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Barrette K, Zutterman N, Van Kelst S, Proby C, Garmyn M. Pattern of sensitivity of progressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells to UVB and oxidative stress-induced cell death. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:104-10. [PMID: 22722579 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25064k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have demonstrated that isogenic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (cSCC), isolated from highly dysplastic skin (PM1), primary invasive SCC (MET1) and its lymph node metastasis (MET4), show an increasing resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in the increasingly malignant MET1 and MET4 cells. To investigate whether cell death sensitivity in progressive stages of skin carcinogenesis is dependent on the kind of stress we examined the sensitivity of PM1, MET1 and MET4 cells to apoptosis in response to a single UVB-dose (mixture of genotoxic and oxidative stress), or to hydrogen peroxide and hypericin photodynamic treatment (both pure oxidative stresses). MET1 cells, followed by the MET4 cells, were more sensitive to UVB, resulting in more cell death and more apoptosis in comparison with the PM1 cells. A similar pattern of sensitivity was observed when we exposed the SCC cells to hydrogen peroxide or hypericin photodynamic treatment, which both generate mainly oxidative stress. The MET1 cells were the most sensitive to all stresses examined. The pattern of cell death sensitivity in a model of progressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is dependent on the kind of stress. While more advanced skin cancer cells like MET1 and MET4 cells lose their sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, they remain sensitive to hydrogen peroxide or physical treatments, which induce major oxidative stress. This differential sensitivity could have implications for the treatment of advanced cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Barrette
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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152
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Rainha N, Lima E, Baptista J, Fernandes-Ferreira M. Content of hypericins from plants andin vitroshoots ofHypericum undulatumSchousb. ex Willd. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:869-79. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.688051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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153
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Zheng Y, Le V, Cheng Z, Xie S, Li H, Tian J, Liu J. Development of rapid and highly sensitive HSPA1A promoter-driven luciferase reporter system for assessing oxidative stress associated with low-dose photodynamic therapy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:203-13. [PMID: 23160804 PMCID: PMC3581624 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a regulatory-approved modality for treating a variety of malignant tumors. It induces tumor tissue damage via photosensitizer-mediated oxidative cytotoxicity. The heat shock protein 70 (HSP70-1) is a stress protein encoded by the HSPA1A gene and is significantly induced by oxidative stress associated with PDT. The aim of this study was to identify the functional region of the HSPA1A promoter that responds to PDT-induced oxidative stress and uses the stress responsiveness of HSPA1A expression to establish a rapid and cost-effective photocytotoxic assessment bioassay to evaluate the photodynamic potential of photosensitizers. By constructing luciferase vectors with a variety of hspa1a promoter fractions and examining their relative luciferase activity, we demonstrated that the DNA sequence from -218 to +87 of the HSPA1A gene could be used as a functional promoter to detect the PDT-induced oxidative stress. The maximal relative luciferase activity level of HSPA1A (HSP70-1) induced by hypericin-PDT was nearly nine times that of the control. Our results suggest that the novel reporter gene assay using a functional region of the HSP70A1A promoter has significant advantages for the detection of photoactivity in terms of both speed and sensitivity, when compared with a cell viability test based on ATP quantification and ROS levels. Furthermore, phthalocyanine zinc and methylene blue both induced significantly elevated levels of relative luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Zheng
- />State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Vanminh Le
- />State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoan Cheng
- />State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Xie
- />State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hegeng Li
- />Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Oncology, 725, South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Tian
- />Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Oncology, 725, South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
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154
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De Novo transcriptome assembly (NGS) of Curcuma longa L. rhizome reveals novel transcripts related to anticancer and antimalarial terpenoids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56217. [PMID: 23468859 PMCID: PMC3585318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal remedies are increasingly being recognised in recent years as alternative medicine for a number of diseases including cancer. Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric is used as a culinary spice in India and in many Asian countries has been attributed to lower incidences of gastrointestinal cancers. Curcumin, a secondary metabolite isolated from the rhizomes of this plant has been shown to have significant anticancer properties, in addition to antimalarial and antioxidant effects. We sequenced the transcriptome of the rhizome of the 3 varieties of Curcuma longa L. using Illumina reversible dye terminator sequencing followed by de novo transcriptome assembly. Multiple databases were used to obtain a comprehensive annotation and the transcripts were functionally classified using GO, KOG and PlantCyc. Special emphasis was given for annotating the secondary metabolite pathways and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. We report for the first time, the presence of transcripts related to biosynthetic pathways of several anti-cancer compounds like taxol, curcumin, and vinblastine in addition to anti-malarial compounds like artemisinin and acridone alkaloids, emphasizing turmeric's importance as a highly potent phytochemical. Our data not only provides molecular signatures for several terpenoids but also a comprehensive molecular resource for facilitating deeper insights into the transcriptome of C. longa.
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155
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Senge MO, Radomski MW. Platelets, photosensitizers, and PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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156
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Strejčková A, Staničová J, Jancura D, Miškovský P, Bánó G. Spatial Orientation and Electric-Field-Driven Transport of Hypericin Inside of Bilayer Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:1280-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3114539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Strejčková
- Department of Biophysics, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Jesenná
5, Košice 041 54, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Staničová
- Institute of Biophysics and
Biomathematics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, Košice 041 81, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Jesenná
5, Košice 041 54, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Miškovský
- Department of Biophysics, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Jesenná
5, Košice 041 54, Slovak Republic
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Jesenná
5, Košice 041 54, Slovak Republic
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157
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Li J, Oyen R, Verbruggen A, Ni Y. Small Molecule Sequential Dual-Targeting Theragnostic Strategy (SMSDTTS): from Preclinical Experiments towards Possible Clinical Anticancer Applications. J Cancer 2013; 4:133-45. [PMID: 23412554 PMCID: PMC3572405 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hitting the evasive tumor cells proves challenging in targeted cancer therapies. A general and unconventional anticancer approach namely small molecule sequential dual-targeting theragnostic strategy (SMSDTTS) has recently been introduced with the aims to target and debulk the tumor mass, wipe out the residual tumor cells, and meanwhile enable cancer detectability. This dual targeting approach works in two steps for systemic delivery of two naturally derived drugs. First, an anti-tubulin vascular disrupting agent, e.g., combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P), is injected to selectively cut off tumor blood supply and to cause massive necrosis, which nevertheless always leaves peripheral tumor residues. Secondly, a necrosis-avid radiopharmaceutical, namely 131I-hypericin (131I-Hyp), is administered the next day, which accumulates in intratumoral necrosis and irradiates the residual cancer cells with beta particles. Theoretically, this complementary targeted approach may biologically and radioactively ablate solid tumors and reduce the risk of local recurrence, remote metastases, and thus cancer mortality. Meanwhile, the emitted gamma rays facilitate radio-scintigraphy to detect tumors and follow up the therapy, hence a simultaneous theragnostic approach. SMSDTTS has now shown promise from multicenter animal experiments and may demonstrate unique anticancer efficacy in upcoming preliminary clinical trials. In this short review article, information about the two involved agents, the rationale of SMSDTTS, its preclinical antitumor efficacy, multifocal targetability, simultaneous theragnostic property, and toxicities of the dose regimens are summarized. Meanwhile, possible drawbacks, practical challenges and future improvement with SMSDTTS are discussed, which hopefully may help to push forward this strategy from preclinical experiments towards possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- 1. Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group; KU Leuven, Belgium. ; 2. Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center, Faculty of Medicine; KU Leuven, Belgium
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158
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Comas-Barceló J, Rodríguez-Amigo B, Abbruzzetti S, Rey-Puech PD, Agut M, Nonell S, Viappiani C. A self-assembled nanostructured material with photosensitising properties. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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159
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Panzarini E, Inguscio V, Dini L. Immunogenic cell death: can it be exploited in PhotoDynamic Therapy for cancer? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:482160. [PMID: 23509727 PMCID: PMC3591131 DOI: 10.1155/2013/482160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) could represent the keystone in cancer management since tumor cell death induction is crucial as well as the control of cancer cells revival after neoplastic treatment. In this context, the immune system plays a fundamental role. The concept of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) has been proposed to explain the immunogenic potential of stressed or dying/dead cells. ICD relies on DAMPs released by or exposed on dying cells. Once released, DAMPs are sensed by immune cells, in particular Dendritic Cells (DCs), acting as activators of Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs), that in turn stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, by exposing DAMPs, dying cancer cells change their surface composition, recently indicated as vital for the stimulation of the host immune system and the control of residual ill cells. It is well established that PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment ignites the immune system to elicit a specific antitumor immunity, probably linked to its ability in inducing exposure/release of certain DAMPs, as recently suggested. In the present paper, we discuss the DAMPs associated with PDT and their role in the crossroad between cancer cell death and immunogenicity in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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160
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In vitro analysis of photosensitizer accumulation for assessment of applicability of fluorescence diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of epidermolysis bullosa patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:521281. [PMID: 23509735 PMCID: PMC3591193 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited skin disorders characterized by blistering following mechanical trauma. Chronic wounds of EB patients often lead to tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Early diagnosis may prevent its invasive growth--frequently the reason of premature mortality of EB-patients. Early detection of tumors is achieved by fluorescence diagnosis (FD), where photosensitizers localize selectively in tumors and fluoresce upon illumination. Excessive accumulation of photosensitizers in inflamed areas, as occasionally found at chronic wounds and tumors due to inflammatory processes, leads to false-positive results in FD. This study analyzed accumulation kinetics of the photosensitizers hypericin and endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in different skin cell lines including the three EB subtypes under normal and proinflammatory conditions (stimulated with TNF-alpha). The aim was to assess the applicability of FD of SCC in EB. All cell lines accumulate hypericin or PpIX mostly increasing with incubation time, but with different kinetics. SCC cells of recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) accumulate less hypericin or PpIX than nonmalignant RDEB cells. Nevertheless, tumor selectivity in vivo might be existent. Non-EB cell lines are more active concerning photosensitizer enrichment. Proinflammatory conditions of skin cell lines seem to have no major influence on photosensitizer accumulation.
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161
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Li JJ, Cona MM, Feng YB, Chen F, Zhang GZ, Fu XB, Himmelreich U, Oyen R, Verbruggen A, Ni YC. A single-dose toxicity study on non-radioactive iodinated hypericin for a targeted anticancer therapy in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1549-56. [PMID: 23103619 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hypericin (Hyp) and its radio-derivatives have been investigated in animal models with ischemic heart diseases and malignancies for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Before radioiodinated Hyp ((123)I-Hyp or (131)I-Hyp) can be considered as a clinically useful drug, vigorous evaluations on its chemotoxicity are necessary. In the present study, we examined the toxicity of a single dose of non-radioactive (127)I-Hyp in normal mice for 24 h and 14 d. METHODS Studies were performed on 132 normal mice. (127)I -Hyp at a clinically relevant dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight and a 100-times higher dose of 10 mg/kg was intravenously injected into 40 mice. The safety aspects of clinical manifestations, serological biochemistry, and histopathology were assessed. In another 72 mice, (127)I-Hyp was administered intravenously at assumed values to bracket the value of LD(50). The rest 20 mice were used in the control groups. RESULTS At 24 h and 14 d following the injection of (127)I -Hyp at either 0.1 or 10 mg/kg, all mice tolerated well without mortality or any observable treatment-related symptoms. No significant differences were found in blood biochemical parameters between the test and control groups. All organs presented normal appearances upon histopathological inspection. The value of LD(50) of (127)I-Hyp in mice through intravenous injection was 20.26 mg/kg, with the 95% confidence interval between 18.90 and 21.55 mg/kg. CONCLUSION The current study reveals a broad safety range of (127)I-Hyp, which not only supports the use of (123)I-Hyp or (131)I-Hyp in the necrosis targeting theragnostic strategy, but also serves as a valuable reference for exploring other possible applications for iodinated Hyp.
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162
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Šemeláková M, Mikeš J, Jendželovský R, Fedoročko P. The pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effects of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy are enhanced by hyperforin or aristoforin in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 117:115-25. [PMID: 23099482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a rapidly-developing anti-cancer approach for the treatment of various types of malignant as well as non-malignant diseases. In this study, hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy (HY-PDT) in sub-optimal dose was combined with hyperforin (HP) or its stable derivative aristoforin (AR) in an effort to improve efficacy on the cellular level. The logic of this combination is based on the fact that both bioactive compounds naturally occur in plants of Hypericum sp. At relatively low concentrations up to 5 μM, hyperforin and aristoforin were able to stimulate onset of apoptosis in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells exposed to HY-PDT, inhibit cell cycle progression, suppress expression of matrixmetalloproteinases-2/-9 together with cell adhesivity, thereby affecting the clonogenic potential of the cells. As the action of aristoforin was more pronounced, in line with our assumption, these changes were also linked in this case with hypericin accumulation and increased ROS generation leading to dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in a significant portion of the cells, as well as activation of caspase-3. Comparison of HT-29 cells to another colon adenocarcinoma-derived cell line HCT-116 demonstrated significant differences in sensitivity of different cell lines to PDT, however, accumulated effect of HY-PDT with HP/AR proved similar in both tested cell lines. The presented data may help to elucidate the mechanisms of action for different bioactive constituents of St. John's wort, which are increasingly recognized as being able to regulate a variety of pathobiological processes, thus possessing potential therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Šemeláková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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163
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Huntosova V, Nadova Z, Dzurova L, Jakusova V, Sureau F, Miskovsky P. Cell death response of U87 glioma cells on hypericin photoactivation is mediated by dynamics of hypericin subcellular distribution and its aggregation in cellular organelles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1428-36. [PMID: 22729350 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (Hyp) is a hydrophobic natural photosensitizer that is considered to be a promising molecule for photodynamic treatment of tumor cells and photo-diagnosis of early epithelial cancers. Its hydrophobicity is the main driving force that governs its redistribution process. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), a natural in vivo carrier of cholesterol present in the vascular system, have been used for targeted transport of Hyp to U87 glioma cells. For low Hyp-LDL ratios (≤10 : 1), the cellular uptake of Hyp is characterized by endocytosis of the [Hyp-LDL] complex, while Hyp alone can enter cells by passive diffusion. Photo-induced cell death and the mitochondrial membrane potential, observed for glioma cells after various times of incubation with the [Hyp-LDL] complex or Hyp alone, were monitored by flow-cytometry analysis using Annexin-V-FITC propidium iodide and DiOC(6)(3) staining. Differences of the results are discussed in view of the respective dynamic subcellular distributions of the drugs that were obtained by co-localization experiments using confocal fluorescence microscopy. In order to give clear evidence of specific intracellular localization and to identify possible Hyp aggregation in cellular organelles, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between selected fluorescent organelle probes and Hyp was also assessed. It is shown, that the observed photo-induced cell deaths can be correlated with the sub-cellular distribution of the active fluorescent monomer form of Hyp in lysosomes (as determined from steady-state fluorescence experiments), but that possible aggregation of Hyp in some organelles, as determined from FRET experiments, should be taken into account for interpretation of the real dynamics of the subcellular redistribution. Results of the present study underline the fact that photo-induced cell death processes are strongly influences by dynamics of Hyp subcellular redistribution processes involving monomer-aggregate equilibrium. Such an observation should be taken in consideration for further optimization of Hyp in vivo PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Huntosova
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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164
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Xavier CPR, Lima CF, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Hypericum androsaemum water extract inhibits proliferation in human colorectal cancer cells through effects on MAP kinases and PI3K/Akt pathway. Food Funct 2012; 3:844-52. [PMID: 22596086 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways are commonly altered in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) leading to tumor growth due to increased cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Several species of the genus Hypericum are used in Portugal to prepare herbal teas to which digestive tract effects are attributed. In the present study, the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of the water extracts of H. androsaemum (HA) and H. perforatum (HP) were investigated in two human colon carcinoma-derived cell lines, HCT15 and CO115, which harbour activating mutations of KRAS and BRAF, respectively. Contrarily to HP, HA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both cell lines. HA decreased BRAF and phospho-ERK expressions in CO115, but not in HCT15. HA also decreased Akt phosphorylation in CO115 and induced p38 and JNK in both cell lines. HA induced cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases as well as caspase-dependent apoptosis in both cell lines. Chlorogenic acid (CA), the main phenolic compound present in the HA extract and less represented in the HP water extract, did, however, not show any of those effects when used individually. In conclusion, water extract of HA, but not of HP, controlled CRC proliferation and specifically acted on mutant and not wild-type BRAF. The effect of HA was, however, not due to CA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina P R Xavier
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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165
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Nakajima N, Kawashima N. A basic study on hypericin-PDT in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 9:196-203. [PMID: 22959799 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of photo dynamic therapy (PDT) using hypericin as a photosensitiser and the effect of PDT on intracellular ATP levels using different lamps in a human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cell line (U937) were studied. The time required for hypericin to penetrate into the cancer cells was 1h, and incubation for more than 3h post-irradiation with hypericin-PDT was required to observe effects. Thus, if cancer cell death does not occur immediately following irradiation, it is unnecessary to perform additional irradiation, as most of the cells die via apoptosis during the incubation period post-irradiation. When hypericin-PDT was performed using a Na-Li lamp as a light source, the cell viability decreased approximately 55% immediately following irradiation for 5 min; however, after a 5-h post-irradiation incubation, the cell viability approached 0%. Concurrently, intracellular ATP levels increased markedly; thus, irradiation (0.225 J/cm(2)) for 5 min provided the best results in terms of the highest degree of cancer cell apoptosis. Similar experiments were performed using three different LED lamps respectively. When cells were treated with the LED lamps, with maximum peaks of 599 nm and 595 nm, the cell viability approached 0% after incubation for 5h following 15 min of irradiation (0.04 J/cm(2) and 0.099 J/cm(2), respectively). We confirmed that incubating the cells for more than 3h in a 100 × diluted hypericin solution was the most effective for PDT and that a LED lamp of low light intensity led to the highest apoptosis rate in the U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Nakajima
- Toin University of Yokohama, Biomedical Engineering Center, 1614 Kuroganecho, Aobaku, Yokohama 225-8502, Japan.
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166
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Sharma SK, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy with fullerenes in vivo: reality or a dream? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 6:1813-25. [PMID: 22122587 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs the combination of nontoxic photosensitizers and visible light that is absorbed by the chromophore to produce long-lived triplet states that can carry out photochemistry in the presence of oxygen to kill cells. The closed carbon-cage structure found in fullerenes can act as a photosensitizer, especially when functionalized to impart water solubility. Although there are reports of the use of fullerenes to carry out light-mediated destruction of viruses, microorganisms and cancer cells in vitro, the use of fullerenes to mediate PDT of diseases such as cancer and infections in animal models is less well developed. It has recently been shown that fullerene PDT can be used to save the life of mice with wounds infected with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. Fullerene PDT has also been used to treat mouse models of various cancers including disseminated metastatic cancer in the peritoneal cavity. In vivo PDT with fullerenes represents a new application in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulbha K Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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167
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Garg AD, Krysko DV, Verfaillie T, Kaczmarek A, Ferreira GB, Marysael T, Rubio N, Firczuk M, Mathieu C, Roebroek AJM, Annaert W, Golab J, de Witte P, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P. A novel pathway combining calreticulin exposure and ATP secretion in immunogenic cancer cell death. EMBO J 2012; 31:1062-79. [PMID: 22252128 PMCID: PMC3298003 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-exposed calreticulin (ecto-CRT) and secreted ATP are crucial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) for immunogenic apoptosis. Inducers of immunogenic apoptosis rely on an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based (reactive oxygen species (ROS)-regulated) pathway for ecto-CRT induction, but the ATP secretion pathway is unknown. We found that after photodynamic therapy (PDT), which generates ROS-mediated ER stress, dying cancer cells undergo immunogenic apoptosis characterized by phenotypic maturation (CD80(high), CD83(high), CD86(high), MHC-II(high)) and functional stimulation (NO(high), IL-10(absent), IL-1β(high)) of dendritic cells as well as induction of a protective antitumour immune response. Intriguingly, early after PDT the cancer cells displayed ecto-CRT and secreted ATP before exhibiting biochemical signatures of apoptosis, through overlapping PERK-orchestrated pathways that require a functional secretory pathway and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated plasma membrane/extracellular trafficking. Interestingly, eIF2α phosphorylation and caspase-8 signalling are dispensable for this ecto-CRT exposure. We also identified LRP1/CD91 as the surface docking site for ecto-CRT and found that depletion of PERK, PI3K p110α and LRP1 but not caspase-8 reduced the immunogenicity of the cancer cells. These results unravel a novel PERK-dependent subroutine for the early and simultaneous emission of two critical DAMPs following ROS-mediated ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Verfaillie
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Kaczmarek
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriela B Ferreira
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Marysael
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noemi Rubio
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department 3, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anton J M Roebroek
- Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department 3, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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168
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Tardivo JP, Wainwright M, Baptista MS. Local clinical phototreatment of herpes infection in São Paulo. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 9:118-21. [PMID: 22594981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of topical photodynamic therapy in herpes simplex lesions in São Paulo is presented and discussed. Although previous attempts utilising this type of approach in the USA were discontinued in the early 1970s due to several presentations of post-treatment Bowen's disease, none of the cases from the clinic presented here have displayed any complications on follow-up. In addition, lesion recrudescence periods are generally much longer than with conventional approaches. This is thought to be due to improvements in the treatment protocol, viz. use of the non-toxic photosensitisers methylene blue and Hypericum perforatum extract in place of proflavine and neutral red in the original trials, differences in photosensitisation pathway and illumination of the treatment site with red rather than fluorescent/UV light. Post-treatment cosmesis is also excellent.
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169
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Yow CMN, Tang HM, Chu ESM, Huang Z. Hypericin-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial effect on clinically isolated pathogens. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:626-32. [PMID: 22233203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the photodynamic antimicrobial effect of hypericin on clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cells. Bacterial cells (10(8) cells per mL) were incubated with hypericin (0-40 μM) for 30 min and followed by light irradiation of 600-800 nm at 5-30 J cm(-2). Cell survival was determined by colony counting, cellular hypericin uptake examined by flow cytometer, and cell membrane damage examined by scanning electron microscopy and leakage assay. The effectiveness of hypericin-mediated photodynamic killing was strongly affected by cellular structure and photosensitizer uptake. The combination of hypericin and light irradiation could induce significant killing of Gram positive methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus cells (>6 log reduction), but was not effective on Gram negative E. coli cells (<0.2 log reduction). The difference was caused by different cell wall/membrane structures that directly affected cellular uptake of hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M N Yow
- Section of Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Health Technology & Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowlong, HKSAR, China.
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170
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Li Z, Wang X, Shi G, Bo Y, Lu X, Li X, Shang R, Tao L, Liang J. Enzyme-assisted extraction of naphthodianthrones from Hypericum perforatum L. by 12C6+-ion beam-improved cellulases. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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171
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Mortensen T, Shen S, Shen F, Walsh MK, Sims RC, Miller CD. Investigating the effectiveness of St John's wort herb as an antimicrobial agent against mycobacteria. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1327-33. [PMID: 22294548 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A persistent need exists for effective treatment agents for mycobacterial infections. This research investigated the effectiveness of the Hypericum perforatum herb (commonly known as St John's wort; SJW) in its growth inhibition of mycobacteria. A SJW extract was effective at inhibiting five nonpathogenic Mycobacterium isolates and Bacillus subtilis, but not Escherichia coli. Quantitative studies of concentration sensitivity to the SJW extract were performed with minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranging from 0.33 to 2.66 mg extract/mL. The SJW compounds hyperforin (Hfn), hypericin (Hpn), and pseudohypericin (Phn) were quantified in the extract using HPLC. The SJW extract solution of 133 mg extract/mL used in this study contained 2.3 mg Hfn/mL, 0.8 mg Hpn/mL, and 2.1 mg Phn/mL. Purified Hfn, Hpn, and Phn were tested for inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium JLS (M. JLS) at similar concentrations used in the crude extract. While Hfn was inhibitory at 46 µg/mL, none of the purified SJW constituents were bactericidal at concentrations corresponding to SJW treatments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of SJW-treated M. JLS cells showed changes in cell surface morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent Mortensen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
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172
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Photoreactive, water-soluble conjugates of hypericin with polyphosphazenes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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173
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Anglo-Saxon pharmacopoeia revisited: a potential treasure in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:1069-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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174
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Bookland MJ, Darbinian N, Weaver M, Amini S, Khalili K. Growth inhibition of malignant glioblastoma by DING protein. J Neurooncol 2011; 107:247-56. [PMID: 22052333 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are a highly aggressive type of brain tumor with extremely poor prognosis. These tumors are highly invasive and are often surgically incurable and resistant to chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy. Thus, novel therapies that target pathways involved in growth and survival of the tumor cells are required for the treatment of this class of brain tumors. Previous studies revealed that epidermal growth factor receptor and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), which are involved in the induction of cell proliferation, are activated in the most aggressive type of glioma, i.e. glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In fact, GBMs with increased levels of ERK activity exhibit a more aggressive phenotype than the others with moderate ERK activity, pointing to the importance of ERK and its kinase activity in the development and progression of these tumors. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of p38SJ, a novel member of the DING family of proteins, derived from Hypericum perforatum calluses, on the growth of malignant glioma cell lines, T98G and U-87MG by focusing on cell cycle and signaling pathways controlled by phosphorylation of various regulatory proteins including ERK. p38SJ, which exhibits profound phosphatase activity, shows the capacity to affect the phosphorylation status of several important kinases modulating signaling pathways, and cell growth and proliferation. Our results demonstrate that p38SJ reduces glioma cell viability and arrests cell cycle progression at G0/G1. The observed growth inhibitory effect of p38SJ is likely mediated by the downregulation of several cell cycle gatekeeper proteins, including cyclin E, Cdc2, and E2F-1. These results suggest that p38SJ may serve as a potential candidate for development of a therapeutic agent for the direct treatment of malignant gliomas and/or as a potential radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Bookland
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Room 741 MERB, 3500 North Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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175
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Kızıl G, Kızıl M, Çeken B, Yavuz M, Demir H. Protective Ability of Ethanol Extracts ofHypericum ScabrumL. andHypericum RetusumAucher Against the Protein Oxidation and DNA Damage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910903491181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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176
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Martirosyan AS, Vardapetyan HR, Tiratsuyan SG, Hovhannisyan AA. Biphasic dose-response of antioxidants in hypericin-induced photohemolysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:282-7. [PMID: 21864803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.03.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper the photodynamic effect of hypericin on superoxide dismutase activity and the possibility of reduction of hypericin phototoxicity by antioxidants were studied. It was shown an almost twice decrease in superoxide dismutase activity of red blood cells under the photosensitization by hypericin. The influence of antioxidants (ascorbic acid and quercetin) on hypericin photodynamic action has revealed that these antioxidants suppress or stimulate photohemolysis caused by hypericin. The photosensitization reaction realized by hypericin could be shifted from type II to type I or vice versa by manipulating the antioxidant concentration. Strengthening of photohemolysis by antioxidants in some concentrations indicates the switching of alternative mechanisms of hypericin photodynamic action and its complicated manner. Thus the selection of antioxidant concentrations is of extreme importance for changing the efficacy of photodynamic therapy with hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Martirosyan
- Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Biomedical Faculty, Hovsep Emin 123, Yerevan 0051, Armenia. alina
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177
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Klemow K, Bartlow A, Crawford J, Kocher N, Shah J, Ritsick M. Medical Attributes of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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178
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Adzhar Kamarulzaman F, Shaari K, Siong Hock Ho A, Haji Lajis N, Hwang Teo S, Boon Lee H. Derivatives of Pheophorbide-a and Pheophorbide-b from Photocytotoxic Piper penangense Extract. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:494-502. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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179
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Cao X, Wang Q, Li Y, Bai G, Ren H, Xu C, Ito Y. Isolation and purification of series bioactive components from Hypericum perforatum L. by counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:480-8. [PMID: 21306961 PMCID: PMC3084551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) combined with pre-separation by ultrasonic solvent extraction was successively used for the separation of series bioactive compounds from the crude extract of Hypericum perforatum L. The petroleum ether extract was separated by the solvent system of n-heptane-methanol-acetonitrile (1.5:0.5:0.5, v/v) and n-heptane-methanol (1.5:1, v/v) in gradient elution, yielding a phloroglucinol compound, hyperforin with HPLC purity over 98%. The ethyl acetate extract was separated by using the solvent system composed of hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:1:1:1 and 1:3:1:3, v/v) in gradient through both reverse phase and normal phase elution mode, yielding a naphthodianthrone compound, hypericin with HPLC purity about 95%. The n-butanol extract was separated with the solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (1:4:5 and 1.5:3.5:5, v/v) in elution and back-extrusion mode, yielding two of flavones, rutin and hyperoside, with HPLC purity over 95%. HPLC-MS, reference sample and UV spectrum were selectively used in separation to search for target compounds from HPLC-DAD profiles of different sub-extracts. The structures of isolated compounds were further identified by ESI-MS, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Cao
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China.
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180
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Garg AD, Nowis D, Golab J, Agostinis P. Photodynamic therapy: illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1050-71. [PMID: 20221698 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes the destructive power of reactive oxygen species generated via visible light irradiation of a photosensitive dye accumulated in the cancerous tissue/cells, to bring about their obliteration. PDT activates multiple signalling pathways in cancer cells, which could give rise to all three cell death modalities (at least in vitro). Simultaneously, PDT is capable of eliciting various effects in the tumour microenvironment thereby affecting the tumour-associated/-infiltrating immune cells and by extension, leading to infiltration of various immune cells (e.g. neutrophils) into the treated site. PDT is also associated to the activation of different immune phenomena, e.g. acute-phase response, complement cascade and production of cytokines/chemokines. It has also come to light that, PDT is capable of activating 'anti-tumour adaptive immunity' in both pre-clinical as well as clinical settings. Although the ability of PDT to induce 'anti-cancer vaccine effect' is still debatable, yet it has been shown to be capable of inducing exposure/release of certain damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) like HSP70. Therefore, it seems that PDT is unique among other approved therapeutic procedures in generating a microenvironment suitable for development of systemic anti-tumour immunity. Apart from this, recent times have seen the emergence of certain promising modalities based on PDT like-photoimmunotherapy and PDT-based cancer vaccines. This review mainly discusses the effects exerted by PDT on cancer cells, immune cells as well as tumour microenvironment in terms of anti-tumour immunity. The ability of PDT to expose/release DAMPs and the future perspectives of this paradigm have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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181
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Buriankova L, Buzova D, Chorvat D, Sureau F, Brault D, Miskovský P, Jancura D. Kinetics of hypericin association with low-density lipoproteins. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:56-63. [PMID: 21114669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy have been used for the study of the incorporation kinetics of hypericin (Hyp) into low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Biphasic kinetics of Hyp association with LDL was observed when solutions of Hyp and LDL were mixed at various concentration ratios. The rapid phase of Hyp incorporation is completed within seconds, while the slow phase lasts several minutes. The relative contributions of the individual phases show that a higher amount of Hyp molecules (65%) are incorporated into LDL in the second phase. The kinetics of the incorporation of Hyp into LDL particles preloaded with Hyp (Hyp/LDL=25:1) was also investigated. The decreased intensity of Hyp fluorescence is a sign of the formation of Hyp aggregates after penetration of additional Hyp molecules into Hyp/LDL=25:1 complex. The time dependence of Hyp fluorescence was measured after mixing the complex Hyp/LDL =200:1 with appropriate amounts of free LDL molecules. For each final Hyp/LDL ratio, an increase in the intensity and lifetime of Hyp fluorescence was observed, suggesting a monomerization of Hyp aggregates. The half-time of Hyp transfer from Hyp/LDL complex to LDL particles is similar to the half-time of the slow phase of Hyp incorporation into free LDL particles.
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182
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Youssef T, Fadel M, Fahmy R, Kassab K. Evaluation of hypericin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Physicochemical properties, photostability and phototoxicity. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:177-86. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.529148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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183
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Olivo M, Lucky SS, Kent Mancer JF, Lau WKO. Altered expression of cell adhesion molecules leads to differential uptake of hypericin in urothelial cancer. Urol Oncol 2010; 30:624-34. [PMID: 20933443 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanism behind selective uptake of hypericin in bladder cancer after intravesical instillation for photodynamic diagnosis of urothelial cell carcinoma of bladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical studies were done on a series of 60 bladder cancer biopsies obtained from 28 patients who received intravesical instillations with 8 μM hypericin. Serial 5 μm cryosections were cut from 43 biopsies, and expression of the E-cadherin and associated catenins were determined using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Hypericin was assessed using fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, mRNA expression of these cell-adhesion molecules was analyzed in 17 biopsies using reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS Increased variability in the expression of E-cadherin and associated molecules was found in high-grade, advanced stage bladder carcinoma. An inverse association was found between immunoreactivity for E-cadherin, β- and γ-catenin, and both stage and grade of cancer (P < 0.05). A positive association was observed between the hypericin fluorescence and tumor grade. There was a significant down-regulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin mRNA in grade 2 and 3 tumors. Although a small sample size was studied, it provided sufficient proof to support the hypothesis that altered expression of cell adhesion molecules would lead to preferential hypericin uptake in urothelial cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Our study has unraveled one of the many factors contributing to the selective uptake of hypericin in bladder cancer. We have thus identified the effects of alteration of E-cadherin-catenin complex and transformed intercellular junction in the modified paracellular uptake of hypericin that provides the rationale for using this photosensitizer in photodynamic diagnosis of bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Olivo
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.
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184
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Vardapetyan H, Martirosyan A, Tiratsuyan S, Hovhannisyan A. Interaction between hypericin and hemoglobin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 101:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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185
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Ciogli A, Bicker W, Lindner W. Determination of enantiomerization barriers of hypericin and pseudohypericin by dynamic high-performance liquid chromatography on immobilized polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases and off-column racemization experiments. Chirality 2010; 22:463-71. [PMID: 19644936 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Direct enantiomer separation of hypericin, pseudohypericin, and protohypericin was accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using immobilized polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Enantioselectivities up to 1.30 were obtained in the polar-organic elution mode whereby for hypericin and pseudohypericin Chiralpak IC [chiral selector being cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate)] and for protohypericin Chiralpak IA (chiral selector being the 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate of amylose) gave favorable results. Enantiomers were distinguished by on-line electronic circular dichroism detection. Optimized enantioselective chromatographic conditions were the basis for determining stereodynamic parameters of the enantiomer interconversion process of hypericin and pseudohypericin. Rate constants delivered by computational simulation of dynamic HPLC elution profiles (stochastic model, consideration of peak tailing) were used to calculate averaged enantiomerization barriers (DeltaG(enant)(#)) of 97.6-99.6 kJ/mol for both compounds (investigated temperature range 25-45 degrees C). Complementary variable temperature off-column (i.e., in solution) racemization experiments delivered DeltaG(enant)(#) = 97.1-98.0 kJ/mol (27-45 degrees C) for hypericin and DeltaG(enant)(#) = 98.9-101.4 kJ/mol (25-55 degrees C) for pseudohypericin. An activation enthalpy of DeltaH(#) = 86.0 kJ/mol and an activation entropy of DeltaS(#) = -37.7 J/(K mol) were calculated from hypericin racemization kinetics in solution, whereas for pseudohypericin these figures amounted to 74.1 kJ/mol and -82.6 J/(K mol), respectively. Although the natural phenanthroperylene quinone pigments hypericin and pseudohypericin as well as their biological precursor protohypericin are chiral and can be separated by enantioselective HPLC low enantiomerization barriers seem to prevent the occurrence of an excess of one enantiomer under typical physiological conditions--at least as long as stereoselective intermolecular interactions with other chiral entities are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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186
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Karppinen K, Taulavuori E, Hohtola A. Optimization of Protein Extraction from Hypericum perforatum Tissues and Immunoblotting Detection of Hyp-1 at Different Stages of Leaf Development. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 46:219-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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187
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Wang X, Guo Y, Yang S, Wang C, Fu X, Wang J, Mao Y, Zhang J, Li Y. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of photodynamic hypericin therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:847-53. [PMID: 20551295 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.168856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy (HY-PDT) has become a potential treatment for tumors and nonmalignant disorders. Some studies reported that HY-PDT could lead to apoptosis in some carcinoma cells. However, the molecular mechanism of HY-PDT remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of hypericin associated with light-emitting diode irradiation on the poorly differentiated human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2 in vitro. To comprehensively understand the effects of HY-PDT on CNE-2 cells, we detected cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, intracellular glutathione content, and intracellular caspase (caspase-9, caspase-3, and caspase-8) activity. Furthermore, we performed genome-wide expression analysis via microarrays at different time points in response to HY-PDT, and we found that differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in the pathways related to reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial activity, DNA replication and repair, cell cycle/proliferation, and apoptosis. These results were consistent with our cytology test results and demonstrated that caspase-dependent apoptosis occurred after HY-PDT. Taken together, both cellular and molecular data revealed that HY-PDT could inhibit the growth of CNE-2 cells and induce their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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188
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Huntosova V, Alvarez L, Bryndzova L, Nadova Z, Jancura D, Buriankova L, Bonneau S, Brault D, Miskovsky P, Sureau F. Interaction dynamics of hypericin with low-density lipoproteins and U87-MG cells. Int J Pharm 2010; 389:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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189
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Hypericins as potential leads for new therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:562-94. [PMID: 20386655 PMCID: PMC2852855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
70 years have passed since the first isolation of the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. Today, they continue to be one of the most promising group of polyphenols, as they fascinate with their physical, chemical and important biological properties which derive from their unique chemical structure. Hypericins and their derivatives have been extensively studied mainly for their antitumor, antiviral and antidepressant properties. Notably, hypericin is one of the most potent naturally occurring photodynamic agents. It is able to generate the superoxide anion and a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen that are considered to be primarily responsible for its biological effects. The prooxidant photodynamic properties of hypericin have been exploited for the photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), as hypericin, in combination with light, very effectively induces apoptosis and/or necrosis of cancer cells. The mechanism by which these activities are expressed continues to be a main topic of discussion, but according to scientific data, different modes of action (generation of ROS & singlet oxygen species, antiangiogenesis, immune responces) and multiple molecular pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathway, ERK inhibition) possibly interrelating are implicated. The aim of this review is to analyse the most recent advances (from 2005 and thereof) in the chemistry and biological activities (in vitro and in vivo) of the pure naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin from H. perforatum. Extracts from H. perforatum were not considered, nor pharmakokinetic or clinical data. Computerised literature searches were performed using the Medline (PubMed), ChemSciFinder and Scirus Library databases. No language restrictions were imposed.
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190
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Galeotti N, Vivoli E, Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Bartolini A, Ghelardini C. A Prolonged Protein Kinase C-Mediated, Opioid-Related Antinociceptive Effect of St John's Wort in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2010; 11:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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191
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Linking ER Stress to Autophagy: Potential Implications for Cancer Therapy. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010:930509. [PMID: 20145727 PMCID: PMC2817393 DOI: 10.1155/2010/930509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different physiological and pathological conditions can perturb protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to a condition known as ER stress. ER stress activates a complex intracellular signal transduction pathway, called unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is tailored essentially to reestablish ER homeostasis also through adaptive mechanisms involving the stimulation of autophagy. However, when persistent, ER stress can switch the cytoprotective functions of UPR and autophagy into cell death promoting mechanisms. Recently, a variety of anticancer therapies have been linked to the induction of ER stress in cancer cells, suggesting that strategies devised to stimulate its prodeath function or block its prosurvival function, could be envisaged to improve their tumoricidial action. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine the final outcome of UPR and autophagy activation by chemotherapeutic agents, will offer new opportunities to improve existing cancer therapies as well as unravel novel targets for cancer treatment.
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192
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Small-animal SPECT and SPECT/CT: application in cardiovascular research. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:1766-77. [PMID: 20069298 PMCID: PMC2918793 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical cardiovascular research using noninvasive radionuclide and hybrid imaging systems has been extensively developed in recent years. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is based on the molecular tracer principle and is an established tool in noninvasive imaging. SPECT uses gamma cameras and collimators to form projection data that are used to estimate (dynamic) 3-D tracer distributions in vivo. Recent developments in multipinhole collimation and advanced image reconstruction have led to sub-millimetre and sub-half-millimetre resolution SPECT in rats and mice, respectively. In this article we review applications of microSPECT in cardiovascular research in which information about the function and pathology of the myocardium, vessels and neurons is obtained. We give examples on how diagnostic tracers, new therapeutic interventions, pre- and postcardiovascular event prognosis, and functional and pathophysiological heart conditions can be explored by microSPECT, using small-animal models of cardiovascular disease.
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193
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer modality utilizing the generation of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species through visible light irradiation of a photosensitive dye accumulated in the cancerous tissue. Upon exposure of cancer cells to the photodynamic stress, multiple signaling cascades are concomitantly activated and depending on the subcellular location of the generated ROS and the intensity of the oxidative damage, they dictate whether cells will cope with the stress and survive or succumb and die. Different methodologies have been developed to allow the discrimination of cell death subroutines at the morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical levels and to scrutinize signaling cascades in response to PDT. Here we describe a selection of useful techniques to characterize apoptosis and autophagy and to monitor the activation status of the MAPK- and Akt-mTOR pathways after PDT.
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194
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Lüthi M, Besic Gyenge E, Engstrüm M, Bredell M, Grätz K, Walt H, Gmür R, Maake C. Hypericin- and mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cariogenic bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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195
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Jendzelovský R, Mikes J, Koval' J, Soucek K, Procházková J, Kello M, Sacková V, Hofmanová J, Kozubík A, Fedorocko P. Drug efflux transporters, MRP1 and BCRP, affect the outcome of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy in HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1716-23. [PMID: 20024169 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00086k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a flexible multi-target therapeutic approach. One of the main requirements of successful PDT is sufficient intracellular concentration of an applicable photosensitizer. Mechanisms of anticancer drug elimination by tumour cells are mostly linked to the elevated expression and activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P450 monooxygenases. The interaction of hypericin with this cell drug-defence system is still unclear. We report here for the first time increased activity of MRP1 and BCRP in HT-29 colon cancer cells treated with hypericin per se. On the contrary, pre-treatment with proadifen (SKF525A) affected the function of MRP1 and BCRP leading to increased hypericin content, which might indicate a possible link between proadifen and these ABC transporter proteins. Subsequent enhanced intracellular oxidative stress was accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-9 and -3, PARP cleavage and onset of apoptosis. In conclusion, our study suggests that drug efflux transporters MRP1 and BCRP affect the pharmacokinetics of hypericin in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells, and the action of hypericin-mediated PDT (HY-PDT) should be modulated by pre-treatment with their specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Jendzelovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safárik University in Kosice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Kosice, Slovakia
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196
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Darbinian N, Czernik M, Darbinyan A, Elias M, Chabriere E, Bonasu S, Khalili K, Amini S. Evidence for phosphatase activity of p27SJ and its impact on the cell cycle. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:400-7. [PMID: 19343785 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
p27SJ, a novel protein isolated from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), belongs to an emerging family of DING proteins that are related to a prokaryotic phosphate-binding protein superfamily. Here we demonstrate that p27SJ exhibits phosphatase activity and that its expression in cells decreases the level of phosphorylated Erk1/2, a key protein of several signaling pathways. Treatment of p27SJ-expressing cells with phosphatase inhibitors including okadaic acid, maintained Erk1/2 in its phosphorylated form, suggesting that dephosphorylation of Erk1/2 is mediated by p27SJ. Further, expression of p27SJ affects Erk1/2 downstream regulatory targets such as STAT3 and CREB. Moreover, the level of expression of cyclin A that associates with active ERK1/2 and is regulated by CREB, was modestly reduced in p27SJ-expressing cells. Accordingly, results from in vitro kinase assays revealed a noticeable decrease in the activity of cyclin A in cells expressing p27SJ. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated dysregulation at S and G2/M phases in cells expressing p27SJ, supporting the notion that a decline in cyclin A activity by p27SJ has a biological impact on cell growth. These observations provide evidence that p27SJ alters the state of Erk1/2 phosphorylation, and impacts several biological events associated with cell growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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197
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Ong CY, Ling SK, Ali RM, Chee CF, Samah ZA, Ho ASH, Teo SH, Lee HB. Systematic analysis of in vitro photo-cytotoxic activity in extracts from terrestrial plants in Peninsula Malaysia for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 96:216-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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198
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Abstract
Plant transformation is an important tool with many applications in modern plant biology. Although this technique is primarily used to produce superior crop varieties, it is also being utilized to answer basic questions concerning gene function and regulation in contemporary functional genomics research. In our laboratory, we have established a transformation system for Hypericum perforatum. This protocol involves the transfer of foreign DNA into H. perforatum organogenic nodule explants via particle-bombardment and the regeneration of shoots from the explants under selection pressure. We have successfully used this method to express ss-glucuronidase and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes in H. perforatum. Molecular analyses of putative phenotypically normal transgenic plants show stable integration of the transgenes into the plant nuclear genome. Here we describe the procedure for the transformation of H. perforatum.
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199
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Zeisser-Labouèbe M, Mattiuzzo M, Lange N, Gurny R, Delie F. Quenching-induced deactivation of photosensitizer by nanoencapsulation to improve phototherapy of cancer. J Drug Target 2009; 17:619-26. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860903118930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Zeisser-Labouèbe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Mattiuzzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Lange
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert Gurny
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Delie
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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200
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Davids LM, Kleemann B, Cooper S, Kidson SH. Melanomas display increased cytoprotection to hypericin-mediated cytotoxicity through the induction of autophagy. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:1065-72. [PMID: 19596456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a regime for melanoma is of limited success due to factors such as the efficacy of the photosensitizer used, penetration depth and the presence of pigment. We characterised a pigmented and an unpigmented melanoma cell line with respect to their phenotypes. Cell viability was assessed after exposure to hypericin, a UVA-activated photosensitizer. Exposure to 3 microM activated hypericin induced a cytoprotective (autophagic) response from both cell lines. However, the pigmented cells accumulated a large amount of glycogen in their cytoplasm. We hypothesise that the treatment induces an initial cytoprotective response through autophagy, but with increased stress results in a different mode of cell death in pigmented melanoma cells from unpigmented cells. These results indicate that hypericin-PDT could be an adjuvant therapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester M Davids
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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