151
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Moriyama K, Takemura M, Togo H. Selective Oxidation of Alcohols with Alkali Metal Bromides as Bromide Catalysts: Experimental Study of the Reaction Mechanism. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6094-104. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5008064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Moriyama
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Misato Takemura
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hideo Togo
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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152
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Bidleman TF, Agosta K, Andersson A, Haglund P, Nygren O, Ripszam M, Tysklind M. Air-water exchange of brominated anisoles in the northern Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6124-6132. [PMID: 24811233 DOI: 10.1021/es5007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols produced by marine algae undergo O-methylation to form bromoanisoles (BAs), which are exchanged between water and air. BAs were determined in surface water of the northern Baltic Sea (Gulf of Bothnia, consisting of Bothnian Bay and Bothnian Sea) during 2011-2013 and on a transect of the entire Baltic in September 2013. The abundance decreased in the following order: 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA)>2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DBA)≫2,6-dibromoanisole (2,6-DBA). Concentrations of 2,4-DBA and 2,4,6-TBA in September were higher in the southern than in the northern Baltic and correlated well with the higher salinity in the south. This suggests south-to-north advection and dilution with fresh riverine water enroute, and/or lower production in the north. The abundance in air over the northern Baltic also decreased in the following order: 2,4,6-TBA>2,4-DBA. However, 2,6-DBA was estimated as a lower limit due to breakthrough from polyurethane foam traps used for sampling. Water/air fugacity ratios ranged from 3.4 to 7.6 for 2,4-DBA and from 18 to 94 for 2,4,6-TBA, indicating net volatilization. Flux estimates using the two-film model suggested that volatilization removes 980-1360 kg of total BAs from Bothnian Bay (38000 km2) between May and September. The release of bromine from outgassing of BAs could be up to 4-6% of bromine fluxes from previously reported volatilization of bromomethanes and bromochloromethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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153
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Martin R, Risacher C, Barthel A, Jäger A, Schmidt AW, Richter S, Böhl M, Preller M, Chinthalapudi K, Manstein DJ, Gutzeit HO, Knölker HJ. Silver(I)-Catalyzed Route to Pyrroles: Synthesis of Halogenated Pseudilins as Allosteric Inhibitors for Myosin ATPase and X-ray Crystal Structures of the Protein-Inhibitor Complexes. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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154
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Effect of Chloride Ions on Anthrasesamone C Production in aSesamum indicumHairy Root Culture and Identification of the Precursor for Its Abiotic Formation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:305-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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155
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A Mechanistic Analysis of Enzymatic Degradation of Organohalogen Compounds. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:189-98. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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156
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Speciation of iodine-containing proteins in Nori seaweed by gel electrophoresis laser ablation ICP-MS. Talanta 2014; 127:175-80. [PMID: 24913873 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical approach providing an insight into speciation of iodine in water insoluble fraction of edible seaweed (Nori) was developed. The seaweed, harvested in the Galician coast (Northwestern Spain), contained 67.7±1.3 μg g(-1) iodine of which 25% was water soluble and could be identifies as iodide. Extraction conditions of water insoluble residue using urea, NaOH, SDS and Triton X-100 were investigated. The protein pellets obtained in optimized conditions (after precipitation of urea extracts with acetone), were digested with trypsin and protease XIV. Size exclusion chromatography-ICP-MS of both enzymatic digests demonstrated the occurrence of iodoaminoacids putatively present in proteins. Intact proteins could be separated by gel electrophoresis after an additional extraction of the protein extract with phenol. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) with laser ablation ICP-MS detection of (127)I indicated the presence of iodine in protein bands corresponding to molecular masses of 110 kDa, 40 kDa, 27 kDa, 20 kDa and 10 kDa. 2D IEF-SDS PAGE with laser ablation ICP-MS (127)I imaging allowed the detection of 5 iodine containing protein spots in the alkaline pI range.
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157
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Ludwig-Müller J, Jahn L, Lippert A, Püschel J, Walter A. Improvement of hairy root cultures and plants by changing biosynthetic pathways leading to pharmaceutical metabolites: strategies and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1168-79. [PMID: 24699436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of bioactive plant metabolites has been explored for pharmaceutical, food chemistry and agricultural applications. The chemical synthesis of these structures is often difficult, so plants are favorably used as producers. While whole plants can serve as a source for secondary metabolites and can be also improved by metabolic engineering, more often cell or organ cultures of relevant plant species are of interest. It should be noted that only in few cases the production for commercial application in such cultures has been achieved. Their genetic manipulation is sometimes faster and the production of a specific metabolite is more reliable, because of less environmental influences. In addition, upscaling in bioreactors is nowadays possible for many of these cultures, so some are already used in industry. There are approaches to alter the profile of metabolites not only by using plant genes, but also by using bacterial genes encoding modifying enzymes. Also, strategies to cope with unwanted or even toxic compounds are available. The need for metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolite pathways is increasing with the rising demand for (novel) compounds with new bioactive properties. Here, we give some examples of recent developments for the metabolic engineering of plants and organ cultures, which can be used in the production of metabolites with interesting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Linda Jahn
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lippert
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Püschel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Walter
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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158
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Salomon P, Zard SZ. A Convergent Route to Geminal Difluorosulfides and to Functionalized Difluorothiochromans, a New Family of Organofluorine Compounds. Org Lett 2014; 16:1482-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Salomon
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, Cedex, France
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159
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Breider F, Hunkeler D. Investigating chloroperoxidase-catalyzed formation of chloroform from humic substances using stable chlorine isotope analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1592-1600. [PMID: 24377317 DOI: 10.1021/es403879e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is suspected to play an important role in the biosynthesis of natural chloroform. The aims of the present study are to evaluate the variability of the δ(37)Cl value of naturally produced chloroform and to better understand the reaction steps that control the chlorine isotope signature of chloroform. The isotope analyses have shown that the chlorination of the humic substances (HS) in the presence of high H3O(+) and Cl(-) concentrations induces a large apparent kinetic isotope effect (AKIE = 1.010-1.018) likely associated with the transfer of chlorine between two heavy atoms, whereas in the presence of low H3O(+) and Cl(-) concentrations, the formation of chloroform induces a smaller AKIE (1.005-1.006) likely associated with the formation of an HOCl-ferriprotoporphyrin IX intermediate. As the concentration of H3O(+) and Cl(-) in soils are generally at submillimolar levels, the formation of the HOCl-ferriprotoporphyrin IX intermediate is likely rate-limiting in a terrestrial environment. Given that the δ(37)Cl values of naturally occurring chloride tend to range between -1 and +1‰, the δ(37)Cl value of natural chloroform should vary between -5‰ and -8‰. As the median δ(37)Cl value of industrial chloroform is -3.0‰, the present study suggests that chlorine isotopic composition of chloroform might be used to discriminate industrial and natural sources in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Breider
- Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel , rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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160
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Sinkkonen A, Ollila S, Romantschuk M. Changes in TcpA gene frequency explain 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation in mesocosms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:756-759. [PMID: 25065827 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.929865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soils are often polluted by chlorophenols in timber production areas in the northern hemisphere. The tcpA gene encodes the first step of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246-TCP) degradation. We tested tcpA gene frequency in three natural pristine soils with different 246-TCP degradation capacity. Gene tcpA frequency increased more in spiked than non-spiked 10-L pails containing coniferous humus soil with high degradation capacity, in contrast to soils where degradation was slower. As the soil in each mesocosm originated from a spatially separate field plot, changes in tcpA gene frequency affected 246-TCP degradation over a range of soil origins. This indicates that the abundance of and changes in tcpA gene frequency could be utilized in estimating the efficacy of natural attenuation and biostimulation treatments in controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sinkkonen
- a University of Helsinki , Department of Environmental Sciences , Lahti , Finland
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161
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Abstract
This review, with 290 references, presents the fascinating area of iodinated natural products over the past hundred years for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Mangaladoss Fredimoses
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shengrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
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162
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Liu Y, Zhang JL, Song RJ, Li JH. 1,2-Alkylarylation of activated alkenes with dual C–H bonds of arenes and alkyl halides toward polyhalo-substituted oxindoles. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkylarylation of N-arylacrylamides with alkyl halides through selective scission of the C(sp3)–H bond adjacent to halide atoms is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jia-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082, China
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163
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A very stable complex of a modified marine cyclopeptide with chloroform. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2945. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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164
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Mumbo J, Lenoir D, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW. Enzymatic synthesis of bromo- and chlorocarbazoles and elucidation of their structures by molecular modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8996-9005. [PMID: 23757025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
3-Chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, dibromocarbazole, and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole are emerging environmental contaminants which have been detected recently in water, sediment, and soil samples. However, their sources and occurrence have not been explained. Here, we report an enzymatic synthesis of bromo- and chlorocarbazoles by chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago in water. Density functional theory (DFT) method was used to predict the most stable products. Carbazole and chloroperoxidase were assayed in vitro in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, bromide, and chloride ions in different substrate ratio treatments against constant and varying enzyme concentrations. Halogenated carbazoles formed were identified by high-resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In all treatments, bromination and chlorination took place, but the composition and concentration of compounds formed varied from one treatment to another. Mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted bromo- and chlorocarbazoles which include the reported environmental contaminants were synthesized. 3-Substituted and 3,6-substituted congeners were relatively higher in concentration. Enzyme concentration did not favor preferential formation of any of the compounds synthesized. However, their synthesis was influenced by halide concentration. Congeners with bromine and chlorine at position of C-3, C-3,6, C-1,3,6, and C-1,3,6,8 were calculated as the stable intermediate sigma complexes by DFT method. Regioselectivity in halogenation is discussed and hypothesis of the likely stable products in the environment explained. This study provides evidence that bromo- and chlorocarbazoles reported previously can be formed enzymatically in the environment, demonstrating the need to consider aromatic pollutants transformation and their potential toxicity enhancements in the management of water pollution and contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mumbo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany,
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165
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Siwek A, Omi R, Hirotsu K, Jitsumori K, Esaki N, Kurihara T, Paneth P. Binding modes of DL-2-haloacid dehalogenase revealed by crystallography, modeling and isotope effects studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 540:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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166
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Denmark SE, Burk MT. Development and mechanism of an enantioselective bromocycloetherification reaction via Lewis base/chiral Brønsted acid cooperative catalysis. Chirality 2013; 26:344-55. [PMID: 24395341 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of a binary catalyst system for bromocycloetherification, consisting of an achiral Lewis base and a chiral Brønsted acid, is described in detail. The results of preliminary kinetic studies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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167
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DspA from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: The first biochemically characterized haloalkane dehalogenase of non-microbial origin. Biochimie 2013; 95:2091-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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168
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Harnessing the potential of halogenated natural product biosynthesis by mangrove-derived actinomycetes. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3875-90. [PMID: 24129229 PMCID: PMC3826140 DOI: 10.3390/md11103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove-derived actinomycetes are promising sources of bioactive natural products. In this study, using homologous screening of the biosynthetic genes and anti-microorganism/tumor assaying, 163 strains of actinomycetes isolated from mangrove sediments were investigated for their potential to produce halogenated metabolites. The FADH2-dependent halogenase genes, identified in PCR-screening, were clustered in distinct clades in the phylogenetic analysis. The coexistence of either polyketide synthase (PKS) or nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) as the backbone synthetases in the strains harboring the halogenase indicated that these strains had the potential to produce structurally diversified antibiotics. As a validation, a new enduracidin producer, Streptomyces atrovirens MGR140, was identified and confirmed by gene disruption and HPLC analysis. Moreover, a putative ansamycin biosynthesis gene cluster was detected in Streptomyces albogriseolus MGR072. Our results highlight that combined genome mining is an efficient technique to tap promising sources of halogenated natural products synthesized by mangrove-derived actinomycetes.
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169
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Wang GC, Zhang H, Liu HB, Yue JM. Laevinoids A and B: Two Diterpenoids with an Unprecedented Backbone from Croton laevigatus. Org Lett 2013; 15:4880-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402318m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Cai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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170
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Chen K, Huang L, Xu C, Liu X, He J, Zinder SH, Li S, Jiang J. Molecular characterization of the enzymes involved in the degradation of a brominated aromatic herbicide. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:1121-39. [PMID: 23859214 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dehalogenation is the key step in the degradation of halogenated aromatics, while reductive dehalogenation is originally thought to rarely occur in aerobes. In this study, an aerobic strain of Comamonas sp. 7D-2 was shown to degrade the brominated aromatic herbicide bromoxynil completely and release two equivalents of bromides under aerobic conditions. The enzymes involved in the degradation of bromoxynil to 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde, including nitrilase, reductive dehalogenase (BhbA), 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase, were molecularly characterized. The novel dehalogenase BhbA was shown to be a complex of a respiration-linked reductive dehalogenase (RdhA) domain and a NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase domain and to have key features of anaerobic respiratory RdhAs, including two predicted binding motifs for [4Fe-4S] clusters and a close association with a hydrophobic membrane protein (BhbB). BhbB was confirmed to anchor BhbA to the membrane. BhbA was partially purified and found to use NAD(P)H as electron donors. Full-length bhbA homologues were found almost exclusively in marine aerobic proteobacteria, suggesting that reductive dehalogenation occurs extensively in aerobes and that bhbA is horizontally transferred from marine microorganisms. The discovery of a functional reductive dehalogenase and ring-cleavage oxygenases in an aerobe opens up possibilities for basic research as well as the potential application for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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171
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Li YP, Li XN, Gao LH, Li HZ, Wu GX, Li RT. Neopierisoids A and B, two new chlorinated 3,4-seco-grayanane diterpenoids with antifeedant activity from flowers of Pieris japonica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7219-7224. [PMID: 23822836 DOI: 10.1021/jf401921x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two new chlorinated multiacylated 3,4-seco-grayanane diterpenoids, neopierisoids A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from flowers of the poisonous plant Pieris japonica and were identified from spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction data. Both compounds showed obvious antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae with an EC50 of 10.07 μg/cm(2) for 1 and 5.33 μg/cm(2) for 2, indications of toxic properties. Chlorinated 3,4-seco-grayanane diterpenoids in P. japonica may play a defensive role against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Li
- The Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650050, P R China
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172
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Kalume A, George L, Cunningham N, Reid SA. Case of the Missing Isomer: Pathways for Molecular Elimination in the Photoinduced Decomposition of 1,1-Dibromoethane. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403114s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimable Kalume
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881,
United States
| | - Lisa George
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881,
United States
| | - Nicole Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881,
United States
| | - Scott A. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881,
United States
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173
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Carter M, Voth AR, Scholfield MR, Rummel B, Sowers LC, Ho PS. Enthalpy–Entropy Compensation in Biomolecular Halogen Bonds Measured in DNA Junctions. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4891-903. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400590h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrea Regier Voth
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Matthew R. Scholfield
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brittany Rummel
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lawrence C. Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - P. Shing Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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174
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Aeppli C, Bastviken D, Andersson P, Gustafsson O. Chlorine isotope effects and composition of naturally produced organochlorines from chloroperoxidases, flavin-dependent halogenases, and in forest soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6864-6871. [PMID: 23320408 DOI: 10.1021/es3037669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of stable chlorine isotopic signatures (δ(37)Cl) of organochlorine compounds has been suggested as a tool to determine both their origins and transformations in the environment. Here we investigated the δ(37)Cl fractionation of two important pathways for enzymatic natural halogenation: chlorination by chloroperoxidase (CPO) and flavin-dependent halogenases (FDH). Phenolic products of CPO were highly (37)Cl depleted (δ(37)Cl = -12.6 ± 0.9‰); significantly more depleted than all known industrially produced organochlorine compounds (δ(37)Cl = -7 to +6‰). In contrast, four FDH products did not exhibit any observable isotopic shifts (δ(37)Cl = -0.3 ± 0.6‰). We attributed the different isotopic effect to the distinctly different chlorination mechanisms employed by the two enzymes. Furthermore, the δ(37)Cl in bulk organochlorines extracted from boreal forest soils were only slightly depleted in (37)Cl relative to inorganic Cl. In contrast to previous suggestions that CPO plays a key role in production of soil organochlorines, this observation points to the additional involvement of either other chlorination pathways, or that dechlorination of naturally produced organochlorines can neutralize δ(37)Cl shifts caused by CPO chlorination. Overall, this study demonstrates that chlorine isotopic signatures are highly useful to understand sources and cycling of organochlorines in nature. Furthermore, this study presents δ(37)Cl values of FDH products as well of bulk organochlorines extracted from pristine forest soil for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Aeppli
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Sweden.
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175
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Richardson RE. Genomic insights into organohalide respiration. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:498-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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176
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Sun J, Liu J, Liu Y, Jiang G. Levels and distribution of methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plant and soil samples surrounding a seafood processing factory and a seafood market. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 176:100-105. [PMID: 23416744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) along with hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) were found in plant and soil samples collected surrounding a seafood processing factory and a seafood market in China. The profiles of MeO-PBDE congeners were different between seafood processing factory and seafood market. The detection frequency and concentration of 6-OH-BDE-47 were lower than that of MeO-PBDEs. Near seafood processing factory, a decreasing trend of analyte concentrations in plants was found downstream the river where factory wastewater was discharged. Concentrations of ΣMeO-PBDEs in plant and soil samples showed difference as root > soil > leaf. However, at seafood market, the concentrations of ΣMeO-PBDEs were much higher in leaves than those in soil. The concentration of ΣMeO-PBDEs in leaves showed a remarkable difference between Calystegia soldanella (Linn.) R. Br. and Setaira viridis (L.) Beauv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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177
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Bokare V, Jung JL, Chang YY, Chang YS. Reductive dechlorination of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by nanosized zero-valent zinc: modeling of rate kinetics and congener profile. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 250-251:397-402. [PMID: 23500419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), a group of recalcitrant toxic compounds, are ubiquitous in nature. Amongst them, octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) is not only prevalent in soil and sediment due to its high lipophilicity and hydrophobicity, but also detected in ground water and surface water. The present study examined the degradation of OCDD in aqueous solutions using four different zero-valent metal nanoparticles; zero-valent aluminum (nZVAL), zero-valent zinc (nZVZ), zero-valent iron (nZVI) and zero-valent nickel (nZVN). Only nZVZ was found to efficiently degrade OCDD into lower chlorinated congeners [OCDD → 1,2,3,4,6,7,9-HxCDD (63%)→ 1,2,3,6,8,9-HpCDD (21%) → 1,2,4,7,8-PeCDD (46%) → 1,2,4,7-TeCDD (19%)] under ambient conditions. Simulations were also performed to predict the OCDD dechlorination pathway using a linear free energy relationship (LFER) model. Additionally, toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) and homologue patterns were calculated by LFER modeling. The experimentally observed congener profiles were in excellent agreement with the model-predicted results, especially considering the complexity of the OCDD dechlorination pathway (256 theoretically possible reactions). This study proposes nZVZ as a suitable candidate for OCDD dechlorination and constitutes the first report on OCDD degradation using zero-valent metal nanoparticles under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varima Bokare
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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178
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Roth C, Gröning JAD, Kaschabek SR, Schlömann M, Sträter N. Crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of chloromuconolactone dehalogenase ClcF from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:254-67. [PMID: 23421784 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actinobacterium Rhodococcus opacus 1CP possesses a so far unique variant of the modified 3-oxoadipate pathway for 3-chlorocatechol degradation. One important feature is the novel dehalogenase ClcF, which converts (4R,5S)-5-chloromuconolactone to E-dienelactone. ClcF is related to muconolactone isomerase (MLI, EC 5.3.3.4). The enzyme has a ferredoxin-type fold and forms a homodecamer of 52-symmetry, typical for the MLI family. The active site is formed by residues from two monomers. The complex structure of an E27A variant with bound substrate in conjunction with mutational studies indicate that E27 acts as the proton acceptor in a univalent single-base syn-dehydrohalogenation mechanism. Despite the evolutionary specialization of ClcF, the conserved active-site structures suggest that the proposed mechanism is representative for the MLI family. Furthermore, ClcF represents a novel type of dehalogenase based on an isomerase scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roth
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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179
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Kemp LR, Dunstan MS, Fisher K, Warwicker J, Leys D. The transcriptional regulator CprK detects chlorination by combining direct and indirect readout mechanisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120323. [PMID: 23479753 PMCID: PMC3638464 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator CprK controls the expression of the reductive dehalogenase CprA in organohalide-respiring bacteria. Desulfitobacterium hafniense CprA catalyses the reductive dechlorination of the terminal electron acceptor o-chlorophenol acetic acid, generating the phenol acetic acid product. It has been shown that CprK has ability to distinguish between the chlorinated CprA substrate and the de-halogenated end product, with an estimated an estimated 104-fold difference in affinity. Using a green fluorescent protein GFPUV-based transcriptional reporter system, we establish that CprK can sense o-chlorophenol acetic acid at the nanomolar level, whereas phenol acetic acid leads to transcriptional activation only when approaching micromolar levels. A structure–activity relationship study, using a range of o-chlorophenol acetic-acid-related compounds and key CprK mutants, combined with pKa calculations on the effector binding site, suggests that the sensitive detection of chlorination is achieved through a combination of direct and indirect readout mechanisms. Both the physical presence of the bulky chloride substituent as well as the accompanying electronic effects lowering the inherent phenol pKa are required for high affinity. Indeed, transcriptional activation by CprK appears strictly dependent on establishing a phenolate–K133 salt bridge interaction, rather than on the presence of a halogen atom per se. As K133 is strictly conserved within the CprK family, our data suggest that physiological function and future applications in biosensing are probably restricted to phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Kemp
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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180
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Wagner A, Segler L, Kleinsteuber S, Sawers G, Smidt H, Lechner U. Regulation of reductive dehalogenase gene transcription in Dehalococcoides mccartyi. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120317. [PMID: 23479747 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable capacity of the genus Dehalococcoides to dechlorinate a multitude of different chlorinated organic compounds reflects the number and diversity of genes in the genomes of Dehalococcoides species encoding reductive dehalogenase homologues (rdh). Most of these genes are located in the vicinity of genes encoding multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR)-type or two-component system regulators. Here, the transcriptional response of rdhA genes (coding for the catalytic subunit) to 2,3- and 1,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) was studied in Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1. Almost all rdhA genes were transcribed in the presence of 2,3-DCDD, albeit at different levels as shown for the transcripts of cbrA, cbdbA1453, cbdbA1624 and cbdbA1588. By contrast, 1,3-DCDD did not induce rdhA transcription. The putative MarR CbdbA1625 was heterologously produced and its ability to bind in vitro to the overlapping promoter regions of the genes cbdbA1624 and cbdbA1625 was demonstrated. To analyse regulation in vivo, single-copy transcriptional promoter-lacZ fusions of different rdhA genes and of cbdbA1625 were constructed and introduced into the heterologous host Escherichia coli, and expression levels of the fusions were measured. The cbdbA1625 gene was cloned into a vector allowing a regulation of expression by arabinose and it was transformed into the strains containing the rdh-promoter-lacZ fusion derivatives. CbdbA1625 was shown to downregulate transcription from its own promoter resulting in a 40-50% reduction in the β-galactosidase activity, giving the first hint that it acts as a repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wagner
- Institute of Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06099, Germany
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181
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Lavonen EE, Gonsior M, Tranvik LJ, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Köhler SJ. Selective chlorination of natural organic matter: identification of previously unknown disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2264-71. [PMID: 23373647 DOI: 10.1021/es304669p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) serve as precursors for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water production making NOM removal essential in predisinfection treatment processes. We identified molecular formulas of chlorinated DBPs after chlorination and chloramination in four Swedish surface water treatment plants (WTPs) using ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). Chlorine-containing formulas were detected before and after disinfection and were therefore classified to identify DBPs. In total, 499 DBPs were detected, of which 230 have not been reported earlier. The byproducts had, as a group, significantly lower ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and significantly higher average carbon oxidation state (COS), double bond equivalents per carbon (DBE/C) and ratio of oxygen to carbon (O/C) compared to Cl-containing components present before disinfection and CHO formulas in samples taken both before and after disinfection. Electrophilic substitution, the proposed most significant reaction pathway for chlorination of NOM, results in carbon oxidation and decreased H/C while O/C and DBE/C is left unchanged. Because the identified DBPs had significantly higher DBE/C and O/C than the CHO formulas we concluded that chlorination of NOM during disinfection is selective toward components with relatively high double bond equivalency and number of oxygen atoms per carbon. Furthermore, choice of disinfectant, dose, and predisinfection treatment at the different WTPs resulted in distinct patterns in the occurrence of DBP formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin E Lavonen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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182
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Sinkkonen A, Kauppi S, Simpanen S, Rantalainen AL, Strömmer R, Romantschuk M. Layer of organic pine forest soil on top of chlorophenol-contaminated mineral soil enhances contaminant degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1737-1745. [PMID: 22752813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols, like many other synthetic compounds, are persistent problem in industrial areas. These compounds are easily degraded in certain natural environments where the top soil is organic. Some studies suggest that mineral soil contaminated with organic compounds is rapidly remediated if it is mixed with organic soil. We hypothesized that organic soil with a high degradation capacity even on top of the contaminated mineral soil enhances degradation of recalcitrant chlorophenols in the mineral soil below. We first compared chlorophenol degradation in different soils by spiking pristine and pentachlorophenol-contaminated soils with 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in 10-L buckets. In other experiments, we covered contaminated mineral soil with organic pine forest soil. We also monitored in situ degradation on an old sawmill site where mineral soil was either left intact or covered with organic pine forest soil. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol was rapidly degraded in organic pine forest soil, but the degradation was slower in other soils. If a thin layer of the pine forest humus was added on top of mineral sawmill soil, the original chlorophenol concentrations (high, ca. 70 μg g(-1), or moderate, ca. 20 μg g(-1)) in sawmill soil decreased by >40 % in 24 days. No degradation was noticed if the mineral soil was kept bare or if the covering humus soil layer was sterilized beforehand. Our results suggest that covering mineral soil with an organic soil layer is an efficient way to remediate recalcitrant chlorophenol contamination in mineral soils. The results of the field experiment are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sinkkonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Section of Environmental Ecology, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
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183
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Wang BG, Gloer JB, Ji NY, Zhao JC. Halogenated Organic Molecules of Rhodomelaceae Origin: Chemistry and Biology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3632-85. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Gui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental
Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - James B. Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Chun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental
Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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184
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Scholfield MR, Zanden CMV, Carter M, Ho PS. Halogen bonding (X-bonding): a biological perspective. Protein Sci 2013; 22:139-52. [PMID: 23225628 PMCID: PMC3588911 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the halogen bond (or X-bond) has become recognized as contributing significantly to the specificity in recognition of a large class of halogenated compounds. The interaction is most easily understood as primarily an electrostatically driven molecular interaction, where an electropositive crown, or σ-hole, serves as a Lewis acid to attract a variety of electron-rich Lewis bases, in analogous fashion to a classic hydrogen bonding (H-bond) interaction. We present here a broad overview of X-bonds from the perspective of a biologist who may not be familiar with this recently rediscovered class of interactions and, consequently, may be interested in how they can be applied as a highly directional and specific component of the molecular toolbox. This overview includes a discussion for where X-bonds are found in biomolecular structures, and how their structure-energy relationships are studied experimentally and modeled computationally. In total, our understanding of these basic concepts will allow X-bonds to be incorporated into strategies for the rational design of new halogenated inhibitors against biomolecular targets or toward molecular engineering of new biological-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P Shing Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado 80523-1870
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185
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Fu P, Kong F, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu P, Zuo G, Zhu W. Antibiotic Metabolites from the Coral-Associated ActinomyceteStreptomycessp. OUCMDZ-1703. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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186
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Aitken RA, Bouquet J, Frank J, Gidlow ALG, Powder YL, Ramsewak RS, Reynolds WF. Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of a trichlorodihydroxybibenzyl from a terrestrial plant. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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187
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Vogt C, Richnow HH. Bioremediation via in situ microbial degradation of organic pollutants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 142:123-46. [PMID: 24337042 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of soil and natural waters by organic pollutants is a global problem. The major organic pollutants of point sources are mineral oil, fuel components, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Research from the last two decades discovered that most of these compounds are biodegradable under anoxic conditions. This has led to the rise of bioremediation strategies based on the in situ biodegradation of pollutants. Monitored natural attenuation is a concept by which a contaminated site is remediated by natural biodegradation; to evaluate such processes, a combination of chemical and microbiological methods are usually used. Compound specific stable isotope analysis emerged as a key method for detecting and quantifying in situ biodegradation. Natural attenuation processes can be initiated or accelerated by manipulating the environmental conditions to become favorable for indigenous pollutant degrading microbial communities or by adding externally breeded specific pollutant degrading microorganisms; these techniques are referred to as enhanced natural attenuation. Xenobiotic micropollutants, such as pesticides or pharmaceuticals, contaminate diffusively large areas in low concentrations; the biodegradation pattern of such contaminations are not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany,
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188
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Rane RA, Sahu NU, Shah CP. Synthesis and antibiofilm activity of marine natural product-based 4-thiazolidinones derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7131-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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189
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Maphosa F, Lieten SH, Dinkla I, Stams AJ, Smidt H, Fennell DE. Ecogenomics of microbial communities in bioremediation of chlorinated contaminated sites. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:351. [PMID: 23060869 PMCID: PMC3462421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organohalide compounds such as chloroethenes, chloroethanes, and polychlorinated benzenes are among the most significant pollutants in the world. These compounds are often found in contamination plumes with other pollutants such as solvents, pesticides, and petroleum derivatives. Microbial bioremediation of contaminated sites, has become commonplace whereby key processes involved in bioremediation include anaerobic degradation and transformation of these organohalides by organohalide respiring bacteria and also via hydrolytic, oxygenic, and reductive mechanisms by aerobic bacteria. Microbial ecogenomics has enabled us to not only study the microbiology involved in these complex processes but also develop tools to better monitor and assess these sites during bioremediation. Microbial ecogenomics have capitalized on recent advances in high-throughput and -output genomics technologies in combination with microbial physiology studies to address these complex bioremediation problems at a system level. Advances in environmental metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have provided insights into key genes and their regulation in the environment. They have also given us clues into microbial community structures, dynamics, and functions at contaminated sites. These techniques have not only aided us in understanding the lifestyles of common organohalide respirers, for example Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, and Desulfitobacterium, but also provided insights into novel and yet uncultured microorganisms found in organohalide respiring consortia. In this paper, we look at how ecogenomic studies have aided us to understand the microbial structures and functions in response to environmental stimuli such as the presence of chlorinated pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farai Maphosa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alfons J. Stams
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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190
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Walker MC, Wen M, Weeks AM, Chang MCY. Temporal and fluoride control of secondary metabolism regulates cellular organofluorine biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1576-85. [PMID: 22769062 DOI: 10.1021/cb3002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating mechanisms of natural organofluorine biosynthesis is essential for a basic understanding of fluorine biochemistry in living systems as well as for expanding biological methods for fluorine incorporation into small molecules of interest. To meet this goal we have combined massively parallel sequencing technologies, genetic knockout, and in vitro biochemical approaches to investigate the fluoride response of the only known genetic host of an organofluorine-producing pathway, Streptomyces cattleya. Interestingly, we have discovered that the major mode of S. cattleya's resistance to the fluorinated toxin it produces, fluoroacetate, may be due to temporal control of production rather than the ability of the host's metabolic machinery to discriminate between fluorinated and non-fluorinated molecules. Indeed, neither the acetate kinase/phosphotransacetylase acetate assimilation pathway nor the TCA cycle enzymes (citrate synthase and aconitase) exclude fluorinated substrates based on in vitro biochemical characterization. Furthermore, disruption of the fluoroacetate resistance gene encoding a fluoroacetyl-CoA thioesterase (FlK) does not appear to lead to an observable growth defect related to organofluorine production. By showing that a switch in central metabolism can mediate and control molecular fluorine incorporation, our findings reveal a new potential strategy toward diversifying simple fluorinated building blocks into more complex products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Walker
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
| | - Miao Wen
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
| | - Amy M. Weeks
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
| | - Michelle C. Y. Chang
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
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191
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Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. Abiotic degradation of chlorinated ethanes and ethenes in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1994-2006. [PMID: 22293908 PMCID: PMC3390699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlorinated ethanes and ethenes are among the most frequently detected organic pollutants of water. Their physicochemical properties are such that they can contaminate aquifers for decades. In favourable conditions, they can undergo degradation. In anaerobic conditions, chlorinated solvents can undergo reductive dechlorination. DEGRADATION PATHWAYS Abiotic dechlorination is usually slower than microbial but abiotic dechlorination is usually complete. In favourable conditions, abiotic reactions bring significant contribution to natural attenuation processes. Abiotic agents that may enhance the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethanes and ethenes are zero-valent metals, sulphide minerals or green rusts. OXIDATION At some sites, permanganate and Fenton's reagent can be used as remediation tool for oxidation of chlorinated ethanes and ethenes. SUMMARY Nanoscale iron or bimetallic particles, due to high efficiency in degradation of chlorinated ethanes and ethenes, have gained much interest. They allow for rapid degradation of chlorinated ethanes and ethenes in water phase, but they also give benefit of treating dense non-aqueous phase liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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193
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Bengtson P, Bastviken D, Oberg G. Possible roles of reactive chlorine II: assessing biotic chlorination as a way for organisms to handle oxygen stress. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:991-1000. [PMID: 22712445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural formation of organically bound chlorine is extensive in many environments. The enzymes associated with the formation of chlorinated organic matter are produced by a large variety of organisms. Little is known about the ecological role of the process, the key question being: why do microorganisms promote chlorination of organic matter? In a recent paper we discuss whether organic matter chlorination may be a result of antagonistic interactions among microorganisms. In the present paper we evaluate whether extracellular microbial formation of reactive chlorine may be used as a defence against oxygen stress, and we discuss whether this process is likely to contribute to the formation of chlorinated organic matter. Our analysis suggests that periodic exposure to elevated concentrations of reactive oxygen species is a common denominator among the multitude of organisms that are able to enzymatically catalyse formation of reactive chlorine. There is also some evidence suggesting that the production of such enzymes in algae and bacteria is induced by oxygen stress. The relative contribution from this process to the extensive formation of chlorinated organic matter in natural environments remains to be empirically assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Bengtson
- Department of Biology - Microbial Ecology, Lund University, The Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
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194
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Carter M, Rappé AK, Ho PS. Scalable Anisotropic Shape and Electrostatic Models for Biological Bromine Halogen Bonds. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:2461-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ct3001969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carter
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Anthony K. Rappé
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80523, United States
| | - P. Shing Ho
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80523, United States
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195
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Kato Y, Okada S, Atobe K, Endo T, Haraguchi K. Selective determination of mono- and dihydroxylated analogs of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine sponges by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:197-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hunkeler D, Laier T, Breider F, Jacobsen OS. Demonstrating a natural origin of chloroform in groundwater using stable carbon isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6096-6101. [PMID: 22554551 DOI: 10.1021/es204585d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chloroform has been for a long time considered only as an anthropogenic contaminant. The presence of chloroform in forest soil and groundwater has been widely demonstrated. The frequent detection of chloroform in groundwater in absence of other contaminants suggests that chloroform is likely produced naturally. Compound-specific isotope analysis of chloroform was performed on soil-gas and groundwater samples to elucidate whether its source is natural or anthropogenic. The δ(13)C values of chloroform (-22.8 to -26.2‰) present in soil gas collected in a forested area are within the same range as the soil organic matter (-22.6 to -28.2‰) but are more enriched in (13)C compared to industrial chloroform (-43.2 to -63.6‰). The δ(13)C values of chloroform at the water table (-22.0‰) corresponded well to the δ(13)C of soil gas chloroform, demonstrating that the isotope signature of chloroform is maintained during transport through the unsaturated zone. Generally, the isotope signature of chloroform is conserved also during longer range transport in the aquifer. These δ(13)C data support the hypothesis that chloroform is naturally formed in some forest soils. These results may be particularly relevant for authorities' regulation of chloroform which in the case of Denmark was very strict for groundwater (<1 μg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hunkeler
- Center of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Sallabhan R, Kerdwong J, Dubbs JM, Somsongkul K, Whangsuk W, Piewtongon P, Mongkolsuk S, Loprasert S. The hdhA Gene Encodes a Haloacid Dehalogenase that is Regulated by the LysR-Type Regulator, HdhR, in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 54:148-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Development of anion-exchange/reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods for the speciation of bio-available iodine and bromine from edible seaweed. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:164-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roth C, Kaschabek SR, Gröning JAD, Handrek T, Schlömann M, Sträter N. Crystallization and preliminary characterization of chloromuconolactone dehalogenase from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:591-5. [PMID: 22691795 PMCID: PMC3374520 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112011888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chloroaromatic compounds are often very persistent environmental pollutants. Nevertheless, numerous bacteria are able to metabolize these compounds and to utilize them as sole energy and carbon sources. Rhodococcus opacus 1CP is able to degrade several chloroaromatic compounds, some of them via a variation of the 3-chlorocatechol branch of the modified ortho-cleavage pathway. This branch in R. opacus differs from that in Proteobacteria in the inability of the chloromuconate cycloisomerase to dehalogenate. Instead, a unique enzyme designated as chloromuconolactone dehalogenase (ClcF) is recruited. ClcF dehalogenates 5-chloromuconolactone to cis-dienelactone and shows a high similarity to muconolactone isomerases (EC 5.3.3.4). However, unlike the latter enzymes, it is unable to catalyse the isomerization of muconolactone to 3-oxoadipate enollactone. In order to characterize the catalytic mechanism of this unusual dehalogenase, the enzyme was crystallized and subjected to X-ray structural analysis. Data sets to up to 1.65 Å resolution were collected from two different crystal forms using synchrotron radiation. Crystal form I (space group P2(1)) contained 40 subunits in the asymmetric unit, whereas ten subunits were present in crystal form II (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1)). The self-rotation function revealed the orientations of the molecular symmetry axes of the homodecamer of 52 symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roth
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Kaschabek
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Janosch A. D. Gröning
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Handrek
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schlömann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Löffler FE, Yan J, Ritalahti KM, Adrian L, Edwards EA, Konstantinidis KT, Müller JA, Fullerton H, Zinder SH, Spormann AM. Dehalococcoides mccartyi gen. nov., sp. nov., obligately organohalide-respiring anaerobic bacteria relevant to halogen cycling and bioremediation, belong to a novel bacterial class, Dehalococcoidia classis nov., order Dehalococcoidales ord. nov. and family Dehalococcoidaceae fam. nov., within the phylum Chloroflexi. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 63:625-635. [PMID: 22544797 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.034926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Six obligately anaerobic bacterial isolates (195(T), CBDB1, BAV1, VS, FL2 and GT) with strictly organohalide-respiring metabolisms were obtained from chlorinated solvent-contaminated aquifers, contaminated and uncontaminated river sediments or anoxic digester sludge. Cells were non-motile with a disc-shaped morphology, 0.3-1 µm in diameter and 0.1-0.2 µm thick, and characteristic indentations on opposite flat sides of the cell. Growth occurred in completely synthetic, reduced medium amended with a haloorganic electron acceptor (mostly chlorinated but also some brominated compounds), hydrogen as electron donor, acetate as carbon source, and vitamins. No other growth-supporting redox couples were identified. Aqueous hydrogen consumption threshold concentrations were <1 nM. Growth ceased when vitamin B(12) was omitted from the medium. Addition of sterile cell-free supernatant of Dehalococcoides-containing enrichment cultures enhanced dechlorination and growth of strains 195 and FL2, suggesting the existence of so-far unidentified stimulants. Dechlorination occurred between pH 6.5 and 8.0 and over a temperature range of 15-35 °C, with an optimum growth temperature between 25 and 30 °C. The major phospholipid fatty acids were 14 : 0 (15.7 mol%), br15 : 0 (6.2 mol%), 16 : 0 (22.7 mol%), 10-methyl 16 : 0 (25.8 mol%) and 18 : 0 (16.6 mol%). Unusual furan fatty acids including 9-(5-pentyl-2-furyl)-nonanoate and 8-(5-hexyl-2-furyl)-octanoate were detected in strains FL2, BAV1 and GT, but not in strains 195(T) and CBDB1. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the six isolates shared more than 98 % identity, and phylogenetic analysis revealed an affiliation with the phylum Chloroflexi and more than 10 % sequence divergence from other described isolates. The genome sizes and G+C contents ranged from 1.34 to 1.47 Mbp and 47 to 48.9 mol% G+C, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, genome-wide average nucleotide identity and phenotypic characteristics, the organohalide-respiring isolates represent a new genus and species, for which the name Dehalococcoides mccartyi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Isolates BAV1 ( = ATCC BAA-2100 = JCM 16839 = KCTC 5957), FL2 ( = ATCC BAA-2098 = DSM 23585 = JCM 16840 = KCTC 5959), GT ( = ATCC BAA-2099 = JCM 16841 = KCTC 5958), CBDB1, 195(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2266(T) = KCTC 15142(T)) and VS are considered strains of Dehalococcoides mccartyi, with strain 195(T) as the type strain. The new class Dehalococcoidia classis nov., order Dehalococcoidales ord. nov. and family Dehalococcoidaceae fam. nov. are described to accommodate the new taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E Löffler
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kirsti M Ritalahti
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jochen A Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather Fullerton
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephen H Zinder
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alfred M Spormann
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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