functional cure, or improved tolerance of lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83h, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovacica 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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170
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Decoding the sweet regulation of apoptosis: the role of glycosylation and galectins in apoptotic signaling pathways. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:981-993. [PMID: 30903104 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation and glycan-binding proteins such as galectins play an important role in the control of cell death signaling. Strikingly, very little attention has been given so far to the understanding of the molecular details behind this key regulatory network. Glycans attached to the death receptors such as CD95 and TRAIL-Rs, either alone or in a complex with galectins, might promote or inhibit apoptotic signals. However, we have just started to decode the functions of galectins in the modulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. In this work, we have discussed the current understanding of the glycosylation-galectin regulatory network in CD95- as well as TRAIL-R-induced apoptosis and therapeutic strategies based on targeting galectins in cancer.
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171
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Chen M, Liu X, Zhou J, Wang X, Liu R, Peng H, Li B, Cai Z, Jiang C. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of galectins in Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) in response to Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:347-354. [PMID: 30500549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) that bind to specific glycans, including the glycans on the surface of pathogens, and therefore play a role in cytokine secretion, cell activation, migration, adhesion and apoptosis. Currently, galectins have been extensively studied in mammalian species but rarely studied in teleost fish species. In this study, a total of 12 galectin genes were characterized to understand the molecular mechanisms of galectin function in Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). Phylogenetic analyses and syntenic analyses confirmed their correct annotation and suggested the strongest relationships to tetraodon. Furthermore, expression analyses were conducted in healthy tissues of Japanese pufferfish and after infection with Vibrio harveyi in the intestine, liver and spleen. The results showed that galectin genes were widely expressed in all examined tissues; however, most of the galectin genes were highly expressed in mucosal tissues (skin, gill and intestine). Moreover, majority of the galectin genes were significantly regulated after V. harveyi infection in the intestine, liver and spleen, suggesting that galectins were involved in the immune response to V. harveyi infection in Japanese pufferfish. This study established the foundation for future studies of galectin gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongyu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Boyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhonglu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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172
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Romanò C, Oscarson S. Synthesis of lactosamine-based building blocks on a practical scale and investigations of their assembly for the preparation of 19F-labelled LacNAc oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2265-2278. [PMID: 30724303 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous disaccharide N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc type 2, Galβ1,4GlcNAc) is often over-expressed on the surface of cancer cells where it is bound by tumour secreted galectins contributing to cancer-related processes such as metastasis, adhesion, tumour survival, and immune escape. To facilitate NMR investigations into the binding interactions between oligo-LacNAc structures and galectins, which can show both exo- and endo-binding behaviour, a library of regioselectively 19F-labelled oligo-LacNAc structures was required. Herein, the synthesis on a practical scale of various N-protected (Troc, Phth, TFAc) lactosamine donors is reported starting from commercially available lactosamine hydrochloride. Investigations into their glycosylations with lactosamine acceptors to form 19F-containing LacNAc oligomers showed that benzylated acceptors significantly improved the yields over acetylated ones, and that, gratifyingly, the almost untried N-trifluoroacetamide (NTFAc) protected donors, already containing the desired 19F-label, were found to be optimal, both considering reaction yields and purification of the glycosylation reactions. The NTFAc group of reducing end acceptors was introduced through N-amide transacylation of linker-equipped LacNAc structures. A [2 + 2] synthetic approach was optimized for the preparation of tetrasaccharide LacNAc/TFAc-dimers and also further expanded to the synthesis of hexasaccharide LacNAc/TFAc-trimer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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173
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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174
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Hirabayashi J, Arai R. Lectin engineering: the possible and the actual. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180068. [PMID: 30842871 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a widespread group of sugar-binding proteins occurring in all types of organisms including animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and even viruses. According to a recent report, there are more than 50 lectin scaffolds (∼Pfam), for which three-dimensional structures are known and sugar-binding functions have been confirmed in the literature, which far exceeds our view in the twentieth century (Fujimoto et al. 2014 Methods Mol. Biol. 1200, 579-606 (doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1292-6_46)). This fact suggests that new lectins will be discovered either by a conventional screening approach or just by chance. It is also expected that new lectin domains including those found in enzymes as carbohydrate-binding modules will be generated in the future through evolution, although this has never been attempted on an experimental level. Based on the current state of the art, various methods of lectin engineering are available, by which lectin specificity and/or stability of a known lectin scaffold can be improved. However, the above observation implies that any protein scaffold, including those that have never been described as lectins, may be modified to acquire a sugar-binding function. In this review, possible approaches to confer sugar-binding properties on synthetic proteins and peptides are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central-2, 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Arai
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.,Department of Supramolecular Complexes, Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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175
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do Prado SBR, Shiga TM, Harazono Y, Hogan VA, Raz A, Carpita NC, Fabi JP. Migration and proliferation of cancer cells in culture are differentially affected by molecular size of modified citrus pectin. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:141-151. [PMID: 30824074 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While chemically and thermally modified citrus pectin (MCP) has already been studied for health benefits, it is unknown how size-fractionated oligo- and polysaccharides differentially affect cancer cell behavior. We produced thermally MCP and fractionated it by molecular size to evaluate the effect these polymers have on cancer cells. MCP30/10 (between 30 and 10 kDa) had more esterified homogalacturonans (HG) and fewer rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I) than MCP and MCP30 (higher than 30 kDa), while MCP10/3 (between 10 and 3 kDa) showed higher amounts of type I arabinogalactans (AGI) and lower amounts of RG-I. MCP3 (smaller than 3 kDa) presented less esterified HG and the lowest amount of AGI and RG-I. Our data indicate that the enrichment of de-esterified HG oligomers and the AGI and RG-I depletions in MCP3, or the increase of AGI and loss of RGI in MCP30/10, enhance the anticancer behaviors by inhibiting migration, aggregation, and proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bernardino Ramos do Prado
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Misuzu Shiga
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Yosuke Harazono
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Victor A Hogan
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Avraham Raz
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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176
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Hayashi Y, Jia W, Kidoya H, Muramatsu F, Tsukada Y, Takakura N. Galectin-3 Inhibits Cancer Metastasis by Negatively Regulating Integrin β3 Expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:900-910. [PMID: 30653955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3; gene LGALS3) is a member of the β-galactose-binding lectin family. Previous studies showed that Gal-3 is expressed in several tissues across species and functions as a regulator of cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration, thus affecting many aspects of events, such as angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Although several reports have suggested that the level of Gal-3 expression correlates positively with tumor progression, herein we show that highly metastatic mouse melanoma B16/BL6 cells express less Gal-3 than B16 cells with a lower metastatic potential. It was found that overexpression of Gal-3 in melanoma cells in fact suppresses metastasis. In contrast, knocking out Gal-3 expression in cancer cells promoted cell aggregation mediated through interactions with platelets and fibrinogen in vitro and increased the number of metastatic foci in vivo. Thus, reduced Gal-3 expression results in the up-regulation of β3 integrin expression, and this contributes to metastatic potential. These findings indicate that changes of Gal-3 expression in cancer cells during tumor progression influence the characteristics of metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hayashi
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Weizhen Jia
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kidoya
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Muramatsu
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yohei Tsukada
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Division of Signal Transduction, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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177
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History and future of shotgun glycomics. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1-11. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glycans in polysaccharides and glycoconjugates of the hydrophilic exterior of all animal cells participate in signal transduction, cellular adhesion, intercellular signaling, and sites for binding of pathogens largely through protein–glycan interactions. Microarrays of defined glycans have been used to study the binding specificities of biologically relevant glycan-binding proteins (GBP), but such arrays are limited by their lack of diversity or relevance to the GBP being investigated. Shotgun glycan microarrays are made up of structurally undefined glycans that were released from natural sources, labeled with bifunctional reagents so that they can be monitored during their purification using multidimensional chromatographic procedures, stored as a tagged glycan library (TGL) and subsequently printed onto microarrays at equal molar concentrations. The shotgun glycan microarray is then interrogated with a biologically relevant GBP and the corresponding glycan ligands can be retrieved from the TGL for detailed structural analysis and further functional analysis. Shotgun glycomics extended the defined glycan microarray to a discovery platform that supports functional glycomic analyses and may provide a useful process for ultimately defining the human glycome.
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178
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Huang MY, He JP, Zhang WQ, Liu JL. Pooling analysis reveals that galectin-1 is a reliable prognostic biomarker in various cancers. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13788-13798. [PMID: 30618160 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 is reported to be upregulated in various human cancers. However, the relationship between galectin-1 expression and cancer prognosis has not been systematically assessed. In this study, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase to collect all relevant studies and a meta-analysis was performed. We found that increased galectin-1 expression was associated with tumor size (odds ratio [OR] = 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-2.89; p = 0.029), clinical stage (OR = 3.89; 95% CI: 2.40-6.31; p < 0.001), and poorer differentiation (OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.14-1.69; p = 0.001), but not with age (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.82-1.39; p = 0.597), sex (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.74-1.07; p = 0.202), or lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.57; 95% CI: 0.98-6.78; p = 0.056). In addition, we found that high galectin-1 expression levels were associated with poor overall survival (HR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.71-2.64; p < 0.001). The results were further validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. Moreover, high galectin-1 expression was significantly associated with disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.17-2.19; p = 0.003), progression-free survival (HR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.65-2.25; p < 0.001), and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.30-2.55; p < 0.001). Our meta-analysis demonstrated that galectin-1 might be a useful common biomarker for predicting prognosis in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Peng He
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qian Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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179
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Resetting the ligand binding site of placental protein 13/galectin-13 recovers its ability to bind lactose. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181787. [PMID: 30413611 PMCID: PMC6294630 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental protein 13/galectin-13 (Gal-13) is highly expressed in placenta, where its lower expression is related to pre-eclampsia. Recently, the crystal structures of wild-type Gal-13 and its variant R53H at high resolution were solved. The crystallographic and biochemical results showed that Gal-13 and R53H could not bind lactose. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis to re-engineer the ligand binding site of wild-type Gal-13, so that it could bind lactose. Of six newly engineered mutants, we were able to solve the crystal structures of four of them. Three variants (R53HH57R, R53HH57RD33G and R53HR55NH57RD33G had the same two mutations (R53 to H, and H57 to R) and were able to bind lactose in the crystal, indicating that these mutations were sufficient for recovering the ability of Gal-13 to bind lactose. Moreover, the structures of R53H and R53HR55N show that these variants could co-crystallize with a molecule of Tris. Surprisingly, although these variants, as well as wild-type Gal-13, could all induce hemagglutination, high concentrations of lactose could not inhibit agglutination, nor could they bind to lactose-modified Sepharose 6b beads. Overall, our results indicate that Gal-3 is not a normal galectin, which could not bind to β-galactosides. Lastly, the distribution of EGFP-tagged wild-type Gal-13 and its variants in HeLa cells showed that they are concentrated in the nucleus and could be co-localized within filamentary materials, possibly actin.
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180
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Bernards MA, Schorno S, McKenzie E, Winegard TM, Oke I, Plachetzki D, Fudge DS. Unraveling inter-species differences in hagfish slime skein deployment. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/24/jeb176925. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.176925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Hagfishes defend themselves from fish predators by producing defensive slime consisting of mucous and thread components that interact synergistically with seawater to pose a suffocation risk to their attackers. Deployment of the slime occurs in a fraction of a second and involves hydration of mucous vesicles as well as unraveling of the coiled threads to their full length of ∼150 mm. Previous work showed that unraveling of coiled threads (or ‘skeins’) in Atlantic hagfish requires vigorous mixing with seawater as well as the presence of mucus, whereas skeins from Pacific hagfish tend to unravel spontaneously in seawater. Here, we explored the mechanisms that underlie these different unraveling modes, and focused on the molecules that make up the skein glue, a material that must be disrupted for unraveling to proceed. We found that Atlantic hagfish skeins are also held together with a protein glue, but compared with Pacific hagfish glue, it is less soluble in seawater. Using SDS-PAGE, we identified several soluble proteins and glycoproteins that are liberated from skeins under conditions that drive unraveling in vitro. Peptides generated by mass spectrometry of five of these proteins and glycoproteins mapped strongly to 14 sequences assembled from Pacific hagfish slime gland transcriptomes, with all but one of these sequences possessing homologs in the Atlantic hagfish. Two of these sequences encode unusual acidic proteins that we propose are the structural glycoproteins that make up the skein glue. These sequences have no known homologs in other species and are likely to be unique to hagfishes. Although the ecological significance of the two modes of skein unraveling described here are unknown, they may reflect differences in predation pressure, with selection for faster skein unraveling in the Eptatretus lineage leading to the evolution of a glue that is more soluble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Schorno
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Evan McKenzie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Timothy M. Winegard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Isdin Oke
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - David Plachetzki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Douglas S. Fudge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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181
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Sugawara S. [Application of Lectin from Catfish Eggs to Cancer Therapy: A Fundamental Study]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:1451-1459. [PMID: 30504657 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Silurus asotus egg lectin (SAL) is an α-galactoside-binding protein, isolated from the egg of catfish. It belongs to the rhamnose-binding lectin family that binds to Gb3 glycan (Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc). SAL has resulted in the induction of early apoptosis in the Raji cell line, which is a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line expressing Gb3. The apoptosis was characterized by i) increased externalization of phosphatidylserin via multidrug resistance 1 P-glycoprotein (MDR1 P-gp), and ii) reduced cell size through the activation of voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3. Although the incorporation of propidium iodide (PI) was observed, SAL did not cause apoptosis in Raji cells. This event may be due to an increased expression of membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) after the binding of SAL to Gb3. Moreover, SAL arrested the cell cycle at the G0/1 phase, thus inhibiting cell proliferation. The suppression of cell proliferation by SAL was likely due to the enhanced expression of p21 caused by the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 through the Ras-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Combination of SAL with anti-cancer drugs was also examined in this study. Interestingly, SAL increased the incorporation of doxorubicin (Dox) into Raji cells, consequently enhancing its cytotoxic effect. Similarly, the cytotoxic effects of vinblastine and irinotecan were also significantly increased in Raji cells treated with SAL. These studies demonstrate that SAL may be applied to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Sugawara
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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182
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Liu W, Zhu Y, Wang F, Li X, Liu X, Pang J, Pan W. Galactosylated chitosan-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for efficient colon cancer cell-targeted drug delivery. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181027. [PMID: 30662725 PMCID: PMC6304116 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to colon cancer cells can significantly enhance the therapeutic efficiency. Herein, we developed 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded amino-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN-NH2)-based galactosylated chitosans (GCs), which are galactose receptor-mediated materials for colon-specific drug delivery systems. Both unmodified and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption and dynamic light scattering. Drug loading capacity and drug release properties were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. 5-FU@MSN-NH2/GC showed high loading capacity and possessed much higher cytotoxicity on human colon cancer cells (SW620 cells) than 5-FU@MSN-NH2 and free 5-FU. But, MSN-NH2/GC did not show significant cytotoxicity. Subsequently, 5-FU@MSN-NH2/GC anti-cancer activity on SW620 cells in vitro was confirmed by cell apoptosis. These results are consistent with the cellular uptake test in which MSN-NH2/GC could specifically recognize and bind to cancer cells by the galectin-receptor recognition. But, it is found that pre-addition of galactose in the medium, leading to competitive binding to the galectin receptor of SW620 cells, resulted in a decrease in the binding of MSN-NH2/GC to the galectin receptor. The results demonstrated the inorganic-organic nanocomposite could be used as a promising drug delivery carrier for the targeted delivery of drug into galectin-positive colon cancer cells to improve therapeutic index while reducing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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183
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Liu W, Wang F, Zhu Y, Li X, Liu X, Pang J, Pan W. Galactosylated Chitosan-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Loading by Calcium Leucovorin for Colon Cancer Cell-Targeted Drug Delivery. Molecules 2018; 23:E3082. [PMID: 30486276 PMCID: PMC6320954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to colon cancer cells can significantly improve the efficiency of treatment. We firstly synthesized carboxyl-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN⁻COOH) via two-step synthesis, and then developed calcium leucovorin (LV)-loaded carboxyl-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles based on galactosylated chitosan (GC), which are galectin receptor-mediated materials for colon-specific drug delivery systems. Both unmodified and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nitrogen sorption, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Drug release properties and drug loading capacity were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV). LV@MSN⁻COOH/GC had a high LV loading and a drug loading of 18.07%. In vitro, its release, mainly by diffusion, was sustained release. Cell experiments showed that in SW620 cells with the galectin receptor, the LV@MSN⁻COOH/GC metabolized into methyl tetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)@MSN⁻NH₂/GC metabolized into FdUMP in vivo. MTHF and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) had combined inhibition and significantly downregulated the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS). Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry experiments show that MSN⁻COOH/GC has tumor cell targeting, which specifically recognizes and binds to the galectin receptor in tumor cells. The results show that the nano-dosing system based on GC can increase the concentrations of LV and 5-FU tumor cells and enhance their combined effect against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yongchao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jingjing Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Weisan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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184
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Okamoto M, Hidaka A, Toyama M, Baba M. Galectin-3 is involved in HIV-1 expression through NF-κB activation and associated with Tat in latently infected cells. Virus Res 2018; 260:86-93. [PMID: 30481548 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in many biological processes and pathogenesis of diseases in part through nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. We demonstrated that Gal-3 expression was significantly induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in OM-10.1 and ACH-2 cells, which are considered as a model of HIV-1 latently infected cells. The expression of Gal-3 was also associated with their viral production. However, the induction of Gal-3 by TNF-α was not observed in their uninfected parental cells. Knockdown of Gal-3 resulted in the suppression of NF-κB activation and HIV-1 replication in the latently infected cells. The expression level of Gal-3 was highly correlated with that of HIV-1 Tat in the latently infected cells stimulated with TNF-α. Furthermore, colocalization and possible interaction of Gal-3 and Tat were observed in the stimulated cells. These results suggent that Gal-3 expression is closely correlated with HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells through NF-κB activation and the interaction with Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Okamoto
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Akemi Hidaka
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyama
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masanori Baba
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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185
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Wang Y, Liu S, Tian Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Meng X, Song N. Prognostic role of galectin-3 expression in patients with solid tumors: a meta-analysis of 36 eligible studies. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:172. [PMID: 30410421 PMCID: PMC6215616 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 as a β-galactoside-binding protein, has been found to be involved in tumor cell growth, anti-apoptosis, adhesion, angiogenesis, invasion, and distant metastases, indicating that it may play a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. However, their results remain debatable and inconclusive. Hence, this meta-analysis was performed to clarify the precise predictive value of galectin-3 in various cancers. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI and Wanfang databases were searched comprehensively for eligible studies up to July 15, 2018. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of OS or DFS/PFS/RFS were calculated to demonstrate their associations. Results A total of 36 relevant studies were ultimately enrolled in this meta-analysis. Our results shed light on the significant association of elevated galectin-3 expression with reduced OS or DFS/RFS/PFS in overall cancer patients (pooled HR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.42–2.27, I2= 67.3%, p < 0.01; pooled HR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.04–2.37, I2= 67.1%, p = 0.001). In tumor type subgroup analysis, we found high expression of galectin-3 was correlated with shorter OS or DFS/RFS/PFS in colorectal cancer (pooled HR = 3.05, 95% CI 2.13–4.35, I2= 0.0%, p = 0.734; pooled HR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.82–3.41, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.738; respectively) and meanwhile it merely associated with reduced OS in ovarian cancer or non-small cell lung cancer (pooled HR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.38–3.64, I2= 0.0%, p = 0.910; pooled HR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.48–2.88, I2= 0.0%, p = 0.563; separately). Conclusions Taken together, our results suggested that galectin-3 played an oncogenic role in colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, indicating it could be a promising biomarker and a novel therapeutic target for them. Further studies were warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Qijie Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Xianghu Meng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Ninghong Song
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
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186
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Özbek M, Hitit M, Yıldırım N, Özgenç Ö, Ergün E, Ergün L, Beyaz F, Kurtdede N, Altunay H. Expression pattern of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in rat testes and epididymis during postnatal development. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:814-827. [PMID: 30241677 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of lectins-binding beta-galactosides involved in a variety of extracellular and intracellular processes, thereby contributing to homeostasis, cell adhesion, cellular turnover, and immunity. This study aimed to determine the localization and expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the testis and epididymis of rats at postnatal [(prepubertal (day 5), pubertal (day 20), postpubertal (day 50) and mature (day 70)] periods by using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Gal-1 and Gal-3 were differentially expressed in different types of cells in the testis and epididymis during postnatal development. While we detected Gal-1 expression in some spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells in the testis, not in the epididymal epithelium, Gal-3 was expressed in Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, Leydig cells, smooth muscles and interstitial CD68-positive macrophages. Epithelial cells of the corpus and cauda epididymis showed an intense Gal-3 expression. Gal-1 expression was higher in the testis than in the epididymis on days 50 and 70. The expression of Gal-3 in the testis increased from the prepubertal to mature period. While the expression difference of Gal-3 was not statistically significant in the testis and epididymis until puberty, Gal-3 expression in the postpubertal and mature periods was higher in the epididymis. The expression of Gal-3 in the corpus and cauda epididymis was higher than that in the caput epididymis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that puberty has potential regulatory effect on the expression of galectins in testis and epididymis of rats. Gal-1 and 3 may play a role in the development of the reproductive system and the preservation of the immune-privileged environment in the testis, due to their pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions. The presence of intense expression of Gal-3 in the corpus and cauda epididymis may contribute to the maturation and storage of spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Özbek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Hitit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Nuh Yıldırım
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Özgenç
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emel Ergün
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Ergün
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feyzullah Beyaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nevin Kurtdede
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Altunay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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187
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Popa SJ, Stewart SE, Moreau K. Unconventional secretion of annexins and galectins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 83:42-50. [PMID: 29501720 PMCID: PMC6565930 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have a highly evolved system of protein secretion, and dysfunction in this pathway is associated with many diseases including cancer, infection, metabolic disease and neurological disorders. Most proteins are secreted using the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi network and as such, this pathway is well-characterised. However, several cytosolic proteins have now been documented as secreted by unconventional transport pathways. This review focuses on two of these proteins families: annexins and galectins. The extracellular functions of these proteins are well documented, as are associations of their perturbed secretion with several diseases. However, the mechanisms and regulation of their secretion remain poorly characterised, and are discussed in this review. This review is part of a Special Issues of SCDB on 'unconventional protein secretion' edited by Walter Nickel and Catherine Rabouille.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Popa
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sarah E Stewart
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kevin Moreau
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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188
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Zhao T, Wei X, Yang J, Wang S, Zhang Y. Galactoside-binding lectin in Solen grandis as a pattern recognition receptor mediating opsonization. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:183-189. [PMID: 30107261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galactoside-binding lectin (galectin) is a type of pathogen recognition molecule that occupies an important position in the invertebrate innate immunity system. Our previous study has identified a galectin gene in mollusk Solen grandis (SgGal-1) and illustrated its potential roles in innate immunity. By the functional study using recombinant protein and specific antibody, here, we confirmed the pivotal roles of SgGal-1 in immune defense of S. grandis. SgGal-1 protein was expressed in many tested tissues including gill, mantle, hepatopancreas and gonad, except hemocytes and muscle. The recombinant SgGal-1 (rSgGal-1) bound PGN and β-glucan instead of LPS in vitro, and it further caused significant agglutination of five different microbes, suggesting SgGal-1 served as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) involved in immune defense of mollusk. Furthermore, SgGal-1 recruited hemocytes to encapsulate, which was blocked by anti-rSgGal-1 serum. In the meantime, rSgGal-1 as well as promoted the phagocytosis of hemocytes against Escherichia coli in vitro. All these results suggested that SgGal-1 in S. grandis not only acted as a PRR recognizing microbes but also directly participated in the process of immune opsonization to protect the host from pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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189
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Josic D, Martinovic T, Pavelic K. Glycosylation and metastases. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:140-150. [PMID: 30246896 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The change of cellular glycosylation is one of the key events in malignant transformation and neoplastic progression, and tumor-related glycosylation alterations are promising targets in both tumor diagnosis and therapy. Both malignant transformation and neoplastic progression are the consequence of gene expression alterations and alterations in protein expression. Micro environmental factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) also play an important role in their growth and metastasis. Tumor-associated glycans are important biomarker candidates for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and analytical methods for their detection were developed recently. Glycoproteomics that use mass spectrometry for identification of cancer antigens and structural analysis of glycans play a key role in the investigation of changes of glycosylation during malignant transformation and tumor development and metastasis. Deep understanding of glycan remodeling in cancer and the role of glycosyltransferases that are involved in this process will require a detailed profiling of glycosylation patterns of tumor cells, and corresponding analytical methods for their detection were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Josic
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia
| | - Tamara Martinovic
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kresimir Pavelic
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia
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190
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Li FY, Weng IC, Lin CH, Kao MC, Wu MS, Chen HY, Liu FT. Helicobacter pylori induces intracellular galectin-8 aggregation around damaged lysosomes within gastric epithelial cells in a host O-glycan-dependent manner. Glycobiology 2018; 29:151-162. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Galectin-8, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, is upregulated in the gastric tissues of rhesus macaques infected with Helicobacter pylori. In this study, we found that H. pylori infection triggers intracellular galectin-8 aggregation in human-derived AGS gastric epithelial cells, and that these aggregates colocalize with lysosomes. Notably, this aggregation is markedly reduced following the attenuation of host O-glycan processing. This indicates that H. pylori infection induces lysosomal damage, which in turn results in the accumulation of cytosolic galectin-8 around damaged lysosomes through the recognition of exposed vacuolar host O-glycans. H. pylori-induced galectin-8 aggregates also colocalize with autophagosomes, and galectin-8 ablation reduces the activation of autophagy by H. pylori. This suggests that galectin-8 aggregates may enhance autophagy activity in infected cells. We also observed that both autophagy and NDP52, an autophagy adapter, contribute to the augmentation of galectin-8 aggregation by H. pylori. Additionally, vacuolating cytotoxin A, a secreted H. pylori cytotoxin, may contribute to the increased galectin-8 aggregation and elevated autophagy response in infected cells. Collectively, these results suggest that H. pylori promotes intracellular galectin-8 aggregation, and that galectin-8 aggregation and autophagy may reciprocally regulate each other during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yen Li
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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191
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Thomas L, Pasquini LA. Galectin-3-Mediated Glial Crosstalk Drives Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and (Re)myelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:297. [PMID: 30258354 PMCID: PMC6143789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the only chimeric protein in the galectin family. Gal-3 structure comprises unusual tandem repeats of proline and glycine-rich short stretches bound to a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). The present review summarizes Gal-3 functions in the extracellular and intracellular space, its regulation and its internalization and secretion, with a focus on the current knowledge of Gal-3 role in central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, particularly oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation, myelination and remyelination in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS). During myelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 promotes OLG differentiation by binding glycoconjugates present only on the cell surface of OLG precursor cells (OPC). During remyelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 favors an M2 microglial phenotype, hence fostering myelin debris phagocytosis through TREM-2b phagocytic receptor and OLG differentiation. Gal-3 is necessary for myelin integrity and function, as evidenced by myelin ultrastructural and behavioral studies from LGALS3-/- mice. Mechanistically, Gal-3 enhances actin assembly and reduces Erk 1/2 activation, leading to early OLG branching. Gal-3 later induces Akt activation and increases MBP expression, promoting gelsolin release and actin disassembly and thus regulating OLG final differentiation. Altogether, findings indicate that Gal-3 mediates the glial crosstalk driving OLG differentiation and (re)myelination and may be regarded as a target in the design of future therapies for a variety of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Andrea Pasquini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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192
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Ruvolo PP. Galectins as regulators of cell survival in the leukemia niche. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:41-54. [PMID: 30245264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment within the bone marrow (BM) contains support cells that promote leukemia cell survival and suppress host anti-tumor defenses. Galectins are a family of beta-galactoside binding proteins that are critical components in the tumor microenvironment. Galectin 1 (LGALS1) and Galectin 3 (LGALS3) as regulators of RAS signaling intracellularly and as inhibitors of immune cells extracellularly are perhaps the best studied members for their role in leukemia biology. Interest in Galectin 9 (LGALS9) is growing as this galectin has been identified as an immune checkpoint molecule. LGALS9 also supports leukemia stem cells (LSCs) though a mechanism of action is not clear. LGALS1 and LGALS3 each participate in a diverse number of survival pathways that promote drug resistance by supporting pro-tumor molecules such BCL2, MCL-1, and MYC and blocking tumor suppressors like p53. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) BM mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have protein signatures that differ from healthy donor MSC. Elevated LGALS3 protein in AML MSC is associated with refractory disease/relapse demonstrating that MSC derived galectin impacts patient survival. LGALS3 is a critical determining factor whether MSC differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts so the galectin influences the cellular composition of the leukemia niche. Both LGALS3 and LGALS1 when secreted can suppress immune function. Both galectins can induce apoptosis of T cells. LGALS3 also modulates T cell receptor endocytosis and impairs interferon mediated chemokine production by binding glycosylated interferon. LGALS3 as a TIM3 binding partner acts to suppress T cell function. Galectins also impact leukemia cell mobilization and may participate in homing mechanisms. LGALS3 participates in transport mechanism of integrins, receptors, and other molecules that control cell adhesion and cell:cell interactions. The diversity of these various functions demonstrate the importance of these galectins in the leukemia niche. This review will cover the role of LGALS1, LGALS3, and LGALS9 in the various processes that are critical for maintaining leukemia cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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193
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Chen K, Cai Y, Zhang M, Wu Z, Wu Y. Both serum and tissue Galectin-1 levels are associated with adverse clinical features in neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27229. [PMID: 29797641 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is one of the most common pediatric solid tumors. Although the 5-year overall survival rate has increased over the past few decades, high-risk patients still have a poor prognosis due to a lack of biomonitoring therapy. This study was performed to investigate the role of Galectin-1 in neuroblastoma biomonitoring therapy. PROCEDURE A tissue microarray containing 37 neuroblastoma tissue samples was used to evaluate the correlation between Galectin-1 expression and clinical features. Blood samples were examined to better understand whether serum Galectin-1 (sGalectin-1) could be used for biomonitoring therapy. Kaplan-Meier analysis and ROC analysis was conducted to distinguish the outcome associated with high or low expression of Galectin-1 in patients with neuroblastoma. RESULTS Increased Galectin-1 expression was found in neuroblastoma and it was further demonstrated that elevated tissue Galectin-1 expression was related to INSS stage, histology, bone marrow metastasis, and poor survival. sGalectin-1 levels were higher in newly diagnosed patients with neuroblastoma than healthy subjects. Patients with elevated sGalectin-1 through treatment cycles correlated with the poor chemo-responses and tended to have worse outcomes, such as metastasis or stable tumor size, whereas gradually decreasing sGalectin-1 levels correlated with no observed progression in clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Tissue and serum Galectin-1 levels were associated with adverse clinical features in patients with neuroblastoma, and sGalectin-1 could be a potential biomarker for monitoring therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanxia Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yeming Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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194
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Wang L, Wang C, Li H, Yang X, Wang Y, Guo X, Xu B. Isolation of
AccGalectin1
from
Apis cerana cerana
and its functions in development and adverse stress response. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:671-684. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong China
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195
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β-Galactoside binding lectin from caddisfly larvae, Stenopsyche kodaikanalensis with selective modes of antibacterial activity: Purification and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:1033-1045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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196
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Wang H, Xue Z, Liu Z, Wang W, Wang F, Wang Y, Wang L, Song L. A novel C-type lectin from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (AjCTL-2) with preferential binding of d-galactose. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:218-227. [PMID: 29772373 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are Ca2+ dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins that share structural homology in their carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). In the present study, a novel CTL was identified from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (named as AjCTL-2). The deduced amino acid sequence of AjCTL-2 was homologous to CTLs from other animals with the identities ranging from 33% to 40%. It contained a canonical signal peptide at the N-terminus, a low density lipoprotein receptor class A (LDLa), a C1r/C1s/Uegf/bone morphogenetic protein 1 (CUB), and a CRD with two motifs Glu-Pro-Asn (EPN) and Trp-Asn-Asp (WND) in Ca2+ binding site 2. The mRNA transcripts of AjCTL-2 were extensively expressed in all the tested tissues including respiratory tree, muscle, gut, coelomocyte, tube-foot, body wall and gonad, and the highest expression level of AjCTL-2 in coelomocyte was about 4.2-fold (p < 0.05) of that in body wall. The mRNA expression level of AjCTL-2 in coelomocyte increased significantly after Vibrio splendidus stimulation, and dramatically peaked at 12 h, which was 206.4-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group. AjCTL-2 protein was mainly detected in cytoplasm of coelomocyte by immunofluorescence. The recombinant AjCTL-2 (rAjCTL-2) displayed binding activity to d-galactose independent of Ca2+, while the binding activity to other tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), and mannose (Man) could not be detected. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis further revealed the high binding specificity and moderate binding affinity of rAjCTL-2 to d-galactose (KD = 4.093 × 10-6 M). After rAjCTL-2 was blocked by its polyclonal antibody, the binding activity to d-galactose could not be detected by using a blocking ELISA (B-ELISA). Moreover, rAjCTL-2 could bind various microorganisms including V. splendidus, V. anguillarum, Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium breve and Yarrowia lipolytica with the strongest binding activity to B. breve. These results collectively suggested that AjCTL-2 was a member of CTL superfamily (CTLs) with preferential binding of d-galactose and participated in the immune response of sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhuang Xue
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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197
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Maghathe T, Miller WK, Mugge L, Mansour TR, Schroeder J. Immunotherapy and potential molecular targets for the treatment of pituitary adenomas resistant to standard therapy: a critical review of potential therapeutic targets and current developments. J Neurosurg Sci 2018; 64:71-83. [PMID: 30014686 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.18.04419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, accounting for as much as 25% of intracranial neoplasms. Although existing remedies show success in treating most PAs, treatment of invasive and non-functioning PAs, in addition to functioning PAs unresponsive to standard therapy, remains challenging. With the continually increasing understanding of biochemical pathways involved in tumorigenesis, immunotherapy stands as a promising alternative therapy for pituitary tumors that are resistant to standard therapy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was conducted of the PubMed database for immunotherapies of PAs. The search yielded a total of 2621 articles, 26 of which were included in our discussion. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Several pathologically expressed molecules could potentially serve as promising targets of current or future immunotherapies for PAs. Programmed death ligand-1, matrix metalloproteinases, EpCAM (Trop1) and Trop2, cancer-testis antigen MAGE-A3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), folate receptor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and galectin-3 have all been implicated as crucial factors involved with tumor survival and invasion. Inhibition of these pathways may prove efficacious in the management of invasive and treatment-resistant PAs. CONCLUSIONS Rapid advancements in tumor immunology may increase the probability of successful treatment of PAs by exploitation of the normal immune response or by targeting novel proteins. Current research on many of the targets reviewed in this article are successfully being utilized to manage various neoplastic disease including CNS tumors. These therapies may eventually play a key role in the treatment of PAs that do not respond to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Maghathe
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - William K Miller
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Luke Mugge
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tarek R Mansour
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jason Schroeder
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA -
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198
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Gadde R, Cd D, Sheela SR. Placental protein 13: An important biological protein in preeclampsia. J Circ Biomark 2018; 7:1849454418786159. [PMID: 30023011 PMCID: PMC6047241 DOI: 10.1177/1849454418786159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental protein 13 (PP13), a glycan binding protein predominantly expressed in syncytiotrophoblast, dimeric in nature, lacks N-terminal signal peptide, bypasses the endoplasmic reticulum, and secretes into maternal circulation as exosomes or microvesicles. PP13 has jelly roll fold conformation with conserved carbohydrate recognition domain which specifically binds to β-galactosides of the glycan receptors during placentation. PP13 binds to glycosylated receptors on human erythrocytes and brings about hemagglutination by the property of lectin activity; other functions are immunoregulation and vasodilation during placentation and vascularization. The gene LGALS13 located on 19q13.2 comprising four exons expresses a 32-kDa protein with 139 amino acid residues, PP13. Impaired expression due to mutation in the gene leads to a nonfunctional truncated PP13. The low serum levels predict high risk for the onset of preeclampsia or obstetric complications. Hence, PP13 turned to be an early marker for risk assessment of preeclampsia. The recombinant PP13 and monoclonal antibodies availability help for replenishing PP13 in conditions with low serum levels and for detection and prevention of preeclampsia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Gadde
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - Dayanand Cd
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - S R Sheela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
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199
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Al-Obaidi N, Mohan S, Liang S, Zhao Z, Nayak BK, Li B, Sriramarao P, Habib SL. Galectin-1 is a new fibrosis protein in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. FASEB J 2018; 33:373-387. [PMID: 29975570 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800555rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of tubular renal cells to high glucose contributes to tubulointerstitial changes in diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, we identified a new fibrosis gene called galectin-1 (Gal-1), which is highly expressed in tubular cells of kidneys of type 1 and type 2 diabetic mouse models. Gal-1 protein and mRNA expression showed significant increase in kidney cortex of heterozygous Akita+/- and db/db mice compared with wild-type mice. Mouse proximal tubular cells exposed to high glucose showed significant increase in phosphorylation of Akt and Gal-1. We cloned Gal-1 promoter and identified the transcription factor AP4 as binding to the Gal-1 promoter to up-regulate its function. Transfection of cells with plasmid carrying mutations in the binding sites of AP4 to Gal-1 promoter resulted in decreased protein function of Gal-1. In addition, inhibition of Gal-1 by OTX-008 showed significant decrease in p-Akt/AP4 and protein-promoter activity of Gal-1 and fibronectin. Moreover, down-regulation of AP4 by small interfering RNA resulted in a significant decrease in protein expression and promoter activity of Gal-1. We found that kidney of Gal-1-/- mice express very low levels of fibronectin protein. In summary, Gal-1 is highly expressed in kidneys of type 1 and 2 diabetic mice, and AP4 is a major transcription factor that activates Gal-1 under hyperglycemia. Inhibition of Gal-1 by OTX-008 blocks activation of Akt and prevents accumulation of Gal-1, suggesting a novel role of Gal-1 inhibitor as a possible therapeutic target to treat renal fibrosis in diabetes.-Al-Obaidi, N., Mohan, S., Liang, S., Zhao, Z., Nayak, B. K., Li, B., Sriramarao, P., Habib, S. L. Galectin-1 is a new fibrosis protein in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Al-Obaidi
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sumathy Mohan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sitai Liang
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenze Zhao
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bijaya K Nayak
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Boajie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Samy L Habib
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas, Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Kishor C, Ross RL, Blanchard H. Lactulose as a novel template for anticancer drug development targeting galectins. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1801-1808. [PMID: 29888844 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins), which characteristically bind β-galactosides. Galectins play a role in tumour progression through involvement in proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion and drug resistance. There is need for inhibitors (antagonists) that are specific for distinct galectins and that can interfere with galectin-carbohydrate interactions during cancer progression. Here, we propose that lactulose, a non-digestible galactose-fructose disaccharide, presents a novel inhibitor scaffold for design of inhibitors against galectins. Thermodynamic evaluation displays binding affinity of lactulose against the galectin-1 and galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Crystal structures of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in complex with lactulose reveal for the first time the molecular basis of the galectin-lactulose interactions. Molecular modelling was implemented to propose novel lactulose derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kishor
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Renee L Ross
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Blanchard
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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