151
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Burbulla LF, Krebiehl G, Krüger R. Balance is the challenge--the impact of mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:1048-60. [PMID: 20735469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on biochemical and pathoanatomical studies in brains of PD patients. This observation was further substantiated by the identification of exogenic toxins, i.e. complex I inhibitors that directly affect mitochondrial energy metabolism and cause Parkinsonism in humans and various animal models. Recently, insights into the underlying molecular signalling pathways leading to alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis were gained based on the functional characterization of mitoprotective genes identified in rare forms of inherited PD. Using in vitro and in vivo loss of function models of the Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and Omi/HtrA2 gene, the emerging field of mitochondrial dynamics in PD was established as being critical for the maintenance of mitochondrial function in neurons. This underscored the concept that mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, which are tightly regulated to continuously adapt shape to functional and anatomical requirements during axonal transport, synaptic signalling, organelle degradation and cellular energy supply. The dissection of pathways involved in mitochondrial quality control clearly established the PINK1/Parkin-pathway in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy and hints to a complex interplay between PD-associated proteins acting at the mitochondrial interface. The elucidation of this mitoprotective signalling network may help to define novel therapeutic targets for PD via molecular modelling of mitochondria and/or pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany DZNE, German
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152
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Harvey BK, Richie CT, Hoffer BJ, Airavaara M. Transgenic animal models of neurodegeneration based on human genetic studies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:27-45. [PMID: 20931247 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) has led to the development of animal models for studying mechanism and evaluating potential therapies. None of the transgenic models developed based on disease-associated genes have been able to fully recapitulate the behavioral and pathological features of the corresponding disease. However, there has been enormous progress made in identifying potential therapeutic targets and understanding some of the common mechanisms of neurodegeneration. In this review, we will discuss transgenic animal models for AD, ALS, HD and PD that are based on human genetic studies. All of the diseases discussed have active or complete clinical trials for experimental treatments that benefited from transgenic models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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153
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Aguiar PMDC, Severino P. Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease: global gene expression analysis in peripheral blood from patients with and without mutations in PARK2 and PARK8. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2010; 8:291-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082010ao1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the performance of gene expression analysis in the peripheral blood of Parkinson disease patients with different genetic profiles using microarray as a tool to identify possible diseases related biomarkers which could contribute to the elucidation of the pathological process, as well as be useful in diagnosis. Methods: Global gene expression analysis by means of DNA microarrays was performed in peripheral blood of Parkinson disease patients with previously identified mutations in PARK2 or PARK8 genes, Parkinson disease patients without known mutations in these genes and normal controls. Each group consisted of five individuals. Results: Global gene expression profiles were heterogeneous among patients and controls, and it was not possible to detect a consistent pattern between groups. However, analyzing genes with differential expression of p < 0.005 and fold change ≥ 1.2, we were able to identify a small group of well-annotated genes. Conclusions: Despite the small sample size, the identification of differentially expressed genes suggests that the microarray technique may be useful in identifying potential biomarkers in the peripheral blood of Parkinson disease patients or in people at risk of developing the disease. This will be important once neuroprotective therapies become available, and may contribute to the identification of new pathways involved in the disease physiopathology. Results presented here should be further validated in larger groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Severino
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein – IIEPAE, Brazil
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154
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Kasten M, Weichert C, Lohmann K, Klein C. Clinical and demographic characteristics of PINK1 mutation carriers--a meta-analysis. Mov Disord 2010; 25:952-4. [PMID: 20461815 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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155
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Groen JL, Ritz K, Contarino MF, van de Warrenburg BP, Aramideh M, Foncke EM, van Hilten JJ, Schuurman PR, Speelman JD, Koelman JH, de Bie RM, Baas F, Tijssen MA. DYT6 dystonia: Mutation screening, phenotype, and response to deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord 2010; 25:2420-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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156
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Behrens MI, Brüggemann N, Chana P, Venegas P, Kägi M, Parrao T, Orellana P, Garrido C, Rojas CV, Hauke J, Hahnen E, González R, Seleme N, Fernández V, Schmidt A, Binkofski F, Kömpf D, Kubisch C, Hagenah J, Klein C, Ramirez A. Clinical spectrum of Kufor-Rakeb syndrome in the Chilean kindred with ATP13A2 mutations. Mov Disord 2010; 25:1929-37. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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157
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Spuler S, Krug H, Klein C, Medialdea IC, Jakob W, Ebersbach G, Gruber D, Hoffmann KT, Trottenberg T, Kupsch A. Myopathy causing camptocormia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a multidisciplinary approach. Mov Disord 2010; 25:552-9. [PMID: 20014064 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme forward flexion of the spine, named camptocormia (CC), and head drop syndrome (HD) may be among the most disabling symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to eludicate the etiology of PD-associated CC and HD via a multidisciplinary approach (clinical examination, electromyography, MRI, genetic analysis, muscle morphology) centering on the histology of the paraspinal muscles. We studied 17 patients with the clinical diagnosis of PD and CC or head drop syndrome and six controls. We performed muscle biopsies of paraspinal muscles and deep neck extensor muscles. Mean age at onset of postural abnormality was 66 years and mean latency between onset of parkinsonian symptoms to first signs of CC or head drop was 7 years. The electromyogram of paraspinal muscles was abnormal in 13-14 patients. Histopathology revealed chronic myopathic changes in 14 of 17 biopsies, consisting of abnormal variation in fiber size, increase in internal nuclei, and increase in connective tissue, myofibrillar disarray and similarities to protein surplus myopathies. Interestingly, heterozygous variants in the Parkin gene were found in 2 of 9 investigated patients. We conclude that CC and HD in PD are predominantly myopathic. Aberrant protein aggregation may link PD and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spuler
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neuroradiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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158
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Marder KS, Tang MX, Mejia-Santana H, Rosado L, Louis ED, Comella CL, Colcher A, Siderowf AD, Jennings D, Nance MA, Bressman S, Scott WK, Tanner CM, Mickel SF, Andrews HF, Waters C, Fahn S, Ross BM, Cote LJ, Frucht S, Ford B, Alcalay RN, Rezak M, Novak K, Friedman JH, Pfeiffer RF, Marsh L, Hiner B, Neils GD, Verbitsky M, Kisselev S, Caccappolo E, Ottman R, Clark LN. Predictors of parkin mutations in early-onset Parkinson disease: the consortium on risk for early-onset Parkinson disease study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:731-8. [PMID: 20558392 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the parkin gene are the most common genetic cause of early-onset Parkinson disease (PD). Results from a multicenter study of patients with PD systematically sampled by age at onset have not been reported to date. OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors associated with carrying parkin mutations. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING Thirteen movement disorders centers. PARTICIPANTS A total of 956 patients with early-onset PD, defined as age at onset younger than 51 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Presence of heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous parkin mutations. RESULTS Using a previously validated interview, 14.7% of patients reported a family history of PD in a first-degree relative. Sixty-four patients (6.7%) had parkin mutations (3.9% heterozygous, 0.6% homozygous, and 2.2% compound heterozygous). Copy number variation was present in 52.3% of mutation carriers (31.6% of heterozygous, 83.3% of homozygous, and 81.0% of compound heterozygous). Deletions in exons 3 and 4 and 255delA were common among Hispanics (specifically Puerto Ricans). Younger age at onset (<40 years) (odds ratio [OR], 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8-8.8; P = .001), Hispanic race/ethnicity (OR compared with white non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.7; P = .009), and family history of PD in a first-degree relative (OR compared with noncarriers, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.5-5.3; P = .002) were associated with carrying any parkin mutation (heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous). Hispanic race/ethnicity was associated with carrying a heterozygous mutation (OR compared with white non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-7.2; P = .03) after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Age at onset, Hispanic race/ethnicity, and family history of PD are associated with carrying any parkin mutation (heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous) and heterozygous mutations alone. The increased odds of carrying a parkin mutation among Hispanics warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Marder
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, Unit 16, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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159
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Cookson MR. DJ-1, PINK1, and their effects on mitochondrial pathways. Mov Disord 2010; 25 Suppl 1:S44-8. [PMID: 20187230 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic forms of parkinsonism are interesting for two particular reasons. First, finding a gene identifies a cause for a disease that would otherwise be unexplained. Second, finding several genes for the same disorder allows us to reconstruct molecular pathways that, in the example of Parkinson's disease, are be associated with the survival of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Two rare causes of parkinsonism, DJ-1 and PINK1, are associated with mitochondria. This organelle has long been linked with Parkinson's disease, and recent results are starting to show how mutations impact mitochondrial function. In this short review, I will discuss how we can use some of this information to understand why it is that neurons become dysfunctional in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20982-3707, USA.
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160
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Stoessl AJ. Parkin and Parkinson's disease: differentiated by non-dopaminergic dysfunction? Exp Neurol 2010; 225:48-50. [PMID: 20450912 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 2B5
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161
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Pirkevi C, Lesage S, Brice A, Başak AN. From genes to proteins in mendelian Parkinson's disease: an overview. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 292:1893-901. [PMID: 19943343 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. A progressive movement disorder typified by the production of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and impairment of postural reflexes, PD is characterized by a depletion of dopamine in the striatum. For the last decade, several Mendelian forms of PD have been identified. Mutations in these genes potentially lead to autosomal dominant (alpha-synuclein and LRRK2), or autosomal recessive PD (Parkin, PINK1, DJ1, and ATP13A2). This article will spotlight these six distinct genes unambiguously associated with Mendelian PD and the function of their encoded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pirkevi
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
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162
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Wider C, Foroud T, Wszolek ZK. Clinical implications of gene discovery in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2010; 25 Suppl 1:S15-20. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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163
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Tan EK, Refai FS, Siddique M, Yap K, Ho P, Fook-Chong S, Zhao Y. Clinically reported heterozygous mutations in the PINK1 kinase domain exert a gene dosage effect. Hum Mutat 2010; 30:1551-7. [PMID: 19847793 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) have been associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons characteristic of familial and sporadic Parkinson disease. We developed an in vitro system of stable human dopaminergic neuronal cell lines coexpressing an equivalent copy of normal and mutant PINK1 to simulate "heterozygous" and "homozygous" states in patients. Mutants in the N-terminus, C-terminus, and kinase domain were generated and cloned into a two-gene mammalian expression vector to generate stable mammalian expression cell lines producing an equivalent copy number of wild-type/mutant PINK1. The cell lines were subjected to oxidative stress and the rate of apoptosis and change in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) were assessed. Cell lines expressing kinase and C-terminus mutants exhibited a greater rate of apoptosis and decrease in DeltaPsi(m), and increased time-dependent cell loss when subjected to oxidative stress compared to the wild-type. Cell lines expressing two copies of kinase mutants exhibited a greater apoptosis rate and DeltaPsi(m) decrease than those expressing one copy of the mutant. In time-dependent experiments, there was a significant difference between "homozygous," "heterozygous," and wild-type cell lines, with decreasing cell survival in cell lines expressing mutant copies of PINK1 compared to the wild-type. We provided the first experimental evidence that clinically reported PINK1 heterozygous mutations exert a gene dosage effect, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of PINK1 is the most likely mechanism that increased the susceptibility to dopaminergic cellular loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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164
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Thaler A, Ash E, Gan-Or Z, Orr-Urtreger A, Giladi N. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation as the cause of Parkinson's disease in Ashkenazi Jews. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 116:1473-82. [PMID: 19756366 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are recognized as the most common cause of genetic Parkinsonism to date. The G2019S mutation has been implicated as an important determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD) in both Ashkenazi Jewish and North African Arab populations with carrier frequency of 29.7% among familial and 6% in sporadic Ashkenazi Jewish PD cases. PD patients with the G2019S mutation display similar clinical characteristics to patients with sporadic PD. While the function of the LRRK2 protein has yet to be fully determined, its distribution coincides with brain areas most affected by PD. The G2019S mutation is believed to be responsible for up-regulation of LRRK2 kinase activity, which may ultimately play a role in neuronal loss. The utility of LRRK2 G2019S screening in family members of Ashkenazi PD patients is discussed. LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers without PD may be an ideal population for the study of possible neuroprotective strategies as they become available, and for furthering the understanding of the pathogenesis and long-term clinical outcomes of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Thaler
- Department of Neurology, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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165
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Phibbs FT, Hedera P. UPDATE ON THE GENETICS OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2010; 16:77-95. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000348901.09963.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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166
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van Nuenen BFL, van Eimeren T, van der Vegt JPM, Buhmann C, Klein C, Bloem BR, Siebner HR. Mapping preclinical compensation in Parkinson's disease: an imaging genomics approach. Mov Disord 2010; 24 Suppl 2:S703-10. [PMID: 19877238 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkin (PARK2) and PINK1 gene (PARK 6) can cause recessively inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). The presence of a single Parkin or PINK1 mutation is associated with a dopaminergic nigrostriatal dysfunction and conveys an increased risk to develop PD throughout lifetime. Therefore neuroimaging of non-manifesting individuals with a mutant Parkin or PINK1 allele opens up a window for the investigation of preclinical and very early phases of PD in vivo. Here we review how functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to identify compensatory mechanisms that help to prevent development of overt disease. In two separate experiments, Parkin mutation carriers displayed stronger activation of rostral supplementary motor area (SMA) and right dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) during a simple motor sequence task and anterior cingulate motor area and left rostral PMd during internal movement selection as opposed to externally cued movements. The additional recruitment of the rostral SMA and right rostral PMd during the finger sequence task was also observed in a separate group of nonmanifesting mutation carriers with a single heterozygous PINK1 mutation. Because mutation carriers were not impaired at performing the task, the additional recruitment of motor cortical areas indicates a compensatory mechanism that effectively counteracts the nigrostriatal dysfunction. These first results warrant further studies that use these imaging genomics approach to tap into preclinical compensation of PD. Extensions of this line of research involve fMRI paradigms probing nonmotor brain functions. Additionally, the same fMRI paradigms should be applied to nonmanifesting mutation carriers in genes linked to autosomal dominant PD. This will help to determine how "generically" the human brain compensates for a preclinical dopaminergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart F L van Nuenen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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167
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Brooks JA, Houlden H, Melchers A, Islam AJ, Ding J, Li A, Paudel R, Revesz T, Holton JL, Wood N, Lees A, Singleton AB, Scholz SW. Mutational analysis of parkin and PINK1 in multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:548.e5-7. [PMID: 20034704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are progressive neurodegenerative disorders with overlapping clinical, biochemical and genetic features. To test the hypothesis that the PD genes parkin and PINK1 also play a role in the pathogenesis of MSA, we performed a mutational screening study involving 87 pathologically proven MSA cases. In parkin we identified eight sequence variants and four heterozygous deletions and in PINK1 we identified nine variants of which two silent mutations have not been previously reported (p.Gly189Gly and p.Arg337Arg). The frequencies of the observed variants were not significantly different from previously published control data and none of the possibly pathogenic variants were found in a homozygous state. Our results indicate that genetic variants at the parkin and PINK1 loci do not play a critical role in the pathogenesis of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Brooks
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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168
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Djarmati A, Hagenah J, Reetz K, Winkler S, Behrens MI, Pawlack H, Lohmann K, Ramirez A, Tadić V, Brüggemann N, Berg D, Siebner HR, Lang AE, Pramstaller PP, Binkofski F, Kostić VS, Volkmann J, Gasser T, Klein C. ATP13A2 variants in early-onset Parkinson's disease patients and controls. Mov Disord 2010; 24:2104-11. [PMID: 19705361 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Four genes responsible for recessively inherited forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified, including the recently discovered ATP13A2 (PARK9) gene. Our objective was to investigate the role of this gene in a large cohort of PD patients and controls. We extensively screened all 29 exons of the ATP13A2 coding region in 112 patients with early-onset PD (EOPD; <40 years) of mostly European ethnic origin and of 55 controls. We identified four carriers (3.6%) of novel single heterozygous ATP13A2 missense changes that were absent in controls. Interestingly, the carrier of one of these variants also harbored two mutations in the Parkin gene. None of the carriers had atypical features previously described in patients with two mutated ATP13A2 alleles (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome). Our data suggest that two mutated ATP13A2 alleles are not a common cause of PD. Although heterozygous variants are present in a considerable number of patients, they are-based on this relatively small sample-not significantly more frequent in patients compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Djarmati
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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169
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Pichler I, Marroni F, Pattaro C, Lohmann K, de Grandi A, Klein C, Hicks AA, Pramstaller PP. Parkin gene modifies the effect of RLS4 on the age at onset of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:350-5. [PMID: 19526454 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A co-occurrence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Parkin mutations has been described. In South Tyrolean RLS patients, a novel RLS locus has been found (RLS4) and recurrent Parkin mutations have been reported. By a systematic screen we investigated the presence of founder Parkin mutations in South Tyrolean RLS patients with known carrier status at the RLS4 locus and assessed whether these mutations alone or in combination influence the RLS phenotype measured by three quantitative RLS traits (age at onset (AAO) and two severity measurements). The Parkin mutation alone showed no effect, whereas RLS4 had a significant effect on the AAO (P = 0.0096, decrease of AAO of 9.1 years), but did not influence severity. Carriers of both, a Parkin mutation and the RLS4 haplotype, showed an association with AAO (P = 0.0016), corresponding to an anticipation of RLS onset age of 16.9 years. However, there was no effect on the disease severity. Our results suggest that the occurrence of a heterozygous Parkin mutation works in tandem with the gene at the RLS4 locus to lower the AAO in RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pichler
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy; Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Germany
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170
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Responsiveness to distracting stimuli, though increased in Parkinson's disease, is decreased in asymptomatic PINK1 and Parkin mutation carriers. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:467-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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171
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Basi molecolari del morbo di Parkinson. Neurologia 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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172
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Abstract
Several genes that cause familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) or similar disorders have been found in recent years. The aim of this review is to cover two broad aspects of the logic of genetics. The first aspect is the recognition that PD can have a genetic basis, either for Mendelian families where genes can be identified because mutations segregate with disease or in populations where more common variants are associated with disease. There are several causal genes for both dominant and recessive forms of parkinsonism, some of which overlap with sporadic PD and some of which have more complex phenotypes. Several of the dominant loci have also been reliably identified as risk factors for sporadic PD. The second topic is how the study of multiple mutations in any given gene can help understand the role that the protein under investigation plays in PD. Examples will be given of both recessive and dominant genes for parkinsonism, showing how the analysis of multiple gene mutations can be a powerful approach for dissecting out which function(s) are important for the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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173
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Tan EK. PINK1 mutations and differential effects on mitochondrial function. Exp Neurol 2010; 221:10-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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174
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Analysis of exon dosage using MLPA in South African Parkinson's disease patients. Neurogenetics 2009; 11:305-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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175
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Klein C, Schneider SA, Lang AE. Hereditary parkinsonism: Parkinson disease look-alikes-An algorithm for clinicians to “PARK
” genes and beyond. Mov Disord 2009; 24:2042-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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176
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Abstract
Protein aggregation as a result of misfolding is a common theme underlying neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD), research on protein misfolding and aggregation has taken center stage following the association of alpha-synuclein gene mutations with familial forms of the disease, and importantly, the identification of the protein as a major component of Lewy bodies, a pathological hallmark of PD. Fueling this excitement is the subsequent identification of another PD-linked gene, parkin, as a ubiquitin ligase associated with the proteasome, a major intracellular protein degradation machinery that destroys unwanted, albeit mainly soluble, proteins. Notably, a role for parkin in the clearance of insoluble protein aggregates via macroautophagy has also been implicated by more recent studies. Paradoxically, like alpha-synuclein, parkin is also prone to misfolding, especially in the presence of age-related stress. Similarly, protein misfolding can also affect the function of other key PD-linked genes such as DJ-1, PINK1, and perhaps also LRRK2. Here, we discuss the role of protein misfolding and aggregation in PD, and how impairments of the various cellular protein quality systems could precipitate these events and lead to neuronal demise. Towards the end of our discussion, we also revisited the role of Lewy body formation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M M Tan
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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177
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Wickremaratchi MM, Ben-Shlomo Y, Morris HR. The effect of onset age on the clinical features of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:450-6. [PMID: 19187262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many clinicians view age at onset as an important determinant of clinical phenotype in Parkinson's disease (PD) and this has been reinforced by the identification of Mendelian genes that account for some cases of younger onset PD. A systematic review of OVID Medline for articles relevant to the relationship between clinical features and age at onset in PD published in English between 1950-2007 was performed. There are very few prospective community based studies which focus on the relationship between age at onset and the features of PD and a variety of case definitions are used in the literature. Most studies of young onset PD are based on specialist clinic referral series. The available evidence suggests that PD patients with a younger age at onset have: (i) a slower disease progression, (ii) an increased rate of dystonia at onset and during treatment, (iii) a lower rate of dementia and (iv) an increased rate of dyskinesias in response to L-DOPA treatment. The majority of the available studies do not report patient genotype data, but it is probably that the clinical heterogeneity of PD will be further refined with detailed clinico-genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wickremaratchi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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178
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Taylor JM, Wu RM, Farrer MJ, Delatycki MB, Lockhart PJ. Analysis of PArkin Co-Regulated Gene in a Taiwanese–Ethnic Chinese cohort with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:417-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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179
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Genetic models of Parkinson disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:604-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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180
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Hart MP, Xu A. Mice expressing mutant parkin exhibit hallmark features of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2009; 29:7392-4. [PMID: 19515906 PMCID: PMC6665419 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1719-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hart
- Neuroscience Graduate Group and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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181
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Tan EK, Lin CH, Tai CH, Tan LC, Chen ML, Li R, Lim HQ, Pavanni R, Yuen Y, Prakash KM, Zhao Y, Wu RM. Non-synonymous GIGYF2 variants in Parkinson’s disease from two Asian populations. Hum Genet 2009; 126:425-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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182
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Flinn L, Mortiboys H, Volkmann K, Köster RW, Ingham PW, Bandmann O. Complex I deficiency and dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in parkin-deficient zebrafish (Danio rerio). Brain 2009; 132:1613-23. [PMID: 19439422 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, only symptomatic therapy is available for Parkinson's disease. The zebrafish is a vertebrate animal model ideally suited for high throughput compound screening to identify disease-modifying compounds for Parkinson's disease. We have developed a zebrafish model for Parkin deficiency, the most commonly mutated gene in early onset Parkinson's disease. The zebrafish Parkin protein is 62% identical to its human counterpart with 78% identity in functionally relevant regions. The parkin gene is expressed throughout zebrafish development and ubiquitously in adult zebrafish tissue. Abrogation of Parkin activity leads to a significant decrease in the number of ascending dopaminergic neurons in the posterior tuberculum (homologous to the substantia nigra in humans), an effect enhanced by exposure to MPP+. Both light microscopic analysis and staining with the pan-neuronal marker HuC confirmed that this loss of dopaminergic neurons is not due to general impairment of brain development. Neither serotonergic nor motor neurons were affected, further emphasizing that the effect of parkin knockdown appears to be specific for dopaminergic neurons. Notably, parkin knockdown zebrafish embryos also develop specific reduction in the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, making this the first vertebrate model to share both important pathogenic mechanisms (i.e. complex I deficiency) and the pathological hallmark (i.e. dopaminergic cell loss) with human parkin-mutant patients. The zebrafish model is thus ideally suited for future drug screens and other studies investigating the functional mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death in early onset Parkinson's Disease. Additional electron microscopy studies revealed electron dense material in the t-tubules within the muscle tissue of parkin knockdown zebrafish. T-tubules are rich in L-type calcium channels, therefore our work might also provide a tentative link between genetically determined early onset Parkinson's disease and recent studies attributing an important role to these L-type calcium channels in late onset sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Flinn
- Academic Neurology Unit, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK.
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183
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Hardy J, Lewis P, Revesz T, Lees A, Paisan-Ruiz C. The genetics of Parkinson's syndromes: a critical review. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:254-65. [PMID: 19419854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis has identified many loci designated as PARK loci (OMIM #168600). Many of these loci do not refer to idiopathic Parkinson's disease which is characterized by Lewy body pathology, but rather to clinical parkinsonisms. In this review, besides reviewing the genetic of the disorder, we argue that this designation is misleading and that if we seek to understand the pathogenesis, we should study the genetics of Lewy body diseases: these include not only idiopathic Parkinson's disease, but also such disparate syndromes as Hallevorden-Spatz disease and Niemann-Pick Type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, England, UK.
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184
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Bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice expressing a truncated mutant parkin exhibit age-dependent hypokinetic motor deficits, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and accumulation of proteinase K-resistant alpha-synuclein. J Neurosci 2009; 29:1962-76. [PMID: 19228951 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5351-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive mutations in parkin are the most common cause of familial early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies suggest that certain parkin mutants may exert dominant toxic effects to cultured cells and such dominant toxicity can lead to progressive dopaminergic (DA) neuron degeneration in Drosophila. To explore whether mutant parkin could exert similar pathogenic effects to mammalian DA neurons in vivo, we developed a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) transgenic mouse model expressing a C-terminal truncated human mutant parkin (Parkin-Q311X) in DA neurons driven by a dopamine transporter promoter. Parkin-Q311X mice exhibit multiple late-onset and progressive hypokinetic motor deficits. Stereological analyses reveal that the mutant mice develop age-dependent DA neuron degeneration in substantia nigra accompanied by a significant loss of DA neuron terminals in the striatum. Neurochemical analyses reveal a significant reduction of the striatal dopamine level in mutant mice, which is significantly correlated with their hypokinetic motor deficits. Finally, mutant Parkin-Q311X mice, but not wild-type controls, exhibit age-dependent accumulation of proteinase K-resistant endogenous alpha-synuclein in substantia nigra and colocalized with 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker for oxidative protein damage. Hence, our study provides the first mammalian genetic evidence that dominant toxicity of a parkin mutant is sufficient to elicit age-dependent hypokinetic motor deficits and DA neuron loss in vivo, and uncovers a causal relationship between dominant parkin toxicity and progressive alpha-synuclein accumulation in DA neurons. Our study underscores the need to further explore the putative link between parkin dominant toxicity and PD.
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185
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Lesage S, Brice A. Parkinson's disease: from monogenic forms to genetic susceptibility factors. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:R48-59. [PMID: 19297401 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics has been extremely prolific over the past decade. More than 13 loci and 9 genes have been identified, but their implication in PD is not always certain. Point mutations, duplications and triplications in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene cause a rare dominant form of PD in familial and sporadic cases. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are a more frequent cause of autosomal dominant PD, particularly in certain ethnic groups. Loss-of-function mutations in Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and ATP13A2 cause autosomal recessive parkinsonism with early-onset. Identification of other Mendelian forms of PD will be a main challenge for the next decade. In addition, susceptibility variants that contribute to PD have been identified in several populations, such as polymorphisms in the SNCA, LRRK2 genes and heterozygous mutations in the beta-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene. Genome-wide associations and re-sequencing projects, together with gene-environment interaction studies, are expected to further define the causal role of genetic determinants in the pathogenesis of PD, and improve prevention and treatment.
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186
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Brooks J, Ding J, Simon-Sanchez J, Paisan-Ruiz C, Singleton AB, Scholz SW. Parkin and PINK1 mutations in early-onset Parkinson's disease: comprehensive screening in publicly available cases and control. J Med Genet 2009; 46:375-81. [PMID: 19351622 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.063917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in parkin and PTEN-induced protein kinase (PINK1) represent the two most common causes of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. The possibility that heterozygous mutations in these genes also predispose to disease or lower the age of disease onset has been suggested, but currently there is insufficient data to verify this hypothesis conclusively. OBJECTIVE To study the frequency and spectrum of parkin and PINK1 gene mutations and to investigate the role of heterozygous mutations as a risk factor for early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS All exons and exon-intron boundaries of PINK1 and parkin were sequenced in 250 patients with early-onset PD and 276 normal controls. Gene dosage measurements were also performed, using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. RESULTS In total 41 variants were found, of which 8 have not been previously described (parkin: p.A38VfsX6, p.C166Y, p.Q171X, p.D243N, p.M458L; PINK1: p.P52L, p.T420T, p.A427E). 1.60% of patients were homozygous or compound heterozygous for pathogenic mutations. Heterozygosity for pathogenic parkin or PINK1 mutations was over-represented in patients compared with healthy controls (4.00% vs. 1.81%) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.13). The mean age at disease onset was significantly lower in patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations than in patients with heterozygous mutations (mean difference 11 years, 95% CI 1.4 to 20.6, p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in the mean age at disease onset in heterozygous patients compared with patients without a mutation in parkin or PINK1 (mean difference 2 years, 95% CI -3.7 to 7.0, p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Our data support a trend towards a higher frequency of heterozygosity for pathogenic parkin or PINK1 mutations in patients compared with normal controls, but this effect was small and did not reach significance in our cohort of 250 cases and 276 controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brooks
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, 20892 Bethesda, USA.
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187
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Abstract
PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and affects 5% of the population by the age of 85. PD is a multi-factorial disease with a complex etiology including genetic risk factors, environmental exposure and aging. The pathogenesis is not fully understood. Here we review research on the genetic and environmental causes of PD and the current research models. None of the single models replicate all the features of PD. Genetic models (possibly including more than one mutation) in combination with toxins or other environmental manipulation may provide better models of PD pathogenesis.
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188
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Different saccadic abnormalities in PINK1 mutation carriers and in patients with non-genetic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2009; 256:1192-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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189
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van der Vegt JPM, van Nuenen BFL, Bloem BR, Klein C, Siebner HR. Imaging the impact of genes on Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2009; 164:191-204. [PMID: 19409223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease (PD) has traditionally been considered to be a non-genetic disorder, recent progress in the neurogenetics of PD provided converging evidence that genetic factors play a relevant role in the etiology of PD. The strongest case for a genetic contribution to PD was made by the discovery of mutations in single genes that can cause autosomal dominant (alpha-synuclein (SNCA)) and leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene) or recessive (Parkin, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1, and ATP13A2 gene) forms of PD. Here, we review how structural and functional neuroimaging of individuals carrying a mutation in one of the PD genes has offered a unique avenue of research into the pathogenesis of PD. In symptomatic mutation carriers (i.e. those with overt disease), brain mapping can help to link the molecular pathogenesis of PD more directly with functional and structural changes in the intact human brain. In addition, neuroimaging of presymptomatic (i.e. non-manifesting) mutation carriers has emerged as a valuable tool to identify mechanisms of adaptive motor reorganization at the preclinical stage that may prevent or delay clinical manifestation. In addition to mutations causing monogenic forms of PD, common polymorphisms in genes that influence mono-aminergic signaling or synaptic plasticity may have modifying effects on distinct aspects of PD. We also discuss how functional and structural neuroimaging can be used to better characterize these genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P M van der Vegt
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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190
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Macedo MG, Verbaan D, Fang Y, van Rooden SM, Visser M, Anar B, Uras A, Groen JL, Rizzu P, van Hilten JJ, Heutink P. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Dutch patients with early onset Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:196-203. [PMID: 18973254 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Macedo
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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191
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192
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Brüggemann N, Mitterer M, Lanthaler AJ, Djarmati A, Hagenah J, Wiegers K, Winkler S, Pawlack H, Lohnau T, Pramstaller PP, Klein C, Lohmann K. Frequency of heterozygous Parkin mutations in healthy subjects: need for careful prospective follow-up examination of mutation carriers. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:425-9. [PMID: 19162522 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of single heterozygous mutations in the putatively recessive Parkin gene in Parkinson disease (PD) is a vividly debated issue, partly caused by the largely unknown frequency of these mutations in healthy individuals. We investigated mutations in all 12 Parkin exons in 356 controls from two European populations including individuals from South Tyrol and Germany. None of the controls carried a homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation. Seventeen carriers of rare heterozygous alterations were detected, of which 13 (13/356; 3.7%) are considered to alter protein structure including four different gene dosage alterations, four missense mutations, and two frameshift mutations. Two of the mutations occurred recurrently in the South Tyrolean population. There was no obvious difference in the mutation frequency between the two populations. One of the presumably healthy mutation carrier was available for re-examination at the age of 67 years. He presented with mild signs of parkinsonism but not fulfilling diagnostic criteria for definite PD. To elucidate the role of heterozygosity is important for genetic testing and counseling of mutation carriers. A detailed clinical prospective and follow-up examination of mutation carriers is required for a better understanding of the role of heterozygous Parkin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Brüggemann
- Schilling Department of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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193
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Lu XH. BAC to degeneration bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated transgenesis for modeling basal ganglia neurodegenerative disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 89:37-56. [PMID: 19900614 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)89002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Basal ganglia neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), are characterized by not only spectrum of motor deficits, ranging form hypokinesia to hyperkinesia, but also emotional, cognitive, and psychiatric manifestations. The symptoms and pathogenic mechanism of these disorders should be viewed as dysfunctions of specific cortico-subcortical neurocircuits. Transgenic approaches using large genomic inserts, such as bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated transgenesis, due to its capacity to propagate large-size genomic DNA and faithful production of endogenous-like gene expression pattern/lever, have provided an ideal basis for the generation of transgenic mice as model for basal ganglia neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the functional and structural analysis of neurocircuits. In this chapter, the basic concepts and practical approaches about application of BAC transgenic system are introduced. Existent major BAC transgenic mouse models for PD and HD are evaluated according to their construct, face, and predicative validity. Finally, considerations, possible solutions, and future perspectives of using BAC transgenic approach to study basal ganglia neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Lu
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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194
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van Nuenen BFL, Weiss MM, Bloem BR, Reetz K, van Eimeren T, Lohmann K, Hagenah J, Pramstaller PP, Binkofski F, Klein C, Siebner HR. Heterozygous carriers of a Parkin or PINK1 mutation share a common functional endophenotype. Neurology 2008; 72:1041-7. [PMID: 19038850 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000338699.56379.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a combined neurogenetic-neuroimaging approach to examine the functional consequences of preclinical dopaminergic nigrostriatal dysfunction in the human motor system. Specifically, we examined how a single heterozygous mutation in different genes associated with recessively inherited Parkinson disease alters the cortical control of sequential finger movements. METHODS Nonmanifesting individuals carrying a single heterozygous Parkin (n = 13) or PINK1 (n = 9) mutation and 23 healthy controls without these mutations were studied with functional MRI (fMRI). During fMRI, participants performed simple sequences of three thumb-to-finger opposition movements with their right dominant hand. Since heterozygous Parkin and PINK1 mutations cause a latent dopaminergic nigrostriatal dysfunction, we predicted a compensatory recruitment of those rostral premotor areas that are normally implicated in the control of complex motor sequences. We expected this overactivity to be independent of the underlying genotype. RESULTS Task performance was comparable for all groups. The performance of a simple motor sequence task consistently activated the rostral supplementary motor area and right rostral dorsal premotor cortex in mutation carriers but not in controls. Task-related activation of these premotor areas was similar in carriers of a Parkin or PINK1 mutation. CONCLUSION Mutations in different genes linked to recessively inherited Parkinson disease are associated with an additional recruitment of rostral supplementary motor area and rostral dorsal premotor cortex during a simple motor sequence task. These premotor areas were recruited independently of the underlying genotype. The observed activation most likely reflects a "generic" compensatory mechanism to maintain motor function in the context of a mild dopaminergic deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F L van Nuenen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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195
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Martella G, Platania P, Vita D, Sciamanna G, Cuomo D, Tassone A, Tscherter A, Kitada T, Bonsi P, Shen J, Pisani A. Enhanced sensitivity to group II mGlu receptor activation at corticostriatal synapses in mice lacking the familial parkinsonism-linked genes PINK1 or Parkin. Exp Neurol 2008; 215:388-96. [PMID: 19071114 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An altered glutamatergic input at corticostriatal synapses has been shown in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present work, we analyzed the membrane and synaptic responses of striatal neurons to metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor activation in two different mouse models of inherited PD, linked to mutations in PINK1 or Parkin genes. Both in PINK1 and Parkin knockout ((-/-)) mice, activation of group I mGlu receptors by 3,5-DHPG caused a membrane depolarization coupled to an increase in firing frequency in striatal cholinergic interneurons that was comparable to the response observed in the respective wild-type (WT) interneurons. The sensitivity to group II and III mGlu receptors was tested on cortically-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) recorded from medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Both LY379268 and L-AP4, agonists for group II and III, respectively, had no effect on intrinsic membrane properties, but dose-dependently reduced the amplitude of corticostriatal EPSPs. However, both in PINK1(-/-) and Parkin(-/-) mice, LY379268, but not L-AP4, exhibited a greater potency as compared to WT in depressing EPSP amplitude. Accordingly, the dose-response curve for the response to LY379268 in both knockout mice was shifted leftward. Moreover, consistent with a presynaptic site of action, both LY379268 and L-AP4 increased the paired-pulse ratio either in PINK1(-/-) and Parkin(-/-) or in WT mice. Acute pretreatment with L-dopa did not rescue the enhanced sensitivity to LY379268. Together, these results suggest that the selective increase in sensitivity of striatal group II mGlu receptors represents an adaptive change in mice in which an altered dopamine metabolism has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Martella
- Department of Neuroscience, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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196
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Krüger R. LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease - drawing the curtain of penetrance: a commentary. BMC Med 2008; 6:33. [PMID: 18986509 PMCID: PMC2607298 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and affects about 2% of the population over the age of 60 years. In 2004, mutations in the LRRK2 gene were first described and turned out to be the most frequent genetic cause of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease and may account for up to 40% of patients in distinct populations. Based on these findings, Latourelle and colleagues show that the penetrance of the most common LRRK2 mutation is higher in patients with familial compared with sporadic Parkinson's disease and identified a substantial number of affected relatives of mutation carriers not presenting with a LRRK2 mutation themselves. This commentary discusses the role of genetic and/or environmental susceptibility factors modulating the expressivity of the disease trait, how these factors may contribute to the phenomenon of phenocopies in genetically defined Parkinson's disease pedigrees, and how the findings of Latourelle and colleagues, published this month in BMC Medicine, relate to current concepts of genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejko Krüger
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Lohmann E, Thobois S, Lesage S, Broussolle E, du Montcel ST, Ribeiro MJ, Remy P, Pelissolo A, Dubois B, Mallet L, Pollak P, Agid Y, Brice A. A multidisciplinary study of patients with early-onset PD with and without parkin mutations. Neurology 2008; 72:110-6. [PMID: 18987353 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327098.86861.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish phenotype-genotype correlations in early-onset Parkinson disease (EOPD), we performed neurologic, neuropsychological, and psychiatric evaluations in a series of patients with and without parkin mutations. BACKGROUND Parkin (PARK2) gene mutations are the major cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. The usual clinical features are early-onset typical PD with a slow clinical course, an excellent response to low doses of levodopa, frequent treatment-induced dyskinesias, and the absence of dementia. METHODS A total of 44 patients with EOPD (21 with and 23 without parkin mutations) and 9 unaffected single heterozygous carriers of parkin mutations underwent extensive clinical, neuropsychological, and psychiatric examinations. RESULTS The neurologic, neuropsychological, and psychiatric features were similar in all patients, except for significantly lower daily doses of dopaminergic treatment and greater delay in the development of levodopa-related fluctuations (p < 0.05) in parkin mutation carriers compared to noncarriers. There was no major difference between the two groups in terms of general cognitive efficiency. Psychiatric manifestations (depression) were more frequent in patients than in healthy single heterozygous parkin carriers but did not differ between the two groups of patients. CONCLUSION Carriers of parkin mutations are clinically indistinguishable from other patients with young-onset Parkinson disease (PD) on an individual basis. Severe generalized loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in these patients is associated with an excellent response to low doses of dopa-equivalent and delayed fluctuations, but cognitive impairment and special behavioral or psychiatric symptoms were not more severe than in other patients with early-onset PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lohmann
- INSERM UMR S_679, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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198
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Mortiboys H, Thomas KJ, Koopman WJH, Klaffke S, Abou-Sleiman P, Olpin S, Wood NW, Willems PHGM, Smeitink JAM, Cookson MR, Bandmann O. Mitochondrial function and morphology are impaired in parkin-mutant fibroblasts. Ann Neurol 2008; 64:555-65. [PMID: 19067348 PMCID: PMC2613566 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are marked mitochondrial abnormalities in parkin-knock-out Drosophila and other model systems. The aim of our study was to determine mitochondrial function and morphology in parkin-mutant patients. We also investigated whether pharmacological rescue of impaired mitochondrial function may be possible in parkin-mutant human tissue. METHODS We used three sets of techniques, namely, biochemical measurements of mitochondrial function, quantitative morphology, and live cell imaging of functional connectivity to assess the mitochondrial respiratory chain, the outer shape and connectivity of the mitochondria, and their functional inner connectivity in fibroblasts from patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous parkin mutations. RESULTS Parkin-mutant cells had lower mitochondrial complex I activity and complex I-linked adenosine triphosphate production, which correlated with a greater degree of mitochondrial branching, suggesting that the functional and morphological effects of parkin are related. Knockdown of parkin in control fibroblasts confirmed that parkin deficiency is sufficient to explain these mitochondrial effects. In contrast, 50% knockdown of parkin, mimicking haploinsufficiency in human patient tissue, did not result in impaired mitochondrial function or morphology. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays demonstrated a lower level of functional connectivity of the mitochondrial matrix, which further worsened after rotenone exposure. Treatment with experimental neuroprotective compounds resulted in a rescue of the mitochondrial membrane potential. INTERPRETATION Our study demonstrates marked abnormalities of mitochondrial function and morphology in parkin-mutant patients and provides proof-of-principle data for the potential usefulness of this new model system as a tool to screen for disease-modifying compounds in genetically homogenous parkinsonian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Mortiboys
- Academic Neurology Unit, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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199
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Analysis of Nigerians with apparently sporadic Parkinson disease for mutations in LRRK2, PRKN and ATXN3. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3421. [PMID: 18927607 PMCID: PMC2559870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic variations have been associated with Parkinson disease in different populations over the past few years. Although a considerable number of worldwide populations have been screened for these variants, results from Sub-Saharan populations are very scarce in the literature. In the present report we have screened a cohort of Parkinson disease patients (n = 57) and healthy controls (n = 51) from Nigeria for mutations in the genes PRKN, LRRK2 and ATXN3. No pathogenic mutations were found in any of the genes. Hence, common pathogenic mutations in these genes, observed in several different populations, are not a frequent cause of Parkinson disease in Nigeria.
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200
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Seibler P, Djarmati A, Langpap B, Hagenah J, Schmidt A, Brüggemann N, Siebner H, Jabusch HC, Altenmüller E, Münchau A, Lohmann K, Klein C. A heterozygous frameshift mutation in PRKRA (DYT16) associated with generalised dystonia in a German patient. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:380-1. [PMID: 18420150 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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