151
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Song D, Powles T, Shi L, Zhang L, Ingersoll MA, Lu YJ. Bladder cancer, a unique model to understand cancer immunity and develop immunotherapy approaches. J Pathol 2019; 249:151-165. [PMID: 31102277 PMCID: PMC6790662 DOI: 10.1002/path.5306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the mechanistic understanding of immune checkpoints and success in checkpoint blockade using antibodies for the treatment of certain cancers, immunotherapy has become one of the hottest areas in cancer research, with promise of long‐lasting therapeutic effect. Currently, however, only a proportion of cancers have a good response to checkpoint inhibition immunotherapy. Better understanding of the cancer response and resistance mechanisms is essential to fully explore the potential of immunotherapy to cure the majority of cancers. Bladder cancer, one of the most common and aggressive malignant diseases, has been successfully treated both at early and advanced stages by different immunotherapeutic approaches, bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) intravesical instillation and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune checkpoint blockade, respectively. Therefore, it provides a good model to investigate cancer immune response mechanisms and to improve the efficiency of immunotherapy. Here, we review bladder cancer immunotherapy with equal weight on BCG and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapies and demonstrate why and how bladder cancer can be used as a model to study the predictors and mechanisms of cancer immune response and shine light on further development of immunotherapy approaches and response predictive biomarkers to improve immunotherapy of bladder cancer and other malignancies. We review the success of BCG and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 treatment of bladder cancer, the underlying mechanisms and the therapeutic response predictors, including the limits to our knowledge. We then highlight briefly the adaptation of immunotherapy approaches and predictors developed in other cancers for bladder cancer therapy. Finally, we explore the potential of using bladder cancer as a model to investigate cancer immune response mechanisms and new therapeutic approaches, which may be translated into immunotherapy of other human cancers. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkui Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Thomas Powles
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS, London, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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152
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Paraneoplastic and Therapy-Related Immune Complications in Thymic Malignancies. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2019; 20:62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-019-0661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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153
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Roviello G, D’Angelo A, Generali D, Pittacolo M, Ganzinelli M, Iezzi G, Manzini ND, Sobhani N. Avelumab in gastric cancer. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:759-768. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common malignancy and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Currently, surgery and chemotherapy remain the main therapeutic options and the prognosis of the disease is still poor in the metastatic setting. Avelumab is a human IgG1 antibody directed against PD-L1 approved for Merkel cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma that could be useful also for the treatment of GC. This review describes the chemical structure, the pharmacologic properties and the current knowledge of the efficacy of avelumab in the treatment of GC from the data available on the first and later phase clinical trials. The ongoing studies testing this drug either alone or in combination with other drugs are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto D’Angelo
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Generali
- Breast Cancer Unit, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Matteo Pittacolo
- Department of Orthopedics & Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Ganzinelli
- Thoracic Unit, Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicolò de Manzini
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences Cattinara University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Breast Cancer Unit, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
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154
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Hann CL, Scherpereel A, Hellyer JA, Wakelee HA. Role of Immunotherapy in Small Cell Lung Cancer, Thymic Epithelial Tumors, and Mesothelioma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:543-552. [PMID: 31099677 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_237847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of programmed death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors into the field of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was practice changing. The pivotal trials consistently showed a clinically meaningful improvement in overall survival (OS) for patients with driver mutation-negative NSCLC, a field in which outcomes had been stagnant for decades. The success of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in NSCLC has led to enthusiasm to expand the reach of these drugs into other thoracic malignancies such as thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), mesothelioma, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Unfortunately, the improvement in outcomes with ICI therapy in these rarer thoracic tumors has been somewhat modest, and in the case of thymoma, rates of adverse events are too high to routinely justify their use. Although the response rates seen in ICI therapy in these tumor types are similar to those seen with other available single-agent therapies for advanced disease, ICIs do present another option for clinicians treating patients with mesothelioma, small cell carcinoma, and thymic carcinoma (TC), diseases in which approved treatment options are limited. Here we review the latest trials of ICI therapy in mesothelioma, SCLC, and TETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Hann
- 1 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Arnaud Scherpereel
- 2 Pulmonary and Thoracic Oncology Department, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,3 French National Network of Clinical Expert Centers for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Management, Lille, France
| | - Jessica A Hellyer
- 4 Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Heather A Wakelee
- 4 Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
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155
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Inokuchi J, Eto M. Profile of pembrolizumab in the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:4519-4528. [PMID: 31191013 PMCID: PMC6526676 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s167708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) is poor. Platinum-based chemotherapy has been the standard first-line treatment in these patients for the past decade; however, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate is only 13–22%. Recent advances in cancer immunology research have highlighted the pivotal role of the immune system in cancer development and progression, and new immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy in a large variety of tumors including UC. Currently, five ICIs, including two anti-PD-1 antibodies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) and three anti-PD-L1 antibodies (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab), have been granted approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with unresectable or metastatic UC who recurred or progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy. Among these agents, only pembrolizumab is supported by strong evidence from a large randomized Phase III trial (KEYNOTE-045). This trial demonstrated statistically significant improvements in OS for patients assigned to the pembrolizumab arm compared with the chemotherapy arm, both in the total population (HR 0.73; P=0.002) and in the population with high PD-L1 expression (HR 0.57; P=0.005). For patients with cisplatin-ineligible UC, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab were approved based on Phase II studies, with limitations on the use of these agents in patients with high tumor PD-L1 expression later imposed by the FDA. In conclusion, pembrolizumab may be a potential first-choice second-line therapy for unresectable or metastatic UC patients following platinum-based chemotherapy. Several Phase III trials are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of combination therapies of ICIs with chemotherapy, and ICIs with other ICIs with or without chemotherapy as first-line therapy. The results of these trials might redirect treatment strategies for patients with unresectable or metastatic UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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156
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Lin Y, Zhai H, Ouyang Y, Lu Z, Chu C, He Q, Cao X. Knockdown of PKM2 enhances radiosensitivity of cervical cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:129. [PMID: 31114449 PMCID: PMC6518815 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2) catalyzes the final step in glycolysis and has been found to be up-regulated in multiple human malignancies. However, whether PKM2 regulates the radiosensitivity of human cervical cancer (CC) remains unknown. Methods The expression of PKM2 in 94 patients with CC in the complete response (CR) and noncomplete response (nCR) groups, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effect of PKM2 inhibition on radiosensitivity, the cell cycle, DNA damage, and apoptosis was evaluated by immunofluorescence analysis, colony formation assay, flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting. Results PKM2 expression was more highly expressed in the nCR group than that in CR group and PKM2 expression was enhanced in CC cells after ionizing radiation (IR). In addition, knockdown of PKM2 combined with IR significantly reduced cell growth, promoted apoptosis, and enhanced radiosensitivity. Additionally, knockdown of PKM2 with IR resulted in increased phosphorylation of DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATM) and phosphorylated-H2AX. Moreover, knockdown of PKM2 combined with IR significantly increased the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9, whereas Bcl2 expression was suppressed. Furthermore, knockdown of PKM2 combined with IR markedly reduced the expression of several cancer stem cell biomarkers in vitro, including NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, and Bmi1. Conclusions The results of our study suggests that PKM2 might be involved in mediating CC radiosensitivity and is identified as a potentially important target to enhance radiosensitivity in patients with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhai
- Gynecology Department, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Ouyang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengbiao Chu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianting He
- 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinping Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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157
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Wilkins JJ, Brockhaus B, Dai H, Vugmeyster Y, White JT, Brar S, Bello CL, Neuteboom B, Wade JR, Girard P, Khandelwal A. Time-Varying Clearance and Impact of Disease State on the Pharmacokinetics of Avelumab in Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Urothelial Carcinoma. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 8:415-427. [PMID: 30980481 PMCID: PMC6617853 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Avelumab, a human anti-programmed death ligand 1 immunoglobulin G1 antibody, has shown efficacy and manageable safety in multiple tumors. A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model for avelumab incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic covariates and time-varying clearance (CL) was identified based on data from 1,827 patients across three clinical studies. Of 14 tumor types, a decrease in CL over time was more notable in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, which had maximum decreases of 32.1% and 24.7%, respectively. The magnitude of reduction in CL was higher in responders than in nonresponders. Significant covariate effects of baseline weight, baseline albumin, and sex were identified on both CL and central distribution volume. Significant covariate effects of black/African American race, C-reactive protein, and immunogenicity were found on CL. None of the covariate or time-dependent effects were clinically important or warranted dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pascal Girard
- Merck Institute of Pharmacometrics, Merck Serono S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
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158
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Takada M, Toi M. Cryosurgery for primary breast cancers, its biological impact, and clinical outcomes. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:608-613. [PMID: 30982153 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a number of new minimally invasive image-guided percutaneous ablation treatments, including cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound, laser ablation, and irreversible electroporation have been developed. Several studies have shown the feasibility and safety of these cryoablation therapies for the treatment of benign breast tumors and small invasive breast cancer. Although the complete response rate of cryoablation for breast cancer is reported to be relatively good, most studies enrolled a small number of patients, and so reliable conclusions could not be drawn. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms of action of cryoablation, and summarize the current literature on the efficacy and safety of cryoablation for breast cancer. Cryoablation also induces an immunomodulatory effect, which is an interesting topic of research in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cryoablation for primary tumor may enhance the treatment effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with breast cancer. Further investigations of this new therapeutic strategy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takada
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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159
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Li S, Chen L, Jiang J. Role of programmed cell death ligand-1 expression on prognostic and overall survival of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15201. [PMID: 31008945 PMCID: PMC6494364 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the correlation of immunological checkpoint marker programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and the prognosis of various cancers has been a research hotspot. The aim of this study is to examine the prognostic effect of PD-L1 in breast cancer. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library database were searched for eligible studies and additional hand-searching were reviewed as an augmentation. Pooled hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS) were estimated using fixed- or random-effect models. RESULTS Data from 19 studies involving 12,505 patients were collected. Study quality was assessed according to guidelines for assessing quality in prognostic studies. PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P < .001), high tumor grade (P < .001), negative hormone receptor (P < .001), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity (P < .001), high Ki67 (P < .001), and high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (P < .001). PD-L1 expression had no significant impact on CSS (pooled HR 0.83, 95% CI = 0.64-1.09, P = .19) or MFS (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI = 0.62-1.97, P = .72), but significantly correlated with shortened OS (pooled HR 1.52, 95% CI = 1.14-2.03, P = .004) and DFS (pooled HR 1.31, 95% CI = 1.14-1.51, P < .000). Subgroup analysis showed that not PD-L1 RNA expression, but protein expression was associated with shorter survival, in addition, the adverse prognostic effect of PD-L1 expression remained in luminal A, luminal B, and HER2 subtype, not in basal-like or triple-negative subtype. CONCLUSIONS An elevated PD-L1 expression significantly correlates with high-risk prognostic indicators and decreased survival in patients with breast cancer.
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160
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Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes in the era of immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:535-548. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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161
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Yu Y, Lee NY. JAVELIN Head and Neck 100: a Phase III trial of avelumab and chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Future Oncol 2019; 15:687-694. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC). The immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab were recently approved by the US FDA for treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC that are refractory to platinum chemotherapy. However, prospective studies incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors in the definitive management of poor prognosis, nonmetastatic, locoregionally advanced HNSCC are lacking. The JAVELIN Head and Neck 100 study is a multinational, Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy of avelumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor, in combination with CRT compared with placebo in combination with CRT for high-risk HNSCC. Trial registration: Javelin Head and Neck 100; NCT 02952586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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162
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Chung HC, Arkenau HT, Lee J, Rha SY, Oh DY, Wyrwicz L, Kang YK, Lee KW, Infante JR, Lee SS, Kemeny M, Keilholz U, Melichar B, Mita A, Plummer R, Smith D, Gelb AB, Xiong H, Hong J, Chand V, Safran H. Avelumab (anti-PD-L1) as first-line switch-maintenance or second-line therapy in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: phase 1b results from the JAVELIN Solid Tumor trial. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:30. [PMID: 30717797 PMCID: PMC6362598 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the antitumor activity and safety of avelumab, a human anti–PD-L1 IgG1 antibody, as first-line switch-maintenance (1 L-mn) or second-line (2 L) treatment in patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal cancer (GC/GEJC) previously treated with chemotherapy. Methods In a phase 1b expansion cohort, patients without (1 L-mn) or with (2 L) disease progression following first-line chemotherapy for advanced GC/GEJC received avelumab 10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks. Endpoints included best overall response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Results Overall, 150 patients were enrolled (1 L-mn, n = 90; 2 L, n = 60) and median follow-up in the 1 L-mn and 2 L subgroups was 36.0 and 33.7 months, respectively. The confirmed objective response rate was 6.7% in both subgroups (95% CI, 2.5–13.9% and 1.8–16.2%, respectively), including complete responses in 2.2% of the 1 L-mn subgroup (n = 2). In the 1 L-mn and 2 L subgroups, median duration of response was 21.4 months (95% CI, 4.0–not estimable) and 3.5 months (95% CI, 2.8–8.3) and disease control rates were 56.7 and 28.3%, respectively. Median PFS in the 1 L-mn and 2 L subgroups was 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.3–4.1) and 1.4 months (95% CI, 1.3–1.5), with 6-month PFS rates of 23.0% (95% CI, 14.7–32.4%) and 7.9% (95% CI, 2.6–17.2%), and median OS was 11.1 months (95% CI, 8.9–13.7) and 6.6 months (95% CI, 5.4–9.4), respectively. In the 1 L-mn subgroup, median OS measured from start of 1 L chemotherapy was 18.7 months (95% CI, 15.4–20.6). Across both subgroups, 20.7% had an infusion-related reaction of any grade. Other common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of any grade included fatigue (10.0%) and nausea (6.7%). Treatment-related serious adverse events occurred in 4.0% of patients. Overall, 8.7% had a grade ≥3 TRAE, including 1 treatment-related death. Conclusion Avelumab showed clinical activity and an acceptable safety profile in patients with GC/GEJC. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT01772004; registered 21 January 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0508-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Cheol Chung
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | | | - Jeeyun Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Seoul National University Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lucjan Wyrwicz
- Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. M. Sklodowskiej Curie, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Yoon-Koo Kang
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jeffrey R Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, PLLC, Nashville, USA
| | - Sung Sook Lee
- Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Margaret Kemeny
- Queens Cancer Center, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, I.P. Pavlova 6, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alain Mita
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care and Newcastle University, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Denis Smith
- Medical Oncology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux CEDEX, France
| | | | | | | | - Vikram Chand
- EMD Serono, Inc, Billerica, USA.,Present address: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Gaithersburg, USA
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163
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Yaghoubi N, Soltani A, Ghazvini K, Hassanian SM, Hashemy SI. PD-1/ PD-L1 blockade as a novel treatment for colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:312-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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164
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Hobbs BP, Barata PC, Kanjanapan Y, Paller CJ, Perlmutter J, Pond GR, Prowell TM, Rubin EH, Seymour LK, Wages NA, Yap TA, Feltquate D, Garrett-Mayer E, Grossman W, Hong DS, Ivy SP, Siu LL, Reeves SA, Rosner GL. Seamless Designs: Current Practice and Considerations for Early-Phase Drug Development in Oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:118-128. [PMID: 30561713 PMCID: PMC6376915 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, drug development has evaluated dose, safety, activity, and comparative benefit in a sequence of phases using trial designs and endpoints specifically devised for each phase. Innovations in drug development seek to consolidate the phases and rapidly expand accrual with "seamless" trial designs. Although consolidation and rapid accrual may yield efficiencies, widespread use of seamless first-in-human (FiH) trials without careful consideration of objectives, statistical analysis plans, or trial oversight raises concerns. A working group formed by the National Cancer Institute convened to consider and discuss opportunities and challenges for such trials as well as encourage responsible use of these designs. We reviewed all abstracts presented at American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meetings from 2010 to 2017 for FiH trials enrolling at least 100 patients. We identified 1786 early-phase trials enrolling 57 559 adult patients. Fifty-one of the trials (2.9%) investigated 50 investigational new drugs, were seamless, and accounted for 14.6% of the total patients. The seamless trials included a median of 3 (range = 1-13) expansion cohorts. The overall risk of clinically significant treatment-related adverse events (grade 3-4) was 49.1% (range = 0.0-100%), and seven studies reported at least one toxic death. Rapid expansion of FiH trials may lead to earlier drug approval and corresponding widespread patient access to active therapeutics. Nevertheless, seamless designs must adhere to established ethical, scientific, and statistical standards. Protocols should include prospectively planned analyses of efficacy in disease- or biomarker-defined cohorts of sufficient rigor to support accelerated approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Hobbs
- Quantitative Health Sciences and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Pedro C Barata
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yada Kanjanapan
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Channing J Paller
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Gregory R Pond
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tatiana M Prowell
- Office of Hematology & Oncology Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
- Breast Cancer Program, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric H Rubin
- Global Clinical Oncology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Lesley K Seymour
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Nolan A Wages
- Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David Feltquate
- Early Clinical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | | | - William Grossman
- Cancer Immunotherapy- Global Product Development Oncology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, CA
- Bellicum Inc., Brisbane, CA
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - S Percy Ivy
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Rockville, MD
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven A Reeves
- National Cancer Institute, Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, Rockville, MD
| | - Gary L Rosner
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
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Zhang N, Tu J, Wang X, Chu Q. Programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 checkpoint inhibitors: differences in mechanism of action. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:429-441. [PMID: 30698054 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors are widely used in many types of solid tumors, and are often considered to be in the same immunotherapy subclass. This review explores whether specific agents in these two categories exhibit differences in their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and clinical efficacy and safety. Due to the complicated functional pathways in the immune checkpoint system, the epitopes, interfaces and signal pathways between PD-1: PD-L1/PD-L2, PD-L1/CD28/CTLA-4: B7-1 axes often overlap and affect each other. Therefore, the mechanisms of action of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors reflect the corresponding cross connectivity and their unique characteristics. Only head-to-head comparative studies can provide definitive information regarding clinical efficacy and safety differences between specific PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyao Tu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Keilholz U, Mehnert JM, Bauer S, Bourgeois H, Patel MR, Gravenor D, Nemunaitis JJ, Taylor MH, Wyrwicz L, Lee KW, Kasturi V, Chin K, von Heydebreck A, Gulley JL. Avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma: phase 1b results from the JAVELIN Solid Tumor trial. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 30651126 PMCID: PMC6335739 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report phase 1b data from patients enrolled in the JAVELIN Solid Tumor clinical trial (NCT01772004) with unresectable stage IIIC or IV melanoma that had progressed after ≥1 line of therapy for metastatic disease. Patients and methods Patients received avelumab (10 mg/kg)—a human anti–PD-L1 antibody. Assessments included objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Results As of December 31, 2016, 51 patients were treated and followed for a median of 24.2 months (range, 16.1–31.5). Most patients had cutaneous (n = 28 [54.9%]) or ocular (n = 16 [31.4%]) melanoma and had received a median of 2 prior lines of therapy (range, 0–4), including ipilimumab (n = 26 [51.0%]). The confirmed ORR was 21.6% (95% CI, 11.3–35.3; complete response, 7.8%; partial response, 13.7%). The median duration of response was not estimable (95% CI, 2.6 months-not estimable). Median PFS and OS were 3.1 months (95% CI, 1.4–6.3) and 17.2 months (95% CI, 6.6-not estimable), respectively. Subgroup analyses suggested meaningful clinical activity (ORR [95% CI]) in patients with non-ocular melanoma (31.4% [16.9–49.3]), PD-L1–positive tumors (42.1% [20.3–66.5]), or prior ipilimumab therapy (30.8% [14.3–51.8]). Thirty-nine patients (76.5%) had a treatment-related adverse event (TRAE), most commonly infusion-related reaction (29.4%), fatigue (17.6%), and chills (11.8%); 4 patients (7.8%) had a grade 3 TRAE. Five patients (9.8%) had an immune-related TRAE (all were grade 1/2). No grade 4 TRAEs or treatment-related deaths were reported. Conclusion Avelumab showed durable responses, promising survival outcomes, and an acceptable safety profile in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01772004. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0459-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Manish R Patel
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lucjan Wyrwicz
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch and Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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167
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Oliva M, Spreafico A, Taberna M, Alemany L, Coburn B, Mesia R, Siu LL. Immune biomarkers of response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:57-67. [PMID: 30462163 PMCID: PMC6336003 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) agents have become the standard of care for platinum-refractory recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and are currently being evaluated in various disease settings. However, despite the gain in overall survival seen in some of the clinical trials, the majority of patients display primary resistance and do not benefit from these agents. Taking into consideration the potentially severe immune-related toxicities and their high cost, the search for predictive biomarkers of response is crucial. Besides Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, other biomarkers such as immune infiltration, tumor mutational burden or immune-gene expression profiling have been explored, but none of them has been validated in this disease. Among these, the microbiota has recently garnered tremendous interest since it has proven to influence the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in some tumor types. With the accumulating evidence on the effect of the microbiota in HNSCC tumorigenesis and progression, the study of its potential role as a predictive immune biomarker is warranted. This review examines the available evidence on emerging immune predictive biomarkers of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in HNSCC, introducing the microbiota and its potential use as a predictive immune biomarker in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oliva
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Spreafico
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Taberna
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), ONCOBELL-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Barcelona University, Barcelona
| | - L Alemany
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Coburn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto; Departments of Medicine and Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R Mesia
- Medical Oncology Department, B-ARGO Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Badalona, Spain
| | - L L Siu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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168
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Phase 1 trial of avelumab (anti-PD-L1) in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors, including dose expansion in patients with gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: the JAVELIN Solid Tumor JPN trial. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:817-827. [PMID: 30515672 PMCID: PMC6570778 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avelumab is a human anti-PD-L1 IgG1 monoclonal antibody that has shown antitumor activity in several advanced cancers. We report results from JAVELIN Solid Tumor JPN, a phase 1 trial of avelumab in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors with expansion in patients with advanced gastric cancer/gastroesophageal junction cancer. METHODS In the dose-escalation part, eligible patients had various previously treated metastatic or advanced solid tumors. In the dose-expansion part, patients had stage IV gastric cancer/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma and disease progression after prior therapy that included a platinum and fluoropyrimidine agent. Patients received avelumab every 2 weeks intravenously at 3, 10, or 20 mg/kg during dose escalation and 10 mg/kg during dose expansion. RESULTS Among 17 patients who received avelumab in the dose-escalation part, no dose-limiting toxicities occurred, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. 40 patients were enrolled in the dose-expansion part, of whom 21 (52.5%) had received ≥ 3 prior lines of therapy for advanced disease. In these patients, the objective response rate was 10.0% (95% CI, 2.8-23.7%) and median overall survival was 9.1 months (95% CI, 7.2-11.2 months). Three of 40 patients (7.5%) had a grade 3 treatment-related adverse event (alanine aminotransferase increase, anemia, and hyponatremia), and no grade ≥ 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred. Five patients (12.5%) had an immune-related adverse event (all grade 1/2). CONCLUSIONS Avelumab showed acceptable safety in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors and clinical activity in patients with advanced gastric cancer/gastroesophageal junction cancer and disease progression after chemotherapy.
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169
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Guha A, Armanious M, Fradley MG. Update on cardio-oncology: Novel cancer therapeutics and associated cardiotoxicities. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 29:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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170
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.
| | - Nils-Petter Rudqvist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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171
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Collins JM, Gulley JL. Product review: avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:891-908. [PMID: 30481100 PMCID: PMC6605872 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1551671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although immunotherapies have been employed for many decades, immune checkpoint inhibitors have only recently entered the oncologic landscape. Avelumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks the interaction between PD-L1 on tumor cells and PD-1 on T cells, thereby inhibiting immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and reducing tumor growth. Most early clinical trials of avelumab as monotherapy and in combination regimens were part of the international JAVELIN clinical trial program, which included more than 7000 patients in more than 30 trials with at least 15 tumor types. Avelumab has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma and metastatic urothelial carcinoma that has progressed during or following treatment with a platinum-based regimen. Its acceptable safety profile and ability to induce durable responses in otherwise deadly tumors provide the rationale for its use in other tumor types and in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Collins
- Medical Oncology Service, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Medical Oncology Service, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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172
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Jochems C, Tritsch SR, Knudson KM, Gameiro SR, Smalley Rumfield C, Pellom ST, Morillon YM, Newman R, Marcus W, Szeto C, Rabizadeh S, Wong HC, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J. The multi-functionality of N-809, a novel fusion protein encompassing anti-PD-L1 and the IL-15 superagonist fusion complex. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1532764. [PMID: 30713787 PMCID: PMC6343815 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1532764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a novel bifunctional fusion protein, designated N-809. This molecule comprises the IL-15/IL15Rα superagonist complex containing the Fc-domain of IgG1 (N-803, formerly designated as ALT-803) fused to two single chain anti-PD-L1 domains. The fully human IgG1 portion of the N-809 molecule was designed to potentially mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The studies reported here show that N-809 has the same ability to bind PD-L1 as an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. RNAseq studies show the ability of N-809 to alter the expression of an array of genes of both CD4+ and CD8+ human T cells, and to enhance their proliferation; CD8+ T cells exposed to N-809 also have enhanced ability to lyse human tumor cells. An array of genes was differentially expressed in human natural killer (NK) cells following N-809 treatment, and there was increased expression of several surface activating receptors; there was, however, no increase in the expression of inhibitory receptors known to be upregulated in exhausted NK cells. N-809 also increased the cytotoxic potential of NK cells, as shown by increased expression of granzyme B and perforin. The lysis of several tumor cell types was increased when either NK cells or tumor cells were exposed to N-809. Similarly, the highest level of ADCC was seen when both NK cells (from donors or cancer patients) and tumor cells were exposed to N-809. These studies thus demonstrate the multi-functionality of this novel agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah R Tritsch
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karin M Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire Smalley Rumfield
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel T Pellom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Maurice Morillon
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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173
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Kang A, Zhao D, Yeh JJ, Lee DJ. Updates on Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Skin Cancer. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-018-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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174
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Moehler M, Ryu MH, Dvorkin M, Lee KW, Coşkun HŞ, Wong R, Chung HC, Poltoratsky A, Tsuji A, Yen CJ, Muntean AS, Le Sourd S, Vaccaro GM, Overton L, Boku N, Wainberg ZA, Patel M, Sharma M, Xiong H, Conti I, Taieb J, Bang YJ. Maintenance avelumab versus continuation of first-line chemotherapy in gastric cancer: JAVELIN Gastric 100 study design. Future Oncol 2018; 15:567-577. [PMID: 30379568 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avelumab is a human anti-PD-L1 IgG1 monoclonal antibody that has shown antitumor activity in early phase studies in advanced/metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer, including as first-line maintenance therapy. Here, we describe the design of JAVELIN Gastric 100 (NCT02625610), an open-label, Phase III trial. A total of 499 patients with locally advanced/metastatic HER2- gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer adenocarcinoma, who had achieved at least stable disease following 12 weeks of first-line oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy, have been randomized 1:1 to receive avelumab maintenance therapy or continue chemotherapy. The primary objective is to demonstrate superior overall survival in all randomized patients or in the PD-L1+ population. Secondary objectives are to demonstrate superiority for progression-free survival and objective response rate, compare quality of life measures, and determine safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Moehler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Min-Hee Ryu
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mikhail Dvorkin
- Department of Oncology, BHI of Omsk Region Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hasan Ş Coşkun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Eastern Health, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyun C Chung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Artem Poltoratsky
- Department of Oncology, FBI "Scientific Research Institute of Oncology n. a. N. N. Petrov", Russian Federation
| | - Akihito Tsuji
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kagawa University Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Chia Jui Yen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Alina S Muntean
- Department of Research, Oncology Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta", Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Samuel Le Sourd
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugene-Marquis, Oncologie Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Gina M Vaccaro
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lindsay Overton
- Oncology & Hematology & Clinical Oncology Research, Confluence Health, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zev A Wainberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manish Patel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Maitreyi Sharma
- Global Clinical Development Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Huiling Xiong
- Global Clinical Development Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Global Clinical Development Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Julien Taieb
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Department of Gastroenterology & Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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175
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Le Tourneau C, Hoimes C, Zarwan C, Wong DJ, Bauer S, Claus R, Wermke M, Hariharan S, von Heydebreck A, Kasturi V, Chand V, Gulley JL. Avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma: phase 1b results from the JAVELIN solid tumor trial. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:111. [PMID: 30348224 PMCID: PMC6198369 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We assessed the efficacy and safety of avelumab, an anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody, in patients with previously treated metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (mACC). Methods In this phase 1b expansion cohort, patients with mACC and prior platinum-based therapy received avelumab at 10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks. Continuation of mitotane was permitted; however, mitotane levels during the study were not recorded. Tumor response was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors v1.1. Results Fifty patients received avelumab and were followed for a median of 16.5 months. Prior treatment included ≥2 lines in 74.0%; mitotane was continued in 50.0%. The objective response rate (ORR) was 6.0% (95% CI, 1.3% to 16.5%; partial response in 3 patients). Twenty-one patients (42.0%) had stable disease as best response (disease control rate, 48.0%). Median progression-free survival was 2.6 months (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.0), median overall survival (OS) was 10.6 months (95% CI, 7.4 to 15.0), and the 1-year OS rate was 43.4% (95% CI, 27.9% to 57.9%). In evaluable patients with PD-L1+ (n = 12) or PD-L1− (n = 30) tumors (≥5% tumor cell cutoff), ORR was 16.7% vs 3.3% (P = .192). Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 82.0%; the most common were nausea (20.0%), fatigue (18.0%), hypothyroidism (14.0%), and pyrexia (14.0%). Grade 3 TRAEs occurred in 16.0%; no grade 4 to 5 TRAEs occurred. Twelve patients (24.0%) had an immune-related TRAE of any grade, which were grade 3 in 2 patients (4.0%): adrenal insufficiency (n = 1), and pneumonitis (n = 1). Conclusions Avelumab showed clinical activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with platinum-treated mACC. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01772004; registered January 21, 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0424-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Le Tourneau
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'ulm, 75005, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France. .,Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvenlines University, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France. .,INSERM U900 Research Unit, Saint-Cloud, France.
| | - Christopher Hoimes
- Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Deborah J Wong
- UCLA Department of Medicine, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Present address: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Augsburg Medical Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Wermke
- Early Clinical Trial Unit, University Cancer Center, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Vikram Chand
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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176
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[Drug-induced interstitial pneumonitis due to avelumab: A case report]. Rev Mal Respir 2018; 35:978-982. [PMID: 30318432 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anti programmed death-1 (PD-1) and the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies are used as immunotherapies in the treatment of many solid tumours. Cases of interstitial pneumonitis induced by anti PD-1 have been widely described, but there are fewer data with anti PD-L1. Avelumab is a new immunotherapy of the anti PD-L1 class. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old woman, ex-smoker, had been treated with avelumab and axitinib since November 2016 for renal cell cancer. Interstitial pneumonitis was discovered accidentally 4 months after the beginning of the treatment, with ground glass opacities, intra-lobular crosslinking and adenopathy of the 4R zone on the CT scan. An exhaustive assessment did not reveal any respiratory function defect or an infectious or immunological cause. The radiological abnormalities regressed spontaneously after cessation of treatment confirming the diagnosis of drug-induced pneumonitis. CONCLUSION Avelumab can induce interstitial lung disease. The mechanism is uncertain and requires further studies. Monitoring of respiratory function and CT scanning are necessary for its early management.
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Abstract
Urothelial Carcinoma (UC) is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary system and is the sixth most common cancer in the USA. Over a decade prior to 2016, the standard of care for early disease consisted of transuretheral resection of the bladder tumor with or without intravesicular chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Systemic chemotherapies such as gemcitabine and cisplatin combinations or dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, cisplatin were reserved for recurrent, muscle-invasive, advanced or metastatic disease. Novel treatment approaches for UC have significantly impacted the management of patients. In 2016-2017, five immune checkpoint inhibitors marked a new paradigm in the treatment of UC for patients with advanced or metastatic disease or who are unable to tolerate platinum-based chemotherapy. Most recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set restrictions on two commonly utilized checkpoint inhibitors, atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, in the first-line setting in patients with UC due to decreased survival associated with low expression of the protein programmed death ligand 1. Furthermore, Breakthrough Therapy Designations have been granted for enfortumab vedotin and erdafitinib for patients following platinum-based chemotherapy and those with fibroblast growth factor receptor mutated UC, respectively. Additional updates include dose-dense gemcitabine and cisplatin for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and preoperative checkpoint blockade. This article will review the available data on updates in the treatment of UC and future direction of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirollos S Hanna
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hematology/Oncology Clinical Pharmacist, Mayo Clinic & University of Minnesota Medical Center, Rochester, MN, USA
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178
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Mammen AL, Rajan A, Pak K, Lehky T, Casciola-Rosen L, Donahue RN, Lepone LM, Zekeridou A, Pittock SJ, Hassan R, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Pre-existing antiacetylcholine receptor autoantibodies and B cell lymphopaenia are associated with the development of myositis in patients with thymoma treated with avelumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting programmed death-ligand 1. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:150-152. [PMID: 30185415 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mammen
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Pak
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tanya Lehky
- Electromyography Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Livia Casciola-Rosen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren M Lepone
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sean J Pittock
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Pujade-Lauraine E, Fujiwara K, Dychter SS, Devgan G, Monk BJ. Avelumab (anti-PD-L1) in platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer: JAVELIN Ovarian 200 Phase III study design. Future Oncol 2018; 14:2103-2113. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avelumab is a human anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor with clinical activity in multiple solid tumors. Here, we describe the rationale and design for JAVELIN Ovarian 200 (NCT02580058), the first randomized Phase III trial to evaluate the role of checkpoint inhibition in women with ovarian cancer. This three-arm trial is comparing avelumab administered alone or in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin alone in patients with platinum-resistant/refractory recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer. Eligible patients are not preselected based on PD-L1 expression and may have received up to three prior lines of chemotherapy for platinum-sensitive disease, but none for resistant disease. Overall survival and progression-free survival are primary end points, and secondary end points include biomarker evaluations and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pujade-Lauraine
- Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Centre des Cancers de la Femme et Recherche Clinique, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Keiichi Fujiwara
- Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Bradley J Monk
- Arizona Oncology (US Oncology Network), University of Arizona & Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
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180
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Merlano MC, Merlotti AM, Licitra L, Denaro N, Fea E, Galizia D, Di Maio M, Fruttero C, Curcio P, Vecchio S, Russi EG, Corvò R. Activation of immune responses in patients with relapsed-metastatic head and neck cancer (CONFRONT phase I-II trial): Multimodality immunotherapy with avelumab, short-course radiotherapy, and cyclophosphamide. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2018; 12:47-52. [PMID: 30186977 PMCID: PMC6107891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of relapsed/metastatic head and neck cancer is unclear. Cyclophosphamide, avelumab, and radiotherapy may be effective for R/M-HNC. Combined treatment may improve avelumab activity without increasing its toxicity. Ongoing trials will clarify the potential of immunotherapy in RM-HNC patients.
Introduction and background Second-line treatment of platinum-resistant relapsed/metastatic (R/M) head and neck cancer (HNC) is a currently unmet clinical need. Clinical trials showed improvement in overall survival and quality of life of R/M-HNC patients treated with anti-PD-1 regardless of the number of prior chemotherapy lines; however, the percentage of long-term survivors remains limited. This study aims to test the hypothesis that attacking the tumor microenvironment at multiple levels can increase immunogenicity of R/M-HNC without worsening the safety profile of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods/design In this open label, multi-center, single-arm, Phase Ib/II, R/M-HNC patients pretreated with at least one line of therapy containing platinum, fluorouracil, and cetuximab will receive a daily metronomic dose of 50 mg cyclophosphamide without a drug-free break, 10 mg/kg avelumab on day 1 and every other week until progression, and a single fraction of 8 Gy radiotherapy on day 8. Discussion The treatment protocol aims to reverse immune evasion of the tumor through a radiotherapy-induced self-vaccination effect, suppression of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell function by metronomic cyclophosphamide, and effector T-cell reactivation owing to the inhibition of the PD-1–PD-L1 axis by avelumab. The immunologic interplay induced by the proposed combined treatment may theoretically improve the activity of avelumab without increasing its toxicity profile. Finally, an ancillary translational study will be extended to all the patients’ population. Trial registration EudraCT n. 2017-000353-39.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna M. Merlotti
- Radiation Oncology A.O. S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Radiation Oncology, A.O. S.Croce e Carle, via M.Coppino 26, 12100 Cuneo, CN, Italy.
| | - Lisa Licitra
- Medical Oncology Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Fea
- Medical Oncology A.O. S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Danilo Galizia
- Investigative and Clinical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Medical Oncology Mauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Vecchio
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Sn Martino, IST National Cancer Research Institute and University, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Renzo Corvò
- Radiation Oncology, IRCCS S. Martino, IST National Cancer Research Institute and University, Genova, Italy
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Ochoa de Olza M, Oliva M, Hierro C, Matos I, Martin-Liberal J, Garralda E. Early-drug development in the era of immuno-oncology: are we ready to face the challenges? Ann Oncol 2018; 29:1727-1740. [PMID: 29945232 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical development of drugs has progressively faded away, and we are currently in an era of seamless drug-development, where first-in-human trials include unusually big expansion cohorts in the search for early signs of activity and rapid regulatory approval. The fierce competition between different pharmaceutical companies and the hype for immune combinations obliges us to question the current way in which we are evaluating these drugs. In this review, we discuss critical issues and caveats in immunotherapy development. A particular emphasis is put on the limitations of pre-clinical toxicology studies, where both murine models and cynomolgus monkeys have underpredicted toxicity in humans. Moreover, relevant issues surrounding dose determination during phase I trials, such as dose-escalation methods or flat versus body-weight dosing, are discussed. A proposal of how to face these different challenges is offered, in order to achieve maximum efficacy with minimum toxicity for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ochoa de Olza
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Oliva
- Drug Development Program, Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C Hierro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Matos
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Martin-Liberal
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Garralda
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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183
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Flynn M, Young K, Cunningham D, Starling N. The evolving immunotherapeutic landscape in advanced oesophagogastric cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918786228. [PMID: 30034550 PMCID: PMC6048671 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918786228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in median overall survival in the advanced oesophagogastric (OG) setting have plateaued, underlining the need for improved therapeutic approaches in this patient population. Immunotherapeutics are inducing unexpected durable responses in an expanding list of advanced disease indications. Although OG cancers have traditionally been considered to be more challenging to treat with immunotherapy than some other malignancies because of their variable tumour mutational burden and relative scarcity of infiltrating T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICPI) trials conducted over the last few years suggest there is an important role for these treatments. ICPI efficacy may be demonstrated in specific molecular subtypes of OG cancer. This review outlines the improvements in defining predictive biomarkers of responsiveness to ICPIs. Increasingly, identification of an expanding list of ICPI resistance mechanisms will drive biomarker-directed research. In addition, the specific rationale to combine ICPIs with chemotherapies, radiotherapies, targeted therapies and other novel immunotherapeutic drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital,
London, UK
| | - Kate Young
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital,
London, UK
| | | | - Naureen Starling
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital,
203 Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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184
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de la Cruz-Merino L, Palazón-Carrión N, Henao-Carrasco F, Nogales-Fernández E, Álamo-de la Gala M, Vallejo-Benítez A, Chiesa M, Sánchez-Margalet V. New horizons in breast cancer: the promise of immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:117-125. [PMID: 29916188 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunology and immunotherapy of cancer is an expanding field in oncology, with recent great achievements obtained through the new successful approaches implemented to circumvent immune evasion, which is undoubtedly considered a novel hallmark of cancer. Translational research in this topic has revealed targets that can be modulated in the clinical setting with new compounds and strategies. Like most of the tumors, breast cancer is considered a complex and heterogeneous disease in which host immune responses have been also recently demonstrated of critical relevance. T infiltrating lymphocyte measurement is suggested as a powerful new tool necessary to predict early breast cancer evolution, especially for the her2-positive and triple-negative subtypes. Other biomarkers in tissue and peripheral blood are under intense scrutiny to ascertain their eventual role as prognostic and/or predictive factors. This background has fueled the interest in developing clinical research strategies to test activity of modern immunotherapy in breast cancer, which constitutes the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de la Cruz-Merino
- Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avda Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain.
| | - N Palazón-Carrión
- Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avda Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - F Henao-Carrasco
- Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avda Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - E Nogales-Fernández
- Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avda Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - M Álamo-de la Gala
- Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avda Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - A Vallejo-Benítez
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avda Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - M Chiesa
- Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group (GEICAM), 28703, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avda Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain
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Gopalakrishnan D, Koshkin VS, Ornstein MC, Papatsoris A, Grivas P. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in urothelial cancer: recent updates and future outlook. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:1019-1040. [PMID: 29892196 PMCID: PMC5993034 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s158753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the US and most tumors have urothelial (transitional cell) histology. Platinum-based chemotherapy has long been the standard of care in advanced disease, but long-term outcomes have largely remained poor. Since the peak incidence of bladder cancer is in the eighth decade of life and beyond, medical comorbidities may often limit the use of chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors with their favorable toxicity profiles and notable antitumor activity have ushered in a new era in the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer (UC) with five agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway being recently approved by the US Food and Drug administration. A plethora of clinical trials are ongoing in diverse disease settings, employing agents targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and related immune checkpoint pathways. While reactivating anti-tumor immunity, these agents may lead to a unique constellation of immune-related adverse events, which may warrant discontinuation of therapy and potential use of immunosuppression. Novel combinations with various treatment modalities and optimal sequencing of active therapies are being investigated in prospective clinical trials and retrospective registries. At the era of precision molecular medicine, and since patients do not respond uniformly to these agents, there is a growing need for identification and validation of biomarkers that can accurately predict treatment response and assist in patient selection. This review discusses current updates and future directions of immunotherapy in advanced UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vadim S Koshkin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Moshe C Ornstein
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Athanasios Papatsoris
- Sismanoglio General Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Grivas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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186
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Dermatologic Reactions to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors : Skin Toxicities and Immunotherapy. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:345-361. [PMID: 29256113 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors [monoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)] represents a major breakthrough in cancer therapy. Although they present a favorable risk/benefit ratio, immune checkpoint blockade therapies have a very specific safety profile. Due to their unique mechanism of action, they entail a new spectrum of adverse events that are mostly immune related [immune-related adverse events (irAEs)], notably mediated by the triggering of cytotoxic CD4+/CD8+ T cell activation. Cutaneous toxicities appear to be one of the most prevalent irAEs, both with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 agents or with the newly developed anti-PD-L1 agents, which corresponds to a class effect. They are observed in more than one-third of the treated patients, mainly in the form of a maculopapular rash (eczema-like spongiotic dermatitis) and pruritus. A wide range of other dermatologic manifestations can also occur, including lichenoid reactions, psoriasis, acneiform rashes, vitiligo-like lesions, autoimmune skin diseases (e.g., bullous pemphigoid, dermatomyositis, alopecia areata), sarcoidosis or nail and oral mucosal changes. In addition, the use of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 therapies in combination is associated with the development of more frequent, more severe and earlier cutaneous irAEs compared to single agents. In most cases, these dysimmune dermatologic adverse events remain self-limiting and readily manageable. Early recognition and adequate management, however, are critical to prevent exacerbation of the lesions, to limit treatment interruption and to minimize quality of life impairment. This review describes the variable clinical and histopathologic aspects of dermatologic irAEs induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors. Appropriate treatment and counseling are also proposed, with a step-by-step approach for optimized management by both practicing oncologists and dermatologists.
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187
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Dolcetti R, De Re V, Canzonieri V. Immunotherapy for Gastric Cancer: Time for a Personalized Approach? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1602. [PMID: 29844297 PMCID: PMC6032163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune modulation has greatly improved, allowing for the development of multiple therapeutic approaches that are revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy for gastric cancer (GC) is still in the early phases but is rapidly evolving. Recently, multi-platform molecular analyses of GC have proposed a new classification of this heterogeneous group of tumors, highlighting subset-specific features that may more reliably inform therapeutic choices, including the use of new immunotherapeutic drugs. The clinical benefit and improved survival observed in GC patients treated with immunotherapeutic strategies and their combination with conventional therapies highlighted the importance of the immune environment surrounding the tumor. A thorough investigation of the tumor microenvironment and the complex and dynamic interaction between immune cells and tumor cells is a fundamental requirement for the rational design of novel and more effective immunotherapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the pre-clinical and clinical results obtained so far with immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic treatments for GC and discusses the novel combination strategies that are being investigated to improve the personalization and efficacy of GC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dolcetti
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Str, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia.
| | - Valli De Re
- Immunopathology and Tumor Biomarkers Unit/Bio-proteomics Facility, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Tumor Diagnostics CRO National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Department of Translational Research and Advanced Tumor Diagnostics, CRO National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
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189
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Diao L, Meibohm B. Pharmacometric Applications and Challenges in the Development of Therapeutic Antibodies in Immuno-Oncology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:285-291. [PMID: 30319936 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-018-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Monoclonal antibodies targeting key checkpoints in immune stimulatory pathways have over the last years become the mainstay of cancer immunotherapy. This article provides a brief review of the application and key impact of pharmacometrics and quantitative clinical pharmacology approaches in the development of these novel biologics. Recent findings The clinical development and selection of optimal dosing regimens for monoclonal antibodies used in immune-oncology has been facilitated by an extensive application of pharmacometric approaches to characterize the exposure-response relationship for major efficacy and safety endpoints. These analysis techniques were applied for the anti CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab, as well as the anti PD1/PD-L1 antibodies nivolumab, pembrolizumab, avelumab, atezolizumab and durvalumab. The utilization of quantitative clinical pharmacology, including model-based analyses, did not only support the identification of efficacious doses with acceptable safety limits, but was also able to address complicating challenges such as time- and response-dependent changes in antibody clearance as observed for most compounds. Summary A widespread and systematic application of pharmacometric approaches has provided key aspects in elucidating, interpreting and integrating preclinical, biochemical and clinical data in support of the development of safe and efficacious dosing regimens of monoclonal antibodies used in immuno-oncology, thereby facilitating the clinical use of this promising new class of biologics in cancer patients with unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Diao
- Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Shanghai, China
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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190
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Abstract
Thymoma and thymic carcinoma, known as the most common features of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), are thoracic malignancies displaying varied clinical features and prognosis. These neoplasms being frequently ineligible for surgical complete resection as a curative treatment because of extensive tumor spread, effectual nonsurgical treatments are needed; however, an optimal chemotherapeutic regimen has not been identified, although some regimens have been shown to be active. Immunotherapy is effective for other malignancies and may be promising as a therapeutic alternative for refractory TETs. Thus far, several studies have determined the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) in TETs, including its clinicopathological and prognostic significance. The results have been conflicting due to the different immunohistochemical antibodies employed and distinct cutoff values. However, many authors identified abundant PD-L1 expression in TETs, which is considered as an important predictive factor for therapeutic effect of PD-1 inhibitors in other malignant tumors. In some clinical trials, an acceptable clinical efficacy of PD-1 inhibitor for TETs has been reported as expected; however, concerns regarding immunological adverse events have been raised. To optimize these therapeutic agents for refractory TETs, additional studies which evaluate clinical availabilities of immunotherapeutic drugs and characterize their basic mechanisms of action against immunotherapeutic targets are both urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yokoyama
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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191
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Remon J, Mezquita L, Corral J, Vilariño N, Reguart N. Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors in thoracic malignancies: focusing on non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S1516-S1533. [PMID: 29951303 PMCID: PMC5994490 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized treatment landscape among non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in first- and second-line setting, and may become soon new treatment options in other thoracic malignancies such as small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or mesothelioma. The use of these drugs has indubitably changed the toxicity profile the oncologists are familiar with, and new spectra of immune-related adverse events are being reported with the widespread use of immunotherapies in solid tumors. Clinical management and understanding of immune-related adverse events is new and complex but expertise is still limited. In this review, we are summarizing the incidence and management of main side effects related to ICIs focusing on NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Remon
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Gustave Roussy, Département de Médecine Oncologique, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Noelia Vilariño
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemi Reguart
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) has long been treated preferably with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, but many patients are cisplatin-ineligible whereas for those who progress on a platinum-based regimen treatment options are limited. We review key recent data regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors that are changing this treatment landscape. RECENT FINDINGS Since May 2016, five different agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway (atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, durvalumab) have received FDA approval for the treatment of aUC in the platinum-refractory setting, while pembrolizumab and atezolizumab are FDA-approved for cisplatin-ineligible patients in the first-line setting. Clinical outcomes and safety profiles of these agents appear relatively comparable across separate trials; however, only pembrolizumab is supported by level I evidence from a large randomized phase III trial showing overall survival benefit over conventional cytotoxic salvage chemotherapy in the platinum-refractory setting. Pembrolizumab has the highest level of evidence in platinum-refractory aUC, whereas pembrolizumab and atezolizumab have comparable level of evidence in the frontline setting in cisplatin-ineligible patients. Ongoing research is evaluating novel agents, various rational combinations, and sequences, as well as predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
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Joseph J, Zobniw C, Davis J, Anderson J, Trinh VA. Avelumab: A Review of Its Application in Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Ann Pharmacother 2018; 52:928-935. [PMID: 29616562 DOI: 10.1177/1060028018768809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the clinical development of avelumab and its clinical relevance in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). DATA SOURCES An English-language literature search using PubMed was performed using the terms avelumab, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and MCC from January of 1950 to March 2018. Data were also obtained from package inserts, meeting abstracts, and clinical registries. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION All relevant published articles of avelumab were reviewed. Clinical trial registries and meeting abstracts were used for information about ongoing trials. DATA SYNTHESIS Avelumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits programmed death ligand-1, which reverses T-cell exhaustion and induces antitumor responses. Avelumab is safe and effective in previously treated metastatic MCC based on a phase II trial of previously treated patients with objective response rates in 28 of 88 patients, including 10 complete responses and 19 partial responses. Median overall survival (OS) was 12.9 months, and 1-year progression-free survival and OS were 30% and 52%, respectively. Grade 3 treatment-related side effects included lymphopenia (2 patients), serum creatine phosphokinase increase (1 patient), aminotransferase elevation (1 patient), and serum cholesterol increase (1 patient). Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This review outlines the pharmacology and clinical trial data for avelumab in metastatic MCC and guides clinicians on avelumab's place in therapy. CONCLUSIONS Avelumab is the first Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for metastatic MCC and provides an advantage of durable responses and possibly improved tolerability compared with traditional platinum-based chemotherapy. Clinical trials are under way to expand its utility into the adjuvant and frontline settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Joseph
- 1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chrystia Zobniw
- 1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- 1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaime Anderson
- 1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Van Anh Trinh
- 1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Gaiser MR, Bongiorno M, Brownell I. PD-L1 inhibition with avelumab for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018; 11:345-359. [PMID: 29478343 PMCID: PMC6360093 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1445966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer that lacks durable responses to traditional chemotherapy. Areas covered: After MCC was shown to be an immunogenic tumor, small trials revealed high objective response rates to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. The JAVELIN Merkel 200 (NCT02155647) trial tested the use of avelumab, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against PD-L1, in metastatic MCC. Avelumab recently became the first approved drug for metastatic MCC. Expert commentary: By conducting broad phase I studies assessing the safety of avelumab and a small phase II study demonstrating efficacy in this rare orphan tumor type, avelumab gained accelerated approval for the treatment of metastatic MCC. Additional studies are needed to determine how the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) competent Fc region of avelumab contributes to disease control. Remaining questions: Longer follow-up will determine the durability of checkpoint blockade in controlling metastatic MCC. Additional studies will assess the utility and safety of adjuvant checkpoint blockade in patients with excised MCC. How to increase response rates by combining PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with other treatment approaches needs to be explored. In addition, treatment options for MCC patients who fail or do not respond to avelumab need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Gaiser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Isaac Brownell
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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Naseem M, Barzi A, Brezden-Masley C, Puccini A, Berger MD, Tokunaga R, Battaglin F, Soni S, McSkane M, Zhang W, Lenz HJ. Outlooks on Epstein-Barr virus associated gastric cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 66:15-22. [PMID: 29631196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) comprises approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas. Multiple factors contribute to tumorigenesis, including EBV driven hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, inflammatory changes in gastric mucosa, host immune evasion by EBV and changes in cell cycle pathways. The unique molecular characteristics of EBVaGC, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression, highlight the potential for using EBV as a biomarker for response to immunotherapy. Few studies have reported benefit from immunotherapy in EBV positive cancers, and clinical trials investigating the impact of checkpoint inhibitors in EBVaGC are currently underway. This review provides the most recent updates on molecular pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features and treatment advances pertaining to EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Naseem
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Afsaneh Barzi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Christine Brezden-Masley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Martin D Berger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Ryuma Tokunaga
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA; Clinical and Experimental Oncology Department, Medical Oncology Unit 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Shivani Soni
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Michelle McSkane
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
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196
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Strauss J, Heery CR, Schlom J, Madan RA, Cao L, Kang Z, Lamping E, Marté JL, Donahue RN, Grenga I, Cordes L, Christensen O, Mahnke L, Helwig C, Gulley JL. Phase I Trial of M7824 (MSB0011359C), a Bifunctional Fusion Protein Targeting PD-L1 and TGFβ, in Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1287-1295. [PMID: 29298798 PMCID: PMC7985967 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: M7824 (MSB0011359C) is an innovative first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein composed of a mAb against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) fused to a TGFβ "trap."Experimental Design: In the 3+3 dose-escalation component of this phase I study (NCT02517398), eligible patients with advanced solid tumors received M7824 at 1, 3, 10, or 20 mg/kg once every 2 weeks until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or trial withdrawal; in addition, a cohort received an initial 0.3 mg/kg dose to evaluate pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, followed by 10 mg/kg dosing. The primary objective is to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD); secondary objectives include pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and best overall response.Results: Nineteen heavily pretreated patients with ECOG 0-1 have received M7824. Grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in four patients (skin infection secondary to localized bullous pemphigoid, asymptomatic lipase increase, colitis with associated anemia, and gastroparesis with hypokalemia). The MTD was not reached. M7824 saturated peripheral PD-L1 and sequestered any released plasma TGFβ1, -β2, and -β3 throughout the dosing period at >1 mg/kg. There were signs of efficacy across all dose levels, including one ongoing confirmed complete response (cervical cancer), two durable confirmed partial responses (PR; pancreatic cancer; anal cancer), one near-PR (cervical cancer), and two cases of prolonged stable disease in patients with growing disease at study entry (pancreatic cancer; carcinoid).Conclusions: M7824 has a manageable safety profile in patients with heavily pretreated advanced solid tumors. Early signs of efficacy are encouraging, and multiple expansion cohorts are ongoing in a range of tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1287-95. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Strauss
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Liang Cao
- Molecular Targets Core, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhigang Kang
- Molecular Targets Core, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- The Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Lamping
- Office of Research Nursing, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Marté
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Cordes
- Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) remains an aggressive disease associated with limited treatment options and a reduced survival. In spite of this, the first-line treatment based on platinum-based combinations has remained virtually unchanged for the last 20-30 years. Similarly, before the advent of the immune checkpoint inhibitors, there were no FDA-approved drugs for second-line therapy. In the last few years, impressive signs of anti-tumor activity have been reported with several immunotherapy agents targeting the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway. Avelumab, a PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) inhibitor, is currently being investigated for the treatment of UC. Areas covered: This article will review the pharmacological characteristics of avelumab, the efficacy studies which led to its approval, its safety profile, as well as its place within the management of urothelial carcinoma with immunotherapy. For that matter, we undertook a literature review of all the studies assessing the pharmacology of avelumab and its efficacy within clinical trials. Expert commentary: Avelumab has shown promising antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with UC. Its dual mechanism of action, blocking the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 and promoting antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity could potentially be of great interest since it could produce synergistic clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Rodriguez-Vida
- a Medical Oncology Department , Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Hospital del Mar , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- a Medical Oncology Department , Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Hospital del Mar , Barcelona , Spain.,b Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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198
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Choueiri TK, Larkin J, Oya M, Thistlethwaite F, Martignoni M, Nathan P, Powles T, McDermott D, Robbins PB, Chism DD, Cho D, Atkins MB, Gordon MS, Gupta S, Uemura H, Tomita Y, Compagnoni A, Fowst C, di Pietro A, Rini BI. Preliminary results for avelumab plus axitinib as first-line therapy in patients with advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (JAVELIN Renal 100): an open-label, dose-finding and dose-expansion, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29530667 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of an immune checkpoint inhibitor and a VEGF pathway inhibitor to treat patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma might increase the clinical benefit of these drugs compared with their use alone. Here, we report preliminary results for the combination of avelumab, an IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the programmed cell death protein ligand PD-L1, and axitinib, a VEGF receptor inhibitor approved for second-line treatment of advanced renal-cell carcinoma, in treatment-naive patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma. METHODS The JAVELIN Renal 100 study is an ongoing open-label, multicentre, dose-finding, and dose-expansion, phase 1b study, done in 14 centres in the USA, UK, and Japan. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older (≥20 years in Japan) and had histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced renal-cell carcinoma with clear-cell component, life expectancy of at least 3 months, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 1 or less, received no previous systemic treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma, and had a resected primary tumour. Patients enrolled into the dose-finding phase received 5 mg axitinib orally twice daily for 7 days, followed by combination therapy with 10 mg/kg avelumab intravenously every 2 weeks and 5 mg axitinib orally twice daily. Based on the pharmacokinetic data from the dose-finding phase, ten additional patients were enrolled into the dose-expansion phase and assigned to this regimen. The other patients in the dose-expansion phase started taking combination therapy directly. The primary endpoint was dose-limiting toxicities in the first 4 weeks (two cycles) of treatment with avelumab plus axitinib. Safety and antitumour activity analyses were done in all patients who received at least one dose of avelumab or axitinib. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02493751. FINDINGS Between Oct 30, 2015, and Sept 30, 2016, we enrolled six patients into the dose-finding phase and 49 into the dose-expansion phase of the study. One dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 proteinuria due to axitinib was reported among the six patients treated during the dose-finding phase. At the cutoff date (April 13, 2017), six (100%, 95% CI 54-100) of six patients in the dose-finding phase and 26 (53%, 38-68) of 49 patients in the dose-expansion phase had confirmed objective responses (32 [58%, 44-71] of all 55 patients). 32 (58%) of 55 patients had grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events, the most frequent being hypertension in 16 (29%) patients and increased concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, amylase, and lipase, and palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome in four (7%) patients each. Six (11%) of 55 patients died before data cutoff, five (9%) due to disease progression and one (2%) due to treatment-related autoimmune myocarditis. At the end of the dose-finding phase, the maximum tolerated dose established for the combination was avelumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks and axitinib 5 mg twice daily. INTERPRETATION The safety profile of the combination avelumab plus axitinib in treatment-naive patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma seemed to be manageable and consistent with that of each drug alone, and the preliminary data on antitumour activity are encouraging. A phase 3 trial is assessing avelumab and axitinib compared with sunitinib monotherapy. FUNDING Pfizer and Merck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Choueiri
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Fiona Thistlethwaite
- Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David D Chism
- Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Cho
- NYU Medical Oncology Associates, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sumati Gupta
- Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Yoshihiko Tomita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Brian I Rini
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Grenga I, Donahue RN, Gargulak ML, Lepone LM, Roselli M, Bilusic M, Schlom J. Anti-PD-L1/TGFβR2 (M7824) fusion protein induces immunogenic modulation of human urothelial carcinoma cell lines, rendering them more susceptible to immune-mediated recognition and lysis. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:93.e1-93.e11. [PMID: 29103968 PMCID: PMC5835162 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avelumab has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the therapy of Merkel cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. M7824 is a novel first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein comprising a monoclonal antibody against programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, avelumab), fused to the extracellular domain of human transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor 2, which functions as a TGFβ "trap." Advanced urothelial tumors have been shown to express TGFβ, which possesses immunosuppressive properties that promote cancer progression and metastasis. The rationale for a combined molecule is to block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction between tumor cells and immune cell infiltrate and simultaneously reduce or eliminate TGFβ from the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we explored the effect of M7824 on invasive urothelial carcinoma cell lines. METHODS Human urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma cell lines HTB-4, HTB-1, and HTB-5 were treated with M7824, M7824mut (M7824 that is mutated in the anti-PD-L1 portion of the molecule and thus does not bind PD-L1), anti-PD-L1 (avelumab), or IgG1 isotype control monoclonal antibody, and were assessed for gene expression, cell-surface phenotype, and sensitivity to lysis by TRAIL, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. RESULTS M7824 retains the ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of tumor cells, although in some cases to a lesser extent than anti-PD-L1. However, compared to anti-PD-L1, M7824 increases (A) gene expression of molecules involved in T-cell trafficking in the tumor (e.g., CXCL11), (B) TRAIL-mediated tumor cell lysis, and (C) antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell-mediated lysis of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate the immunomodulatory properties of M7824 on both tumor cell phenotype and immune-mediated lysis. Compared to anti-PD-L1 or M7824mut, M7824 induces immunogenic modulation of urothelial carcinoma cell lines, rendering them more susceptible to immune-mediated recognition and lysis. These findings show the relevance of the dual blockade of PD-L1 and TGFβ in urothelial carcinoma cell lines and thus support the rationale for future clinical studies of M7824 in patients with urothelial cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Urologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urologic Neoplasms/immunology
- Urologic Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Morgan L Gargulak
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lauren M Lepone
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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Baker M, Cordes L, Brownell I. Avelumab: a new standard for treating metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:319-326. [PMID: 29482384 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1445528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer. Although MCC is chemosensitive, responses to traditional chemotherapeutic agents are not durable. Avelumab, a novel anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, recently became the first FDA-approved agent for the treatment of metastatic MCC and represents a new option to improve patient survival. Areas covered: This article presents an overview of MCC and summarizes the development of avelumab in the treatment of metastatic MCC. Preclinical studies, phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials, and the safety profile of avelumab are reviewed. Future perspectives and ongoing studies are also discussed. Expert commentary: Avelumab demonstrated rapid and durable responses and a manageable safety profile in the treatment of metastatic MCC. Patient outcomes are favorable when compared to historical responses to standard chemotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials will continue to characterize avelumab and its optimal use in MCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairead Baker
- a Dermatology Branch , National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Lisa Cordes
- b Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA.,c Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Isaac Brownell
- a Dermatology Branch , National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
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